Topic on a page resources (Balance diet for sports person )Sanjay Kumar
This document discusses several factors that affect an individual's physical fitness and ability to participate in sports or physical activities. It covers components of physical fitness like strength, speed, power, cardiovascular endurance, flexibility, agility, balance, coordination, reaction time, muscular endurance and timing. It defines each component and provides examples of how it is important for different types of sports or activities.
Physical fitness training tips and prevention of sports injuries in taekwondo. The document provides an overview of the components of physical fitness, principles of exercise, injury prevention, common injuries, and safety suggestions. It emphasizes regular exercise, progression, balance, variety, and recovery to develop an effective training program. Common injuries include skin damage, sprains, strains, and overuse injuries, with risk factors being poor technique, excessive force, inexperience, and overtraining. Proper warm-up, stretching, and protective equipment can help prevent injuries.
This document provides a basic coaching manual for Little Athletics Queensland (LAQ). It covers topics such as coaching code of ethics, training guidelines, warm-up exercises, injury management, and techniques for various athletic events. The manual is intended to assist parents and inexperienced coaches in teaching young athletes aged 6-15 the skills of different events and their overall development. More advanced coaching information can be found through other organizations.
Here are some key ways to prevent sports injuries according to the document:
1. Make sure to be physically fit for the activity, have no existing injuries, and use proper techniques as improper form can lead to injuries.
2. Play at the appropriate level for your age and ability to avoid injuries from playing above your skill level.
3. Follow all rules and obey referees as the rules are there for protection and referees make calls to prevent injuries.
4. Inspect playing areas for hazards and weather conditions that could cause accidents. Warm up and cool down correctly to avoid muscle issues.
This document provides an overview of track and field athletics for the Royal Marines. It includes 18 units covering the various events in track (e.g. sprints, middle distance, relays) and field (e.g. jumps, throws, hurdles). It discusses the skills, techniques, training principles, and safety considerations for each event. The goal is to teach the sport safely and provide a framework for students to learn the techniques and rules of athletics in preparation for exams. Safety is emphasized, and instructions are provided for preventing and treating common injuries in athletics.
This document provides an overview of sport medicine, physiology, exercise, and doping. It discusses common muscle, tendon, ligament, and bone injuries in sport. It covers the sources of energy utilized during exercise and different training methods. Unique needs of female athletes and child athletes are addressed. Ergogenic aids and supplements that can enhance performance are defined, along with prohibited substances and methods of doping according to WADA. The prohibited list categorizes substances banned in sport at all times and in-competition.
This document discusses training methods for top US distance swimmers. It outlines the high training volumes and intensities of successful clubs like Mission Viejo and Nations Capital, with 11-11.5 workouts per week totaling 60,000-90,000 yards. Speed work is emphasized through sprint and fast pace sets. Kicking is a major focus to improve technique and distance per stroke. Coaches work closely with swimmers on technique cues and video analysis. Taper training involves maintaining pace and efficiency over a variety of distances. Altitude training can boost aerobic capacity if done at moderate altitude for 3-4 weeks, with sufficient recovery before competition.
Topic on a page resources (Balance diet for sports person )Sanjay Kumar
This document discusses several factors that affect an individual's physical fitness and ability to participate in sports or physical activities. It covers components of physical fitness like strength, speed, power, cardiovascular endurance, flexibility, agility, balance, coordination, reaction time, muscular endurance and timing. It defines each component and provides examples of how it is important for different types of sports or activities.
Physical fitness training tips and prevention of sports injuries in taekwondo. The document provides an overview of the components of physical fitness, principles of exercise, injury prevention, common injuries, and safety suggestions. It emphasizes regular exercise, progression, balance, variety, and recovery to develop an effective training program. Common injuries include skin damage, sprains, strains, and overuse injuries, with risk factors being poor technique, excessive force, inexperience, and overtraining. Proper warm-up, stretching, and protective equipment can help prevent injuries.
This document provides a basic coaching manual for Little Athletics Queensland (LAQ). It covers topics such as coaching code of ethics, training guidelines, warm-up exercises, injury management, and techniques for various athletic events. The manual is intended to assist parents and inexperienced coaches in teaching young athletes aged 6-15 the skills of different events and their overall development. More advanced coaching information can be found through other organizations.
Here are some key ways to prevent sports injuries according to the document:
1. Make sure to be physically fit for the activity, have no existing injuries, and use proper techniques as improper form can lead to injuries.
2. Play at the appropriate level for your age and ability to avoid injuries from playing above your skill level.
3. Follow all rules and obey referees as the rules are there for protection and referees make calls to prevent injuries.
4. Inspect playing areas for hazards and weather conditions that could cause accidents. Warm up and cool down correctly to avoid muscle issues.
This document provides an overview of track and field athletics for the Royal Marines. It includes 18 units covering the various events in track (e.g. sprints, middle distance, relays) and field (e.g. jumps, throws, hurdles). It discusses the skills, techniques, training principles, and safety considerations for each event. The goal is to teach the sport safely and provide a framework for students to learn the techniques and rules of athletics in preparation for exams. Safety is emphasized, and instructions are provided for preventing and treating common injuries in athletics.
This document provides an overview of sport medicine, physiology, exercise, and doping. It discusses common muscle, tendon, ligament, and bone injuries in sport. It covers the sources of energy utilized during exercise and different training methods. Unique needs of female athletes and child athletes are addressed. Ergogenic aids and supplements that can enhance performance are defined, along with prohibited substances and methods of doping according to WADA. The prohibited list categorizes substances banned in sport at all times and in-competition.
This document discusses training methods for top US distance swimmers. It outlines the high training volumes and intensities of successful clubs like Mission Viejo and Nations Capital, with 11-11.5 workouts per week totaling 60,000-90,000 yards. Speed work is emphasized through sprint and fast pace sets. Kicking is a major focus to improve technique and distance per stroke. Coaches work closely with swimmers on technique cues and video analysis. Taper training involves maintaining pace and efficiency over a variety of distances. Altitude training can boost aerobic capacity if done at moderate altitude for 3-4 weeks, with sufficient recovery before competition.
This document provides an overview of a presentation on swimming essentials for injury prevention and performance. It discusses assessing a swimmer's joint mobility and identifying if they are hypermobile or hypomobile. It also outlines how to swim faster through efficient technique and minimizing drag. Key points for injury prevention include maintaining good posture, technique, and completing a stretching and strengthening program. Common swimming injuries like shoulder issues and low back pain are also reviewed. The presentation emphasizes the importance of screening to identify individual trouble spots and implementing a personalized prevention exercise plan.
This document provides guidance on warming up and stretching for figure skaters. It defines warm-ups as activities to raise body temperature before exercise, while stretching increases muscle extensibility. The purposes of warm-ups are to improve performance and decrease injuries by increasing blood flow and muscle temperature. Stretching aims to improve flexibility long-term and extensibility prior to exercise. The document recommends a dynamic warm-up for skaters including raising temperature, dynamic stretches, and balance/speed/power drills. Skaters should also implement a stretching routine after practice focusing on tight muscle groups like calves and hips to maintain flexibility.
OSA & Edinboro University college credit programfaracer
This document provides information about a 3-credit university course on Italian soccer and wellness through a partnership between Edinboro University and OSA Soccer Academy in Florence, Italy. The course covers aspects of soccer skills, tactics, history and injuries as well as nutrition, fitness, heart disease, cancer, diabetes and stress management. Students will receive individualized fitness assessments and health evaluations. The 4-week program costs $2,000 and the 12-week full semester program costs $2,500 through OSA, plus $1,100 in credit tuition and $30 fee through Edinboro University. Refund policies for both organizations are outlined.
This document provides information about running and swimming as individual sports. It begins by discussing the background of athletics and track and field events like sprints, middle distance, long distance, hurdles, and relays. It then describes key running skills like body position, arm carriage, leg and foot action, and the sprint start. The document also discusses facilities and equipment used in athletics. It concludes by discussing swimming as a sport and providing a brief history of swimming.
The document discusses plyometric training and exercises. It begins by explaining the stretch-shortening cycle, which combines mechanical and neurophysiological mechanisms to increase force production. It then provides illustrations and descriptions of various lower-body, upper-body, trunk, and full-body plyometric drills and exercises that can be incorporated into a plyometric training program. Safety considerations for plyometric training are also mentioned.
The document provides guidance for creating an effective training atmosphere including considerations for equipment selection and placement, music selection, partner and group pairing, incorporating competition, establishing authority, and maintaining a high energy environment to promote success. The overall goal is to thoughtfully design each training session and carefully evaluate participants to create an atmosphere where all can thrive.
