SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 25
T O E F L
PREPARATION COURSE
(TEST of ENGLISH as a FOREIGN LANGUAGE)
Number of Questions
Scoring (scored on a scale of 217 to 677)
Scoring (scored on a scale of 217 to 677)
L I S T E N I N G
S E C T I O N O N E
 is the 1st section of Paper TOEFL test
 consists of 50 question
 asks you to listen to the recorded material and
responds to multiple questions
 the recording is only played once and the recording
material is not written in test book
LISTENING ON THE PAPER TOEFL TEST
Listening
1. Short Dialogues
2. Long Conversations
3. Talks
1. Be familiar with the directions.
2. Know where the easier and more difficult
questions are generally found
3. Be familiar with the pacing of the test
4. Never leave any questions blank on your answer
sheet
5. Use any remaining time to look ahead at the
answers to the questions that follow.
GENERAL STRATEGY
SHORT DIALOGUES
1
S K I L L S
1. As you listen to the second line of the conversation, you
should focus on the key ideas in that line.
2. If you see a restatement of the key idea(s) in a particular
answer, then you have probably found the correct
answer.
3. Sometimes the words that sound similar are NOT the
answer.
SKILL 1 : Focus on the second
line/Restatement
Example:
On the recording you hear:
(man) Billy really made a big mistake this time.
(woman) Yes, he forgot to turn in his research paper.
(narrator) What does the woman say about Billy?
In your test book, you read:
(A) It was the first time he made a mistake.
(B) He forgot to write his paper.
(C) He turned in the paper in the wrong place.
(D) He didn’t remember to submit his assignment.
Example:
On the recording you hear:
(man) Steve, is something the matter? You don’t
look very good.
(woman) Oh, I’m feeling a little sick today
(narrator) What does the man mean?
In your test book, you read:
(A) He’s not very good-looking.
(B) He’s a bit ill.
(C) He looks worse than he feels.
(D) His feet are a little thick.
EXERCISE 1
(p. 40)
1. (woman) What do you like about your
new house?
(man) It’s very close to a park.
(narrator) WHAT DOES THE MAN MEAN?
(A) The house is closed up now.
(B) He parks his car close to his house.
(C) His home is near a park.
(D) He doesn’t really like his new house.
2. (man) Mark said some really nice things to me.
(woman) He’s very grateful for what you did.
(narrator) WHAT DOES THE WOMAN SAY ABOUT MARK?
(A) He did a great job.
(B) He bought a crate full of fruit.
(C) He made a great fool of himself. He’s thankful.
(D) He’s thankful.
3. (woman) Sam, you’ve been working at the computer for hours.
(man) Yes, and I need to take a break.
(narrator) WHAT DOES THE MAN MEAN?
(A) The computer’s broken.
(B) He needs to relax for a while.
(C) He should keep working.
(D) He’s broke.
EXERCISE 2
(p. 42)
SKILL 3: NEGATIVES
1. Negative expressions are very common in
Listening Part A.
2. The most common questions: If the statement
is negative, the answer will be in positive and If
the statement is positive, the answer will be in
negative.
On the recording, you hear:
(woman) Did you get a lot of work done at the
library today?
(man) I couldn’t. It wasn’t very quiet there.
(narrator) What does the man mean?
In your test book, you read:
(A) The library was noisy
(B) He got a lot done.
(C) He couldn’t quite get to the library today.
(D) The library’s a good place to work because it’s quiet.
Example
Negative Sentences
Example Correct Answer Negative
Expression
Tom is not sad
about the result
Tom is happy
about the result
Not sad = happy
The door isn’t
open
The door is
closed
Not open =
closed
Steve did not
pass the class
Steve failed the
class
Didn’t pass =
failed
Exercise 3 (p. 44)
Review Exercise (p. 45)

More Related Content

Similar to TOEFL General Strategies 1 Listening.pptx

Basic Information and Guidelines on TOEFL (PBT)
Basic Information and Guidelines on TOEFL (PBT)Basic Information and Guidelines on TOEFL (PBT)
Basic Information and Guidelines on TOEFL (PBT)Aldyansyah -
 
