Towards Sustainable Development in Pakistan. The paper provides key entry points for reforms related to inclusive economic growth, social justice and environmental protection.
SDG Goal 1 (No Poverty) and its Progress in Context of PakistanMirzaMuhammadAhmed
A sustainably managed environment is a prerequisite for socio-economic development and poverty reduction. The natural environment supplies ecosystem goods and services that provide income, support job creation, poverty alleviation, contribute to safety nets and reduce inequity.
Climate change and exposure to natural disasters threaten to derail efforts to eradicate poverty. A great bulk of the world's poorest and most vulnerable citizens live in disaster prone countries and their number keeps increasing. Those groups are disproportionally affected by shocks and stresses. As temperatures rise, the likelihood and severity of climate-related disasters increase affecting lives and livelihoods, hampering the development efforts and reversing gains made in poverty reduction.
Pakistan's Nuclear Weapons Program - An overview and critiqueVikas Sharma
Pakistan is a member of the ‘nuclear club’ with an arsenal of ~120 warheads. However, Pakistan’s regular appearance in lists of ‘unstable governments’, rising religious
militancy in the region, and experience with A.Q. Khan Network have raised concerns globally. This paper provides an overview of Pakistan’s nuclear program, its regional/international cooperation, and key issues stirring international worry.
Presentation Pakistan Regional Apparatus; Challenges & ResponseShahid Hussain Raja
The prime objective of a state is to improve the quality of life of its citizens. For this, the state formulates a comprehensive set of interdependent policies.
Foreign policy is one such policy formulated to achieve the above objectives by utilising the foreign relations of a country
This presentation attempts to explain foreign policy challenges of Pakistan in its rapidly changing regional apparatus and how to respond to them
Kindly do read Part 1 & 2 of this series for acquainting yourself with the basic concepts of foreign policy and history of foreign relations of Pakistan
SDG Goal 1 (No Poverty) and its Progress in Context of PakistanMirzaMuhammadAhmed
A sustainably managed environment is a prerequisite for socio-economic development and poverty reduction. The natural environment supplies ecosystem goods and services that provide income, support job creation, poverty alleviation, contribute to safety nets and reduce inequity.
Climate change and exposure to natural disasters threaten to derail efforts to eradicate poverty. A great bulk of the world's poorest and most vulnerable citizens live in disaster prone countries and their number keeps increasing. Those groups are disproportionally affected by shocks and stresses. As temperatures rise, the likelihood and severity of climate-related disasters increase affecting lives and livelihoods, hampering the development efforts and reversing gains made in poverty reduction.
Pakistan's Nuclear Weapons Program - An overview and critiqueVikas Sharma
Pakistan is a member of the ‘nuclear club’ with an arsenal of ~120 warheads. However, Pakistan’s regular appearance in lists of ‘unstable governments’, rising religious
militancy in the region, and experience with A.Q. Khan Network have raised concerns globally. This paper provides an overview of Pakistan’s nuclear program, its regional/international cooperation, and key issues stirring international worry.
Presentation Pakistan Regional Apparatus; Challenges & ResponseShahid Hussain Raja
The prime objective of a state is to improve the quality of life of its citizens. For this, the state formulates a comprehensive set of interdependent policies.
Foreign policy is one such policy formulated to achieve the above objectives by utilising the foreign relations of a country
This presentation attempts to explain foreign policy challenges of Pakistan in its rapidly changing regional apparatus and how to respond to them
Kindly do read Part 1 & 2 of this series for acquainting yourself with the basic concepts of foreign policy and history of foreign relations of Pakistan
5 year plans of pakistan by brands academyBrands Academy
Brand Academy provides details brand analysis, research, article and insights for free.
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Pakistan Five Year Development PlansSince 1955 to 2010An Overview
Introduction
Almost all five-year plans prepared during political or military regimes were shelved in the country’s history after regime change and none of them succeeded in getting the desired results.
Pakistan has a semi-industrialized economy, which mainly encompasses textiles, chemicals, food processing, agriculture and other industries.
The economy has suffered in the past from decades of internal political
disputes, a fast growing population and ongoing confrontation with
neighboring India.
Pakistan's average economic growth rate since independence has been higher than the average growth rate of the world economy during the period.
Average annual real GDP growth rates were 6.8% in the 1960s, 4.8% in the 1970s, and 6.5% in the 1980s. Average annual growth fell to 4.6% in the 1990s with significantly lower growth in the second half of that decade.
Introduction
Two wars with India, in Second Kashmir War 1965 and Bangladesh Liberation War 1971 and separation of Bangladesh adversely affected economic growth. In particular, the latter war brought the economy close to recession, although economic output rebounded sharply until the nationalizations of the mid-1970s.
Pakistan is aggressively cutting tariffs and assisting exports by improving ports, roads, electricity supplies and irrigation projects. Islamabad has doubled development spending from about 2% of GDP in the 1990s to 4% in 2003, a necessary step towards reversing the broad underdevelopment of its social sector.
First Five Year Plan (1955-1960) Highlights
Targets
Emphasis mainly on achieving high national income.
The First Plan was implemented within certain obvious handicaps and limitations and its release was delayed by two Years.
In practice, this plan was not implemented, however, mainly because political instability led to a neglect of economic policy, but government, Deputy Chairman Planning Board (Commission) Said Hassan announces the plan in 1957.
The development expenditures were regarded as the foundation for rapid progress in the future and plans explicitly affirmed that some sectors of the economy must be expanded much more rapidly than others in order to secure maximum gains.
The size of the First Plan initially was Rs. 11.5 billion which was revised and decreased to 10.8 billion out of which Rs. 750 million for the public sector and Rs. 3.3 billion for the private sector was allocated. Of the total plan amount of Rs. 6.6 billion from the internal sources and R.s 4.2 billion was to be achieve from the foreign sources in the form of loans and aid.
First Five Year Plan (1955-1960) Highlights
Achievements/Failure
Pakistan is facing crisis of high density of Population,Economic growth,Energy crisis ,Inequality,Food (poverty), Waste / Circular Economy,Cities(mismanagement),Climate Change, Terrorism/Security, corruption , poor governance (stable political process, mismanagement of resources
Climate change; its effects on pakistanShahid Khan
The climate system is a complex, interactive system consisting of the atmosphere, land surface, snow and ice, oceans and other bodies of water, and living things.
The economy of Pakistan is the 24th largest in the world in terms of purchasing power parity, and 42nd largest in terms of nominal gross domestic product
A plan is a typically any procedure used to achieve an objective. It is a set of intended actions, through which one expects to achieve a goal .The Government of Pakistan set up a Planning Board on 18th July, 1953 to prepare a more comprehensive national plan of development,
with Mr. Zahid Hussain, ex-Governor of State Bank of Pakistan as its first Chairman and two other members.
TERRORISM IN PAKISTAN, ITS CAUESES, IMPACTS & REMEDIESHasnaın Sheıkh
Name; Hasnain Nawaz
Surname : Shaikh
ROLL NO: 16 CH 42
B.E: Chemical Engineering (In Progress).
Mehran University of Engineering and Technology
Jamshore, ISO 9001 Certified.
A power point presentation on the security issues that are faced by Pakistan today like Crimes, Terrorism, Refugee problem, Inter provincial disharmony and much more.
Pakistan vision 2025 slides by atfah juttAtfahJutt
I Atfah Jutt prepared these slides for the students of education on the topic Pakistan Vision 2025.
These slides includes introduction, pillars, key enablers, 25 goals, aims & objectives of Pakistan Vision 2025.
Poverty in Pakistan: An overview
Contents are:
Poverty and its types
Poverty line
Characteristics
Causes
Effects
Poverty in Pakistan
Causes of Poverty in Pakistan
Poverty Reduction
Poverty Reduction Through Islam
5 year plans of pakistan by brands academyBrands Academy
Brand Academy provides details brand analysis, research, article and insights for free.
Contact us :
brandsmentor@gmail.com
https://www.facebook.com/1stbrandsacademy
Pakistan Five Year Development PlansSince 1955 to 2010An Overview
Introduction
Almost all five-year plans prepared during political or military regimes were shelved in the country’s history after regime change and none of them succeeded in getting the desired results.
Pakistan has a semi-industrialized economy, which mainly encompasses textiles, chemicals, food processing, agriculture and other industries.
The economy has suffered in the past from decades of internal political
disputes, a fast growing population and ongoing confrontation with
neighboring India.
Pakistan's average economic growth rate since independence has been higher than the average growth rate of the world economy during the period.
Average annual real GDP growth rates were 6.8% in the 1960s, 4.8% in the 1970s, and 6.5% in the 1980s. Average annual growth fell to 4.6% in the 1990s with significantly lower growth in the second half of that decade.