Connor Myerson is hard to keep out of the lap pool. Having swam for a total 17+ years, he’s swam on a club team and with the Texas A&M University swimming team. Connor has two loving parents Jeff and Barbara and a brother Kyle. Living near the riverwalk in San Antonio, Texas in his free time, he loves get authentic mexican food and attend local sports events and concerts.
Understanding the Elite Para Athlete: Pathophysiology, programming and traini...Jen Fleeton
The document provides an overview of para sport and discusses considerations for training athletes with various disabilities. It defines key terms like para athlete and discusses the social-relational model of disability. It then examines specific disabilities like cerebral palsy, spinal cord injury, limb deficiency, visual impairment, and intellectual disability. For each disability, it discusses pathophysiology, special considerations, and training recommendations. Some overarching themes discussed are the high rates of injury and illness in para athletes, addressing strength asymmetries, monitoring medical conditions, and ensuring accessibility of training.
FILEX 2014 Training paralympic athletes Mark McKean
This document discusses strength training considerations for athletes with disabilities. It begins by providing background on the author's experience coaching Paralympic swimmers. It then describes the classification system for Paralympic athletes and how impairments in the upper and lower body can impact training. The majority of the document focuses on specific challenges and solutions for strength training athletes with amputations or differences in their fingers/hands, arms, toes/feet and legs. It emphasizes the need to be creative and collaborate with athletes to modify exercises appropriately for each impairment.
The document summarizes several common sports injuries, their symptoms, and treatment recommendations from sports medicine physicians. It describes injuries like back pain from golf swings, concussions from head impacts, hamstring sprains from sudden stretches, and tendonitis in the elbow from repetitive motions. For each injury, it provides details on signs and symptoms to watch for and initial steps like icing, anti-inflammatories, stretching, and rest before seeing a doctor if the pain persists.
Rhythmic gymnastics combines elements of ballet, gymnastics, dance, and apparatus manipulation. Competitors manipulate equipment such as ropes, hoops, balls, clubs, and ribbons. The sport began in the 1940s in the Soviet Union and was added to the Olympics in 1984. Rhythmic gymnasts require balance, flexibility, coordination, and strength to perform routines incorporating locomotor skills, non-locomotor skills, and the manipulation of various pieces of equipment. Safety precautions are important for any physical activity to prevent overexertion and injury.
The document discusses sports injury evaluation and management on and off the field. It describes conducting a thorough subjective and objective injury assessment, including observation, palpation, and range of motion testing. For on-field management, it recommends following an ABCDE approach to assess airway, breathing, circulation, disability, and exposure/environment. It emphasizes the importance of stabilizing any life-threatening injuries before transporting an athlete for further medical care. Musculoskeletal injuries are common in sports and may require splinting or referral for risks like fractures, dislocations, or neurovascular compromise.
This document discusses sports injuries, including how to prevent and treat them. It defines sports as physical activities involving skill and competition. Safety precautions and protective equipment can help prevent injuries, which commonly include bruises, strains, sprains, tears and broken bones to muscles, ligaments and tendons. The document provides information on concussions, including symptoms and accommodations for students recovering from one. It also covers sprains versus strains and has students complete exercises to reinforce the material, such as identifying injury prevention strategies and signs of a concussion.
This document provides a revision guide for GCSE Physical Education. It covers several topics in 3 sentences or less:
1. It outlines reasons for participating in physical activity such as weight loss, improved health, and social benefits.
2. It defines key terms related to health, fitness, and exercise performance such as cardiovascular fitness, muscular strength and endurance.
3. It discusses principles of training like specificity, progression, and overload and methods of training like interval training, continuous training and circuit training.
This document provides a revision guide for GCSE Physical Education, covering topics like reasons for participating in physical activity, health and fitness components, principles of training, diet and nutrition, and more. It defines key terms and concepts and explains their importance for physical performance and health. The guide also outlines the 7 main components of a healthy diet and discusses how diet should be tailored to different sports.
The document outlines how to organize an annual training plan for athletes by dividing the year into blocks and phases with specific goals for lifting, running, and skills development. It recommends charting out weeks 1-52 and entering competitions, injuries, etc. to develop a flexible plan. The plan should build athletes over time through progressive phases focusing on strength, power, speed, conditioning, and maintenance depending on the block. Sample blocks and schedules are provided for the post-season, winter, spring, summer, training camp and in-season.
O documento apresenta os resultados escolares de 8 alunos da 8a série, com suas notas nos 4 bimestres e média anual, indicando se foram aprovados ou reprovados. A tabela é seguida de um gráfico de barras comparando o desempenho de cada aluno ao longo do ano letivo.
El documento habla sobre el concepto de computación en la nube (cloud computing). Brevemente explica que es un paradigma que permite ofrecer servicios de computación a través de una red, usualmente internet, de modo que los usuarios puedan acceder a los servicios "en la nube" sin necesidad de ser expertos en gestión de recursos. Menciona algunos tipos de nubes como públicas, privadas y híbridas.
Amaurit Alarcón é um brasileiro de 29 anos que busca uma posição como Gerente Comercial. Ele tem experiência gerenciando vendas nacionais e internacionais para empresas do setor automotivo e industrial. Alarcón tem formação superior em Administração de Empresas e fala inglês e espanhol fluentemente.
This document provides an overview of a presentation on swimming essentials for injury prevention and performance. It discusses assessing a swimmer's joint mobility and identifying if they are hypermobile or hypomobile. It also outlines how to swim faster through efficient technique and minimizing drag. Key points for injury prevention include maintaining good posture, technique, and completing a stretching and strengthening program. Common swimming injuries like shoulder issues and low back pain are also reviewed. The presentation emphasizes the importance of screening to identify individual trouble spots and implementing a personalized prevention exercise plan.
This document provides guidance on warming up and stretching for figure skaters. It defines warm-ups as activities to raise body temperature before exercise, while stretching increases muscle extensibility. The purposes of warm-ups are to improve performance and decrease injuries by increasing blood flow and muscle temperature. Stretching aims to improve flexibility long-term and extensibility prior to exercise. The document recommends a dynamic warm-up for skaters including raising temperature, dynamic stretches, and balance/speed/power drills. Skaters should also implement a stretching routine after practice focusing on tight muscle groups like calves and hips to maintain flexibility.
OSA & Edinboro University college credit programfaracer
This document provides information about a 3-credit university course on Italian soccer and wellness through a partnership between Edinboro University and OSA Soccer Academy in Florence, Italy. The course covers aspects of soccer skills, tactics, history and injuries as well as nutrition, fitness, heart disease, cancer, diabetes and stress management. Students will receive individualized fitness assessments and health evaluations. The 4-week program costs $2,000 and the 12-week full semester program costs $2,500 through OSA, plus $1,100 in credit tuition and $30 fee through Edinboro University. Refund policies for both organizations are outlined.
This document provides information about running and swimming as individual sports. It begins by discussing the background of athletics and track and field events like sprints, middle distance, long distance, hurdles, and relays. It then describes key running skills like body position, arm carriage, leg and foot action, and the sprint start. The document also discusses facilities and equipment used in athletics. It concludes by discussing swimming as a sport and providing a brief history of swimming.
The document discusses plyometric training and exercises. It begins by explaining the stretch-shortening cycle, which combines mechanical and neurophysiological mechanisms to increase force production. It then provides illustrations and descriptions of various lower-body, upper-body, trunk, and full-body plyometric drills and exercises that can be incorporated into a plyometric training program. Safety considerations for plyometric training are also mentioned.
The document provides guidance for creating an effective training atmosphere including considerations for equipment selection and placement, music selection, partner and group pairing, incorporating competition, establishing authority, and maintaining a high energy environment to promote success. The overall goal is to thoughtfully design each training session and carefully evaluate participants to create an atmosphere where all can thrive.
Connor Myerson is hard to keep out of the lap pool. Having swam for a total 17+ years, he’s swam on a club team and with the Texas A&M University swimming team. Connor has two loving parents Jeff and Barbara and a brother Kyle. Living near the riverwalk in San Antonio, Texas in his free time, he loves get authentic mexican food and attend local sports events and concerts.
Understanding the Elite Para Athlete: Pathophysiology, programming and traini...Jen Fleeton
The document provides an overview of para sport and discusses considerations for training athletes with various disabilities. It defines key terms like para athlete and discusses the social-relational model of disability. It then examines specific disabilities like cerebral palsy, spinal cord injury, limb deficiency, visual impairment, and intellectual disability. For each disability, it discusses pathophysiology, special considerations, and training recommendations. Some overarching themes discussed are the high rates of injury and illness in para athletes, addressing strength asymmetries, monitoring medical conditions, and ensuring accessibility of training.