Uas genap xi 01 2014
Uas genap xi 01 2014Uas genap xi 01 2014
Uas genap xi 01 2014Ani Sukria
 
Listening short dialogue (skill 1 6)
Listening short dialogue (skill 1 6)Listening short dialogue (skill 1 6)
Listening short dialogue (skill 1 6)Edi Samsuri
 
Kiểm tra 1 tiết hki tiếng anh lớp 7
Kiểm tra 1 tiết hki tiếng anh lớp 7Kiểm tra 1 tiết hki tiếng anh lớp 7
Kiểm tra 1 tiết hki tiếng anh lớp 7Học Tập Long An
 
Kiểm tra 1 tiết hki tiếng anh lớp 7
Kiểm tra 1 tiết hki tiếng anh lớp 7Kiểm tra 1 tiết hki tiếng anh lớp 7
Kiểm tra 1 tiết hki tiếng anh lớp 7Nguyen Van Tai
 
TOEFL Preparation - General Strategies and Listening Skills.pptx
TOEFL Preparation - General Strategies and Listening Skills.pptxTOEFL Preparation - General Strategies and Listening Skills.pptx
TOEFL Preparation - General Strategies and Listening Skills.pptxTulusSafar
 
Listen In - Starter Unit
Listen In - Starter UnitListen In - Starter Unit
Listen In - Starter UnitNguyen Thai Hoc
 
Thi giữa hkii tiếng anh lớp 7 (with key)
Thi giữa hkii tiếng anh lớp 7 (with key)Thi giữa hkii tiếng anh lớp 7 (with key)
Thi giữa hkii tiếng anh lớp 7 (with key)Nguyen Van Tai
 
PPA.Bus Eng 1.-2nd term.ef17. 20pp.IlovePDF
PPA.Bus Eng 1.-2nd term.ef17. 20pp.IlovePDFPPA.Bus Eng 1.-2nd term.ef17. 20pp.IlovePDF
PPA.Bus Eng 1.-2nd term.ef17. 20pp.IlovePDFEugenioFouz
 
bo-de-kiem-tra-tieng-anh-lop-7-hoc-ki-1
bo-de-kiem-tra-tieng-anh-lop-7-hoc-ki-1bo-de-kiem-tra-tieng-anh-lop-7-hoc-ki-1
bo-de-kiem-tra-tieng-anh-lop-7-hoc-ki-1toantieuhociq
 
Listening Section 2007.pptx
Listening Section 2007.pptxListening Section 2007.pptx
Listening Section 2007.pptxsmkpenmas
 
Tổng hợp đề kiểm tra 15 phút và 1 tiết tiếng anh lớp 6
Tổng hợp đề kiểm tra 15 phút và 1  tiết tiếng anh lớp 6Tổng hợp đề kiểm tra 15 phút và 1  tiết tiếng anh lớp 6
Tổng hợp đề kiểm tra 15 phút và 1 tiết tiếng anh lớp 6Học Tập Long An
 
ECCE-SampleB-TestBooklet.pdf
ECCE-SampleB-TestBooklet.pdfECCE-SampleB-TestBooklet.pdf
ECCE-SampleB-TestBooklet.pdfLuzMaritzaEstrada
 
Introduction to the toeic test
Introduction to the toeic testIntroduction to the toeic test
Introduction to the toeic testTien Lai
 

Similar to TOEFL General Strategies 1 Listening.pptx (20)

TOEFL Preparation for teachers
TOEFL Preparation for teachersTOEFL Preparation for teachers
TOEFL Preparation for teachers
 
Basic Information and Guidelines on TOEFL (PBT)
Basic Information and Guidelines on TOEFL (PBT)Basic Information and Guidelines on TOEFL (PBT)
Basic Information and Guidelines on TOEFL (PBT)
 
Presentasi toefl
Presentasi toeflPresentasi toefl
Presentasi toefl
 
Uas genap xi 01 2014
Uas genap xi 01 2014Uas genap xi 01 2014
Uas genap xi 01 2014
 
Listening short dialogue (skill 1 6)
Listening short dialogue (skill 1 6)Listening short dialogue (skill 1 6)
Listening short dialogue (skill 1 6)
 
