The society we live in cannot avoid conflict. The church in particular is not devoid of conflict of all kinds. Church leaders and other stakeholders in the church have not only to resolve these conflicts, they have to also transform the conflicts and ensure that people live in peaceful co-existence as much as it is possible. The advent of the Internet in general and social media in particular has affected the way people are doing things tremendously. This includes conflict transformation in the church as well. This paper gives a brief introduction to conflict transformation in general and conflict transformation specifically in the church. It gives a brief biblical basis on conflict transformation. Furthermore, it delves extensively on the biblical basis for conflict transformation in churches through social media. It concludes that stakeholders in the church should blend theology together with technology, especially the social media, in transforming conflicts that are arising within the church.
The advent of COVID-19 pandemic and its resultant lockdown of many public places including churches have made people to seek alternative ways of doing things without violating the laid down guidelines of concerned authorities in order to curtail the spread of the pandemic. Many church pastors and other church leaders in Nigeria adapted to the use of the Internet and other technological tools in ministering to their church members and other people, that is, Internet ministry. However, there are some limitations to this in pastoral ministry. A research was carried out in which a semistructured questionnaire was served to some randomly selected pastors through WhatsApp Messenger. The respondents
answered through WhatsApp Messenger, email and phone calls. It was discovered through the research that Internet ministry to some great extent has become an alternative ministry opportunity during the COVID-19 pandemic period. Nevertheless, some other limitations to effective use of Internet ministry are also discovered. This paper (a follow up to other papers based on the research) attempts to identify the limitations of Internet ministry as an alternative means of performing pastoral ministry in churches in Nigeria during and after the COVID-19 pandemic, and proffers possible solutions to the limitations. It also presents some themes for further studies.
Many churches and other public places were closed, and social distancing is advocated by the World Health Organization to serve as a means to curtail the spread of COVID-19 pandemic. This has hindered the pastoral ministry of many pastors in Nigeria to their church members. This study explores how pastors are making use of the Internet as an alternative means of pastoral ministry and to what extent Internet ministry is effective in pastoral ministry during the pandemic. Some open-ended questions were sent randomly to some pastors through WhatsApp Messenger. The pastors responded either by WhatsApp or email. There were further correspondences with some of the respondents through WhatsApp and phone calls. The findings of the study revealed that while some of the respondents were using the Internet in their pastoral ministry before the pandemic, most of them started using it during the pandemic, and they agreed that Internet ministry, as an alternative means, is effective to a great extent in their pastoral ministry during the pandemic. Many of them are ready to continue their Internet ministry after the pandemic not only as an alternative means, but also as complementary means to the traditional means of pastoral ministry. Some recommendations and suggestions for further study are made at the end of the paper.
The Roles of Congregations in Public Health Emergencies:NYDISevents
This document provides an overview of how religious literacy and competency among emergency managers can help build more resilient communities during public health emergencies. It discusses how faith communities can offer unique resources like comfort, hope, prayer services and advocacy. It also reviews key concepts like the disaster lifecycle and the roles of the Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster network in coordinating response efforts between government and nonprofit groups including faith communities. The goal is to educate about engaging faith groups as trusted partners before, during and after disasters.
This document is a training manual created by the Vanuatu Christian Council to raise awareness of human rights, faith, and gender among church communities. It is divided into four sections. Section one provides guidelines for facilitators on logistics and content planning. Section two introduces human rights. Section three covers gender. Section four discusses how faith relates to human rights and gender from a biblical perspective. The overall purpose is to help church staff effectively train others on these important principles and their application.
The document discusses the World Council of Churches and raises concerns about its goals and activities. It claims the WCC aims to establish a one world religion under Lucifer and questions whether its vision of Christianity aligns with traditional biblical teachings. It also argues that the WCC has close ties to the United Nations and seems focused on global political goals like socialism rather than religious purposes.
Finding The Voice of A Virtual Community of PracticeConnie White
Critical components for a successful Community of Practice (CoP) are that: 1) the community members have a space where their voice can be heard and that, (2) the proper technology is given to them to aid in this effort. We describe a Dynamic Delphi system under development which interprets the group’s voice in the creation of information during the initial start up phases when cultivating a CoP. Community members’ alternatives are explored, justified and debated over periods of time, and best reflect the group’s opinion at any moment in time where collective intelligence will be created from the interactions amongst group members. The system could handle a wide variety of types of decisions reflecting the diversity of goals given a CoP including emergency response actions, prediction markets, lobbying efforts, any sort of problem solving, making investment suggestions, etc. Pilot studies indicate that the group creates a greater number of better ideas. Ongoing studies are described, including applications to emergency management planning and response. They demonstrate that implementing a Dynamic Delphi system will prove conducive for building the initial repertoire of ideas, rules, policies or any other aspect of the community’s ‘voice’ that should be heard, in such a way that the individual voices are juxtaposed in harmony to create a single song.
Rough DraftINTRODUCTIONReligion is an important aspect that in.docxjoellemurphey
Rough Draft
INTRODUCTION
Religion is an important aspect that involves collection of cultural systems, beliefs and world views that relate humanity to the aspect of existence. Throughout history, religion has provided people with different answers, thus improving societal cultures and civilization. The study of religion has played a major role both in the past and present. It is also a major force behind human experience. All over the world, religion has offered different lessons to unity, peace, cleansing, conflicts, terrorism, economics, and politics among many others. On the other hand, religious traditions over the years, have laid foundations that promote the principles of human rights, international peace, justice and cohesion. Today, religion has undergone different challenges due evolvement of technology and science. The critics behind this two departments have argued that religion is a thing of the past and that soon it will be out of the way. They have also portrayed religion as a system that does not consider new stages of human existence (Harper, 2010). Comment by Nick Mayrand: Remember that I asked you to only use sources that we covered in class for this paper. I don’t know what this Harper reference is? Since the intro does work pretty well, I’ll let you leave it in here. But I do need you to list the full source information at the end of the paper since you did go outside of our course material.
Though such negative implications have been leveled against religion, many people around the world believe that religion persists any form of nature and is still on the rise. Through the study of religion, people are able to address different global issues and cultural conflicts. Religion is everywhere and improves people’s lives in different faiths that people have such as Christians, Muslims among others. Religious studies are also important because they offer relevance and better understanding to the world we live in.
Question 1
Many authors believe that religion through its diversity has a room for science and skepticism to improve the changing world. Today, it difficult to watch television, newspaper, listen to radio, or use social media without getting religious context and issues being addressed locally or globally. The discipline of religious studies also promote spiritual, social, physical and moral attributes that are necessary in providing reflection of how people behave. People are also able to understand the ultimate purpose of life and their relationship with God. It also gives people ability to understand there practices, beliefs, and teaching, in order to challenge their spiritual development.
According to many theorists, the basic principles of religion offers expression to humanity purpose and meaning. Therefore, though religion has strengths and weaknesses in the society. People need to focus more on the positive outcomes it offers. The weakness side of religion is normally attributed to the fact that some people ...
This document discusses managing organizational conflicts from an Islamic perspective. It begins with an abstract that outlines the purpose is to understand organizational conflict and examine Islamic perspectives on conflict management, resolution, and prevention. The document then reviews existing literature that does not reveal empirical studies on the Islamic viewpoint of conflict management in organizations. The methodology used includes extracting data from Islamic books, papers, and websites. The main references are the Quran and hadiths. The conclusion is that Islamic models for conflict management exist and can be applied by project managers without limitations.