FILEX 2014 Training paralympic athletes Mark McKean
This document discusses strength training considerations for athletes with disabilities. It begins by providing background on the author's experience coaching Paralympic swimmers. It then describes the classification system for Paralympic athletes and how impairments in the upper and lower body can impact training. The majority of the document focuses on specific challenges and solutions for strength training athletes with amputations or differences in their fingers/hands, arms, toes/feet and legs. It emphasizes the need to be creative and collaborate with athletes to modify exercises appropriately for each impairment.
The document summarizes several common sports injuries, their symptoms, and treatment recommendations from sports medicine physicians. It describes injuries like back pain from golf swings, concussions from head impacts, hamstring sprains from sudden stretches, and tendonitis in the elbow from repetitive motions. For each injury, it provides details on signs and symptoms to watch for and initial steps like icing, anti-inflammatories, stretching, and rest before seeing a doctor if the pain persists.
Rhythmic gymnastics combines elements of ballet, gymnastics, dance, and apparatus manipulation. Competitors manipulate equipment such as ropes, hoops, balls, clubs, and ribbons. The sport began in the 1940s in the Soviet Union and was added to the Olympics in 1984. Rhythmic gymnasts require balance, flexibility, coordination, and strength to perform routines incorporating locomotor skills, non-locomotor skills, and the manipulation of various pieces of equipment. Safety precautions are important for any physical activity to prevent overexertion and injury.
The document discusses sports injury evaluation and management on and off the field. It describes conducting a thorough subjective and objective injury assessment, including observation, palpation, and range of motion testing. For on-field management, it recommends following an ABCDE approach to assess airway, breathing, circulation, disability, and exposure/environment. It emphasizes the importance of stabilizing any life-threatening injuries before transporting an athlete for further medical care. Musculoskeletal injuries are common in sports and may require splinting or referral for risks like fractures, dislocations, or neurovascular compromise.
This document discusses sports injuries, including how to prevent and treat them. It defines sports as physical activities involving skill and competition. Safety precautions and protective equipment can help prevent injuries, which commonly include bruises, strains, sprains, tears and broken bones to muscles, ligaments and tendons. The document provides information on concussions, including symptoms and accommodations for students recovering from one. It also covers sprains versus strains and has students complete exercises to reinforce the material, such as identifying injury prevention strategies and signs of a concussion.
This document provides a revision guide for GCSE Physical Education. It covers several topics in 3 sentences or less:
1. It outlines reasons for participating in physical activity such as weight loss, improved health, and social benefits.
2. It defines key terms related to health, fitness, and exercise performance such as cardiovascular fitness, muscular strength and endurance.
3. It discusses principles of training like specificity, progression, and overload and methods of training like interval training, continuous training and circuit training.
This document provides a revision guide for GCSE Physical Education, covering topics like reasons for participating in physical activity, health and fitness components, principles of training, diet and nutrition, and more. It defines key terms and concepts and explains their importance for physical performance and health. The guide also outlines the 7 main components of a healthy diet and discusses how diet should be tailored to different sports.
The document outlines how to organize an annual training plan for athletes by dividing the year into blocks and phases with specific goals for lifting, running, and skills development. It recommends charting out weeks 1-52 and entering competitions, injuries, etc. to develop a flexible plan. The plan should build athletes over time through progressive phases focusing on strength, power, speed, conditioning, and maintenance depending on the block. Sample blocks and schedules are provided for the post-season, winter, spring, summer, training camp and in-season.
O documento apresenta os resultados escolares de 8 alunos da 8a série, com suas notas nos 4 bimestres e média anual, indicando se foram aprovados ou reprovados. A tabela é seguida de um gráfico de barras comparando o desempenho de cada aluno ao longo do ano letivo.
El documento habla sobre el concepto de computación en la nube (cloud computing). Brevemente explica que es un paradigma que permite ofrecer servicios de computación a través de una red, usualmente internet, de modo que los usuarios puedan acceder a los servicios "en la nube" sin necesidad de ser expertos en gestión de recursos. Menciona algunos tipos de nubes como públicas, privadas y híbridas.
Amaurit Alarcón é um brasileiro de 29 anos que busca uma posição como Gerente Comercial. Ele tem experiência gerenciando vendas nacionais e internacionais para empresas do setor automotivo e industrial. Alarcón tem formação superior em Administração de Empresas e fala inglês e espanhol fluentemente.
(https://universodm.wordpress.com/) - Lançado em 2012, essa HQ do Homem de Ferro, mostra novas histórias na vida do então playboy e milionário Tony Stark, usando sua armadura para salvar o mundo e alegrar a vida dos fãs de HQ. Boa leitura!!!
As mulheres têm aumentado sua participação nas Olimpíadas ao longo dos anos, começando com menos de 10% dos atletas em 1900 e atingindo quase metade dos atletas em 2020.
A aula foi ministrada em três etapas para 34 alunos entre 9 e 11 anos no 5o ano do turno matutino. A aula começou com uma discussão sobre o autor e o Menino Maluquinho, seguida de uma pesquisa na internet, onde os alunos demonstraram interesse no assunto. A aula terminou com uma apresentação caracterizada do Menino Maluquinho por dois alunos.
The document outlines the professional experience and education of Rev. Dr. Denise L. C. Boyce, whose over 40 years of experience includes developing career modules and counseling programs focused on personal growth, education, economic development, and reconciliation for a variety of populations. She has worked as a minister, social worker, psychotherapist, educator, and founder of her own counseling organization.
The document discusses the importance of summarization skills. It states that being able to summarize lengthy documents, reports, articles or other materials in a concise yet informative manner is a valuable skill. Summarization helps identify the key points and overall meaning or conclusion, allowing others to understand the essence of the source material quickly and efficiently.
Cubrimiento De Bajas Vegetativas DiáLogo ImportanteJuan Rodriguez
El representante de PECIFA, Julio Alegre, fue entrevistado en Radio Rosales el 4 de septiembre de 2009 sobre el cubrimiento de bajas vegetativas. Discutieron cómo PECIFA ayuda a los agricultores a recuperarse de las pérdidas de cosechas debido a factores climáticos u otros eventos imprevistos.
O documento contém duas tarefas: a primeira pede para realizar e provar divisões numéricas; a segunda pede para elaborar uma lista com 10 substantivos no grau aumentativo.
El documento describe los elementos fundamentales del capitalismo, incluyendo su origen etimológico, su relación con la economía de mercado y la propiedad privada de los medios de producción. También analiza las características de la sociedad capitalista y los tipos de sistemas capitalistas, así como las crisis periódicas que son inherentes al capitalismo debido a las contradicciones en su modo de producción.
El documento resume la lírica renacentista del primer Renacimiento en España. Explica que la poesía de este periodo se vio influenciada por tres tendencias: la poesía de cancionero, la tradicional y el romancero, y la poesía italianizante inspirada en Petrarca. Se centra en esta última, destacando sus temas principales (amor, naturaleza y mitología), los tópicos y las novedades formales. Resalta la figura de Garcilaso de la Vega como el máximo representante de esta corriente y
This document discusses several factors that affect sports performance and participation, including age, physique, training, gender, culture, disability, and the environment. It notes how age affects physical maturity and performance abilities. It describes the three main body types (endomorph, mesomorph, ectomorph) and which sports each type is generally more suited for. It also addresses differences in training needs based on level of participation, available time and funds. The document discusses some key physical differences between males and females and how culture and disabilities can impact sports opportunities.
Topic on-a-sporting performance on food 11th arts royalAshutosh Rastogi
The document discusses many factors that can affect sporting performance, including age, physique, training, gender, culture, individual differences, and the environment. It addresses how age affects physical maturity and different aspects of performance. It also describes the three main body types (endomorph, mesomorph, ectomorph) and which types are generally suited to different sports. Training is discussed in terms of level of participation, available time, and available funds. The document then covers differences in physique, strength, and other physical attributes between males and females.
Advantages of Sports in our Kids Life | David OvistDavid Ovist
Soccer Coach of Lake Oswego David Ovist offers training and will provide you with drills and games to help you develop your players. He provides children an affordable place to develop soccer skills within their own community.
Detailed powerpoint all topics part 1 excellentmrnbewley
The document provides information on reasons for participating in physical activity, including weight loss, improved health, social benefits, and stress relief. It also covers topics like health, fitness, exercise performance, skill-related fitness components, diet and nutrition, training principles, and different training methods. The key information is organized into clear headings to aid studying.
