TOEFL VOCABULARY
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The document discusses vocabulary related to reading comprehension. It provides sentences with underlined words or phrases and asks the reader to choose the option that best suits the meaning of the original word or phrase. The sentences are about topics like the expanding universe, the earth revolving around the sun, and theories about the earth expanding or growing faster.
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The document is a chapter from an astronomy textbook discussing key concepts about the universe, including that:
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2) Hubble's constant can be used to estimate the universe is approximately 14 billion years old.
3) The cosmic microwave background radiation provides evidence for the Big Bang.
Components of our universe
1) The document is an astronomy homework assignment that includes questions about the components of the universe. It asks students to identify the correct diagram showing the relationship between different regions of space, describe the Milky Way galaxy, define what a light year is, and indicate where Earth's solar system is located within the Milky Way.
2) It also includes questions based on a newspaper article about astronomers detecting the faintest and most distant galaxies ever observed using the Hubble Space Telescope. These galaxies are over 12 billion light years away and provide the first glimpse within 1 billion light years of the beginning of the universe.
3) The distant galaxies are seen as they were when the universe was only about 5% of its present age
Origin of elements
Elements were historically named after places, countries, scientists, planets, and colors. Places included countries like Poland for polonium and America for americium. Scientists included Marie Curie for curium, Niels Bohr for bohrium, and Albert Einstein for einsteinium. Celestial bodies included planets like mercury for mercury and uranus for uranium. Colors sometimes reflected an element's appearance, such as indigo for indium or chromium for its color.
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Stellar parallax is used to measure the distances of stars. The angle of stellar parallax gets larger as the length of the baseline increases. The size and distance relationship of the Sun and the next nearest star can be modeled using two golf balls separated by 100 km. A star's proper motion is its true motion in space combined with its radial motion towards or away from Earth.
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The document is a chapter from an astronomy textbook discussing key concepts about the universe, including that:
1) Distant galaxies moving away in all directions implies the universe is expanding.
2) Hubble's constant can be used to estimate the universe is approximately 14 billion years old.
3) The cosmic microwave background radiation provides evidence for the Big Bang.
Components of our universe
1) The document is an astronomy homework assignment that includes questions about the components of the universe. It asks students to identify the correct diagram showing the relationship between different regions of space, describe the Milky Way galaxy, define what a light year is, and indicate where Earth's solar system is located within the Milky Way.
2) It also includes questions based on a newspaper article about astronomers detecting the faintest and most distant galaxies ever observed using the Hubble Space Telescope. These galaxies are over 12 billion light years away and provide the first glimpse within 1 billion light years of the beginning of the universe.
3) The distant galaxies are seen as they were when the universe was only about 5% of its present age
Origin of elements
Elements were historically named after places, countries, scientists, planets, and colors. Places included countries like Poland for polonium and America for americium. Scientists included Marie Curie for curium, Niels Bohr for bohrium, and Albert Einstein for einsteinium. Celestial bodies included planets like mercury for mercury and uranus for uranium. Colors sometimes reflected an element's appearance, such as indigo for indium or chromium for its color.
Ch1_Introduction_students
This document provides an introduction to Earth science, outlining its key concepts. It discusses the four interconnected spheres that make up Earth's system: the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and geosphere. A key theme is that Earth is dynamic, with small forces producing large geological features over long periods of time, following the principle of uniformitarianism. The scientific process is also summarized, from asking questions and collecting data to developing and testing hypotheses to build theories that best explain observations.
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This document provides an introduction to Earth science. It discusses the four main parts of Earth's system: the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and geosphere. These parts are interrelated - for example, clear cutting forests can impact the atmosphere, biosphere, and hydrosphere. The document also introduces some key concepts in Earth science, such as uniformitarianism, the scientific process, and the idea that science aims to understand and explain natural events by collecting data and discovering patterns.
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The document discusses obsolete words and practices, including the art of letter writing becoming obsolete. It provides the definition of obsolete as a word or practice that has gone out of use or is outdated. Examples are given of habits considered outdated by youth, such as retiring to bed early or waking up early on holidays. The document also suggests that many youth think writing letters is an absolute waste of time and that texting and emails can replace letters. As a result, the art of letter writing is slowly becoming obsolete or falling out of use.