Introduction
Two wars with India, in Second Kashmir War 1965 and Bangladesh Liberation War 1971 and separation of Bangladesh adversely affected economic growth. In particular, the latter war brought the economy close to recession, although economic output rebounded sharply until the nationalizations of the mid-1970s.
Pakistan is aggressively cutting tariffs and assisting exports by improving ports, roads, electricity supplies and irrigation projects. Islamabad has doubled development spending from about 2% of GDP in the 1990s to 4% in 2003, a necessary step towards reversing the broad underdevelopment of its social sector.
First Five Year Plan (1955-1960) Highlights
Targets
Emphasis mainly on achieving high national income.
The First Plan was implemented within certain obvious handicaps and limitations and its release was delayed by two Years.
In practice, this plan was not implemented, however, mainly because political instability led to a neglect of economic policy, but government, Deputy Chairman Planning Board (Commission) Said Hassan announces the plan in 1957.
The development expenditures were regarded as the foundation for rapid progress in the future and plans explicitly affirmed that some sectors of the economy must be expanded much more rapidly than others in order to secure maximum gains.
The size of the First Plan initially was Rs. 11.5 billion which was revised and decreased to 10.8 billion out of which Rs. 750 million for the public sector and Rs. 3.3 billion for the private sector was allocated. Of the total plan amount of Rs. 6.6 billion from the internal sources and R.s 4.2 billion was to be achieve from the foreign sources in the form of loans and aid.
First Five Year Plan (1955-1960) Highlights
Achievements/Failure
Pakistan is facing crisis of high density of Population,Economic growth,Energy crisis ,Inequality,Food (poverty), Waste / Circular Economy,Cities(mismanagement),Climate Change, Terrorism/Security, corruption , poor governance (stable political process, mismanagement of resources
Climate change; its effects on pakistanShahid Khan
The climate system is a complex, interactive system consisting of the atmosphere, land surface, snow and ice, oceans and other bodies of water, and living things.
The economy of Pakistan is the 24th largest in the world in terms of purchasing power parity, and 42nd largest in terms of nominal gross domestic product
A plan is a typically any procedure used to achieve an objective. It is a set of intended actions, through which one expects to achieve a goal .The Government of Pakistan set up a Planning Board on 18th July, 1953 to prepare a more comprehensive national plan of development,
with Mr. Zahid Hussain, ex-Governor of State Bank of Pakistan as its first Chairman and two other members.
TERRORISM IN PAKISTAN, ITS CAUESES, IMPACTS & REMEDIESHasnaın Sheıkh
Name; Hasnain Nawaz
Surname : Shaikh
ROLL NO: 16 CH 42
B.E: Chemical Engineering (In Progress).
Mehran University of Engineering and Technology
Jamshore, ISO 9001 Certified.
A power point presentation on the security issues that are faced by Pakistan today like Crimes, Terrorism, Refugee problem, Inter provincial disharmony and much more.
Pakistan vision 2025 slides by atfah juttAtfahJutt
I Atfah Jutt prepared these slides for the students of education on the topic Pakistan Vision 2025.
These slides includes introduction, pillars, key enablers, 25 goals, aims & objectives of Pakistan Vision 2025.
Poverty in Pakistan: An overview
Contents are:
Poverty and its types
Poverty line
Characteristics
Causes
Effects
Poverty in Pakistan
Causes of Poverty in Pakistan
Poverty Reduction
Poverty Reduction Through Islam
This presentation is based on Dr. Jeffrey Sach's online course "The Age of Sustainable Development". Effectively consider this a white paper on "Introduction to Sustainable Development". For the higher-quality version, check out:
http://decklaration.com/susdev
SMS Newsletter is a bi-annual publication of School of Management Sciences, Varanasi. The objective of the Newsletter is to benefit the students, staff, corporate persons & all the readers through publishing the news related to programs like workshops, seminars, faculty development programmes, industrial visits, orientation programmes and similar events took place at institute. Newsletters contain all the above mentioned information in form of various sections.
SMS, Varanasi is Best B-Schools from UP East with average placement of 5 lakhs and highest 10 lakhs. with 100% campus placement.
Which is far more than any other educational institute in UP East.
For more information about SMS, Varanasi, Please visit www.smsvaranasi.com
For helpful blog articles, please visit http://www.bl.smsvaranasi.com
In nine years of measuring the global gender gap, the world has seen only a small improvement in equality for women in the workplace. According to the Global Gender Gap Report 2014, launched today, the gender gap for economic participation and opportunity now stands at 60% worldwide, having closed by 4% from 56% in 2006 when the Forum first started measuring it. Based on this trajectory, with all else remaining equal, it will take 81 years for the world to close this gap completely.
The ninth edition of the report finds that, among the 142 countries measured, the gender gap is narrowest in terms of health and survival. This gap stands at 96% globally, with 35 countries having closed the gap entirely. This includes three countries that have closed the gap in the past 12 months. The educational attainment gap is the next narrowest, standing at 94% globally. Here, 25 countries have closed the gap entirely. While the gender gap for economic participation and opportunity lags stubbornly behind, the gap for political empowerment, the fourth pillar measured, remains wider still, standing at just 21%, although this area has seen the most improvement since 2006.
With no one country having closed its overall gender gap, Nordic nations remain the most gender-equal societies in the world. Last year’s leading four nations – Iceland (1), Finland (2), Norway (3) and Sweden (4) – are joined by Denmark, which climbs from eighth place to fifth. Elsewhere in the top 10 there is considerable movement, with Nicaragua climbing four places to sixth, Rwanda entering the index for the first time at seventh, Ireland falling to eighth, the Philippines declining four places to ninth and Belgium climbing one place to tenth.
Further up the index, the United States climbs three places to 20 in 2014, after narrowing its wage gap and improving the number of women in parliamentary and ministerial level positions. Among the BRICS grouping, the highest-placed nation is South Africa (18), supported by strong scores on political participation. Brazil is next at 71, followed by Russia (75), China (87) and India (114).
Dr. Dhiresh Kulshrestha
Associate Professor of Economics
Faculty of Business Management, Marwadi University Rajkot
Prof. Sunil Kumar Jakhoria
Professor & Dean
Faculty of Business Management, Marwadi University Rajkot
This report sheds light on the significance of digital trade integration for Pakistan and selected
Central Asian countries including Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. Digital trade
integration involves regulatory structures/policy designs, digital technologies, and business
processes along the entire global/regional digital value chain. Digital trade
integration requires free cross-border movement of not only digital products, services, and
technologies but also other manufactured goods, data, capital, talent, and ideas along with the
availability of integrated physical and virtual infrastructure. Hence, digital trade integration requires
the removal of digital trade barriers as well as extensive technology, and legal and policy
coordination between member states.
Countries around the world have actively engaged in establishing new and progressive bilateral and
regional trade agreements to boost trade and economic growth. The significance of digital trade has
increased considerably after the COVID-19 pandemic. Improvement in digital connectivity, ease in
regulations, and skilled workers are key factors to facilitate trade integration and promote the
growth of the e-commerce sector. The report examines the regional trade agreements of Pakistan
and selected Central Asian countries and their relevance for digital trade integration. It also
scrutinizes the challenges faced by the public institutions of Pakistan in the implementation of digital
trade policy. Besides this, the report also observes the challenges faced by SMEs dealing with digital
trade-related products.
The findings show that Pakistan and selected Central Asian countries are at different levels of digital
adoption, including mobile connectivity index and download speed of mobile and broadband.
Kazakhstan and Pakistan have a higher export and import volume compared with other countries.
However, neither country has any major trading partner from the countries selected in this study,
which demonstrates the lack of regional cooperation and the need for regional trade agreements to
boost bilateral and regional trade.
The report discusses the e-commerce laws of Pakistan and selected Central Asian countries, whereas
domestic policies and measures to increase digital trade are also reviewed. The countries are at a
different level in terms of implementing digital trade facilitation measures. Lack of effective
enforcement of intellectual property rights, non-tariff measures, foreign investment restrictions in
digital space, data and information costs, cyber security, and tax policy and administration are all key
policy issues that influence digital trade integration.
The study offers a way forward in which action points are provided for governments, the nongovernmental
sector (notably, business associations and networks), academia and think tanks, and
development partners. #DigitalTradeIntegration
#RegionalTradeAgreements
#EconomicGrowth
#DigitalConnectivity
#EcommerceLaws
The policy brief by the Sustainable Development Policy Institute (SDPI) outlines the urgent need to address the high consumption of Industrially Produced Trans Fatty Acids (iTFA) in Pakistan, which poses significant health risks, particularly in contributing to cardiovascular diseases. Despite being the second-highest per capita consumer of iTFA in the WHO-Eastern Mediterranean Region, Pakistan lacks comprehensive regulations and enforcement mechanisms to mitigate iTFA consumption effectively. The brief recommends a multi-faceted approach involving uniform standards, transparent enforcement, public awareness campaigns, capacity building for regulatory authorities, and collaboration with the food industry to promote healthier alternatives. It highlights the importance of political commitment, intersectoral collaboration, and public-private dialogue to successfully eliminate iTFA from the food supply chain and improve public health outcomes in Pakistan.