Sports Injury Prevention Hygiene and Nutrition in athlete Follball players I Dr.RAJAT JANGIR JAIPUR
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To Know more about ACL Injury, Click the links below:
1. ACL surgery 7 different Techniques we do at our center - "Not single technique best for all"
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2. Everything about ACL Injury tear surgery in Hindi I
https://youtu.be/bqpjkAkwZ14
3. Best Screw for ACL tear surgery in Hindi
https://youtu.be/1LGpU1NHiIs
4. ACL Injury Tear Surgery Recovery : All your questions & queries solved by Dr.Rajat Jangir
https://youtu.be/SIAPWiMbOqs
5. Partial ACL Tear Surgery or not ! ACL आधा टूटा हो तो क्या करें ?
https://youtu.be/NEJRPKskJTI
6. 5 Symptoms of ACL Injury tear इंजरी के पांच लक्षण ?
https://youtu.be/EXpgy19Jxzw
7. PRP injection therapy in Partial ACL TEARs
https://youtu.be/qyG1EYgS87E
Dr.RAJAT JANGIR(Asso Prof.)
Senior Consultant Arthroscopy and Joint Replacement
(Specialist in Shoulder Knee Hip Surgery)
Ligament and Joints Clinic
67/34 Mansarovar Jaipur
Whatsapp: shorturl.at/gnAEP
Appointment: +91 8104855900
Email: ligamentsurgeon@gmail.com
Google Page: https://g.page/KNEE-Shoulder-SURGERY?...
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/Ligamentandj...
* Vast experience and specialisation in the field of Arthroscopy and sports surgery.
* M.S. orthopaedics from BJ Medical College, Civil hospital, Ahmedabad
* Fellowship in Arthroscopy and Sports injury with Prof Joon Ho Wang at Samsung Medical Center, South Korea
* Diploma in Sports Medicine from InternationaI Olympic Committee
* Invited as Athlete Medical Doctor at Rio Olympic 2016
* Done Rajasthan's first "All Inside Physeal Preserving ACL reconstruction" in 13 year old Athlete
Dr.Rajat is rated as one of the best orthopedic surgeon with with excellence in Knee Shoulder Arthroscopy surgeries as replacements'
This chapter discusses the benefits of fitness and exercise for women's health. It covers key components of fitness like cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength and endurance, flexibility, and body composition. Guidelines are provided for aerobic exercise duration, frequency and intensity. Principles of conditioning, resistance training, flexibility training and injury prevention are outlined. Exercise considerations during life stages like menstruation, pregnancy, and later years are also addressed.
The document discusses principles of injury prevention and exercise training. It outlines several risk factors for injury like poor flexibility, muscle imbalances, and lack of endurance. The main principles of exercise training discussed are: specific adaptation to imposed demands, progressive overload, specificity, individuality, reversibility, and overtraining. It emphasizes that training must stress the body to drive adaptation but also allow for adequate recovery between sessions to avoid overtraining.
Young athletes are those under 18 years old who participate in organized sports. Sports provide many benefits to young athletes' physical, cognitive, psychological, and social development. However, they are also at risk for certain injuries. To prevent injuries, coaches and parents should emphasize proper conditioning, equipment, rest, and avoiding unhealthy weight loss or supplement use. Creating a supportive environment focused on learning, teamwork, and healthy competition rather than just winning can help young athletes develop and reduce stress or burnout. Parents and coaches play an important role in keeping young athletes safe, healthy, and having fun through sports.
Health Related and Skill Related Physical FitnessLeelet1121
This document discusses considerations for choosing sports and safety measures to prevent injuries during physical activity. It identifies factors to consider like weather, enjoyment, financial requirements, and health. It also outlines the components of health-related and skill-related physical fitness. Finally, it provides tips for safety like wearing proper gear, staying hydrated, gradual intensity, and appropriate clothing.
Physical fitness refers to the body's ability to function efficiently and carry out daily tasks, resist diseases, and handle emergencies. The main components of fitness include cardiovascular endurance, muscular endurance, strength, flexibility, and body composition. Physical fitness provides benefits such as improved heart health, weight management, better mood and reduced risks of diseases. Factors like age, gender, environment, stress levels, and illnesses can impact one's level of fitness.
The document defines physical fitness and its main components. It discusses cardiovascular endurance, muscular endurance, muscular strength, flexibility, speed, and body composition. It explains factors that affect fitness and benefits of physical fitness. The document also provides information on sedentary lifestyles, physical activity pyramids, and ways to test physical fitness.
This document discusses health and skill-related fitness for 7th grade students. It begins by outlining the lesson objectives and California content standards, which focus on defining different types of fitness, identifying training methods, and learning about fitness testing. It then provides information on the five components of health-related fitness (cardiovascular fitness, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, and body composition) and six components of skill-related fitness (agility, balance, coordination, reaction time, speed, and power). The document also discusses training methods, principles of training, and provides examples of activities students can do to incorporate physical fitness into daily life.
New Fundamentlas of Physical Education Edited.pptQuennieSolano
This document provides an overview of physical education fundamentals including goal setting, fitness components, safety guidelines, principles of training, anatomy, and more. It recommends 60 minutes of daily moderate to vigorous activity and discusses strategies like group exercise and accountability partners. Key fitness components are defined, such as cardiovascular endurance, flexibility, muscular endurance and strength. Guidelines are provided for warm-ups, cool-downs, stretching, hydration, and injury prevention. Common exercises and their proper form are outlined. A variety of lifetime sports are also listed.
This document discusses sports injuries, including how to prevent and treat them. It describes common injuries from soft tissues like muscles and ligaments, as well as hard tissues like bones. Injuries can be caused by overuse, malalignment, incorrect preparation, or simply from the physical demands of sports. The document also explains methods for speeding recovery, such as RICE (rest, ice, compression, and elevation), massage, compression clothing, ice baths, and specialized rehabilitation. It defines Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) and discusses how treatments like hyperbaric chambers, oxygen tents, and cryotherapy can aid the recovery process from injuries.
FC Back to Sports Meeting Presentation Slides and Script UCM_478212.pptxMoinRashid2
This document provides information about athletic trainers and various youth sports safety topics such as concussions, heat illnesses, and dehydration. It defines athletic trainers as health professionals who work to prevent, evaluate, and rehabilitate injuries for athletes. It then discusses signs and symptoms, risks, and best practices for responding to concussions, heat-related illnesses, and dehydration among youth athletes. The goal is to promote youth sports safety through education on these common issues.
This document provides an overview of cardiovascular fitness and training principles. It defines cardiovascular fitness as the body's ability to transport and use oxygen. It recommends aerobic exercise 3-5 days per week at a moderate or vigorous intensity for 30-60 minutes. It also describes measuring exercise intensity using heart rate training zones. The document outlines both short-term benefits during exercise and long-term health benefits of cardiovascular training. It provides guidelines for special populations and key points about cardiovascular fitness.
Warming up involves gentle physical exertion before a performance or practice to prepare the body both physically and psychologically. There are two main types of warmups - general warmup which involves movements for the whole body like jogging and stretching, and specific warmup which focuses on movements similar to those in the main activity. When warming up, the body's cardiovascular, respiratory and neuromuscular systems are stimulated to increase heart rate, blood flow, breathing and muscle contraction to deliver more oxygen to working muscles, raise body temperature and prepare the body to burn calories and create energy for higher intensity exercise.
Here are three sample answers to increase intensity of a training session:
1. Increase the speed of an activity like running or swimming
2. Add resistance by using weights or resistance bands
3. Decrease rest periods between exercises or circuits
The principle of frequency overlaps with the principle of rest and recovery because both deal with how often one exercises. Frequency refers to how many times per week one should exercise, while rest and recovery refers to allowing adequate time between training sessions for the body to repair itself. Both principles consider how much stress and workload the body can handle without overtraining or risking injury.
Cross-training typically involves doing different types of exercises that work different muscle groups or involve different movement patterns. Some examples of cross
Physical activity in people with disabilities and elderly peopleKarel Van Isacker
This document discusses physical activity for disabled and elderly people. It defines physical activity and exercise, and explains the health benefits of physical activity, including reduced risk of heart disease, diabetes, obesity, and hip fractures. It recommends that physical activity programs for the elderly and disabled include aerobic exercise, strength training, and flexibility training, along with guidelines for frequency, duration and intensity. Barriers to physical activity for these groups are addressed, as well as ways to motivate participation through social support, alternative activities, and tracking progress. Environmental and medical factors to consider with exercise programs are also outlined.
This document provides information on self-assessment of health-related fitness. It discusses anthropometric measurements that can assess body composition, including height, weight, BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference, and skinfold thickness. It also identifies common barriers to physical activity like modern technology and lists principles of physical activity, including frequency, intensity, time and type. Further, it defines light, moderate and vigorous physical activity and their health benefits. The document concludes by outlining safety protocols to avoid health issues like dehydration, overexertion, hyperthermia and hypothermia during exercise.
Similar to Topic on-a-page-resources 11th (Balance diet for sports person ) (20)
2. AGE
Age affects physical maturity which in turn,
affects performance:
Flexibility – Decrease with age.
Strength – Increases till fully grown.
Oxygen Capacity – Decreases with age.