The advent of COVID-19 pandemic and its resultant lockdown of many public places including churches have made people to seek alternative ways of doing things without violating the laid down guidelines of concerned authorities in order to curtail the spread of the pandemic. Many church pastors and other church leaders in Nigeria adapted to the use of the Internet and other technological tools in ministering to their church members and other people, that is, Internet ministry. However, there are some limitations to this in pastoral ministry. A research was carried out in which a semistructured questionnaire was served to some randomly selected pastors through WhatsApp Messenger. The respondents
answered through WhatsApp Messenger, email and phone calls. It was discovered through the research that Internet ministry to some great extent has become an alternative ministry opportunity during the COVID-19 pandemic period. Nevertheless, some other limitations to effective use of Internet ministry are also discovered. This paper (a follow up to other papers based on the research) attempts to identify the limitations of Internet ministry as an alternative means of performing pastoral ministry in churches in Nigeria during and after the COVID-19 pandemic, and proffers possible solutions to the limitations. It also presents some themes for further studies.
Many churches and other public places were closed, and social distancing is advocated by the World Health Organization to serve as a means to curtail the spread of COVID-19 pandemic. This has hindered the pastoral ministry of many pastors in Nigeria to their church members. This study explores how pastors are making use of the Internet as an alternative means of pastoral ministry and to what extent Internet ministry is effective in pastoral ministry during the pandemic. Some open-ended questions were sent randomly to some pastors through WhatsApp Messenger. The pastors responded either by WhatsApp or email. There were further correspondences with some of the respondents through WhatsApp and phone calls. The findings of the study revealed that while some of the respondents were using the Internet in their pastoral ministry before the pandemic, most of them started using it during the pandemic, and they agreed that Internet ministry, as an alternative means, is effective to a great extent in their pastoral ministry during the pandemic. Many of them are ready to continue their Internet ministry after the pandemic not only as an alternative means, but also as complementary means to the traditional means of pastoral ministry. Some recommendations and suggestions for further study are made at the end of the paper.
The Roles of Congregations in Public Health Emergencies:NYDISevents
This document provides an overview of how religious literacy and competency among emergency managers can help build more resilient communities during public health emergencies. It discusses how faith communities can offer unique resources like comfort, hope, prayer services and advocacy. It also reviews key concepts like the disaster lifecycle and the roles of the Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster network in coordinating response efforts between government and nonprofit groups including faith communities. The goal is to educate about engaging faith groups as trusted partners before, during and after disasters.
This document is a training manual created by the Vanuatu Christian Council to raise awareness of human rights, faith, and gender among church communities. It is divided into four sections. Section one provides guidelines for facilitators on logistics and content planning. Section two introduces human rights. Section three covers gender. Section four discusses how faith relates to human rights and gender from a biblical perspective. The overall purpose is to help church staff effectively train others on these important principles and their application.
The document discusses the World Council of Churches and raises concerns about its goals and activities. It claims the WCC aims to establish a one world religion under Lucifer and questions whether its vision of Christianity aligns with traditional biblical teachings. It also argues that the WCC has close ties to the United Nations and seems focused on global political goals like socialism rather than religious purposes.
Finding The Voice of A Virtual Community of PracticeConnie White
Critical components for a successful Community of Practice (CoP) are that: 1) the community members have a space where their voice can be heard and that, (2) the proper technology is given to them to aid in this effort. We describe a Dynamic Delphi system under development which interprets the group’s voice in the creation of information during the initial start up phases when cultivating a CoP. Community members’ alternatives are explored, justified and debated over periods of time, and best reflect the group’s opinion at any moment in time where collective intelligence will be created from the interactions amongst group members. The system could handle a wide variety of types of decisions reflecting the diversity of goals given a CoP including emergency response actions, prediction markets, lobbying efforts, any sort of problem solving, making investment suggestions, etc. Pilot studies indicate that the group creates a greater number of better ideas. Ongoing studies are described, including applications to emergency management planning and response. They demonstrate that implementing a Dynamic Delphi system will prove conducive for building the initial repertoire of ideas, rules, policies or any other aspect of the community’s ‘voice’ that should be heard, in such a way that the individual voices are juxtaposed in harmony to create a single song.
Rough DraftINTRODUCTIONReligion is an important aspect that in.docxjoellemurphey
Rough Draft
INTRODUCTION
Religion is an important aspect that involves collection of cultural systems, beliefs and world views that relate humanity to the aspect of existence. Throughout history, religion has provided people with different answers, thus improving societal cultures and civilization. The study of religion has played a major role both in the past and present. It is also a major force behind human experience. All over the world, religion has offered different lessons to unity, peace, cleansing, conflicts, terrorism, economics, and politics among many others. On the other hand, religious traditions over the years, have laid foundations that promote the principles of human rights, international peace, justice and cohesion. Today, religion has undergone different challenges due evolvement of technology and science. The critics behind this two departments have argued that religion is a thing of the past and that soon it will be out of the way. They have also portrayed religion as a system that does not consider new stages of human existence (Harper, 2010). Comment by Nick Mayrand: Remember that I asked you to only use sources that we covered in class for this paper. I don’t know what this Harper reference is? Since the intro does work pretty well, I’ll let you leave it in here. But I do need you to list the full source information at the end of the paper since you did go outside of our course material.
Though such negative implications have been leveled against religion, many people around the world believe that religion persists any form of nature and is still on the rise. Through the study of religion, people are able to address different global issues and cultural conflicts. Religion is everywhere and improves people’s lives in different faiths that people have such as Christians, Muslims among others. Religious studies are also important because they offer relevance and better understanding to the world we live in.
Question 1
Many authors believe that religion through its diversity has a room for science and skepticism to improve the changing world. Today, it difficult to watch television, newspaper, listen to radio, or use social media without getting religious context and issues being addressed locally or globally. The discipline of religious studies also promote spiritual, social, physical and moral attributes that are necessary in providing reflection of how people behave. People are also able to understand the ultimate purpose of life and their relationship with God. It also gives people ability to understand there practices, beliefs, and teaching, in order to challenge their spiritual development.
According to many theorists, the basic principles of religion offers expression to humanity purpose and meaning. Therefore, though religion has strengths and weaknesses in the society. People need to focus more on the positive outcomes it offers. The weakness side of religion is normally attributed to the fact that some people ...
This document discusses managing organizational conflicts from an Islamic perspective. It begins with an abstract that outlines the purpose is to understand organizational conflict and examine Islamic perspectives on conflict management, resolution, and prevention. The document then reviews existing literature that does not reveal empirical studies on the Islamic viewpoint of conflict management in organizations. The methodology used includes extracting data from Islamic books, papers, and websites. The main references are the Quran and hadiths. The conclusion is that Islamic models for conflict management exist and can be applied by project managers without limitations.
God, the great Communicator created the universe through communication. He wants human beings, as His image-bearers, to communicate with Him, and especially fellow human beings through various invented communication means. Social media have been one of such inventions that human beings have been using to communicate with one another. Inasmuch as conflicts are inevitable among human beings, to resolve these conflicts and have a sustainable peaceful co-existence, God wants human beings to resemble Jesus Christ (who is the Mediator between God and man) to dialogue mediatively among conflicting partings using social media as a means. To this end, this paper discussed theological basis for conflict resolution and peacebuilding in general and theological basis for sustainable mediative dialogue in particular, gave some biblical injunctions on how to prevent conflicts and have a peaceful co-existence, and concluded with the theological basis for social media.
This document discusses competing discourses within the newspaper industry regarding the internet and social media. It analyzes interviews, blog posts, and articles to identify four main discourses: 1) "Ivory-towerizing" and "Shielding", which see new media as a threat and impede organizational learning, and 2) "Accelerating" and "Connecting", which view new media as an opportunity and encourage adaptation to change. The study aims to understand how newspaper employees make sense of new media in order to help the industry better manage uncertainty through organizational learning.