In his comprehensive analysis, Vaqar Ahmed highlights the challenges and impediments faced by Pakistan's trade and industrial policies, particularly concerning macroeconomic stability, energy shortages, rising costs, and regulatory constraints. The recent decline in the value of the Pakistani Rupee has further intensified issues for the manufacturing sector. The adverse macroeconomic conditions, including high inflation and a policy rate exceeding 20 percent, have hampered the sector's ability to secure working capital. Large firms' reluctance to operate in special economic zones due to supply-side gaps, coupled with global economic uncertainties, has delayed the next phase of the China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). Ends with some policy recommendations.
Creating a conducive environment for sustainable economic development, improve living standards for all citizens, and secure a brighter future for the nation.
Highlights the country's large and young labor force, with a 1.94% population growth rate and 65.5 million individuals actively seeking work according to the 2017-18 Labor Force Survey. However, the unemployment rate currently stands at 5.8%, with the highest rate (11.56%) among youth aged 20-24. In response, the government launched the Prime Minister's Kamyab Jawan Programme, allocating Rs 100 billion to support entrepreneurship and create employment opportunities for youth. This program encompasses six key initiatives, including the Youth Entrepreneurship Scheme, Hunermand Pakistan Programme, Green Youth Movement, Startup Pakistan, National Internship, and Jawan Markaz. By focusing on skills development, entrepreneurship, and youth empowerment, the government aims to address unemployment challenges and foster a more vibrant economy.
The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Urban Policy aims to transform KP's urban centers into engines of social, economic, and cultural growth by promoting vibrant communities, sustainable practices, and economic opportunities. It focuses on inclusive development, infrastructure improvement, efficient governance, environmental protection, and cultural preservation, aiming to make cities globally competitive and provide a high quality of life for all citizens. This policy, reviewed every five years, provides a roadmap for urban development in KP, seeking to create a brighter future for its residents.
This study aims to explain the macroeconomic and welfare impacts of changes in indirect taxes brought about in response to COVID-19. We study whether the tax relief provided for in the federal budget for fiscal year 2020-21 was effective in providing relief to private enterprises and the trade sector. We also study whether production subsidies granted during the first wave of COVID-19 were effectively able to support firms in the agricultural sector. This assessment allows us to draw lessons that may be useful for designing tax benefit policies amid future waves of the pandemic or during other emergency times.
The Government of Pakistan has offered export facilitation schemes
to exporters with the objectives to lower trade costs and expand
output. Currently, nearly one dozen export facilitation schemes are
active. They also include those which are run by the Federal Board
of Revenue (FBR). The question of ‘effectiveness’ of such schemes
in boosting Pakistan’s exports has remained a consistent theme of
interest among policymakers, international development partners
and private sector. This policy brief builds on a firm-level survey,
conducted by the Sustainable Development Policy Institute (SDPI),
and is an attempt to understand the effectiveness, overall gains,
and shortcomings of four major export facilitation schemes offered
by the FBR, including Duty and Tax Remission for Exports (DTRE),
Manufacturing Bond (MB), Export Oriented Unit (EOU) and Export
Facilitation Scheme (EFS). The study aims to provide insights on how
best to improve design of Export Facilitation Scheme 2021, which will
absorb all other schemes by the end of 2023.
The Ministry of Commerce in Pakistan unveiled the National Tariff Policy 2019-24 (NTP 2019-
24) in November 2019. The core aims of the policy were to: i) remove tariff-related
anomalies in the short-term to lower businesses’ cost of inputs and increase their
turnover, ii) increase employment generation in the medium-term, and iii) gain
competitiveness and exports in the long-term.
After its announcement, there remains a need to analyze the effectiveness and
impact of the policy. SDPI team conducted primary research to assess the impact
of tariff policy on Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) with the help of a firm-level
survey.
This specific survey aims to bridge the evidence gap by providing an in-depth
analysis on the NTP-2019-24 impact in terms of its three prime objectives. Besides,
the study also attempts to understand the business community’s challenges and
expectations vis-à-vis tariff-related matters.
Digital trade is increasing rapidly throughout the world whereas digital platforms and Coronavirus have further enhanced the importance of the digital economy and digital trade. Countries are focusing on promoting digital trade and integration through various measures including free trade agreements and bilateral negotiations. This study examined digital trade as defined by WTO E-commerce work and USITC. The study included the items that come under the definition of digital trade and examined the digital trade volume of Pakistan from 2010-2020 through three-step methodology. This includes the identification of digital trade items based on Harmonized System at a six-digit level, examining trade volume for digital goods, and identification of top ten export and import items along with top ten markets for digital trade. Favorable government policies and measures have helped Pakistan in promoting digital trade flows. However, there is a need to develop information and communication technology infrastructure in Pakistan to flourish trading activities. Furthermore, Pakistan has to reduce the fiscal and trade barriers such as rules and regulations for foreign investment in digital space, data and information costs, and ensure online security and data protection to promote digital trade integration.
by Asif Javed & Vaqar Ahmed
This study presents a pathway for fostering regional digital trade integration through
South-South and Triangular cooperation. Our main study goals include answering the
following questions:
» What are the challenges faced in the digital trade sector of Afghanistan, Pakistan
and Sri Lanka? How can these be overcome through various cooperative models?
» How can inclusive regional and free trade agreements help to overcome barriers
and enable digital trade integration?
» What can Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) dealing with digital trade-related
products learn from literature on South-South and Triangular cooperation?
Suggested citation:
Ahmed, V. and Javed, M. Digital Trade Integration: South-South and Triangular
Cooperation in South Asia (unpublished). South-South Idea Paper Series, United Nations
Office for South-South Cooperation (UNOSSC),Washington D.C.New York, 2022.
Pakistan is facing numerous socioeconomic impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic, including on food security. Food insecurity, which is a long-standing issue, has become more visible since the pandemic. Covid-19 Responses for Equity (CORE) partner the Sustainable Development Policy Institute (SDPI) – a leading policy research thinktank – has been supporting the Government of Pakistan to maintain essential economic activity and protect workers and small producers during the pandemic. One notable contribution has been the development of a Food Security Portal, which is being used by the government to better manage food security in the country. It is the first track and trace system from farm to fork for essential food items.
URI
https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/20.500.12413/17619
Citation
Suleri, A.Q.; Ahmed, V.; Ahmad, S.M.; Shah, Q.; Zahid, J. and Gatellier, K. (2022) Strengthening Food Security in Pakistan During the Covid-19 Pandemic, Covid-19 Responses for Equity (CORE) Stories of Change, Brighton: Institute of Development Studies, DOI: 10.19088/CORE.2022.008
Political and socio-economic discussions in Pakistan’s popular discourse are often inward-looking and generally focus on the country itself, or on its relationships to its immediate neighbors (Afghanistan, India, and China). We suggest here that Pakistan is part of a global system, as well. It is influenced not just by its direct neighbors, but also by: international events (war in Ukraine is just one example); by global economic factors (e.g. oil prices, changing terms of trade, or the danger of a global recession); and by various other global governance arrangements (e.g. Financial Action Taskforce and its demands from Pakistan). At the same time, Pakistan is not insulated from the global systemic changes. The global pandemic has overwhelmed the policymakers with possibilities of future epidemics also not being ruled out. In the past migration of people, both incoming and outgoing, has impacted the social fabric.
Likewise, the country is suffering from global warming and the resulting patterns of weather and precipitation. Pakistan is also a player at the international arena and is expected to play a responsible and proactive role at various global governance forums. The speech of the former Prime Minister of Pakistan at the UN General Assembly on September 27, 2019 has indicated regarding this responsibility and highlighted Pakistan’s role in the Cold War, or the engagement of Pakistani soldiers abroad, either in the United Nations peace keeping framework, or bilaterally. While many Pakistanis are aware of some of Pakistan’s international roles and dependencies, and of Pakistan’s image abroad, there is limited discussion about the country’s global role – what it should be? Who are the internal and external actors that shape Pakistan’s role, engagement, influence, and perception abroad? What role does the state and citizens play in deciding Pakistan’s global role? These are some of the questions that our chapter authors aimed to touch upon in this book. A conscious effort has been made to reach out to Pakistanis living and working abroad. Chapters have been invited from such resource persons who are not only Pakistanis but also study Pakistan from abroad and often through various lens external to Pakistan.
Web: https://pakistan.fes.de/e/global-pakistan-pakistan%CA%BFs-role-in-the-international-system
The Covid-19 pandemic and related
restrictions have had profound
socioeconomic impacts worldwide.