Skill Level – Can improve with age.
Recovery from injury - Takes longer as
get older.
Age divisions overcome this problem.
PHYSIQUE/BODY TYPE
Somatotype may determine which sport you may
find easier or more difficult:
Endomorph
Wide hips, shoulders and high body fat. Suitable for
Weightlifter. Unsuitable for Weight bearing exercise
such as cross country running
Mesomorph
Broad shoulders with muscular arms and legs.
Suitable for a football player. Sprinter etc.
Ectomorph
Narrow shoulders and hips. Thin lean build with
little body fat. Suitable for Ballet dancer, a gymnast,
long distance runner etc. Unsuitable for
Power/strength sports.
TRAINING
Level of participation
The higher the level, the more training required
Available Time
Professionals have the most time available for
training because participation is their full time
commitment. Amateurs have to fit in a high level
of training with competing demands.
Available Funds
The more funds available, the better training will
be, e.g. better facilities and equipment, specialist
coaches, etc. .
GENDER
There are a number of physical differences
between men and women:
Physique –Women generally smaller and
higher % of fat.
O2 carrying capacity –Lower for women due
to smaller heart and lungs.
Strength and Power – Lower for women due
to less muscle mass.
Hormone Imbalance –Affects women due to
menstruation.
Metabolic rate –Lower for females due to
higher % body fat and lower muscle mass.
Opportunities for females are increasing
CULTURE
Positive Impact on Participation
Some ethnic groups are interested in certain sports,
which can encourage participation.
Negative Impact on Participation
Single sex rules
Strict dress code
Traditional values followed
Individual
Differences
Disability
Four categories: physical, mental, permanent,
temporary
Facilities legally have to cater for disabled people:
Access (widened doorways, wheelchair access and
ramps), parking (disabled bays), provision (disabled
toilets, activities).
Sporting adaptations:
All sports can be adapted to cater for specific needs,
e.g. wheelchair basketball and football for the blind
(ball-bearing in ball)
Disability classifications:
Exist for all activities to make competition fair
Opportunities for disabled people are increasing #
400 took part in 1960 Olympics. In 2012 4,00 athletes
took part.
Activity Levels
Competitive or Recreational
Competitive activities require a higher level of
commitment due to training and competition.
Professional competitors focus on their sport/activity
full time.
Performance Level
As the level increases, more commitment is required.
Individual Factors
May influence the demands placed on them, e.g. age –
younger people tend to have more time available for
participation.
Benefits to the Participant
The level of participation affects the benefits received,
e.g. health benefits of high level competition are
greater than infrequent recreation.Risk and Challenge
Some people participate in physical activity for
the element of risk or challenge.
OAA activities such as rock climbing and white
water rafting have challenges and risk.
Risk Assessment: Before activity assess the level of
risk and check there are no potential dangers
Risk Control: Its important to continue the activity
safely after initial assessment. This is the
responsibility of the participants (correct clothing,
not wearing jewellery), and organisers (e.g. correct
warm up, not mixing age).
Environment
Weather: Affect ability to train
Pollution: High levels of pollution are serious health
risk.
Altitude: Living and training at high altitude can be
advantageous, particularly for endurance events.
Humidity: High levels of humidity and heat make it
difficult to keep the body cool and increase dehydration
Terrain: Some sports require a specific landscape, e.g.
3. What is fatigue? A state of extreme
tiredness resulting from extreme
exertion; can be physical or mental
What is stress? The body’s reply to a
change requiring physical, mental or
emotional adjustment
Consequences of Fatigue
• Muscular fatigue can cause
you to have to stop the
activity completely
• Decline in concentration
levels
• Make mistakes
• Incorrect execution of
techniques
• Can lead to injury if you
don’t stop
Who experiences stress?
More commonly
experienced by individual
performers due to
increased focus on that
person, but also
experienced in team games.
Negative feedback/Criticism
Participants that are fatigued
may appear to spectators to not
be putting enough effort in, and
are subject to criticism
Boredom/Tedium
Participants who get
bored during training
or practice are less
likely to achieve in
their sport
Link between Stress
and Anxiety
Feelings of anxiety can
increase tension and
agitation
Consequences of Stress
• Aggression
• Increased arousal
• Muscle tightness
(caused by excitement,
suspense or
nervousness)
• Decline in motivation
Fatigue and
Stress
Abide by the Rules
Players should ensure that
they follow the rules of
their sport to help prevent
injury to others.
There are specific rules for
safety, e.g. no slide
tackling in rugby.
‘Play Safe’ policies in
schools are in place to
ensure activities are
taught in line with safety
legislation.
Lifting and Carrying
It is important to use the correct
technique when lifting or
carrying to avoid injury.
Bend the knees, keep the back
straight and keep the object
close to your body.
If something is too heavy to
carry on your own, get help
Health,
Safety and
Well-Being of
Others
Footwear
Some sports require specific
footwear to be worn for
safety and practicality:
Athletics: track runners must
wear spiked shoes
Games: studs need to be
worn on grass to prevent
player slipping
Gymnastics: no footwear
required
Clothing
Most sports have a kit that must be worn for
competition, but any suitable clothing can be
worn to training.
Some sports have specific requirements, e.g.
loose clothing can not be worn during
trampolining in case it gets caught, and
outdoor adventure activities may require
warm, waterproof clothing to be worn to
prevent getting too cold, etc.
Equipment
Almost all sports
require safety
equipment to be worn.
e.g. ice hockey players
must wear a helmet,
gloves and pads
Rules Relating to Sport
and Equipment
The Demands of Performance
Causes of Injury
• Incorrect execution of technique can
lead to injury to the individual or their
opponent, e.g. going in for a sliding
tackle.
• Overuse injuries caused by over
training, e.g. tennis elbow.
• Sudden injuries caused by movements
such as stretching and twisting, e.g.
damage to ACL during a netball pivot.
• Foul play from the opponent, e.g.
pulling shirt
• Impact injuries, e.g. with equipment or
playing surface
• Equipment/clothing: faulty equipment
or badly fitting clothing, e.g. football
boots causing blisters.
• Accidents: accidents occur, despite
precautions to try to prevent them.
How can Injury be
prevented?
• Carry out and follow a risk
assessment
• Carry out a warm-up
• Enforce and follow code of
conduct
• Wear the
correct safety
equipment/
clothing
Injury
4. Arteries
• Carry blood away from the heart
(always oxygenated apart from the
pulmonary artery which goes to
the lungs)
• Have thick muscular walls
• Have small passageways for blood
(internal lumen)
• Contain blood under high
pressure
Veins
• Carry blood to the heart (always
de-oxygenated apart from the
pulmonary vein which goes from
the lungs to the heart)
• Have thin walls
• Have larger internal lumen
• Contain blood under low
pressure
• Have valves to prevent blood
flowing backwards
Capillaries
• Found in the muscles and lungs
• Microscopic – one cell thick
• Very low blood pressure
• Where gas exchange takes
place. Oxygen passes through
the capillary wall and into the
tissues, carbon dioxide passes
from the tissues into the blood
Functions
• Transports nutrients and waste
• Delivers oxygen to the working
muscles
• Removes heat (temperature
regulation)
• Dilutes/carries away lactic acid (acidic
balance)
Cardiovascular Endurance:
The ability of the heart, blood vessels, blood and respiratory system to supply
oxygen and fuel to the muscles at a steady rate for a considerable length of time.
Effects of Exercise
• Increase in breathing rate
• Increase in heart rate
• Increase in blood pressure
Testing CV Endurance
• Resting pulse rate – lower it is
the better your endurance
• Pulse recovery rate – the quicker
HR returns to normal, resting
rate, the higher your endurance
levels are.
5. Characteristics and Benefits of Leisure and
Recreation
• Leisure time refers to the time left over after eating, sleeping,
school, work, etc. when you can choose what you would like to
do.
• Recreation refers to time to relax and enjoy yourself, and is a
good opportunity to do something active and healthy.
• Physical recreation refers to participating for intrinsic rather
than extrinsic reward. For example, participating for health
benefits.
• Outdoor recreation refers to activities with an element of
challenge, such as climbing, caving and white water rafting, in
which you have to cope with the natural environment.
• Lifelong sports are sports that can be carried on throughout
life, such as swimming, and allow maximum benefit gained.
• Being active during leisure time helps people to live a healthy
lifestyle.
Leisure and Recreation
In recent years, there has been an increase in opportunities for
leisure time due to:
• Greater unemployment, giving people more free time.
• Shorter working week, allowing people to finish work earlier
and therefore have more time in the evenings.
• Advances in technology, such as labour-saving devices like
washing machines, allowing more time to be spent on leisure
activities rather than household chores.
The leisure industry(local authorities and private clubs) have
grown to meet the increased demand for leisure provision.