Kiểm tra 1 tiết hki tiếng anh lớp 7
Kiểm tra 1 tiết hki tiếng anh lớp 7Kiểm tra 1 tiết hki tiếng anh lớp 7
Kiểm tra 1 tiết hki tiếng anh lớp 7
 
Kiểm tra 1 tiết hki tiếng anh lớp 7
Kiểm tra 1 tiết hki tiếng anh lớp 7Kiểm tra 1 tiết hki tiếng anh lớp 7
Kiểm tra 1 tiết hki tiếng anh lớp 7
 
Materi zambert
Materi zambertMateri zambert
Materi zambert
 
E3 W4 S3(2).pdf.pdf
E3 W4 S3(2).pdf.pdfE3 W4 S3(2).pdf.pdf
E3 W4 S3(2).pdf.pdf
 
TOEFL Preparation - General Strategies and Listening Skills.pptx
TOEFL Preparation - General Strategies and Listening Skills.pptxTOEFL Preparation - General Strategies and Listening Skills.pptx
TOEFL Preparation - General Strategies and Listening Skills.pptx
 
Listen In - Starter Unit
Listen In - Starter UnitListen In - Starter Unit
Listen In - Starter Unit
 
The Music of Language
The Music of LanguageThe Music of Language
The Music of Language
 
Thi giữa hkii tiếng anh lớp 7 (with key)
Thi giữa hkii tiếng anh lớp 7 (with key)Thi giữa hkii tiếng anh lớp 7 (with key)
Thi giữa hkii tiếng anh lớp 7 (with key)
 
PPA.Bus Eng 1.-2nd term.ef17. 20pp.IlovePDF
PPA.Bus Eng 1.-2nd term.ef17. 20pp.IlovePDFPPA.Bus Eng 1.-2nd term.ef17. 20pp.IlovePDF
PPA.Bus Eng 1.-2nd term.ef17. 20pp.IlovePDF
 
bo-de-kiem-tra-tieng-anh-lop-7-hoc-ki-1
bo-de-kiem-tra-tieng-anh-lop-7-hoc-ki-1bo-de-kiem-tra-tieng-anh-lop-7-hoc-ki-1
bo-de-kiem-tra-tieng-anh-lop-7-hoc-ki-1
 
Listening Section 2007.pptx
Listening Section 2007.pptxListening Section 2007.pptx
Listening Section 2007.pptx
 
Tổng hợp đề kiểm tra 15 phút và 1 tiết tiếng anh lớp 6
Tổng hợp đề kiểm tra 15 phút và 1  tiết tiếng anh lớp 6Tổng hợp đề kiểm tra 15 phút và 1  tiết tiếng anh lớp 6
Tổng hợp đề kiểm tra 15 phút và 1 tiết tiếng anh lớp 6
 
ECCE-SampleB-TestBooklet.pdf
ECCE-SampleB-TestBooklet.pdfECCE-SampleB-TestBooklet.pdf
ECCE-SampleB-TestBooklet.pdf
 
Introduction to the toeic test
Introduction to the toeic testIntroduction to the toeic test
Introduction to the toeic test
 
Business English 1.pptx
Business English 1.pptxBusiness English 1.pptx
Business English 1.pptx
 

More from Stibabekasidigitec

More from Stibabekasidigitec (6)

Unit 3.pptx
Unit 3.pptxUnit 3.pptx
Unit 3.pptx
 
Unit 2.pptx
Unit 2.pptxUnit 2.pptx
Unit 2.pptx
 
Unit 1 Greeting.pptx
Unit 1 Greeting.pptxUnit 1 Greeting.pptx
Unit 1 Greeting.pptx
 
Chapter 1 - Language.pptx
Chapter 1 - Language.pptxChapter 1 - Language.pptx
Chapter 1 - Language.pptx
 
Unit 2 Types of Communication.pptx
Unit 2 Types of Communication.pptxUnit 2 Types of Communication.pptx
Unit 2 Types of Communication.pptx
 
Phonetics Exercise.pptx
Phonetics Exercise.pptxPhonetics Exercise.pptx
Phonetics Exercise.pptx
 