Governments have been faced with
responding urgently to mitigate such
effects, especially for the most
vulnerable. Covid-19 Responses for
Equity (CORE) partner Partnership for
Economic Policy (PEP) – a Southernled
organisation which believes that
evidence produced from an in-country
perspective, by empowered and
engaged local researchers and
policymakers, results in better policy
choices – has been working closely
with policymakers in Pakistan to
assess the Covid-19 impacts and the
effectiveness of current and potential
policies. As a result, PEP has helped
introduce tax reforms for the hardest
hit, agricultural subsidies for farmers,
and the reduction of trade tariffs for
struggling businesses.
Marginalization of Researchers in the Global
South in Global, Regional, and National
Economic-Development Consulting
Authors Ramos E. Mabugu | Vaqar Ahmed | Margaret R Chitiga-Mabugu
| Kehinde O. Omotoso
Date February 2022
Working Paper 2022-05
PEP Working Paper Series
ISSN 2709-7331
More from Sustainable Development Policy Institute (20)
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Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
US Economic Outlook - Being Decided - M Capital Group August 2021.pdfpchutichetpong
The U.S. economy is continuing its impressive recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and not slowing down despite re-occurring bumps. The U.S. savings rate reached its highest ever recorded level at 34% in April 2020 and Americans seem ready to spend. The sectors that had been hurt the most by the pandemic specifically reduced consumer spending, like retail, leisure, hospitality, and travel, are now experiencing massive growth in revenue and job openings.
Could this growth lead to a “Roaring Twenties”? As quickly as the U.S. economy contracted, experiencing a 9.1% drop in economic output relative to the business cycle in Q2 2020, the largest in recorded history, it has rebounded beyond expectations. This surprising growth seems to be fueled by the U.S. government’s aggressive fiscal and monetary policies, and an increase in consumer spending as mobility restrictions are lifted. Unemployment rates between June 2020 and June 2021 decreased by 5.2%, while the demand for labor is increasing, coupled with increasing wages to incentivize Americans to rejoin the labor force. Schools and businesses are expected to fully reopen soon. In parallel, vaccination rates across the country and the world continue to rise, with full vaccination rates of 50% and 14.8% respectively.
However, it is not completely smooth sailing from here. According to M Capital Group, the main risks that threaten the continued growth of the U.S. economy are inflation, unsettled trade relations, and another wave of Covid-19 mutations that could shut down the world again. Have we learned from the past year of COVID-19 and adapted our economy accordingly?
“In order for the U.S. economy to continue growing, whether there is another wave or not, the U.S. needs to focus on diversifying supply chains, supporting business investment, and maintaining consumer spending,” says Grace Feeley, a research analyst at M Capital Group.
While the economic indicators are positive, the risks are coming closer to manifesting and threatening such growth. The new variants spreading throughout the world, Delta, Lambda, and Gamma, are vaccine-resistant and muddy the predictions made about the economy and health of the country. These variants bring back the feeling of uncertainty that has wreaked havoc not only on the stock market but the mindset of people around the world. MCG provides unique insight on how to mitigate these risks to possibly ensure a bright economic future.
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@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins on Bitmart crypto exchangeDOT TECH
Yes. Pi network coins can be exchanged but not on bitmart exchange. Because pi network is still in the enclosed mainnet. The only way pioneers are able to trade pi coins is by reselling the pi coins to pi verified merchants.
A verified merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell it to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
Currently pi network is not tradable on binance or any other exchange because we are still in the enclosed mainnet.
Right now the only way to sell pi coins is by trading with a verified merchant.
What is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone verified by pi network team and allowed to barter pi coins for goods and services.
Since pi network is not doing any pre-sale The only way exchanges like binance/huobi or crypto whales can get pi is by buying from miners. And a merchant stands in between the exchanges and the miners.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant. I and my friends has traded more than 6000pi coins successfully
Tele-gram
@Pi_vendor_247
Abhay Bhutada Leads Poonawalla Fincorp To Record Low NPA And Unprecedented Gr...Vighnesh Shashtri
Under the leadership of Abhay Bhutada, Poonawalla Fincorp has achieved record-low Non-Performing Assets (NPA) and witnessed unprecedented growth. Bhutada's strategic vision and effective management have significantly enhanced the company's financial health, showcasing a robust performance in the financial sector. This achievement underscores the company's resilience and ability to thrive in a competitive market, setting a new benchmark for operational excellence in the industry.
where can I find a legit pi merchant onlineDOT TECH
Yes. This is very easy what you need is a recommendation from someone who has successfully traded pi coins before with a merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold thousands of pi coins before the open mainnet.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with
@Pi_vendor_247
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the Telegram username
@Pi_vendor_247
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview.pptxmarketing367770
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview
If you're dreaming of owning a home in California's rural or suburban areas, a USDA loan might be the perfect solution. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) offers these loans to help low-to-moderate-income individuals and families achieve homeownership.
Key Features of USDA Loans:
Zero Down Payment: USDA loans require no down payment, making homeownership more accessible.
Competitive Interest Rates: These loans often come with lower interest rates compared to conventional loans.
Flexible Credit Requirements: USDA loans have more lenient credit score requirements, helping those with less-than-perfect credit.
Guaranteed Loan Program: The USDA guarantees a portion of the loan, reducing risk for lenders and expanding borrowing options.
Eligibility Criteria:
Location: The property must be located in a USDA-designated rural or suburban area. Many areas in California qualify.
Income Limits: Applicants must meet income guidelines, which vary by region and household size.
Primary Residence: The home must be used as the borrower's primary residence.
Application Process:
Find a USDA-Approved Lender: Not all lenders offer USDA loans, so it's essential to choose one approved by the USDA.
Pre-Qualification: Determine your eligibility and the amount you can borrow.
Property Search: Look for properties in eligible rural or suburban areas.
Loan Application: Submit your application, including financial and personal information.
Processing and Approval: The lender and USDA will review your application. If approved, you can proceed to closing.
USDA loans are an excellent option for those looking to buy a home in California's rural and suburban areas. With no down payment and flexible requirements, these loans make homeownership more attainable for many families. Explore your eligibility today and take the first step toward owning your dream home.
how to sell pi coins in South Korea profitably.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network coins in South Korea or any other country, by finding a verified pi merchant
What is a verified pi merchant?
Since pi network is not launched yet on any exchange, the only way you can sell pi coins is by selling to a verified pi merchant, and this is because pi network is not launched yet on any exchange and no pre-sale or ico offerings Is done on pi.
Since there is no pre-sale, the only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners. So a pi merchant facilitates these transactions by acting as a bridge for both transactions.
How can i find a pi vendor/merchant?
Well for those who haven't traded with a pi merchant or who don't already have one. I will leave the telegram id of my personal pi merchant who i trade pi with.
Tele gram: @Pi_vendor_247
#pi #sell #nigeria #pinetwork #picoins #sellpi #Nigerian #tradepi #pinetworkcoins #sellmypi
Even tho Pi network is not listed on any exchange yet.
Buying/Selling or investing in pi network coins is highly possible through the help of vendors. You can buy from vendors[ buy directly from the pi network miners and resell it]. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal vendor.
@Pi_vendor_247
2. International Conference on
Sustainable Development: Issues and Challenges
April 3-4, 2015
Organized by:
Fatima ••innah
Women Un'-'alty
Economics Department
Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi
In Collaboration with:
Higher Education Commission, Pakistan
4. Sustainable Development: Issues and Challenges
Technical Sessions
Economy 120-163
9. Distributional Consequences of Trade: A
Disaggregated Analysis for Income Levels
o Dr. M Tariq Majeed and Dr. Guangfeng Zhang
10. The Role of Human Capital Formation in Poverty
Mitigation: A Co-integration Analysis from
Pakistan
o Muhammad Zahir Faridi, Romaisa Arif, Hina All
11. Panel Data Analysis of Sectoral Foreign Aid on
New Human Development Index of Least
Developed Countries
o Hassan Sardar and Abre Rehmat Qurat-ul-Ain
Society 164-234
12. Pakistan: State-Building, Extraction, and
(Misplaced) Societal Preferences
o Muhammad Ashfaq Ahmed
13. Is Affordable Energy a Prerequisite to End
Poverty?
o Naila Erum, Dr. Shehzad Hussain and Fiaz
Hussain
14. Role of Smartphone on Women Economic
Empowerment: An Empirical Perspective
o Shazia Naimat Mushtaq and Dr. Hafiz
Mushtaq Ahmad
Environment 236-280
15. Environmental Issue from "Global Common" to
Contemporary Developments: Understanding,
Recognition and Internationalization of the
Problem
o Shah Rukh Hashmi, Sehar Sabir and M. Arif
Khan
16. The United States' Environmental Diplomacy:
What Matters More "Domestic Factors" or
"Reputation"?
o Sehar Sabir, Shah Rukh Hashmi and Tauheed
Fatima
17. An Appraisal of Aral Sea Desiccation: The
World's Most Disastrous Ecosystem Catastrophe
o Hafza Tasmia Tahira
18. FDI, Growth and Environment: Evidence from
Pakistan on COz Emissions
o Iqra Altaf and and Abida Yousaf
5
5. Sustainable Developmcut: Issues and CbalIenges
Acknowledgments
Thanks to Almighty who enabled us in successfully conducting the Conference. The First
International Conference on 'Sustainable Development: Issues and Challenges' by
Department of Economics, held on 3-4 April, 2015 would not have been possible without the
support of our mentor Prof. Dr. Samina Amin Qadir, Vice Chancellor, Fatima Jinnah
Women University, Rawalpindi. She guided and facilitated us in every possible way by
ensuring the provision of logistical support as well as by encouraging us in moving ahead
with our endeavor for organizing such a successful conference. Many thanks for the
invaluable support and consistent patronage of the worthy vice chancellor.