Reflective decisions the use ofSocratic dialogue in managin.docxsodhi3
Reflective decisions: the use of
Socratic dialogue in managing
organizational change
Rosemary Skordoulis and Patrick Dawson
University of Aberdeen Business School, Aberdeen, UK
Abstract
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to show that too often decisions concerning change are made
on the basis of partial understanding, limited data and unreflective assumptions about people and
organizations. In the discussion of the Socratic dialogue the aim is to uncover a useful method for
ensuring more reflective decision making that involves active participation of employees on the
receiving end of change.
Design/methodology/approach – Although dialogue is used in management processes today, it is
contended that the Socratic dialogue is particularly useful in making sense of complex change
processes. Data drawn from research conducted in two UK higher education institutions are used to
illustrate how lack of knowledge and understanding often pervades and constrains change, and how
techniques of Socratic dialogue can be used to secure higher levels of employee involvement and
commitment to change.
Findings – It is argued that Socratic dialogue can be used as a practical tool to facilitate
“participative” change and contend that further research is required to develop the use of this method
as a qualitative research instrument for uncovering data on processes of change in organizations.
Originality/value – If practised consistently by organizational members, the Socratic techniques
can lead to a more concrete understanding of the complexities of changing organizations. It is a
collective process of change through critical questioning and, as such, it lends itself to further
exploration on the part of both change managers and qualitative researchers for its uses as a
diagnostic and research instrument.
Keywords Organizational change, Employee attitudes, Employee involvement, Decision making
Paper type Research paper
Introduction
Initiating, implementing - and more importantly – sustaining change, has undoubtedly
become one of the most critical factors affecting business organizations (see, Burnes,
2004; Caldwell, 2006; Dawson, 2003; Gallos, 2006; Tushman and Anderson, 2004) and
the enabling and/or disabling factors connected with change implementation projects
have been studied and documented in various ways (see for example, Block, 1987;
Buchanan and Boddy, 1992; Cooper and Sawaf, 1997; Guest and King, 2001; Pfeffer,
1982). Many commentators focus on issues such as, communication or committed
leadership as the vehicle for ensuring effective change (see for example, Hamel, 2000;
Tourish and Hargie, 2003). Despite the efforts involved, an estimated 50-70 per cent of
re-engineering projects fail to achieve their intended objectives (Hammer and Champy,
1993) and less than one third of the USA and British companies engaged in Total
Quality Management (TQM) reported tangible performance benefits (Askenas et al.,
1995). Harvard’s John Kotter, in a stu ...
Conversation analysis is a method used to analyze spoken interactions to understand how language develops in social contexts. It examines specific aspects of oral interactions like openings and closings, turn-taking, and feedback. Conversation analysis seeks to establish opportunities for all participants to contribute and provides insight into dominant speakers. It analyzes feedback mechanisms and whether conversations allow responses from all participants.
Fences and Bridges; a look at social capital vs. spiritual capitalDennel Tyon
The document discusses the concepts of boundaries, social capital, and spiritual capital. Boundaries allow people to know how far they can go in relationships and avoid offending others. Social capital refers to the benefits that come from relationships and social networks, like lower crime, better health, and economic growth. Spiritual capital similarly aims to quantify spiritual practices and their benefits to groups, individuals, and society by motivating moral behavior and creativity. The implications of social and spiritual capital on religious groups are discussed, where social capital could benefit relationships but spiritual capital may lessen dependence on organized religion.
The document discusses the importance and goals of interfaith dialogue. Interfaith dialogue seeks to create understanding between religious groups through open communication and education about different faiths. It aims to overcome religious divisions and conflicts by reducing biases, forming interreligious relationships, and finding common ground. The document argues that interfaith dialogue is needed now more than ever to address global challenges and promote peaceful coexistence among people of all religions.
Religion makes the people to put their lives on the way for salivation through having a vision of reality that transcend temporal world into a becoming world where everyone lives in a situation that is, full of an everlasting peace. But the role religious institutions play in ensuring the desired goal is a bone of contentions among scholars. The focus of the study was to explore the implication of religious institutions for sustainable peace in Amhara National Regional State with a particular reference to East Gojjam selected woredas.
This document discusses alignment of perceived needs across different levels of a community focused on supporting youth. It finds that direct service providers and families had the most aligned perceptions of needs, focusing on basic needs like food and transportation. Leadership of the comprehensive community initiative perceived needs in terms of programmatic efforts to support youth development. Overall, there was the least alignment between leadership and families. The study suggests assessing alignment can help identify areas of alignment and misalignment to better support youth across a community.
All people belong to communities that express collective principles using documents. Existing solutions to change or create documents, such as representatives, petitions, and town halls, have problems. Certain people with more power or resources are unduly influential. And the ability to scale to larger, diverse, multi-lingual populations is rarely present. The documents we live by, therefore, cannot be created or changed without great struggle, even when the need arises. Wirite solves these issues by giving control to people. Users create, vote on, and express issues with edits. This information is then used to place the ideal number of non-conflicting edits into new document versions. Crowd-sourced translation of edits allow the document to exist in multiple languages throughout the entire process. And document creation and community support occur simultaneously, reducing the ability for unbalanced influence from outside sources.
Critical Discourse Analysis Of The Speech Of Quaid E-AzamMichelle Love
This document discusses critical discourse analysis (CDA) and its aims and potential social contributions. CDA engages in normative critique and judgment of both discourse and society. It uses an ensemble of techniques to study language use as social and cultural practices. The main goals of CDA are to uncover power relations and ideological assumptions that are expressed through language. CDA aims to reveal how discourse shapes social relations and identities.
Brandon’s Post· Identify the global societal issue you ha.docxrichardnorman90310
Brandon’s Post:
·
Identify the global societal issue you have chosen to research for your Final Paper, an argumentative essay, and explain why further research on this topic is important.
The issue I decide to talk about is lack of education. Education has not reached its peak due to change. Change is funny as it overwhelms people with different emotions. For instance, change can foster fear, happiness, doubt, uncertainty, acceptance, and love. Further study is required because “while nearly everyone engaged in the debate about schooling acknowledges that more resources is not a panacea (solution) the question is whether budgets can be expanded on specific items in a way that would increase the efficacy of schooling” (Pritchett, 2004, pg. 4, para. 1).
·
Provide a clear and concise thesis statement that includes a solution to the global societal issue (see
Writing a Thesis Statement (Links to an external site.) (Links to an external site.)
for assistance).
Change is inevitable whether you like it or not, it will happen. It does matter if it is for the betterment of mankind or the destruction of humanity. To be better prepared we need to improve our education infrastructure around the world. The fear of change has crippled us causing our education standards to decline. The reason change needs to happen is because we have become unaware, less knowledgeable, disconnect and less than human. Making higher education available for all would have caught this dilemma sooner, provided solutions using social justice, and replace fear with compassion and the will to act. The truth high quality education is a need not a want.
·
Explain how this global societal issue impacts a specific population.
Countries with deficient infrastructure are left behind or forgotten. Arditi (2004) stated, “the third salient aspect of globalization arises from the exponential increase in the pace of political, technological, economic, or cultural change. Its impact is undecidable” (pg. 3, para. 2)
.
Meaning that the future is not written yet. We have an opportunity to change it for the better.
·
Locate a peer-reviewed scholarly source and provide statistical data that you found surprising on the topic.