Recently uploaded

SOCIAL AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT - LFTVD.pptx
SOCIAL AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT - LFTVD.pptxSOCIAL AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT - LFTVD.pptx
SOCIAL AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT - LFTVD.pptxiammrhaywood
 
9548086042 for call girls in Indira Nagar with room service
9548086042  for call girls in Indira Nagar  with room service9548086042  for call girls in Indira Nagar  with room service
9548086042 for call girls in Indira Nagar with room servicediscovermytutordmt
 
BAG TECHNIQUE Bag technique-a tool making use of public health bag through wh...
BAG TECHNIQUE Bag technique-a tool making use of public health bag through wh...BAG TECHNIQUE Bag technique-a tool making use of public health bag through wh...
BAG TECHNIQUE Bag technique-a tool making use of public health bag through wh...Sapna Thakur
 
fourth grading exam for kindergarten in writing
fourth grading exam for kindergarten in writingfourth grading exam for kindergarten in writing
fourth grading exam for kindergarten in writingTeacherCyreneCayanan
 
1029-Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa khoi 6.pdf
1029-Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa khoi  6.pdf1029-Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa khoi  6.pdf
1029-Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa khoi 6.pdfQucHHunhnh
 
Explore beautiful and ugly buildings. Mathematics helps us create beautiful d...
Explore beautiful and ugly buildings. Mathematics helps us create beautiful d...Explore beautiful and ugly buildings. Mathematics helps us create beautiful d...
Explore beautiful and ugly buildings. Mathematics helps us create beautiful d...christianmathematics
 
Grant Readiness 101 TechSoup and Remy Consulting
Grant Readiness 101 TechSoup and Remy ConsultingGrant Readiness 101 TechSoup and Remy Consulting
Grant Readiness 101 TechSoup and Remy ConsultingTechSoup
 
Activity 01 - Artificial Culture (1).pdf
Activity 01 - Artificial Culture (1).pdfActivity 01 - Artificial Culture (1).pdf
Activity 01 - Artificial Culture (1).pdfciinovamais
 
1029 - Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa 10 . pdf
1029 -  Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa 10 . pdf1029 -  Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa 10 . pdf
1029 - Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa 10 . pdfQucHHunhnh
 
Q4-W6-Restating Informational Text Grade 3
Q4-W6-Restating Informational Text Grade 3Q4-W6-Restating Informational Text Grade 3
Q4-W6-Restating Informational Text Grade 3JemimahLaneBuaron
 
Ecosystem Interactions Class Discussion Presentation in Blue Green Lined Styl...
Ecosystem Interactions Class Discussion Presentation in Blue Green Lined Styl...Ecosystem Interactions Class Discussion Presentation in Blue Green Lined Styl...
Ecosystem Interactions Class Discussion Presentation in Blue Green Lined Styl...fonyou31
 
Measures of Dispersion and Variability: Range, QD, AD and SD
Measures of Dispersion and Variability: Range, QD, AD and SDMeasures of Dispersion and Variability: Range, QD, AD and SD
Measures of Dispersion and Variability: Range, QD, AD and SDThiyagu K
 
The basics of sentences session 2pptx copy.pptx
The basics of sentences session 2pptx copy.pptxThe basics of sentences session 2pptx copy.pptx
The basics of sentences session 2pptx copy.pptxheathfieldcps1
 
Holdier Curriculum Vitae (April 2024).pdf
Holdier Curriculum Vitae (April 2024).pdfHoldier Curriculum Vitae (April 2024).pdf
Holdier Curriculum Vitae (April 2024).pdfagholdier
 
microwave assisted reaction. General introduction
microwave assisted reaction. General introductionmicrowave assisted reaction. General introduction
microwave assisted reaction. General introductionMaksud Ahmed
 
Software Engineering Methodologies (overview)
Software Engineering Methodologies (overview)Software Engineering Methodologies (overview)
Software Engineering Methodologies (overview)eniolaolutunde
 
General AI for Medical Educators April 2024
General AI for Medical Educators April 2024General AI for Medical Educators April 2024
General AI for Medical Educators April 2024Janet Corral
 
Key note speaker Neum_Admir Softic_ENG.pdf
Key note speaker Neum_Admir Softic_ENG.pdfKey note speaker Neum_Admir Softic_ENG.pdf
Key note speaker Neum_Admir Softic_ENG.pdfAdmir Softic
 