Specific ‘user’ groups have been identified and the leisure
industry has targeted their provision at them. For example,
mothers and toddlers, unemployed people and shift workers.
Fairness and Personal and Social Responsibility
Etiquette in sport refers to taking part in the correct way and
following the unwritten rules.
Some examples are:
• Kicking the ball out of play when a player goes down injured
• Shaking hands with opponents before and after a game
• Bowing to your opponent in certain martial arts
• Respecting the official’s decisions
• Adhering to the rules and the spirit of the game
This allows the games to be played fairly and safely.
6. Maintaining
a balanced
diet
The nutrients that make up a balanced diet are
shown in the ‘eat well’ plate below
Dietary Imbalance
If you do not maintain a balanced diet, it could
lead to dietary imbalance:
• Malnutrition – insufficient nutrient intake
causing physical weakness
• Obesity – overweight caused by overeating,
leading to many health problems
• Anorexia – self-starvation due to the fear of
gaining weight, usually occurring in females
Whole-School Food Policy
• Healthy eating is one component of the
National Healthy Schools Programme
• The aim is to give children the confidence and
knowledge to make healthy food choices for
themselves.
• Healthy food and drink must be available
across the school day.
• Works with the School Food Trust to support
schools in delivering this programme.
• Whole-school approach is required, including
pupils, parents, staff and the community, in
order to successfully deliver the programme
Aerobic respiration
• Occurs in the presence of oxygen
• Glucose + Oxygen- Energy + Carbon Dioxide +
Water
• Used during sustained exercise
• Constant supply of oxygen to the body is required
Anaerobic respiration
• Occurs in the absence of oxygen
• Glucose Energy + Lactic Acid
• Used during short bursts of exercise
• During anaerobic respiration oxygen is ‘borrowed’,
which is then ‘owed’ to the body – this is called the
oxygen debt. It causes a build up of lactic acid in
the muscles which causes pain. Completing a cool-
down allows the lactic acid to disperse.
The Recovery Period
After exercise:
• We take in extra oxygen to replace the oxygen debt.
• We expire carbon dioxide and other waste products.
• We perspire to remove excess sweat and let heat
escape.
• We excrete urine and faeces to remove excess water
and other waste products from lactic acid.
The Role of the Blood
• Transport oxygen and glucose to working muscles
for respiration.
• Transports water, carbon dioxide and other waste
products away from working muscles.
• Produces antibodies to fight infection.
• Clot to seal open wounds
• Regulate body temperature.
Specific Diets
• Carbohydrate loading – used by
endurance athletes, e.g. marathon
runners. Involves eating excess
starch-rich foods one week prior to
an event to increase glycogen stores
in the muscles. This helps delay
tiredness by providing a slow release
of energy.
• High-protein diet – used by
bodybuilders to gain muscle and
lose fat. However, eating extra
protein does not directly add muscle
and can be difficult to digest
School Lunches
Schools have to meet national nutritional standards for school
lunches:
• Regular servings of quality meat and oily fish
• A minimum of two portions of fruit and veg with each meal
• Bread, cereals and potatoes regularly available
• Maximum of two portions of deep-fried food per week
• No fizzy drinks or confectionaries in meals or vending machinesNutrient What is it for? Which foods contain it?
Carbohydrates Main source of energy Simple carbs, e.g. glucose
and sugar
Complex carbs e.g. pasta,
bread and rice.
Fats Major source of energy Cheese, cream, meat, oils,
butter
Proteins Important for growth
and repair of tissue
Animal products and
plant foods
Vitamins Essential for good health Fruit and veg
Minerals A number of different
functions, required in
small amounts
Vegetables and meat
Water/fluids Lack of water leads to
dehydration
Water
Fibre Aids the digestive system Cereals, wholegrain
bread, oats
7. Balanced
Healthy
Lifestyle
Fitness
The ability of the body to
meet the demands that are
placed upon it on a daily
basis, without stress
Exercise
Any form
of physical
activity
Health
Mental,
Social,
Physical
Healthy
Active
Lifestyle
It’s easy to incorporate good exercise habits in
everyday life!
Here are some examples:
• Walk or cycle short distances instead of driving.
• Get off the bus one stop early.
• Take the stairs instead of the lift or escalator.
There are a number of factors which affect how
much physical activity different people do!
Type of job is a major factor. Jobs involving manual
labour or being on your feet all day will incorporate
a lot more physical activity compared to a
SEDENTARY office job
8. Strength Strength is the ability of the muscles to exert force on an object.
There are three types:
1. Dynamic strength – strength required to support weight or exert force against an object ( kicking a football)
2. Explosive strength – strength required for a short burst of movement (Sprinting , long jump take off or pushing a shot putt)
3. Static strength – strength applied to a static object (holding a position on gymnastic rings)
Speed Speed is the ability to move as fast as possible.
It is the combination of reaction time and movement time.
It is affected by strength and the percentage of fast twitch fibres.
Power Power is the combination of maximum speed and maximum strength. Such as pushing the shot putt as far as possible.
Strength training increases power.
Cardiovascular
Endurance
This is the ability of the heart and lungs to function efficiently during endurance exercise.
Training can improve cardiovascular endurance.
Flexibility Flexibility is the range of movement at a joint.
It can improve the effectiveness of a performance, reduce risk of injury and improve posture
Agility Agility is the ability to move at speed, changing direction and speed
Balance Balance is the ability to distribute weight evenly and remain in a steady and upright position
It is important for most sports, but more so in sports such as gymnastics.
It is linked to agility.
Coordination Coordination is the ability to produce a smooth movement by efficiently linking all parts of a movement together.
Good hand-eye coordination is required for some sports, e.g. darts and any sport that requires catching.
Reaction Time Reaction time describes the time taken for a response to occur after a stimulus.
It consists of a simple reaction time (reacting to something as it happens) and choice reaction time (deciding when to react after analysing a
situation).
Muscular
Endurance/ Stamina
This is the ability of a muscle to do sustained, continuous work.
Timing Timing is coinciding movements in relation to external factors
It is a combination of decision-making, reaction time and coordination.
9. Functions of Skeletal System:
• Protection - the cranium and ribs protect the brain
and vital organs in the chest.
• Shape - gives shape to the body and makes you tall
or short.
• Support - holds your vital organs in place when
playing sport. The vertebral column holds the body
upright.
• Movement - muscle are attached to bones, which
are jointed. When the muscles contract the bones
move.
• Blood production - red blood cells (to carry
oxygen) and white blood cells (to protect against
infection) are produced in the bone marrow of
some bones.Synovial joints and Connective Tissue
Functions:
• Cartilage reduces friction. Acts as a shock absorber.
• Synovial fluid lubricates the joint.
• Synovial membrane produces synovial fluid.
• Tendon joins muscle to bone enabling movement.
• Ligament joins bone to bone, stabilising the joint
Movement Description
Abduction Movement away from the mid-line of the body
Adduction Movement towards the mid-line of the body
Extension Straightening limbs at a joint
Flexion Bending the limbs at a joint.
Rotation A circular movement around a fixed point
Type of
bone
Example Function in sport
Long
Femur,
humerus
Movement - to generate strength and
speed
Short Carpals, tarsal Shock absorption - spreading load
Flat (Plate) Ribs, cranium
Protection of vital organs, attachment
of muscles to help movement
Irregular Vertebrae, face Provide shape, protection
Name of
muscle
Function Example in sport
Triceps Extend the arm at the elbow Press-up, throwing a javelin
Biceps Flex the arm at the elbow Pull-up, drawing a bow in archery
Deltoids
Move the arm in all directions at the
shoulder
Bowling a cricket ball
Pectorals Adduct the arm at the shoulder Forehand drive in tennis
Trapezius
Hold the shoulders in place, move head
back and sideways
Holding head up in rugby scrum
Gluteals Adduct and extend leg at the hips
Pulling back leg before kicking a
ball
Quadriceps Extend the leg at the knee Kicking a ball jumping upwards
Hamstrings Flex the leg at the knee Bending knee before kicking a ball
Gastrocnemius Pointing the toes, help to flex the knee Running
Latissimus dorsi
Adduct and extend the arm at the
shoulder
Butterfly stroke in swimming
Abdominals Flex the trunk across the stomach
Pulling the body down when
hurdling
Muscles and Movement:
Muscles only provide one type of movement as they
can only pull and not push. All muscles work in
pairs, with one muscle pulling while the other
relaxes, and then vice versa. These are called an
‘Antagonistic Pair’.
The Prime mover muscle contracts to start a
movement. It is also known as the ‘agonist’.
The Antagonist muscle relaxes to allow movement
to take place.
Origin: the end of the muscle attached to the fixed
bone.
Insertion: the end of the muscle attached to the
bone that moves.