Arif (2016) outlines, “There are factors affecting the embodiment and development of higher education institutions. These factors can be listed as increasing population in underdeveloped and developing countries, globalization, information society, new basic technologies, increasing competition, government reforms, minimization and restructuring of the governments, etc.” (Sari 2016, pg. 327, para. 9). Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development countries seem to use a one-time large payment to pay for higher education which only make up about nine percent of higher learning.
Reference:
Pritchett, Lant. (2004, June 29). Towards a New Consensus for Addressing the Global Challenge of the Lack of Education. Center for Global Development Working Paper No. .
Use of indigenous language for conflict resolutionM S Siddiqui
The theme of International Mother Language Day 2019 is "Indigenous languages matter for development, peace building and reconciliation". It has been taken with an aim to establish a link between language, development, peace, and reconciliation. It aims to improve quality of life, wider international cooperation and visibility and strengthened intercultural dialogue to reaffirm the continuity of indigenous languages and cultures.
Social Media and Social Media Marketing: A Literature Reviewiosrjce
Social media and social media marketing are sometimes used interchangeably, but two indeed are
different. The purpose of this research paper is to revisit the literature on both concepts and correlates them in
technical terminologies. We have studied the literature available on Social media first and identified the basic
functionalities of it. Then the literature available on social media marketing helped us in identifying its
dimensions. In conclusion section of the research paper we have correlated the two concepts and redefined
social media marketing in technical terms.
The document discusses the transformational power of dialogue in organizations. It argues that dialogue can create collective consciousness, overcome cultural differences, and enable organizations to engage stakeholders effectively to initiate positive internal change. Dialogue allows individuals to gain new perspectives and think more clearly by exposing their own thought processes. It fosters collective creativity and coordination without artificial decision making processes. When organizations engage in dialogue internally and externally through social media, it can transform the organization by building relationships and catering communication based on audience feedback. Different views exist on implementing dialogue effectively, but it is a powerful tool that can improve organizations through awareness of challenges and collaborative solutions.
Selected concepts of community development and operational explanation from i...Alexander Decker
This document discusses concepts of community development from an Islamic context. It examines concepts of empowerment, participation, and community potential that are emphasized in community development. The document analyzes passages from the Quran and writings of early Islamic scholars that describe these concepts. It argues that Islam provides operational guidance for these concepts and has long influenced principles and practices of community development.
Annotated Bibliography And Summary On Social Cohesion Literature SummaryApril Smith
This document provides an annotated bibliography and summary on social cohesion. It begins with definitions of social cohesion and social capital, noting they are closely related terms. Social cohesion is defined as developing shared values and challenges within a community based on trust, hope and reciprocity. Social capital refers to social networks and norms of trust that arise from connections between individuals.
The document then reviews the history and measurements of social cohesion before examining its elements, including the impact of globalization, immigration, health, inequality, social networks and neighborhoods. It also discusses the place of Canadian Aboriginal people in society. The goal is to explore social cohesion in Canada through literature and facilitate policy discussion on early childhood development.
RESPONDwrite one responses to the two colleagues in one of the.docxmackulaytoni
RESPOND
write one
responses to the two
colleagues in one of the following ways:
Provide an alternative suggestion of how program evaluation can be used.
Provide support or an alternative perspective on the elements of program evaluation.
·
RE: Discussion - Week 1 1st person
COLLAPSE
As a State Correctional employee, we often use evaluations to analyze in-service training, policy reviews, programs and services, etc. It may seem as if we are over evaluating; however, this helps to ensure our services are effective.
Westat (2010) says the two reasons program evaluation exists, as written for the National Science Foundation, is to “improve a project” and “document what has been achieved” (p. 3).
The most consistent with my interest is program improvement. For instance, we had four different in-service courses with the same course information. An evaluation was passed out to the students at the end of the course to provide their opinion of the course. The comments prompted the instructors to redesign four courses into one. Evaluations are essential tool in Corrections because it allows us to
document our achievements, which will result in data to support our reentry programs.
References:
Westat, J. F. (Ed.). (2010). The 2010 user-friendly handbook for project evaluation. Retrieved
from https://www.westat.com/sites/westat.com/files/2010UFHB.pdf
2-person
initial post WK1D1
COLLAPSE
In my work with community corrections, I have not conducted any type of program evaluation; however, I understand program evaluation is designed to answer some key questions about a program’s effectiveness to the stakeholders (community, participants and staff). The overarching idea behind program evaluation is to ascertain if those who should benefit from the program are actually benefiting and if those performing the services to the community are skilled at providing the services. Another important aspect of program evaluation is to determine whether the allocated resources for the services are sufficient for addressing the needs of the population (The Program Manager’s Guide to Evaluation, 2010).
In looking at this week’s resources, Langbein (2012) identifies some distinct differences between program and project (p.3). A program is described as “ongoing services or activities” (Langbein, 2012, p. 3) while projects are intended to be one-time activities that has long-lasting sustainable impact on communities (p. 3). Thus, program evaluations should help determine the extent of a program’s success or lack thereof (what works and what does not work) as well as provide insight on navigating areas where unexpected circumstances occur (Westat, 2010). In short, program evaluations provide managers and administrators the data needed to prove or disprove the value of a program which ultimately impacts the design, management and funding of a project (p. 4).
In my current job capacity, I have observed a program that had been .
This paper is a critical review of the theory of just war. The paper
attempts to explain what Just-War Theory is. An overview of the history of Just War Tradition is given. There are some cited assumptions and approaches of Just-War Theory. The paper also gives some strengths and weaknesses of Just-War. The paper also gives some strengths and weaknesses of Just-War. The paper concludes with the fact that Just War Theory provides balances that must be taken into consideration when there is any necessitated war that results from inevitable conflicts. Furthermore, the paper concludes that the strengths of the theory should be built on when there is such war.
There is a unique set of forcefully displaced persons from Boko Haram insurgency affected areas in north-eastern Nigeria that migrated back to their ancestral homes in Ogbomoso in the south-western Nigeria. These people are referred to in this research as migrated displaced persons (MDPs) because they are not in any IDP centre or camp, but live among their ancestral relatives. This research investigates the extent Baptist churches in Ogbomoso are responding to re-integrate these migrated displaced persons in Ogbomoso into the society. Semi-structured interviews are conducted among fifteen randomly selected pastors of Baptist churches in Ogbomoso metropolis and three other stakeholders. Some available documents are also used in analysing the collected data. Findings from this study reveal that the churches are responding to some extent to transforming the lives of the migrated displaced Boko Haram victims in the area. Therefore, it is recommended that churches and other faith-based organizations should intensify their efforts in responding to transforming the lives of displaced Boko Haram victims in the area, and they should start having documented records for these efforts.
More Related Content
Similar to Towards a theology of conflict transformation in churches through social media
God, the great Communicator created the universe through communication. He wants human beings, as His image-bearers, to communicate with Him, and especially fellow human beings through various invented communication means. Social media have been one of such inventions that human beings have been using to communicate with one another. Inasmuch as conflicts are inevitable among human beings, to resolve these conflicts and have a sustainable peaceful co-existence, God wants human beings to resemble Jesus Christ (who is the Mediator between God and man) to dialogue mediatively among conflicting partings using social media as a means. To this end, this paper discussed theological basis for conflict resolution and peacebuilding in general and theological basis for sustainable mediative dialogue in particular, gave some biblical injunctions on how to prevent conflicts and have a peaceful co-existence, and concluded with the theological basis for social media.
This document discusses competing discourses within the newspaper industry regarding the internet and social media. It analyzes interviews, blog posts, and articles to identify four main discourses: 1) "Ivory-towerizing" and "Shielding", which see new media as a threat and impede organizational learning, and 2) "Accelerating" and "Connecting", which view new media as an opportunity and encourage adaptation to change. The study aims to understand how newspaper employees make sense of new media in order to help the industry better manage uncertainty through organizational learning.