Recently uploaded (20)

SOCIAL AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT - LFTVD.pptx
SOCIAL AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT - LFTVD.pptxSOCIAL AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT - LFTVD.pptx
SOCIAL AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT - LFTVD.pptx
 
9548086042 for call girls in Indira Nagar with room service
9548086042  for call girls in Indira Nagar  with room service9548086042  for call girls in Indira Nagar  with room service
9548086042 for call girls in Indira Nagar with room service
 
BAG TECHNIQUE Bag technique-a tool making use of public health bag through wh...
BAG TECHNIQUE Bag technique-a tool making use of public health bag through wh...BAG TECHNIQUE Bag technique-a tool making use of public health bag through wh...
BAG TECHNIQUE Bag technique-a tool making use of public health bag through wh...
 
fourth grading exam for kindergarten in writing
fourth grading exam for kindergarten in writingfourth grading exam for kindergarten in writing
fourth grading exam for kindergarten in writing
 
1029-Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa khoi 6.pdf
1029-Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa khoi  6.pdf1029-Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa khoi  6.pdf
1029-Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa khoi 6.pdf
 
Advance Mobile Application Development class 07
Advance Mobile Application Development class 07Advance Mobile Application Development class 07
Advance Mobile Application Development class 07
 
Explore beautiful and ugly buildings. Mathematics helps us create beautiful d...
Explore beautiful and ugly buildings. Mathematics helps us create beautiful d...Explore beautiful and ugly buildings. Mathematics helps us create beautiful d...
Explore beautiful and ugly buildings. Mathematics helps us create beautiful d...
 
Grant Readiness 101 TechSoup and Remy Consulting
Grant Readiness 101 TechSoup and Remy ConsultingGrant Readiness 101 TechSoup and Remy Consulting
Grant Readiness 101 TechSoup and Remy Consulting
 
Activity 01 - Artificial Culture (1).pdf
Activity 01 - Artificial Culture (1).pdfActivity 01 - Artificial Culture (1).pdf
Activity 01 - Artificial Culture (1).pdf
 
1029 - Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa 10 . pdf
1029 -  Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa 10 . pdf1029 -  Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa 10 . pdf
1029 - Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa 10 . pdf
 
Q4-W6-Restating Informational Text Grade 3
Q4-W6-Restating Informational Text Grade 3Q4-W6-Restating Informational Text Grade 3
Q4-W6-Restating Informational Text Grade 3
 
Ecosystem Interactions Class Discussion Presentation in Blue Green Lined Styl...
Ecosystem Interactions Class Discussion Presentation in Blue Green Lined Styl...Ecosystem Interactions Class Discussion Presentation in Blue Green Lined Styl...
Ecosystem Interactions Class Discussion Presentation in Blue Green Lined Styl...
 
Measures of Dispersion and Variability: Range, QD, AD and SD
Measures of Dispersion and Variability: Range, QD, AD and SDMeasures of Dispersion and Variability: Range, QD, AD and SD
Measures of Dispersion and Variability: Range, QD, AD and SD
 
The basics of sentences session 2pptx copy.pptx
The basics of sentences session 2pptx copy.pptxThe basics of sentences session 2pptx copy.pptx
The basics of sentences session 2pptx copy.pptx
 
Holdier Curriculum Vitae (April 2024).pdf
Holdier Curriculum Vitae (April 2024).pdfHoldier Curriculum Vitae (April 2024).pdf
Holdier Curriculum Vitae (April 2024).pdf
 
microwave assisted reaction. General introduction
microwave assisted reaction. General introductionmicrowave assisted reaction. General introduction
microwave assisted reaction. General introduction
 
Software Engineering Methodologies (overview)
Software Engineering Methodologies (overview)Software Engineering Methodologies (overview)
Software Engineering Methodologies (overview)
 
INDIA QUIZ 2024 RLAC DELHI UNIVERSITY.pptx
INDIA QUIZ 2024 RLAC DELHI UNIVERSITY.pptxINDIA QUIZ 2024 RLAC DELHI UNIVERSITY.pptx
INDIA QUIZ 2024 RLAC DELHI UNIVERSITY.pptx
 