We are also indebted to Prof. Dr. Mukhtar Ahmad, Chairperson, Higher Education
Commission for gracing the event with his delightful words along with the financial support.
Many thanks to Prof. Dr. Hafiz Pasha for gracing the occasion with his presence and starting
the conference on a high note by his cherished key note address that kept the momentum
alive till the end of the Conference. We are also thankful to the international and national
invited speakers whose active participation made the Conference a real success.
Much gratitude for Prof. Dr. Asad Zaman, Vice Chancellor, Pakistan Institute of
Development Economics, for his thought-provoking concluding address. The closing
ceremony was also elevated by the presence of Prof. Dr. Javed Ashraf, Vice Chancellor,
Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad whose pleasant words made the concluding ceremony
vibrant. Weare thankful to him for gracing the ceremony.
Our gratitude is due for the Dean, Faculty of Arts and Social Science, Prof. Dr. Naheed Zia
Khan, Professor of Economics, for her constructive probe and definite advice regarding the
Conference theme and layout.
Special thanks to Dr. Vaqar Ahmad, Deputy Executive Director, Sustainable Development
Policy Institute, Islamabad for his endless support in our search of a good panel for Plenary
Sessions of the Conference.
Thanks are due for Dr. Ishrat Lodhi for her earlier guidelines regarding the Conference. Last
but not the least; it was the faculty of Economics Department whose consistent exertion and
intellectual teamwork made the conference more than successful.
6
6. SUS1ainableDevelopment: Issues and CbaIIcnges
Preface
Sustainable Development is concerned with meeting the basic needs of individuals in a society and
extending to all the opportunity to satisfy their aspirations for a better life and has been considered
pertinent for the prolonged socio-economic uplift of the country. That development path is
admissible for the economy which is adopted without compromising the furore generation. Besides,
the question of balanced growth can be solved keeping in view the complexity involved in the said
path. With reference to Pakistan, ignoring the protracted issues and challenges Pakistan has been
facing on socio-economic and political front, the sustainable development cannot be promised.
At the core of sustainable development there exist three pillars: Society, Economy and
Environment. Understanding the complex connection and interdependence of the three pillars
requires some effort and the effort has to be consistent. The International Conference on
"Sustainable Development: Issues and Challenges" held on April 3-4, 2015, organized by the
Department of Economics, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi in collaboration with
Higher Education Commission, was its first International Conference that endeavored to identify
the essential features of Sustainable Development, allowing the understanding and developing
models of the management, comparison and clarification of the process of Sustainable
Development. The conference theme successfully encapsulated the main goals of Pakistan Vision
2025, ranging from the development of human and social capital to the achievement of sustained,
indigenous and inclusive growth. The distinguished invited national and international speakers and
paper presenters addressed and deliberated on the diversified issues pertaining to the suggested
solution towards Sustainable Development in South Asia. generally and Pakistan, specifically.
The key note address was delivered by Prof Dr. Hafiz Pasha, Managing Director, Board of
Institute for Policy Reforms, Professor Emeritus at the Beacon House National University and
Lahore School of Economics, on 'Economic Pre-Conditions on Sustainable Development'. The
chief guest was Prof Dr. Mukhtar Ahmad, Chairperson, Higher Education Commission. The
concluding address was delivered by Prof Dr. Asad Zaman, Vice Chancellor, PIDE, Islamabad.
The conference was comprised of two Plenary Sessions and three Technical Sessions.
The first Plenary Sessions titled as 'Roadmap for Sustainable Development' was chaired by
Prof Dr. Hafiz Pasha. The speakers were Dr. Masood Ashar! Raja, Associate Professor in the
Department of English, University of North Texas and the Director UNT -NUML Partnership
Program. Prof Dr. Naheed Zia Khan, Professor of Economics, FJWU, Dr. Vaqar Ahmad, Deputy
Executive Director, SDPI, Islamabad, Prof Dr. Joyashree Roy, Professor of Economics, Jadavpur
University, Kolkata, India and Dr. Muhammad Saleem, Additional Director, Infrastructure,
8
7. I
Sustainable Development: Issues and Challenges
Housing & SME Department, State Bank of Pakistan, Karachi. The second plenary session titled
'Strategies for Sustainable Development' was chaired by Prof. Dr. Naheed Zia Khan. The
speakers were Dr. Kaiser Bengali, Technical Adviser on Economic Affairs to Chief Minister
Balochistan, Prof. Dr. Yunus Samad, Professor of South Asian Studies & Director Post-Graduate
Research, Department of Sociology and Criminology at University of Bradford, UK, Dr. Stephen
Davies, Senior Research Fellow at the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) & the
program leader for the Pakistan Strategy Support Program (PSSP) and Dr. Nisar Ahmad, Associate
Professor, Department of Border Region Studies, University of Southern Denmark. The speakers
highlighted the pre-conditions for sustainable development, reasons for failure to achieve sustained
growth and the suggested pathway towards it.
The technical sessions were based on the sub-themes including Economy: dealing with financial
crises and economic meltdown, public debt management and the other modern economic problems,
second Society: focusing on the issues of inclusive growth, social exclusion and antisocial
behavior, women empowerment, and poverty eradication. Third session on Environment shed light
on the environmental diplomacy, renewable and alternative energy sources, eco system and climate
change.
The conference finally turned up with the suggestions from the researchers, think-tank and the
policymakers on the issues from socio-economic, political and geo-political front in Pakistan. The
follow-up proceedings of the conference is expected to attain the factual impact of the efforts
keeping in view the ground realities and with a hope to perform better in future for a sustainable
development path.
Dr. Bushra Yasmin
Conference Coordinator
9
8. Sustainable Development: Issues and Challenges
Towards Sustainable Development in Pakistan
Dr. Vaqar Ahmed
Deputy Executive Director
SDPI, Islamabad
1. Background
The pursuit of sustainable development involves, responsible accounting of the resources which are
being devoted towards economic growth and equitable distribution of benefits accrued during the
growth process. At the same time this broad framework also requires us to treat our environment
and natural endowments as a shared resource between current and future generations. In doing so
the current generation assumes the responsibility of safeguarding the natural resources and
promoting a growth of natural capital (Reid 1995).
The reforms "for prudent macroeconomic management, inclusiveness and sustainability in the
growth process are often challenged by on-ground realities of political economy. We briefly
discuss three specific challenges here. First is the need to put in place efficient governance
mechanisms which have be capacity to deliver on local aspirations. One example is that of the
effort under millennium development goals (MDGs). This rather well intentioned and bold
initiative has had mixed results. Mostly wherever countries have defaulted on their targets under
each of these goals, one finds a governance gap or more specifically a) leadership's capacity to
focus on targets that can lend maximum gains in terms of human development and in turn inclusive
and sustainable growth. b) missing reforms for public sector management and key ministries and
departments responsible for the delivery of MOOs, and c) weak capacity of communities to
demand reform of social services (Ahmed V. 2014).
Second, a large part of the development world has been hit by violent conflicts of several natures.
Insulating development goals, policies, programmes and projects from conflicts has been very
difficult in large parts of Africa and South Asia. The third subject is that of women's safe
participation in public spaces, taking action against violence against women (and marginalized
groups), and enabling women to become active members of the labor force. The gender perspective
in national level policies is often found missing.
Moving on from the lessons learnt under MDGs implementation, the United Nation's Rio Summit
in 2012, recognized that a more comprehensive definition of human progress is only possible under
the sustainable development framework. This meeting also initiated an open working group on
sustainable development with the mandate to conceptualize a set of sustainable development goals
(SDGs) and targets under each of these goals. What does this imply in the context of Pakistan? The
country's most immediate socio-economic crises can be clubbed under 3-Es i.e. energy, economy
and extremism (Suleri 2013). These three also get exacerbated due to a large population and stock
of unemployed in the country. With a rather small public sector development budget owing to
reduced capacity of state to collect taxes (and spend them), this sector cannot continue to directly
provide jobs to the new entrants in the labor market.