Reflective decisions the use ofSocratic dialogue in managin.docxsodhi3
Reflective decisions: the use of
Socratic dialogue in managing
organizational change
Rosemary Skordoulis and Patrick Dawson
University of Aberdeen Business School, Aberdeen, UK
Abstract
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to show that too often decisions concerning change are made
on the basis of partial understanding, limited data and unreflective assumptions about people and
organizations. In the discussion of the Socratic dialogue the aim is to uncover a useful method for
ensuring more reflective decision making that involves active participation of employees on the
receiving end of change.
Design/methodology/approach – Although dialogue is used in management processes today, it is
contended that the Socratic dialogue is particularly useful in making sense of complex change
processes. Data drawn from research conducted in two UK higher education institutions are used to
illustrate how lack of knowledge and understanding often pervades and constrains change, and how
techniques of Socratic dialogue can be used to secure higher levels of employee involvement and
commitment to change.
Findings – It is argued that Socratic dialogue can be used as a practical tool to facilitate
“participative” change and contend that further research is required to develop the use of this method
as a qualitative research instrument for uncovering data on processes of change in organizations.
Originality/value – If practised consistently by organizational members, the Socratic techniques
can lead to a more concrete understanding of the complexities of changing organizations. It is a
collective process of change through critical questioning and, as such, it lends itself to further
exploration on the part of both change managers and qualitative researchers for its uses as a
diagnostic and research instrument.
Keywords Organizational change, Employee attitudes, Employee involvement, Decision making
Paper type Research paper
Introduction
Initiating, implementing - and more importantly – sustaining change, has undoubtedly
become one of the most critical factors affecting business organizations (see, Burnes,
2004; Caldwell, 2006; Dawson, 2003; Gallos, 2006; Tushman and Anderson, 2004) and
the enabling and/or disabling factors connected with change implementation projects
have been studied and documented in various ways (see for example, Block, 1987;
Buchanan and Boddy, 1992; Cooper and Sawaf, 1997; Guest and King, 2001; Pfeffer,
1982). Many commentators focus on issues such as, communication or committed
leadership as the vehicle for ensuring effective change (see for example, Hamel, 2000;
Tourish and Hargie, 2003). Despite the efforts involved, an estimated 50-70 per cent of
re-engineering projects fail to achieve their intended objectives (Hammer and Champy,
1993) and less than one third of the USA and British companies engaged in Total
Quality Management (TQM) reported tangible performance benefits (Askenas et al.,
1995). Harvard’s John Kotter, in a stu ...
Conversation analysis is a method used to analyze spoken interactions to understand how language develops in social contexts. It examines specific aspects of oral interactions like openings and closings, turn-taking, and feedback. Conversation analysis seeks to establish opportunities for all participants to contribute and provides insight into dominant speakers. It analyzes feedback mechanisms and whether conversations allow responses from all participants.
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The document discusses the importance and goals of interfaith dialogue. Interfaith dialogue seeks to create understanding between religious groups through open communication and education about different faiths. It aims to overcome religious divisions and conflicts by reducing biases, forming interreligious relationships, and finding common ground. The document argues that interfaith dialogue is needed now more than ever to address global challenges and promote peaceful coexistence among people of all religions.
Religion makes the people to put their lives on the way for salivation through having a vision of reality that transcend temporal world into a becoming world where everyone lives in a situation that is, full of an everlasting peace. But the role religious institutions play in ensuring the desired goal is a bone of contentions among scholars. The focus of the study was to explore the implication of religious institutions for sustainable peace in Amhara National Regional State with a particular reference to East Gojjam selected woredas.
This document discusses alignment of perceived needs across different levels of a community focused on supporting youth. It finds that direct service providers and families had the most aligned perceptions of needs, focusing on basic needs like food and transportation. Leadership of the comprehensive community initiative perceived needs in terms of programmatic efforts to support youth development. Overall, there was the least alignment between leadership and families. The study suggests assessing alignment can help identify areas of alignment and misalignment to better support youth across a community.
All people belong to communities that express collective principles using documents. Existing solutions to change or create documents, such as representatives, petitions, and town halls, have problems. Certain people with more power or resources are unduly influential. And the ability to scale to larger, diverse, multi-lingual populations is rarely present. The documents we live by, therefore, cannot be created or changed without great struggle, even when the need arises. Wirite solves these issues by giving control to people. Users create, vote on, and express issues with edits. This information is then used to place the ideal number of non-conflicting edits into new document versions. Crowd-sourced translation of edits allow the document to exist in multiple languages throughout the entire process. And document creation and community support occur simultaneously, reducing the ability for unbalanced influence from outside sources.
Critical Discourse Analysis Of The Speech Of Quaid E-AzamMichelle Love
This document discusses critical discourse analysis (CDA) and its aims and potential social contributions. CDA engages in normative critique and judgment of both discourse and society. It uses an ensemble of techniques to study language use as social and cultural practices. The main goals of CDA are to uncover power relations and ideological assumptions that are expressed through language. CDA aims to reveal how discourse shapes social relations and identities.
Brandon’s Post· Identify the global societal issue you ha.docxrichardnorman90310
Brandon’s Post:
·
Identify the global societal issue you have chosen to research for your Final Paper, an argumentative essay, and explain why further research on this topic is important.
The issue I decide to talk about is lack of education. Education has not reached its peak due to change. Change is funny as it overwhelms people with different emotions. For instance, change can foster fear, happiness, doubt, uncertainty, acceptance, and love. Further study is required because “while nearly everyone engaged in the debate about schooling acknowledges that more resources is not a panacea (solution) the question is whether budgets can be expanded on specific items in a way that would increase the efficacy of schooling” (Pritchett, 2004, pg. 4, para. 1).
·
Provide a clear and concise thesis statement that includes a solution to the global societal issue (see
Writing a Thesis Statement (Links to an external site.) (Links to an external site.)
for assistance).
Change is inevitable whether you like it or not, it will happen. It does matter if it is for the betterment of mankind or the destruction of humanity. To be better prepared we need to improve our education infrastructure around the world. The fear of change has crippled us causing our education standards to decline. The reason change needs to happen is because we have become unaware, less knowledgeable, disconnect and less than human. Making higher education available for all would have caught this dilemma sooner, provided solutions using social justice, and replace fear with compassion and the will to act. The truth high quality education is a need not a want.
·
Explain how this global societal issue impacts a specific population.
Countries with deficient infrastructure are left behind or forgotten. Arditi (2004) stated, “the third salient aspect of globalization arises from the exponential increase in the pace of political, technological, economic, or cultural change. Its impact is undecidable” (pg. 3, para. 2)
.
Meaning that the future is not written yet. We have an opportunity to change it for the better.
·
Locate a peer-reviewed scholarly source and provide statistical data that you found surprising on the topic.
Arif (2016) outlines, “There are factors affecting the embodiment and development of higher education institutions. These factors can be listed as increasing population in underdeveloped and developing countries, globalization, information society, new basic technologies, increasing competition, government reforms, minimization and restructuring of the governments, etc.” (Sari 2016, pg. 327, para. 9). Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development countries seem to use a one-time large payment to pay for higher education which only make up about nine percent of higher learning.
Reference:
Pritchett, Lant. (2004, June 29). Towards a New Consensus for Addressing the Global Challenge of the Lack of Education. Center for Global Development Working Paper No. .