Vocabulary- One Word Substitutes
John was highly disciplined and diligent, working hard at all his activities. He had a special trait of being different from others and was also very skillful or dexterous in everything he did.
Vocabulary- One Word Substitutes
An apprentice is a person who works for an employer for a fixed period of time to learn job skills. John did not want to be a ordinary worker or laborer on a farm like his father who was an employee. Instead, John studied hard and did an apprenticeship or training to become an Agricultural Scientist, getting a degree in Agricultural Science.
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Vocabulary- One Word Substitutes
A codicil is a supplement to a will that alters the provisions of the existing will. John enlisted in the army as a teen and after 20 years returned home on leave. While home, John's parents had left him their house in their will. John asked his brother to add a codicil to the will to convert the house into a school rather than leaving it to just him.
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A numismatist is a person who collects coins. The passage discusses different hobbies such as philately, which is collecting stamps, and ornithology, which is the study of birds. It provides Solomon as an example of a numismatist, who collects coins and wants to make it his full-time activity. A hobby can become a source of income or a career.
One Word Substitutes Vocabulary
Nepotism refers to favoritism granted in politics or business to relatives. Specifically, it is when people in positions of power use their influence to help family members and relatives rise through the ranks in an unfair manner by providing jobs, promotions, or other favors based on their relationship rather than merit. This type of favoritism for relatives is considered a form of corruption that undermines fairness and competence.
Phobias
The document discusses overcoming fear and becoming bold and confident. It contrasts being frightened, worried, and shy with being brave, courageous, heroic, and dauntless. It states that by conquering yourself and your fears, the whole world will be at your feet and that fear is the most important emotion that should be analyzed.
Frightful experience.
The document provides vocabulary and instructions for an activity to practice simple past tense and telling about frightening experiences. It includes a list of words related to robbery, theft and crime in the dead of night. It then gives a partial story and asks the reader to fill in blanks with provided words and finish the story, describing the most frightening day of their life and the type of criminals involved.
My most valuable possession.
The document provides examples and definitions for the use of indefinite articles "a" and "an" and the definite article "the" in the English language. "A" and "an" are used before singular countable nouns, with "an" used specifically before words starting with a vowel sound. "The" is used to refer to something specific or superlative. It also lists some uncountable nouns that do not take articles. Several examples are given of common possessions that could be considered valuable to different people.
Growing technology -redundancy
Samuel Morse and Alfred Vail invented the telegraph in 1844, allowing electrical pulses representing dots and dashes to transmit messages along cables using Morse code. This was a radical change, providing a quick and easy way to communicate over long distances. Telegrams were initially used for official purposes but became popular for public use in India in the 1850s. However, new technologies like mobile phones, the internet, and social media have now replaced telegrams.
At the bus stop
Waiting at the bus stop is a common experience where you get familiar with other regular commuters and sometimes make new friends while learning about their lives. The bus can be crowded and packed at times but is also a dependable way to travel where you must pay attention to boarding and leaving times, potential delays, and navigating the front or rear doors with a conductor's assistance.
Contractions
This document provides examples of contractions used in sentences. It shows the contracted and uncontracted versions of phrases like "I'm very fond of this book" and "We won't find it." It also includes sentences about possessing a valuable book, caring for the book, lending the book, and behaving carefully. Choices are given to complete additional sentences using contractions correctly.
Daily schedule
The document provides a list of useful vocabulary for describing schedules, including words like usually, generally, normally, always, regularly, often, frequently, rarely, never, seldom, hardly, occasionally. It then lists example morning and evening routines using that vocabulary, such as getting up, having coffee, making the bed, helping in the kitchen, catching the bus, having a snack, relaxing, going to bed. Finally, it provides sample questions one could ask about someone's schedule, including what time they wake up, what they do before breakfast, how they get to work or school, what they do in the afternoons and evenings, and when they go to bed.
Weekends
The document discusses how people typically spend their weekends and lists a variety of activities such as doing necessary chores, making special dishes, spending time with friends and family, going out for excursions or sightseeing. It also includes a conversation where a character named Meera talks about enjoying visiting her grandparents in the neighboring village and exploring nature. The document encourages reflection on how one spends their own time and the activities of their family on weekends.