Muscle Contractions
Muscles contract when they work. If a
muscle contracts to create movement, it
is called an isotonic contraction.
An isotonic contraction can be
concentric, which is where the muscle
shortens as the fibres contract or
eccentric, where the fibres contract as
the muscle lengthens.
When a muscle contracts with no
resulting movement, it is an isometric
contraction.
10. Skill
Using knowledge or expertise to succeed efficiently and
effectively in achieving a particular objective and ability,
which has been acquired by training.
Basic skills
• Often fairly simple and straight forward activities, e.g.
throwing, catching, running, jumping, hitting an object
• Must be able to perform basic skills easily before
attempting higher level tasks.
Complex skills
• Take quite a long time to learn as they involve high
levels of coordination and control.
• Higher level skills will be sport-specific due to the
uniqueness of that activity, e.g. performing the pole
vault requires a coordinated combination of several
complex skills.
Types of Skill
Open Skills
• Occur in situations that are constantly changing, such as
any invasion game activity where the environment around
the performer is constantly changing.
• Skills may have to be adapted according to the demands of
the game. For example a football pass will be affected by
your position, the position of your opponents and your
team mates as well as playing conditions e.g. wind/wet
pitch, etc.
Closed skills
• These occur in situations that are constant and unchanging
so they are not affected by the sporting environment.
• An example is performing a trampolining routine or a
dance routine.
Types of Guidance
In order to acquire skill, performers often need addition
guidance
Visual
• Seeing a demonstration, example or even watching
their own performance played back
Verbal
• Being told what needs to be done, what went well or
what needs improvement through constructive
criticism.
Manual
• Being physically guided through something, such as
being helped with a hand stand
Types of Feedback
A performer finds out how good their performance was
through:
Knowledge of results
• This is a form of terminal feedback at the end of a
performance and could be as simple as winning or
losing.
Knowledge of Performance
• This relates to how well the performance was carried
out rather than just the end result
The most common ways of feedback are:
Intrinsic: this is sensed or felt by the performer while
they are actually performing
Extrinsic: this comes from sources other than the
performer themselves, such as sounds or things they can
see.
Types of Practice
These are the ways a performer tries to gain
skills they have particularly identified.
Whole: a complete performance is carried out
with all aspects of performance covered, e.g.
the high jump technique.
Part: complex skills are broken down into parts
and each part is practised.
Fixed: a set session or aspect is concentrated
upon.
Variable: a combination of all of the above
Skill
Acquisition
11. Altitude Training
Carrying out aerobic exercise at high altitude
Oxygen levels are lower at high altitude
It increases the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood
Warm Weather Training
British weather is unpredictable
And, therefore, athletes often train
Abroad in warm weather where
Training will not need to be cancelled.
Key Term Definition
FITT
Frequency – how often we train
Intensity – how hard we train
Time – the length of time we train
Type – the method of training chosen
The requirements of a certain activity are
Matched with training
Specificity Matching training to the requirements of your sport
Progression Making training gradually harder the fitter you are
Overload Overloading your body by increasing the frequency,
intensity or duration of exercise
Reversibility Physical benefits gained from training will be
reversed when you stop
Rest Recovery time
Recovery Allowing body tissues to recover and repair
following training or competition
Individual
Differences/Nee
ds
Take into account a person’s body build / level of
fitness, the sport (and position played) and their
particular aims
Repetitions In weightlifting, the number of times you move the
weights
Sets In weightlifting, the number of times a weight
activity is carried out, e.g. a set of repetitions
Thresholds The minimum heart rate that must be achieved in
order to improve fitness
Maximum Heart rate (MHR) = 220 - Age
Training
Zone
The heart rate zone in which a training effect will
occur
Training
Session
Training session is split into phases: Warm-up,
Fitness phase, skill phase and a warm-down.
Types of
Training
Interval training involves a short
intense work period followed by a rest
period.
Advantage: good for game players
because you can mix aerobic and
anaerobic exercise.
Disadvantage: can become boring.
Fartlek means ‘speed play’ and involves
fast and slow running over a variety of
terrain or hills. Its useful for individual
sports, e.g. athletics and team sports, e.g.
football. Advantage: can be easily adapted
for different sports and fitness levels.
Disadvantage: difficult to see how much
effort is being exerted.
Circuit training involves a number
of exercises set up at stations. It may
incorporate skills. It can be useful to
team sports, e.g. football, racquet
sports, e.g. tennis and individual
sports e.g. running. Advantage:
varied, so doesn’t get boring.
Disadvantage: requires a lot of
equipment and time to set up.
Weight training uses resistance either
by weight lifted or the number of
repetitions the exercise is performed. It
is useful for sports which require
strength, e.g. long jump and rugby.
Advantage: improves muscular strength
and tone. Disadvantage: muscles can be
sore after.
Continuous training is slow and
steady training. It is useful to improve
aerobic fitness in, for example, cycling,
running, and also for a sedentary adult
who has not trained for a period of time.
Advantage: doesn’t require much
equipment. Disadvantage: not useful for
game players because it doesn’t improve
anaerobic fitness.
12. Range of Physical
Activities
Give three
examples for each.
Roles of
Participants
Games
Outwitting opponents to
succeed in competition
e.g. Football, netball, hockey
Gymnastics
Accurately
repeating
movements, which
can be put
together to form a
routine
e.g. handspring,
somersault,
cartwheel
Dance
Communicating ideas and
emotions through
choreographed routines to an
audience
e.g. Ballet, ball room, street
dance
Fitness and Health Activities
Exercising safely to improve
health, fitness and well-being
e.g. Aqua aerobics, yoga, Zumba
Outdoor and Adventurous
Activities
Overcoming adventurous
challenges through problem
solving
e.g. rock climbing, canoeing,
rafting
Athletics
A variety of track and
field events whereby
athletes compete in
terms of speed, height,
distance, strength or
accuracy
e.g. hurdles, pole vault,
discus
Player/Performer
Aims to improve
performance in a
particular sport or
activity by developing
good knowledge, skills,
tactics, positioning,
technique and
movement
Organiser
Responsible for
bringing everything
together at the right
time and place.
Needs to have good
managerial and
organisational skills
Has a range of duties
including booking
facilities and managing
funds
Leader/Coach
Specialises in a
particular activity or
sport
Helps the
player/performer to
improve their
performance through
appropriate training.
Influences achievement
of goals and behaviour
in sport.
Official
Responsible for controlling a sport or
activity, based on the rules and
regulations of the game
Ensures that the activity is played or
performed safely and fairly
e.g. referee, umpire, judge, marshal,
timekeeper
13. Influences
on Physical
Activity
Participation
School Influences
National Curriculum
• Teaching PE is a legal requirement.
• Aims to improve health and fitness, provide a balance with other subjects by
offering a practical element, prepare pupils for physical activity post-school,
provide qualifications and teach the value of physical activity and sport in
society.
• Opportunities for PE in school: timetabled lessons, extra curricular activities,
clubs, sports performance awards, links with local clubs and outside visits.
• Cross curricular links between PE and other subjects, e.g. Science, ICT and
Maths.
• Consists of a variety of categories, such as games activities, dance and outdoor
adventurous activities.
National Healthy school Programme
• Long term initiative
• Aim: to help young people be able to make informed health and life choices
• Whole-school approach: everyone needs to be involved in order to successfully
achieve the aim, e.g. pupils, parents, staff and the community
• Four core themes:
1. Personal, social and health education (PSHE) – sex, relationship and drug
education
2. Healthy eating – teaching healthy food choices and providing nutritious food
and drink
3. Physical activity – provide pupils with a range of opportunities for
participation, and teach why it is important
4. Emotional health and well-being – support provided for vulnerable pupils,
Organisations that provide increased opportunities for physical activity
participation
Sport England
Sport England is a government agency which
aims to help people to ‘start, stay and
succeed’ in sport, particularly focusing on
priority groups. Its main role is to provide
funding a facilities, and measure
participation.
National Governing Bodies (NGBs)
NGBs are responsible for their particular
sport. They provide funding to support the
development of talented athletes and
competition at different levels. They also
provide support to coaches and officials in
sport.
E.g. The FA (football), England Netball
(netball)
Youth Sport Trust (YST)
YST aims to increase the participation of
young people in PE and school sport. It is
responsible for managing national school
sport competitions, as well as leadership and
volunteering programmes.
Dame Kelly Holmes Legacy
Aims to inspire young people to participate
and mentor them, using elite sport role
models.
Positive Effects Negative Effects
Peers
• Support your views and participation
• Encouragement, e.g. watch you play
• Listen to advice, e.g. your friend tells you its
important
• Admire/follow their example
• Join in with them
• Go along with negative views of physical activity, PE lessons, etc.