41
9. Sustainable Development Issues and Challenges
The private sector which has the potential to create jobs is not expanding at a pace enough to
absorb the current stock of unemployed and also the incremental addition to the labor force every
yeat (GoP 2011). We discuss these challenges in detail below and focus on political economy
reforms under macroeconomic management, redistribution of resources and sustainability of
economic growth.
2. State of the Economy
Pakistan despite availability of both human and financial capital remained unable to fully sustain
its economic growth during the long run. The annual growth in gross domestic product (GDP) has
followed a long run downward trajectory which has made it difficult for the country to provide
decent jobs and reduce poverty.
The lower growth levels have also been partially attributed to the economy's failure to attract or
retain savings in a manner that these can be transformed into productive investment for future. This
is also coupled with Pakistan's lower capacity to absorb aid reflected in falling foreign savings to
GDP ratio. There are large parts of the country where implementing the development programmes
is simply not possible given the adverse law and order situation. The state failure in these areas
particularly Balochistan, southern Punjab, interior Sindh, Karachi and western parts of Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa, has also prevented the private sector to envisage long term business plans.
Given low levels of incentives to productively use domestic savings, large amount of potential
domestic investment remainsunrea1ized. Nasir and Khalid (2004) explain that the savings
behaviour is insensitive to interest rate. The ongoing financial sector reforms have also not been
successful in luring greater savings into the formal channels. Improved terms of trade have not
impacted savings significantly. The savings rate was also not found related to the return on
government investment.
Apart from the endowments of inputs for economic expansion process, growth is also determined
by how efficiently a country utilizes these inputs. Usually this efficiency is measured by total factor
productivity. Over a period of 1981-2007 Pakistan has had one of the lowest levels of productivity
across Asia. Literature tells us that the most important determinants of productivity in a country
include: education, health, institutions (and their governance), and trade openness (Isaksson 2007).
The state has also not been fiscally responsible. The failure to plug fmancial leakages from the
public sector has led to unsustainable losses and ultimately prolonged incidence of debt (Ahmed
and Wahab 2012). Similarly, the gap between taxes and government expenditures (as a percentage
of GDP) could not be narrowed in the longer run - in fact this gap has widened in current years.
The tax regime in Pakistan suffers from plethora of exemptions, concessions and preferential
treatments, provided in the tax laws through statutory regulatory orders (SROs). These SROs are
rarely discussed in the parliament ex ante and are usually the discretion of the government in
power. The task of increasing tax collection is all the more difficult in the presence of a weak and
inefficient tax administration. Tax departments suffer from fragmented management, weak human
resources, and a large scope of discretion available with tax officials (SDPI 20 13b).
The government urgently needs to become prudent in its expenditure management. The major
42
10. Sustainable Development: Issues and Challenges
items in the government's expenditure portfolio include debt servicing, salaries and pensions of a
growing public sector and defence expenditures. These then leave little fiscal space for
development spending on promoting human capital which is a fundamental ingredient of economic
growth in the longer run. The public spending on education as a proportion of Pakistan's national
income has been on a decline in recent years. The same indicator for health has barely increased.
After the 1811I
Constitutional Amendment the federal government passes greater fiscal resources to
the provincial governments for implementing development projects in key social sectors such as
education, health and population welfare. The provincial governments however have not been
much disciplined in utilization of these transfers from the federal government. None of the
provincial governments have implemented results based management and framed key performance
indicators which can ultimately enhance the efficiency of scarce fmancial resources. The 18th
Constitutional Amendment and the 7tb NFC award alone cannot bring about a revolution in social
sectors. In fact it is after the actualization of both these milestones that Pakistan has fallen in the
UNDP human development rankings.Government's fiscal deficit has been on a rise since 2009.
This is despite a programme with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) which demanded
lowering of government's expenditures in 2007-08 and later in 2013-14. This has been an
important factor in keeping inflationary pressures on the higher side. Rising domestic prices also
affect a country's export competitiveness.In the external sector, we observe that the export receipts
have not grown at a pace envisaged across various export development plans and strategic trade
policy (GoP 2012). This is attributed to lack of product and regional diversification in Pakistani
exports, low levels of sophistication in production of manufactured goods, high cost of doing
business in Pakistan and the prevalent energy crisis. Over half of the exports are concentrated in
textile sector which has a static demand abroad and faces stiff competition from relative new
comers such as Bangladesh and Vietnam. The high-technology exports have remained under 2
percent of the overall exports. In geographic terms the neighbouring countries of Pakistan
particularly Afghanistan and China have become major trading partners, however Pakistan remains
relatively closed when it comes to trading with India (Hamid and Hayat 2012).
The role of remittances has been significant in providing stability to Pakistan's external balance.
The consistent rise in receipts from abroad has helped the foreign exchange reserves and
strengthened rupee which often faces downward pressures from fiscal and trade deficits. These
remittances have also helped in reducing incidence of poverty via an increase in non-farm incomes
(Ahmed et aI. 2010, Wahab et aI. 2013).
Remittances and government transfers such as the Benazir Income Support Programme (BISP)
may not be enough to lessen the existing poverty and narrow various forms of inequalities. The
challenge is that we really do not know how many poor exist in Pakistan. The government's own
estimate of percentage of people living below national poverty line or the headcount ratio stood at
17.2% in 2007-08 and 12.4% in 2010-11. Once these were challenged by independent estimations
which claimed that the actual headcount ratio was 33% (Naveed and Ali 2012), the government in
the Economic Survey of 2013-14 exhibited its own estimations as interim indication of poverty
situation. The same government publication also claimed to have set up a technical working group
43
11. SUSlainable Development: Issues and Challenges
on poverty to review the official methodology.
pakistan has one of the longest relationships with the IMF. It has repeatedly gone back to the fund
and rarely completed a structural programme as per agreement (see Franks 2013). Why is it that the
system has not corrected itself since the first time that Pakistan went into a balance of payments
crisis in 1958 and resorted to standby arrangement with IMF? What are the political incentives not
to bring about public sector governance, market and trade reforms in Pakistan? We deal with these
questions in this section and argue that a lack of social accountability has been a critical factor in
maintaining politico-economic status quo.
3.1 System creating monopolies
In 2011 Planning Commission'S report 'Framework for Economic Growth' had highlighted how
sophisticated forms of license raj and financial exclusion have strengthened monopolies in several
sectors. The absence of competition in markets has allowed public and private sector monopolies to
remain inefficient in production and reliant on public sector's fiscal support. Energy crisis which
many have termed as governance rather than a supply-side crisis has also suffered due to
monopolized operations. The gas marketing operations and electricity transmission endure heavy
technical losses and theft. Despite loud voices to privatize power distribution companies (DISCOs)
this process remains slow (Ahmed 2013c). Even cases where privatization of a DISCO has taken
place there are complaints of collusive behavior between the state and the private sector players. It
was reported that Karachi Electric Supply Corporation now K-electric had long been receiving
subsidy from the federal government even after its privatization (SDPI 2012).
In case of sectors such as fertilizer, prior allocation of gas by the government is required - a policy
which has acted as a barrier to entry for new and innovative enterprises. The pharmaceutical prices
have been fixed by the government, which again favor existing business entities which have
already achieved economies of scale.
The provincial governments are equally responsible for creating distortions. On a daily basis low
income group is hit by monopolistic prices in for example: retails markets - where parallel
undocumented sector is a disincentive for retailers to become part of the formal economy; public
transport - where restrictive licensing and at times lack of transparency in allocation of routes is
preventing competition at local level.
3.2 Abuse of public sector enterprises
In a calculation presented in Saleem (2013) a partial list of state run enterprises is causing an
annual loss ofPKR 500 billion to the treasury. The author had argued that as these state run entities
directly fall under the leadership of the Prime Minister therefore he was responsible for not
appointing the suitable leadership and not allowing them autonomy to run these organizations
purely on merit. At the time of writing this paper, 28 public sector organizations did not have a
dedicated chief executive.
An independent board of directors including balanced representation from all stakeholders should
be ensured for all public entities. The relevant ministry may appoint the Chief Executive but only
on the recommendation of the board. The human resource units in these organizations need to be
insulated from political interference when it comes to recruitment and promotions. An auditor for
44
12. Sustainable Development Issues and Challenges
all public enterprises should be appointed by the Auditor General of Pakistan who in turn will
present audit findings to the National Assembly and Senate Committees on Finance (Zafar 2013,
MoF 2011). There is a substantial role for mature employee unions and consumers of these public
sector public good and service providers. There are social accountability mechanisms which can be
exercised by both these stakeholders. There should be formally documented mechanisms through
which union and consumer group representatives can access the board of directors and auditors.