Use of indigenous language for conflict resolutionM S Siddiqui
The theme of International Mother Language Day 2019 is "Indigenous languages matter for development, peace building and reconciliation". It has been taken with an aim to establish a link between language, development, peace, and reconciliation. It aims to improve quality of life, wider international cooperation and visibility and strengthened intercultural dialogue to reaffirm the continuity of indigenous languages and cultures.
Social Media and Social Media Marketing: A Literature Reviewiosrjce
Social media and social media marketing are sometimes used interchangeably, but two indeed are
different. The purpose of this research paper is to revisit the literature on both concepts and correlates them in
technical terminologies. We have studied the literature available on Social media first and identified the basic
functionalities of it. Then the literature available on social media marketing helped us in identifying its
dimensions. In conclusion section of the research paper we have correlated the two concepts and redefined
social media marketing in technical terms.
The document discusses the transformational power of dialogue in organizations. It argues that dialogue can create collective consciousness, overcome cultural differences, and enable organizations to engage stakeholders effectively to initiate positive internal change. Dialogue allows individuals to gain new perspectives and think more clearly by exposing their own thought processes. It fosters collective creativity and coordination without artificial decision making processes. When organizations engage in dialogue internally and externally through social media, it can transform the organization by building relationships and catering communication based on audience feedback. Different views exist on implementing dialogue effectively, but it is a powerful tool that can improve organizations through awareness of challenges and collaborative solutions.
Selected concepts of community development and operational explanation from i...Alexander Decker
This document discusses concepts of community development from an Islamic context. It examines concepts of empowerment, participation, and community potential that are emphasized in community development. The document analyzes passages from the Quran and writings of early Islamic scholars that describe these concepts. It argues that Islam provides operational guidance for these concepts and has long influenced principles and practices of community development.
Annotated Bibliography And Summary On Social Cohesion Literature SummaryApril Smith
This document provides an annotated bibliography and summary on social cohesion. It begins with definitions of social cohesion and social capital, noting they are closely related terms. Social cohesion is defined as developing shared values and challenges within a community based on trust, hope and reciprocity. Social capital refers to social networks and norms of trust that arise from connections between individuals.
The document then reviews the history and measurements of social cohesion before examining its elements, including the impact of globalization, immigration, health, inequality, social networks and neighborhoods. It also discusses the place of Canadian Aboriginal people in society. The goal is to explore social cohesion in Canada through literature and facilitate policy discussion on early childhood development.
RESPONDwrite one responses to the two colleagues in one of the.docxmackulaytoni
RESPOND
write one
responses to the two
colleagues in one of the following ways:
Provide an alternative suggestion of how program evaluation can be used.
Provide support or an alternative perspective on the elements of program evaluation.
·
RE: Discussion - Week 1 1st person
COLLAPSE
As a State Correctional employee, we often use evaluations to analyze in-service training, policy reviews, programs and services, etc. It may seem as if we are over evaluating; however, this helps to ensure our services are effective.
Westat (2010) says the two reasons program evaluation exists, as written for the National Science Foundation, is to “improve a project” and “document what has been achieved” (p. 3).
The most consistent with my interest is program improvement. For instance, we had four different in-service courses with the same course information. An evaluation was passed out to the students at the end of the course to provide their opinion of the course. The comments prompted the instructors to redesign four courses into one. Evaluations are essential tool in Corrections because it allows us to
document our achievements, which will result in data to support our reentry programs.
References:
Westat, J. F. (Ed.). (2010). The 2010 user-friendly handbook for project evaluation. Retrieved
from https://www.westat.com/sites/westat.com/files/2010UFHB.pdf
2-person
initial post WK1D1
COLLAPSE
In my work with community corrections, I have not conducted any type of program evaluation; however, I understand program evaluation is designed to answer some key questions about a program’s effectiveness to the stakeholders (community, participants and staff). The overarching idea behind program evaluation is to ascertain if those who should benefit from the program are actually benefiting and if those performing the services to the community are skilled at providing the services. Another important aspect of program evaluation is to determine whether the allocated resources for the services are sufficient for addressing the needs of the population (The Program Manager’s Guide to Evaluation, 2010).
In looking at this week’s resources, Langbein (2012) identifies some distinct differences between program and project (p.3). A program is described as “ongoing services or activities” (Langbein, 2012, p. 3) while projects are intended to be one-time activities that has long-lasting sustainable impact on communities (p. 3). Thus, program evaluations should help determine the extent of a program’s success or lack thereof (what works and what does not work) as well as provide insight on navigating areas where unexpected circumstances occur (Westat, 2010). In short, program evaluations provide managers and administrators the data needed to prove or disprove the value of a program which ultimately impacts the design, management and funding of a project (p. 4).
In my current job capacity, I have observed a program that had been .
Similar to Towards a theology of conflict transformation in churches through social media (20)
This paper is a critical review of the theory of just war. The paper
attempts to explain what Just-War Theory is. An overview of the history of Just War Tradition is given. There are some cited assumptions and approaches of Just-War Theory. The paper also gives some strengths and weaknesses of Just-War. The paper also gives some strengths and weaknesses of Just-War. The paper concludes with the fact that Just War Theory provides balances that must be taken into consideration when there is any necessitated war that results from inevitable conflicts. Furthermore, the paper concludes that the strengths of the theory should be built on when there is such war.
There is a unique set of forcefully displaced persons from Boko Haram insurgency affected areas in north-eastern Nigeria that migrated back to their ancestral homes in Ogbomoso in the south-western Nigeria. These people are referred to in this research as migrated displaced persons (MDPs) because they are not in any IDP centre or camp, but live among their ancestral relatives. This research investigates the extent Baptist churches in Ogbomoso are responding to re-integrate these migrated displaced persons in Ogbomoso into the society. Semi-structured interviews are conducted among fifteen randomly selected pastors of Baptist churches in Ogbomoso metropolis and three other stakeholders. Some available documents are also used in analysing the collected data. Findings from this study reveal that the churches are responding to some extent to transforming the lives of the migrated displaced Boko Haram victims in the area. Therefore, it is recommended that churches and other faith-based organizations should intensify their efforts in responding to transforming the lives of displaced Boko Haram victims in the area, and they should start having documented records for these efforts.
Boko Haram insurgency has affected many people in the northeastern part of Nigeria. Many of these victims have migrated to other parts of the country. While some of these people become internally displaced persons (IDPs) in IDP centres or camps, some prefer to migrate to, and live among their ancestral relatives. The latter are referred to as migrated displaced persons. Many faith-based organizations especially churches of the Nigerian Baptist Convention have been making efforts to transform the lives of these displaced people and reintegrate them into the society. The paper
reviews some related themes such as terrorism and religious violence, Boko Haram insurgency in Nigeria, jihad, trauma,
internally displaced persons, Christian theological bases for humanitarianism, Baptist policy/theological stands on
humanitarianism, and religious responses to crisis in transforming lives of displaced people from conflict-affected areas. The paper ends with some recommendations for faith-based organizations and the Nigerian government.
Conflict is inevitable in any society. Unfortunately, there have been religious dimensions to conflict otherwise referred to as religious conflict. This kind of conflict is incessant in Nigeria. Some strategies have been explored to tackle these conflicts. This paper examines these strategies. It is discovered that while some of these strategies are working, some are not as effective as they supposed to be. A major aspect of the paper is a reflection and suggestions on other possible strategies that can be used to resolve religious conflicts in Nigeria.