• Choosing not to be active because your friends aren’t
• Not going to training when your friend doesn’t go
Family
• Role model: set a good example by being active
• Financial support, e.g. buying new equipment
• Provide transport for training and matches
• Encouragement and motivation
• Poor role model: set a bad example by leading an inactive lifestyle
• Lack of financial support
• Lack of social support/ encouragement
• Pressure to focus on academic work
Gender
• Less of an issue than previous years
• More opportunities for women to play same sports
as men
• More opportunities for female roles within sport
• Some gender differences do still exist, e.g. professional male football
players get paid more than professional female football players.
Ethnicit
y
• Role models: there has been
an increase in ethnic minority
participation in elite sport
• Traditional views don’t always support participation, e.g. some religions
don’t encourage females to take part in PE due to clothing issues
• Influenced by visibility of role models of a similar racial background,
e.g. there are few black people in sports such as tennis and golf
compared to football.
• Incidences of racial abuse in sport
14. Extra -
Curricula
r
Provision
s
Cross-
Curricula
r Links
Extra -
Curricula
r
Provision
s
Activity Range
Only traditional sports need to be
offered during PE lessons.
Extra curricular activities offer a
wider range of activities.
Activities can be recreational or
competitive.
Facilities
Some schools lack facilities,
while others are well
resourced and have extra
staff and facilities to offer
other activities.
Outside Visits
Provides more
opportunities for
schools which
lack facilities, e.g.
dry ski slopes ,
ice rinks, etc..
Attitudes of Staff
Attitudes, interests and abilities
affect what activities they offer.
A negative attitude to helping out
with after-school activities will
reduce the number of
opportunities available to pupils.
Club Links
Schools can
develop links
with clubs to
offer a wider
range of extra-
curricular
activities, e.g.
hockey,
basketball,
health clubs
and golf clubs.
PE Links with number of other subjects:
English: speaking and listening skills and specialised
vocabulary
Mathematics: scoring, measuring distances and
calculating speeds
Science: biology and physiology links
Geography: orienteering, landscapes and weather
Food technology: diet, nutrition and energy balance
Citizenship: themes and values, such as trust,
responsibility, inclusion, respect, etc.
Vocational Opportunities
Sports performers: professional (sport is their full
time job and they get paid), amateur (they take part in
the sport/activity alongside their job, as a hobby and
don’t get paid), semi-professional (work but play sport
in their spare time for payment).
Open sports enable amateurs to get paid through
loopholes, e.g. sponsorship, expenses payments and
scholarships.
Careers: many opportunities, e.g. PE teacher, coach,
physiotherapist, manager, personal trainer, etc.
Different roles that
people can adopt:
Performer, leader/coach,
organiser, or official
Further Qualifications
BTEC, GCSE and GCE
Sports performance awards (e.g.
leadership awards)
Proficiency testing and awards
(available through NGBs and
delivered by schools, e.g.
swimming awards that qualify
people as lifesavers
15. Competitions
Internation
al Sport and
Events
Science and
ICT in Sport
What is it? Advantages Disadvantage
s
Knockout
s
One team
plays another.
The winner
progresses to
the next round
and loser
drops out of
competition.
Usually played
in rounds.
Darts is an
example
Can be
organised
quickly and
easily.
High numbers
can participate
due to drop
out.
Competition is
over quickly if
you lose your
first game.
Qualifying
events or byes
may be
required to get
the right
number in
each round.
Ladders Set number of
players/teams
on the ladder.
Challenge
people higher
up the ladder
to games and
take their
place if you
win.
Suited to
racket sports
such as squash,
badminton and
tennis.
Easy to run
and
administer.
Slow progress.
Only small
number of
participants
can take part.
Combinatio
n
Combination
of some or all
types.
For example
qualifying
leagues, and
winners’
progress to
further leagues
or knockout.
The Football
World Cup is
an example
Can play as
many games as
you like.
More than one
opportunity to
qualify.
A large number
of teams can
participate.
Its time
consuming.
‘Meaningless’
games may be
played where
teams have
already
qualified for
the next stage.
Examples of high profile events include football and rugby world cups,
cricket test matches, athletics world championships, formula One world
championships, Wimbledon, Super Bowl and the Olympic Games.
Advantages of hosting international sporting events:
• Likely to make profit through sponsors, media rights and
selling merchandise.
• Facilities are updated / new facilities are built especially for
the event but can be used in the future.
• Raising the profile/reputation of the host country
worldwide.
Disadvantages of hosting international sporting events:
• Security/risk of terrorist attack
• Political protests or boycotts
• Expensive to provide facilities and security
Developments in sport through the
contribution of science:
• Equipment: e.g. lighter rackets made of
fibreglass, Kevlar and Titanium instead of
wood; stronger pole vault poles made of
fibreglass or carbon fibre instead of bamboo;
lighter cricket pads made of high density
compressed foam; and lighter and
aerodynamic bicycles.
• Materials: e.g. Lycra swimsuits which are
more streamlined, artificial pitch surfaces
and footwear made of a combination of
natural and synthetic material with increased
strength and flexibility.
• Facilities: e.g. purpose-built facilities for
gymnasts, indoor tennis areas to allow play
to continue when its raining, stadiums with
retractable roofs, air conditioning and
humidity control, and fitness gyms with
significantly updated equipment.
Developments in sport through the
contribution of ICT:
• Storing, analysing and presenting large data sets
using computers.
• Using software and hardware to record and
analyse performance, e.g. Dartfish allows
individuals to review their own performance
through video playback and ProZone, used by
professional football clubs, allows analysis of an
individual player, such as distance run and
passes made.
• Performance aids, e.g. fitness monitoring
devices such as heart rate monitors, Hawk-Eye
technology used in tennis and cricket to track
the trajectory of the ball, and video officials
used to support referees’ decisions.
• Interactive games and devices, such as games
consoles, allowing people to play interactive
games and improve their fitness.
16. Television
• One of the most powerful forms of
media
• Increase in the amount of televised
sport when digital transmission was
introduced
• Large numbers of channels dedicated
to sport are now available
• The government set rules regarding
events shown on TV, e.g. ‘listed events’
such as the FA Cup Final cannot be
shown exclusively on ‘pay per view’ or
satellite/ cable channels.
Radio
• Increase in the number of radio
stations broadcasting sport since the
introduction of DAB
• There are now a number of stations
dedicated to sport
• Cheaper to broadcast via radio than
TV, and cheaper and more
accessible/portable for listeners
Information Technology
• Lots of information available on CD-
ROMS and the Internet
• Increasing number of sites on the
Internet broadcasting TV and radio
Magazines
• Often contain
sport stories
• Increasing
number of
specialised
magazines in
specific sports
Newspapers
• Have dedicated
sports section at
the back
Books
• E.g. textbooks,
autobiographies,
novels
How Can The Media Influence Performance and
Participation?
• High standards of performance are shown – gives and
example of people to follow
• Slow motion replays allow good points to be emphasised
and the viewer can learn from it
• Promotion of physical activity and its health benefits
Edited Coverage
• Writers or directors can edit coverage so that an inaccurate
representation of the action is seen by the viewer
Different Types of Output
• Informative – sports news
• Educational – documentaries
• Instructional – coaching DVD
• Entertainment – live matches
Role Models
Role models are people that others aspire to be like, and
should therefore set a good example.
How can role models shape attitudes?
• The way in which they play, e.g. fairly, abiding
by rules or playing unfairly against the rules.
• Setting trends
• The way in which they conduct themselves in both
their sporting and private life.
How can role models influence participation?
• By being an inspiration
• By being successful through good performances
• By representing a group, e.g. ethnic group, gender group or
disability
SponsorshipRange and Scope of
Sponsorship
• Individuals: individual
sponsorship deals whereby
the athlete gets given
money to endorse a good,
e.g. wearing a specific
brand of footwear.
• Teams and clubs: payments
made to the team, and
used for equipment, kit etc.
• Sports: major sponsorship
associated with the sport to
promote leagues or
competitions.
• Events: big events such as
the Olympic Games attract
many sponsors because it
Unacceptable
Sponsorship
• Anything associated
with poor health, e.g.
smoking and alcohol
Effects of Sponsorship
• Provision of equipment,
clothing accessories,
facilities, transport/travel
• Entry fees and expenses
paid, e.g. hotel bills
Advantages of
Sponsorship
• Financial support
for the athlete
• Promotion of the
sport
• Raise profile and
image of sport
• Increased
revenue for the
sponsor, and
gives them a
good image
Disadvantages of
Sponsorship
• Sponsors may
start to dictate
changes, e.g. to
the rules,
clothing, timings
etc.
• Sponsors can
withdraw if the
image of the
sport is damaged
• Difficult for
minority (less
well-known)
sports to get
sponsorship