General AI for Medical Educators April 2024
General AI for Medical Educators April 2024General AI for Medical Educators April 2024
General AI for Medical Educators April 2024
 
Key note speaker Neum_Admir Softic_ENG.pdf
Key note speaker Neum_Admir Softic_ENG.pdfKey note speaker Neum_Admir Softic_ENG.pdf
Key note speaker Neum_Admir Softic_ENG.pdf
 

TOEFL General Strategies 1 Listening.pptx

  • 1. T O E F L PREPARATION COURSE (TEST of ENGLISH as a FOREIGN LANGUAGE)
  • 3. Scoring (scored on a scale of 217 to 677)
  • 4. Scoring (scored on a scale of 217 to 677)
  • 5. L I S T E N I N G S E C T I O N O N E
  • 6.  is the 1st section of Paper TOEFL test  consists of 50 question  asks you to listen to the recorded material and responds to multiple questions  the recording is only played once and the recording material is not written in test book LISTENING ON THE PAPER TOEFL TEST
  • 7. Listening 1. Short Dialogues 2. Long Conversations 3. Talks
  • 8. 1. Be familiar with the directions. 2. Know where the easier and more difficult questions are generally found 3. Be familiar with the pacing of the test 4. Never leave any questions blank on your answer sheet 5. Use any remaining time to look ahead at the answers to the questions that follow. GENERAL STRATEGY
  • 10. S K I L L S
  • 11. 1. As you listen to the second line of the conversation, you should focus on the key ideas in that line. 2. If you see a restatement of the key idea(s) in a particular answer, then you have probably found the correct answer. 3. Sometimes the words that sound similar are NOT the answer. SKILL 1 : Focus on the second line/Restatement
  • 12. Example: On the recording you hear: (man) Billy really made a big mistake this time. (woman) Yes, he forgot to turn in his research paper. (narrator) What does the woman say about Billy? In your test book, you read: (A) It was the first time he made a mistake. (B) He forgot to write his paper. (C) He turned in the paper in the wrong place. (D) He didn’t remember to submit his assignment.
  • 13. Example: On the recording you hear: (man) Steve, is something the matter? You don’t look very good. (woman) Oh, I’m feeling a little sick today (narrator) What does the man mean? In your test book, you read: (A) He’s not very good-looking. (B) He’s a bit ill. (C) He looks worse than he feels. (D) His feet are a little thick.
  • 14.
  • 15.
  • 16.
  • 18. 1. (woman) What do you like about your new house? (man) It’s very close to a park. (narrator) WHAT DOES THE MAN MEAN? (A) The house is closed up now. (B) He parks his car close to his house. (C) His home is near a park. (D) He doesn’t really like his new house.
  • 19. 2. (man) Mark said some really nice things to me. (woman) He’s very grateful for what you did. (narrator) WHAT DOES THE WOMAN SAY ABOUT MARK? (A) He did a great job. (B) He bought a crate full of fruit. (C) He made a great fool of himself. He’s thankful. (D) He’s thankful.
  • 20. 3. (woman) Sam, you’ve been working at the computer for hours. (man) Yes, and I need to take a break. (narrator) WHAT DOES THE MAN MEAN? (A) The computer’s broken. (B) He needs to relax for a while. (C) He should keep working. (D) He’s broke.
  • 22. SKILL 3: NEGATIVES 1. Negative expressions are very common in Listening Part A. 2. The most common questions: If the statement is negative, the answer will be in positive and If the statement is positive, the answer will be in negative.
  • 23. On the recording, you hear: (woman) Did you get a lot of work done at the library today? (man) I couldn’t. It wasn’t very quiet there. (narrator) What does the man mean? In your test book, you read: (A) The library was noisy (B) He got a lot done. (C) He couldn’t quite get to the library today. (D) The library’s a good place to work because it’s quiet. Example
  • 24. Negative Sentences Example Correct Answer Negative Expression Tom is not sad about the result Tom is happy about the result Not sad = happy The door isn’t open The door is closed Not open = closed Steve did not pass the class Steve failed the class Didn’t pass = failed
  • 25. Exercise 3 (p. 44) Review Exercise (p. 45)