Human beings are faced with numerous choices every day. These choices vary from the most trivial ones to the most important ones. One important choice (probably after the choice of becoming born again) is the marital choice, especially the choice of whom to marry. One phenomenon that is influencing people’s choices in this modern age is the social media in particular and the Internet in general. The social media and the Internet have influenced many facets of human endeavours. The contemporary marriage is not exempted from this influence. As a matter of fact, many people are now using social media to meet and connect with others and some of such connections have led to marital choice and marriage. This article aims at looking at social media and the Internet and how they are affecting the contemporary marriages both positively and adversely.
Many churches and other public places in Nigeria and other places throughout the world experienced lockdown as result of the ravaging COVID-19 pandemic. These affected church activities and pastoral ministry of many church pastors greatly. In response to this lockdown and its negative effects, many pastors in Nigeria start to explore other ways to perform their pastoral ministry to their church members. This study explores how pastors are performing their pastoral ministry to their church members during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. Some open-ended questions were sent
randomly to some pastors through WhatsApp Messenger. The pastors responded either by WhatsApp or email. There were further correspondences with some of the respondents through WhatsApp and phone calls. The findings of the study revealed that while some of the respondents were still using some of the old traditional means of pastoral ministry during the lockdown, many pastors have started adapting to the current situation by exploring other possible means to perform their pastoral ministry to their church members. One prominent means is Internet ministry. Many of the respondents bear their minds on how pastors can respond productively to the situation. Some recommendations and suggestions for further study are made at the end of the paper.
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Towards a theology of conflict transformation in churches through social media
1. NSUWorks – 2021 Peace and Conflict Studies Journal Conference February 10, 2021
1 https://nsuworks.nova.edu/pcs_conference/2020/day1/14/
TOWARDS A THEOLOGY OF CONFLICT TRANSFORMATION IN
CHURCHES THROUGH SOCIAL MEDIA
Adebayo Ola Afolaranmi
Lead City University Ibadan Nigeria
Abstract
The society we live in cannot avoid conflict. The church in particular is not devoid of
conflict of all kinds. Church leaders and other stakeholders in the church have not
only to resolve these conflicts, they have to also transform the conflicts and ensure
that people live in peaceful co-existence as much as it is possible. The advent of the
Internet in general and social media in particular has affected the way people are
doing things tremendously. This includes conflict transformation in the church as
well. This paper gives a brief introduction to conflict transformation in general and
conflict transformation specifically in the church. It gives a brief biblical basis on
conflict transformation. Furthermore, it delves extensively on the biblical basis for
conflict transformation in churches through social media. It concludes that
stakeholders in the church should blend theology together with technology, especially
the social media, in transforming conflicts that are arising within the church.
Key Words: theology, conflict, conflict transformation, peaceful co-existence, social
media
Introduction
Inasmuch as conflict is unavoidable in the society, it is expedient not only to
resolve the conflict, but also to manage it, or rather transform it. Unfortunately,
churches and Christians are not immune from conflict (Folarin and Adelakun, 2016).
Managing conflict effectively would guarantee a better peaceful society (Clements,
2004). Christians, as major stakeholders in the society, have pivotal roles to play in
managing conflict whatever the type or cause of the conflict. Social media have
become a major way of communication among people in this twenty-first century,
especially as the world of today has transformed from an ―analog‖ world to a digital
one where technological tools are taking important roles, and the advent of social
media in particular has enormously altered the expression of communication globally
(White et al., 2016). While many studies have been carried out on conflict, conflict
2. NSUWorks – 2021 Peace and Conflict Studies Journal Conference February 10, 2021
2 https://nsuworks.nova.edu/pcs_conference/2020/day1/14/
resolution, and conflict transformation in general, this paper specifically aims at
offering a theology of transforming conflicts in churches by using the available social
media.
Theological Basis for Conflict Transformation
Brief Introduction to Conflict Transformation
Although scholars have found it difficult to give a precise definition of the term
―conflict transformation‖, it is presumed that the term can be better explained than
defined (see Lederach, 2014b). So, Lederach (2014b) gave this explanation that
conflict transformation is
a way of looking as well as seeing…. to envision and respond to the ebb and
flow of social conflict as life-giving opportunities for creating constructive
change processes that reduce violence, increase justice in direct interaction and
social structures, and respond to real-life problems in human relationships.
Lederach (2014b) deliberately italicized some words or phrases in the proposed
definition above in order to make the definition more understandable as he further
analyzed the italicized words or phrases. He, as cited by Aderayo and Olayinka
(2016), went on to argue that conflict transformation deals with the way conflict
begins and progresses and how it can bring changes in the personal, relational,
structural and cultural levels for the conciliator to promote peaceful change through
peaceful means.
Many other scholars rather explain the concept of conflict transformation in using
terms like process, approach, theory, principles, task, and the likes. As a process,
conflict transformation engages ―with and [transforms] the relationships, interests,
discourses and, if necessary, the very constitution of society that supports the
continuation of violent conflict. Constructive conflict is seen as a vital agent or
3. NSUWorks – 2021 Peace and Conflict Studies Journal Conference February 10, 2021
3 https://nsuworks.nova.edu/pcs_conference/2020/day1/14/
catalyst for change‖ (Miall, 2004). Conflict transformation surpasses the conflict itself
because it does not only pay attention to the conflict but also pays attention to the
people involved in the conflict (Aderayo and Olayinka, 2016).
In explaining the task of conflict transformation, Akanji (2011) opined that
engaging in conflict transformation is more than ending conflict. It seeks to look
backward to the origins of conflict and to look forward into what and how things
should be, so that there will be less recurrence of past violence in order to ensure
peaceful coexistence.
Conflict resolution and conflict transformation are similar, but they are different in
some aspects. The former shows an inclination to focus upon the immediate and
shorter term of resolving the conflict, while the latter encourages long-term processes
that lead to deep changes. Conflict transformation incorporates what comes after the
conflict resolution like traumas, fears, hurts and hatreds. All these aftermath are of
less importance in the conflict resolution approach (Kulska, 2014). This is the reason
why conflict transformation is considered as the ―holistic approach‖ because it
includes personal, relational, structural and cultural changes (Lederach, 2014b).
Conflict Transformation in the Church
The existence of conflict within the church cannot be overemphasized. It is even
considered normal in a church setting (McKay, 2009). Right from the early church to
the church in this twenty-first century, the church has been experiencing one conflict
after the other (Afolabi, 2012). Inasmuch as the church is made up of different human
beings, it will continue to experience conflicts. Pneumann (2001) as cited by McKay
(2009) identified the following as ―predictable sources of conflict‖:
1) members disagree about values and beliefs;
4. NSUWorks – 2021 Peace and Conflict Studies Journal Conference February 10, 2021
4 https://nsuworks.nova.edu/pcs_conference/2020/day1/14/
2) the congregation‘s structure is unclear;
3) the pastor‘s role and responsibilities are in conflict;
4) the structure no longer fits the congregation‘s size;
5) the clergy and lay leadership styles do not match;
6) the new pastor rushes into changes;
7) communication lines are blocked;
8) church members manage conflict poorly; and
9) disaffected members hold back participation and pledges.
Since the church is so exposed to conflicts from time immemorial, the creative
management of the conflicts is not an option but a necessity. The way these conflicts
are managed and transformed will determine the peaceful co-existence of the
members of the church and the growth or otherwise of the church (Oppenshaw et al.,
2018).