Adverbs of time
The document discusses converting sentences from singular to plural form. It provides examples of sentences written in the singular form about a person named Graham and his daily activities. It then shows the same sentences rewritten in the plural form using "we" or "they" by changing the verb forms and pronouns accordingly.
nouns
Nouns are words that name people, places, things, ideas, actions or qualities. There are two main types of nouns - proper nouns, which refer to specific individual names, and common nouns, which can be further divided into abstract, collective, concrete countable, concrete uncountable, compound, and verbal nouns. Common nouns describe general categories while proper nouns are specific names.
Modalverbs 1
The document defines and provides examples of auxiliary verbs in English. It explains that auxiliary verbs help form tenses, voices, and moods of other verbs. The main auxiliary verbs discussed are forms of be, have, do, will, shall, can, may, must, ought, dare and modal verbs. Examples are provided to illustrate the usage of each auxiliary verb in different contexts like making requests, expressing obligations, possibilities and more. Common mistakes in usage are also highlighted.
Phrasal Verbs
The document describes various phrasal verbs and their meanings:
- Act smart means to imagine you are smart
- Act big means to imagine you are great
- Act funny means to behave in a silly manner
- Aim high means to set a high goal
- Attend on means to look after
- Attend to means to take care of
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More from saraswathi tenneti
family phrasal verbs.pptx
Basic Communication. English.
Family and personality traits.
Ice breakers to improve the art of speaking .
Phrasal verbs with model sentences .
Creative thinking .
Strengthening Vocabulary.
Exchanging ideas .
Basic Communication in English.
Phrasal verbs related to family.
Model sentences.
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Review exercise to enhance thinking.
Vocabulary- One Word Substitutes
The document discusses obsolete words and practices, including the art of letter writing becoming obsolete. It provides the definition of obsolete as a word or practice that has gone out of use or is outdated. Examples are given of habits considered outdated by youth, such as retiring to bed early or waking up early on holidays. The document also suggests that many youth think writing letters is an absolute waste of time and that texting and emails can replace letters. As a result, the art of letter writing is slowly becoming obsolete or falling out of use.
Vocabulary- One Word Substitutes
John was highly disciplined and diligent, working hard at all his activities. He had a special trait of being different from others and was also very skillful or dexterous in everything he did.
Vocabulary- One Word Substitutes
An apprentice is a person who works for an employer for a fixed period of time to learn job skills. John did not want to be a ordinary worker or laborer on a farm like his father who was an employee. Instead, John studied hard and did an apprenticeship or training to become an Agricultural Scientist, getting a degree in Agricultural Science.
Vocabulary- One Word Substitutes
The use of appropriate words-To widen ones knowledge and improve usage of correct words in context.
Appraisal
Vocabulary- One Word Substitutes
A codicil is a supplement to a will that alters the provisions of the existing will. John enlisted in the army as a teen and after 20 years returned home on leave. While home, John's parents had left him their house in their will. John asked his brother to add a codicil to the will to convert the house into a school rather than leaving it to just him.
Vocabulary- One Word Substitutes
A numismatist is a person who collects coins. The passage discusses different hobbies such as philately, which is collecting stamps, and ornithology, which is the study of birds. It provides Solomon as an example of a numismatist, who collects coins and wants to make it his full-time activity. A hobby can become a source of income or a career.
One Word Substitutes Vocabulary
Nepotism refers to favoritism granted in politics or business to relatives. Specifically, it is when people in positions of power use their influence to help family members and relatives rise through the ranks in an unfair manner by providing jobs, promotions, or other favors based on their relationship rather than merit. This type of favoritism for relatives is considered a form of corruption that undermines fairness and competence.
Phobias
The document discusses overcoming fear and becoming bold and confident. It contrasts being frightened, worried, and shy with being brave, courageous, heroic, and dauntless. It states that by conquering yourself and your fears, the whole world will be at your feet and that fear is the most important emotion that should be analyzed.
Frightful experience.
The document provides vocabulary and instructions for an activity to practice simple past tense and telling about frightening experiences. It includes a list of words related to robbery, theft and crime in the dead of night. It then gives a partial story and asks the reader to fill in blanks with provided words and finish the story, describing the most frightening day of their life and the type of criminals involved.