3.3 Fiscal policy creating distortions in production and trade
Ahmed and Rider (2008) suggest that non-compliance with direct and indirect taxes is also leading
to a tax gap of 45%. What is the incentive not to reform the taxation system? First there is a
resistant to actual1y document the complete sources of income and wealth (SDPI 2011). Second the
political will needed to reform the tax laws (whereby evaders can be held accountable and
punished) seems weak (Cheema 2012). Third the tax administration costs are very large and do not
allow for the tax officials to fully ensure compliance (SDPI 2013b). Fourth agriculture sector
which almost contributes one-fifth of GDP remains largely exempt from taxation (PILDAT
2011).An analysis of past federal and provincial budgets also reveals how politically driven
subsidies (through SROs) are provided through costly means. They are meant to favour select
sectors, entities and individuals (Ahmed 2013d).
3.4 Elusive quest for civil service reforms
Almost all political parties have mentioned this reform in their manifesto, however none have
. actually meant it in its true spirit. Various governments have tried to revisit the structure and
incentives of public sector employees however none have actually gone ahead and tackled the issue
of declining real wages of public servants, provision of perks without accountability, political
intervention in recruitment and a promotion and reward system that does not regard merit (GoP
2011).
3.5 Markets, Privatization and Regulation
The government intervenes in markets through setting of rules and regulations, prices, import
controls, taxes, duties and subsidies. A strict regime of licencing and regulatory controls until
1960s was followed by an era of nationalization of private entities in 1970s. During 1980s a
process of denationalization was initiated when under selective arrangements some assets and
production units were returned to the private sector. During 1990s Pakistan launched a
privatization programme without fully putting in place reforms that allow competition and a level
playing field to all market participants.
Deregulation of markets and sectors have been relatively more successful than the privatization
programme in Pakistan. Successful examples include a thriving telecom sector, engineering,
construction, private schooling and health sectors. The textile sector's diversification in export
destinations and sophistication in products has been achieved as a result of gradual opening of this
sector to foreign competition. The situation analysis reveals that reforms for transparency and
competition in Pakistan are still not being implemented in their true spirit. The regulatory bodies
remain toothless in preventing cartelization and consumer exploitation in several sectors such as
electricity, cement, fertilizer, automobile and pharmaceutical. Both Competition Commission of
4S
13. Sustainable Development Issues and Challenges
Pakistan and Securities Exchange Commission of Pakistan - two apex bodies for regulation of
markets in Pakistan remain without a full time chief executive at the time of writing this paper.
Market reform is closely linked with the missing reform of property rights in Pakistan (including
physical and intellectual property). The difficulties in registration of physical property, its transfer
and protection from illegal occupation is not allowing the growing middle class and population in
general to access and retain assets.
4. Future driven of growth
The conceptual clarity on what should be the way forward in reforming Pakistan's socio-economy
is well documented in recent literature. Where we are missing is to see why the decade's old
political narrative is not changing despite a rise in the literacy levels, and rise of a middle class -
conscious of its political rights. It is the political narrative that is currently resisting change and
needs to be more inclusive. In what follows we provide a brief synthesis on current scholastic
views on the future drivers of change in Pakistan's economy.
4.1 Social cohesion
There is a compelling case that academic analyses on Pakistan's political economy still lack a
theory which can explain state and society in the country (Zaidi 2014). We understand that
military's monopoly over formal institutions has weakened. Since 2007 judiciary, parliament, civil
society organizations and media have tried to carve a space in public domain. The role of a specific
class in governing the society seems weak. The military, parliament, judiciary and the civil services
are multi-class institutions. While there are conflicts between institutions - this is however less of a
case between classes. Some discourse was seen in past where class differences were linked with
ownership ofland and folk religion (Aziz 2001) which also became a justification for land reforms
at various phases in the country's history. The decline of class politics may also be linked with
weakening of trade unions paving way for middle class as a whole to lead apolitical politics
(Akhtar 2012).The existence of non-state actors and the way they have been functioning in
Balochistan, Federally Administered Tribal Areas and Karachi makes this task of theorizing state
jurisdiction more difficult. Amidst all the confusion, there has been some triggers for individual
empowerment (SDPI 2013c). The access to information and cellular technology, deregulation of
print and electronic media and increased number of social media subscribers has implied greater
competition to perform amongst the political class particularly from urban constituencies. The right
to information legislation, independent superior judiciary (relative to the past), strengthening of
democratic forces (as a result of transition of power between PPP and PML(N) in general elections
2013 and later the mass protest in Islamabad by PTI and PAT demanding electoral reforms), civil
society organizations promoting social accountability mechanisms that can ensure women's safe
participation in public sphere will further allow communities and individuals space for independent
decision making.
This alone however will not guarantee social cohesion. A step in the right direction was 18th
Constitutional Amendment and 7th
National Finance Commission award. Both have yet to deliver
the fruits to the poorest of the poor. While the 18th
Amendment did allow the provinces to receive
greater fiscal resources from the federal government, the provinces however did not follow through
46
14. Sustainable Development: Issues and Challenges
with the local government elections which were meant to make districts and sub-district offices
more fiscally autonomous and accountable. This essentially implies that the devolution process is
still not complete (Ghaus-Pasha 2012).
4.2 Public sector transparency and resource mobilization
Greater transparency is required to avoid distortions in the economy created through public
procurement of goods and services and public investment in infrastructure and social sectors. The
incidence of corruption can be lowered if the civil society starts to demand in a more organized
manner that: recruitment in federal and provincial governments should be strictly through
independent federal and provincial public service commissions; and audit of the public sector
ministries and departments by Auditor.
General's office should be made public and debated in the parliament. Based on these proceedings
the civil society will be in a position to start benchmarking government's performance and
monetize corruption. Pakistan's national accountability framework driven by National
Accountability Bureau, Federal Investigation Authority, and anti-corruption departments in the
provinces, should also focus on prevention in addition to their current focus on enforcement
(Ahmed et al. 2013).The consumer associations and CSOs should play their role in keeping a check
on the government expenditures. One can see encouraging examples such as Pakistan Social
Accountability Network whose diverse membership is working towards strengthening community-
based accountability mechanisms in order to improve service delivery in education, health and
access to justice for the poor (Yaseen 2013).
The public investment in social and infrastructure sectors needs to be better coordinated between
the federal and provincial governments. The current structure of Public Sector Development
Programme and Provincial. Annual Development Programme exhibits duplication of projects in
several sectors. Systems for physical monitoring of projects under completion are inadequate
(Ahmed 2011). Dedicated project directors need to be appointed for each project. The current
practice of allowing additional charge to civil servants in the ministries or departments should not
be encouraged. Politically motivated projects need to be checked. The Planning Commission
should frame a criteria explaining basis to entertain a development proposal. The planning
departments lack the practice to go down to the community level and assess if a project is really
being demanded by the people.
The completion of projects under PSDP is also hampered by low levels of revenue available with
the government. The lack of revenues, forces the government to resort to non-tax revenue
generation measures which are distortive for productive sectors of the economy and regressive for
the poor. The government needs to remove exemptions allowed in the current tax regime. Second
tax base should be broadened through inclusion of new income sources under the services sector
(e.g. IT based services). Third agriculture must not stay out of the tax net. A clear consensus should
be developed on how best to tax this sector in a manner that should not hurt the poor farmer and
pose threats to food security (SDPI 20l3e). Fourth none of the above three reform is possible
without fully completing the ongoing tax administration reforms at the federal and provincial
boards of revenue.
47
15. Sustainable Development: Issues and Challenges
4.3 Markets and Competition
Market development reforms are desired at macro and micro level. At a macro level autonomy of
SBP, CCP and SECP needs to be demanded by the business community and consumer groups. It is
in their interest that a level playing field should foster innovation and efficiency. The
documentation of market activity can be improved through greater use of technology at FBR. data
warehouse integrated with NADRA to check income and wealth sources, amendments in income
tax ordinance to improve administration, auditing and tax refund mechanism. The acquisition of
capital is closely linked with the access to fixed assets such as land. For an efficient land market,
oral transfer of land may be disallowed, land title record should be automated and centralized,
computerized land record should be available at sale and purchase points, and tenancy laws may be
revisited to protect small and medium property owners from land mafias.