Biblical Basis for Conflict Transformation
Conflict is not bad in itself. It is natural with human beings as the Holy Bible in
many places presents it. Having explained that conflict started with the creation of
man in Genesis 1, Lederach (2014a) concluded that Christians understand conflict as
something built on some basic commitments of creation. In his words, ―God is present
in each of us because we are created in the likeness of God. God values diversity. God
is committed to giving us freedom. [Therefore] these elements make our lives rich,
ever-renewing, and interesting. They also make conflict a natural part of our
relationships.‖
Apart from tracing conflict to the creation of man, conflict actually commenced in
the Holy Bible when the serpent (that is generally assumed to be the devil) came to
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5 https://nsuworks.nova.edu/pcs_conference/2020/day1/14/
mislead Adam and Eve (the first human beings on earth) in the Garden of Even (see
Genesis 3). This action truncated the relationship of people with God. It distorts the
relationships between people. So also, relationships between people and the
environment become impaired. God acted straightway to resolve the conflict by first
questioning Adam and Eve. Although, God gave instant chastisement, yet, He
provided a way of reconciliation for humankind. Other part of the Bible is how God
worked (and is still working) out this reconciliation or conflict transformation
(Blackman, 2003).
Theological Basis for Social Media
(This section is an adaptation of a section of Afolaranmi, 2020b)
New media, ―alternate media‖ (Aslam, 2016) and online social network services
are terms used intermittently with social media. Although the term ―social network
services‖ is mainly used for an aspect of social media, it is more used for social media
in general (Afolaranmi, 2020a). McFarland and Ployhart (2015) simply defined social
media as ―digital Web 2.0 platforms that facilitate information sharing, user-created
content, and collaboration across people.‖ Social media concentrate on building
online groups of people that share interests and/or activities, or who are interested in
finding out the interests and activities of others (Olasinde, 2014).
It is noteworthy that God is an interactive and information-sharing Creator (see
Genesis 1:26-30) (Okai and Ampomah, 2017). The whole creation was made possible
because God communicates through Word, and the fullness of God‘s communication
and revelation was revealed completely when the Word became flesh and lived
among us as stated in John 1:14 (Macalanggan, 2017). Someone has translated John
1:1-5 thus,
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―In the beginning was the communication and communication was with God
and Communication was God. Communication was with God in the beginning.
Through communication all things were made; without communication nothing
was made that has been made. In Communication was life, and that life was the
light of human beings‖ (―Communications‖).
God created human beings in His image as communicating and information
sharing creatures (Genesis 1:27; 3:6-12). So, ―communication and information
sharing are fundamental and paramount in relationships — thus, interaction between
God and human beings and vice versa (Gen. 4:1-10)‖ (Okai and Ampomah, 2017). As
image-bearers of God who did not stop communicating after the creation process, but
still communicates till date in various ways (see Hebrews 1:1-3), it is expected of
Christians to imitate God in communicating with other people in diverse ways also.
One of the ways to do this is social media.
Christians, as salt and light of the world (see Matthew 5:13-16), are to be like the
tribe of Issachar, ―who had understanding of the times, to know what Israel ought to
do‖ (1 Chronicles 12:32) and do things that will sweeten the bitterness of the world
and brighten the darkness of the world. For the improvement of the society, they
should team up with other people that have invent many things including ―the
sartorial, the architectural, the orchestral, the automotive, …discursive
communicative media such as spoken language, smoke signals, forms of signage,
…written language [and] electronically mediated communications, such as the
telegraph, telephone, radio, television, and Internet‖ (Groothuis, 2010).
Information and communication technologies (ICT) in general and social media in
particular have linked to two biblical bases. The first basis is ―Everything is created
by God‖ (Rojas-Díaz J. A., 2018). God in His sovereignty, generousity and self-
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sufficiency created everything (see Genesis 1). This creation is sustained and
maintained by the word, wisdom and power of God (Job 38-40; Am. 4:13; Mat.
10:29-30; Rom. 11:36; Col. 1:16; Heb. 1:3; 2 Pet. 3:7). ―Technological advances and
ICT [in general, and social media in particular] are essentially ‗very good‘ [compare
Genesis 1:31] because they come ‗from the Father, from whom all things come‘ (1
Cor. 8:6)‖ (Rojas-Díaz J. A., 2018). God has enabled human being to discover and
develop things for the good of humankind. Social media are parts of such invention
and development, and humanity should engage them for their good. ―Everything is
corrupted by the idolatrous attitude‖ (Rojas-Díaz J. A., 2018). The ―very good‖
scenario of Genesis 1 was ruptured with the disobedience (or the Fall) of man in
Genesis 3. This started the era of idolatrous relation of the created order with the
Creator. So, the ―nature, source of well-being and fulfillment, is now cursed,
generating discomfort and pain (Gen. 3:17)‖ (Rojas-Díaz J. A., 2018). It can also refer
to the event of the Tower of Babel in Genesis 11 ―where people were amazed with the
result of their work‖ (Macalanggan, 2017) and it has resulted in ―the current reality of
ICT, where the relations with the other and the environment are distorted and
negatively affected, are symptoms of a problem greater than that of excessive,
unlimited and irresponsible use‖ (Rojas-Díaz J. A., 2018). This has made many
people to view technologies in general, and social media in particular as god
(Macalanggan, 2017). This is referred to by Rojas-Díaz J. A. (2018) as
―cyberidolatry‖. The aftermaths of this are pornography, ―cyberharassment‖ or
―cyberextortion‖, cyberbullying, ―cybermatoneo‖, cyber fraud, online gambling,
―sexting‖ and other vices (Rojas-Díaz J. A., 2018).
Despite the shortcomings that are associated with technological tools in general
and social media in particular as mentioned above, technological tools in general and
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social media in particular are good instruments to foster religions because they (that
is, ICT and social media) ―can enhance religious practices through the expansion and
creation of religious communities‖ (Kgatle, 2018), and as they now probably ―play a
vivifying role in religious organizations‘ ongoing adaptation and composition as
spiritual communities‖ (Cheong, 2017). Against the backdrop of the fact that
―demonstrated unprecedented magical powers of speed, efficiency and cost
effectiveness in attaining many facets of human endeavour‖ (Orlu-Orlu, 2017) of
social media, social media have greatly reinvigorated the accomplishment of the
biblical orders about mutual living and relationship with fellow humans to ensure a
flourishing society (see 1 Corinthians 1:10; 12: 25-17; 1 John 1:7; Galatians 6:2;
Proverbs 17:17; 27:17; Matthew 18:20; Romans 12:5, 16; Hebrews 10:24-25;
Ecclesiastes 4:9-12; Acts 2:44-47; Ephesians 4:2-6).
Macalanggan (2017) was of the opinion that since God was the Creator of man that
invented technologies and social media, God has to interact with man who is
imperfect in man‘s invention. So, man can use technologies and social media to
disseminate the things of God to other human beings and ―nourish the spiritual growth
and development of the person as well as his relationship with God‖ (Macalanggan,
2017).
Okai and Ampomah (2017) underscored ―some of the positive impact Facebook
[and other social media have] on Christians.‖ Among them are church marketing,
global mission, online prayer group, introduction of new songs, photos and videos
sharing, increase traffic to church website, biblical counseling, and Christian
conferences, seminars and workshops. However, Okai and Ampomah (2017) further
gave some of the bad effects of social media. These include short attention
span/limited learning style, low view of authority/over-focus on equality, ―shallow‖
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interactions/artificial relationships, lack of physical presence, low
commitment/accountability, social isolation, poor sleeping habits, deceit, immorality,
spread of fake news, and vulnerable to scam.
Conclusion
As Afolaranmi (2020b) has asserted, social media are ones of the suitable means
when it comes to transforming conflict situation into having a sustainable society. It
would be good if Christians could incorporate theology and technology together and
help the people encounter God in the use of cybertechnology and maintaining a
sustainable society. Social media may have bad influences, however, if employed
purposefully, prayerfully, and carefully, social media can add a new dimension to
people‘s social interactions especially when transforming conflicts.
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