My most valuable possession.
The document provides examples and definitions for the use of indefinite articles "a" and "an" and the definite article "the" in the English language. "A" and "an" are used before singular countable nouns, with "an" used specifically before words starting with a vowel sound. "The" is used to refer to something specific or superlative. It also lists some uncountable nouns that do not take articles. Several examples are given of common possessions that could be considered valuable to different people.
Growing technology -redundancy
Samuel Morse and Alfred Vail invented the telegraph in 1844, allowing electrical pulses representing dots and dashes to transmit messages along cables using Morse code. This was a radical change, providing a quick and easy way to communicate over long distances. Telegrams were initially used for official purposes but became popular for public use in India in the 1850s. However, new technologies like mobile phones, the internet, and social media have now replaced telegrams.
At the bus stop
Waiting at the bus stop is a common experience where you get familiar with other regular commuters and sometimes make new friends while learning about their lives. The bus can be crowded and packed at times but is also a dependable way to travel where you must pay attention to boarding and leaving times, potential delays, and navigating the front or rear doors with a conductor's assistance.
Contractions
This document provides examples of contractions used in sentences. It shows the contracted and uncontracted versions of phrases like "I'm very fond of this book" and "We won't find it." It also includes sentences about possessing a valuable book, caring for the book, lending the book, and behaving carefully. Choices are given to complete additional sentences using contractions correctly.
Daily schedule
The document provides a list of useful vocabulary for describing schedules, including words like usually, generally, normally, always, regularly, often, frequently, rarely, never, seldom, hardly, occasionally. It then lists example morning and evening routines using that vocabulary, such as getting up, having coffee, making the bed, helping in the kitchen, catching the bus, having a snack, relaxing, going to bed. Finally, it provides sample questions one could ask about someone's schedule, including what time they wake up, what they do before breakfast, how they get to work or school, what they do in the afternoons and evenings, and when they go to bed.
Weekends
The document discusses how people typically spend their weekends and lists a variety of activities such as doing necessary chores, making special dishes, spending time with friends and family, going out for excursions or sightseeing. It also includes a conversation where a character named Meera talks about enjoying visiting her grandparents in the neighboring village and exploring nature. The document encourages reflection on how one spends their own time and the activities of their family on weekends.
Adverbs of time
The document discusses converting sentences from singular to plural form. It provides examples of sentences written in the singular form about a person named Graham and his daily activities. It then shows the same sentences rewritten in the plural form using "we" or "they" by changing the verb forms and pronouns accordingly.
nouns
Nouns are words that name people, places, things, ideas, actions or qualities. There are two main types of nouns - proper nouns, which refer to specific individual names, and common nouns, which can be further divided into abstract, collective, concrete countable, concrete uncountable, compound, and verbal nouns. Common nouns describe general categories while proper nouns are specific names.
Modalverbs 1
The document defines and provides examples of auxiliary verbs in English. It explains that auxiliary verbs help form tenses, voices, and moods of other verbs. The main auxiliary verbs discussed are forms of be, have, do, will, shall, can, may, must, ought, dare and modal verbs. Examples are provided to illustrate the usage of each auxiliary verb in different contexts like making requests, expressing obligations, possibilities and more. Common mistakes in usage are also highlighted.
Phrasal Verbs
The document describes various phrasal verbs and their meanings:
- Act smart means to imagine you are smart
- Act big means to imagine you are great
- Act funny means to behave in a silly manner
- Aim high means to set a high goal
- Attend on means to look after
- Attend to means to take care of
More from saraswathi tenneti (20)
TOEFL VOCABULARY
- 2. READING COMPREHENSION AND VOCABULARY The sentence has an underlined word or phrase . There are four options under the sentence. Choose the option that best suits the meaning of the original word. It is theorized that the universe is expanding at a rate of fifty miles per second per million light years. A) getting larger B) getting faster C) getting smaller D) getting slower
- 3. It is a commonly known fact that the universe is both mysterious and beautiful. It is said that the earth revolves around the sun. Is the revolution getting slower? Is the earth getting smaller? Is the study about the universe getting faster results?
- 4. One of the common theories is that the earth is expanding or growing faster and this has triggered a lot of scientific research.