The value of a produced good or service lies in exchange. While there have been policies to
promote agricultural and industrial output, one struggles to see if enough importance has been
given to: farm-to-market channels responsible for marketing and transportation of agricultural
produce; wholesale and retail sector reforms that may allow faster turnover at lower cost to the
producers and consumers; warehousing improvements that can preserve perishable output and
possibly allow greater export surplus; and transport sector that can fasten delivery of raw material
from the port and export consignments to the port. These sectors usually clubbed under domestic
commerce for the past several years has been contributing almost a quarter to the GDP (GoP 2011,
Ul Haque 2006).A concerted effort is required to support start-up companies and SME sector. Time
and transactions costs involved in initial set-up of the business should be reduced. Introducing
uniform zoning and building regulations can reduce time taken to obtain construction permits.
Pakistani businessmen claim that the current state of business courts is a key constraint to
investment. Specialized commercial courts can be helped by better capacity building of judges and
lawyers in handling commercial cases. Alternative dispute resolution mechanisms should be
strengthened with the help of business community. Time limits should be set by higher courts for
disposal of commercial cases.
4.4 Regional integration
No country has ever been able to grow on a sustained basis unless it was able to produce exportable
surplus and open its borders for imports of goods, services and new knowledge. In the recent past
the growth in Pakistan's exports has clearly lagged behind major South Asian economies such as
Bangladesh, India and Sri Lanka One of the key reasons identified for this is the country's low
levels of physical connectivity with the region and beyond. While Afghanistan and China are
Pakistan's key exporting and importing destinations respectively, there are low levels of trade with
India and Iran. Pakistan's energy deficit has however forced the government to revisit its policy on
regional trade. There is recent literature suggesting that it may take several years for the new
energy generation projects to actually become part of the national grid and therefore it seems
imperative that Pakistan should import gas through the still under construction Iran-Pakistan gas
pipeline and electricity from Afghanistan. Central Asia and Indian Punjab through Attari-Wagah
transmission line (Ahmed 2013e).
48
16. Sustainable Development Issues and Cballenges
Pakistan will also need to engage with India on initiating a dialogue to strengthen the dispute
resolution mechanism of the Indus Water Treaty. The cooperation on water resources is closely
linked with climate change, food and energy security in the region. The gaps in the treaty also need
to be revisited on urgent basis. For example there is no provision in this treaty on the national
response to reduction in the river flows caused by climate change and sedimentation. The Treaty is
also silent on the issue of quality or pollution of water, watershed management in case of rivers
with catchment areas across the border (Kakakhel 2014).Since 20B Pakistan has twice backed
away from its commitment to grant MFN status to India. This is not a special treatment and in fact
allows trade with a country on terms allowed to the rest of the world. The reasons to resist this are
weak as: i) India has already allowed this status to Pakistan in 1995, and ii) Pakistan has already
allowed a more liberal trade regime to China i.e. free trade agreement and Pakistan's business
community has adjusted to this agreement. Not allowing MFN to India is now presenting Pakistan
as an irritant in the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) process. Climate
change-led disasters have. also given neighbours a reason to collaborate more closely on early
warning systems. The 2014 floods in Jammu, Kashmir, and Punjab played havoc in India and
Pakistan. A closer collaboration between the disaster management institutions in both countries
could have saved numerous precious lives.
4.5 Getting social justice right
Sustainable development has equity as one of its core objectives. This is closely linked with
making the economic growth process inclusive and helping people to transition out of poverty,
transitory income or consumption shocks, and disabilities. Currently the major social protection
programmes by the federal and provincial governments include: a) social security (Government
Employees Pension Fund, Employees Old-age Benefits Institutions, and Workers Welfare Fund),
b) cash assistance (Benazir Income Support Programme, Zakat, and Bait-ul-Mal), c) subsidy
(Punjab 'Sasti Roti' Scheme, Utility Stores Corporation, Benazir Tractor Support Programme,
Subsidy on consumption of electricity and gas), and employment promotion programme (People's
Works Programme, Grant to Pakistan Poverty Alleviation Fund, Yellow Cab Scheme). It was
pointed out in SDPI (2013d) that there remains a room to improve targeting efficiency, extent of
programme coverage, degree of ease of access, adequacy of support, grievance redressal,
sustainability and exit mechanism from the above mentioned programme.
There are also various conditional cash transfer programmes that need reform. As an example we
take the stipend programme for female students in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province which has now
been up scaled and made universal across the province. Ahmed and Zeshan (2013) however point
out that there is a need to strengthen the PC-I (project proposal preparation) process at planning
departments. While the project proposals are being formulated there is minimum input from:
educationists - responsible for spending the capital, institutions that can explain delays in
disbursements, expenditure forecasting experts, and specialists who can deepen awareness about
the transfer programmes. Even if a monitoring and evaluation mechanism for public sector projects
is present, the feedback to the higher tiers in management is missing. The grievance redressal
mechanisms are not properly documented and accessing them involves high costs. IT enabled
49
17. Sustainable Development Issues BDd CbaIIenges
compliant management is an innovation in some projects and should be replicated in case of other
projects. The synergies with other transfer programmes in the same provinces need to be created
(Ahmed et al. 20l3f). There is also a need to deliver these programmes in hard areas or regions hit
with conflict.
Doubts have been raised over the capacity of provincial governments to sustain a plethora of social
assistance, social insurance and labor market programmes (SDPI 20 l3d). There are however two
evolving models that can augment the sustainability of these programmes but have yet to be
pursued at a larger scale. First is to promote volunteerism among youth and communities in a
manner that the activities conducted have a linkage with job creation. Some models linking
volunteerism and self-employment are explained in UN DESA (2008). Second the role of corporate
social responsibility (CSR) in sustaining social sector programmes such as education and health
has not been fully explored. Many of the public sector social assistance and labour market Gob
creating) programmes that are hard to sustain over the longer run can find another life via cash or
in-kind channeling of CSR.
Social justice should not be limited to addressing unequal patterns in income levels. Horizontal
inequalities i.e. between various culturally formed groups with in a society are equally important
(Stewart 2002). Such forms of inequalities are closely linked with identity-based distinctions in a
society and promote grievances among the relatively neglected and may possibly facilitate conflict
(0stby 2008). Buchmann et al. (2008) also explained why gender differences could exacerbate
racial, ethnic, class, or nativity inequalities. Horizontal inequalities pose a challenge to Pakistan's
law makers and practice community. All political parties in the country are guilty of not giving
enough 'voice' and 'effective representation' to the women and minorities in the country (NCSW
2008, Khattak 2010, Zaka 2012).
4.6 Sustain ability in growth process
The sustainability of growth process in Pakistan is not only in danger due to state's own lackluster
approach to deal with climate change but also due to the threat posed by its neighbors. Ahmed
(2013e) had pointed out how the heavy reliance of China and India on coal based production
processes is adversely impacting the environment and in particular the glacial stock in Pakistan.
The lack of vision and capacity to develop state-level institutions that could design and implement
policies for sustainable growth has been an important weakness in countering, adapting and
mitigating the negative impacts of climate change. This challenge is closely related to the energy,
food and water security in the country. The national Ministry of Climate Change which had
formulated the first ever climate change policy has now been downgraded to a 'division' under the
Prime Minister's office. There are some overlapping roles assigned to the Planning Commission
and National Disaster Management Authority apart from provincial environmental protection
agencies.
There is also a weak demand for environmental reforms from the communities. Only a few civil
society organizations are involved in the capacity building of communities vulnerable to climate
change. These efforts needs to be scaled up given the rising fossil fuel consumption, depletion of
forests, and changes in land use (Sayed 2011, GoP 2010). The development plans and provincial
50
18. Sustainable Development Issues and Cballenges
industrial policies (if any) are also not in compliance with the national climate change policy. One
example is the government's pursuit to engage Chinese counterparts to expand coal-based power
generation capacity in Pakistan. This can threaten Pakistan's already vulnerable environment
profile.
The capacities to manage natural resource endowment have weakened. Pasha (2014b) explains that
since 2000 there has been little change in the water availability at farm gate. Due to poor
maintenance of canals the surface water provided by irrigation system suffers significant leakages.
Private tube wells which are the main sources of ground water have increased by 58% since 2000.
Deforestation has also been rampant and almost 22% forest area has depleted since 2000. The
overall forest area now stands at 2% of the land area. The annual cost of deforestation has been
estimated to be around 2% of GDP and increases vulnerability to floods.
The entry point for reform is essentially people's own evolving understanding about how changes
in climate are responsible for decline in crop productivity, food availability, and income. Zaheer
and Colom (2013) show that 72% population in Pakistan feels that the government will not be able
to respond to the climate challenge. A possible agenda for the development partners in Pakistan can
be to strengthen the civil society's efforts towards sustainability which can act as a pressure on the
state institutions. Donor organizations providing technical assistance to the government should
seek compliance of public investment with green economy principles i.e. where income and
employment is driven by investments that reduce emissions and enhance energy efficiency.
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21. IS8N:978-969-7658-0 1-5
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Department of Economics
Fatima Jinnah Women University
Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Tel: 92 -51- 9292914
www.fjwu.edu.pkJEconomics