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THE
CHALLENGE
OF
KNOWLEDGE
TLC2
STARTER
Pleasecomplete
themultiplechoice
activityonyour
desk
Theideaof
knowledgehas
become
unfashionablein
recentyears,and
soknowledge
itselfhasbecome
devalued.
Knowledge=
knowingwhat
knowinghow
“Knowledgecomesbyeyes
alwaysopenandworking
hands;andthereisno
knowledgethatisnotpower.”
RalphWaldoEmerson
Knowledgeisgoingtobecomefarmore
importforourstudents:
● movetoterminalexams
● needtoretainmoreknowledgethan
everbefore
● morerigorousexamsfocuson
applicationofknowledge
Beingabletolooksomethingup
doesnotmeanthatithasbeen
learned.
Youcannotmasterany
subjectwithoutthe
buildingblocksof
knowledge.
Knowingthings
changesyourthought
processes.
“Information
isnot
knowledge.”
AlbertEinstein
“Facts.Teachtheseboysand
girlsnothingbutFacts.Facts
alonearewantedinlife.Plant
nothingelse,androotout
everythingelse.Youcanonly
formthemindsofreasoning
animalsuponFacts:nothing
elsewilleverbeofanyservice
tothem.”
ThomasGradgrind
CharlesDickens,HardTimes
‘Knowledgeislikeoxygen:itisvitallyimportant,
butweonlynoticeitwhenitisnotthere.’
E.D.Hirsch,Jr
‘Memoryistheresidueof
thought:weremember
whatwethinkhardabout.’
DanielWillingham‘Whydon’tstudentslikeschool’
ACTIVITY
Pleasecompletethe
mathsquestions
(ortheonlinetests!)
Whatisthesignificance
ofthisforourschemes
ofworkforbothKS4and
KS3?
KNOWLEDGE
ORGANISERS
KnowledgeOrganisersspecify
subjectknowledgeinmeticulous
detail
● Provideclarityforteachers
● LinktoLearningJourneys
● Excellentforrevision
3principlesfororganisingKnowledge
Organisers:
1. Beselective.Thekeyknowledgeshouldfit
ontoonepage.
2. Keytermsaredefined.Thisisnotalistof
keywordswithoutcontextwhichwouldbe
meaninglessforrevision
3. Informationisorganisedintomanageable
sub-sectionstoenhancerevision.
Organisersthen
becomeeasily
adaptableforquick
testsofknowledge
MULTIPLE
CHOICE
QUESTIONS
Multiplechoice
questionsarerarely
usedinlessons-why?
Often,weassociatemultiple
choicequestionswith:
● lowlevelsofchallenge
● lackofrigour
● ‘lowerorder’thinkingskills
● onlybeingusefulin‘fact
based’subjects
MCQarethebasisof
theUSEducation
system,from
elementaryto
Universitylevel
Thesystemisbasedonthe
ideasofEdHirschandhis
knowledgecurriculum.
Thisisnowbeingpushedinto
theUKreformedsystembythe
Government.
ManyUKexamboardsarenow
startingtoincludeMCQintheir
reformedexams
E.g.RE,Drama,Maths,Creative
Media
AneffectiveMCQis
essentiallyahinge
question- itallowsusto
measurewhetherthe
studentsarereadyfor
thenextstepintheir
learning
DylanWiliamdefinesthe
hingequestionasthat
whichdecideswhether
studentsarereadyto
moveon...
...hedescribesthisasthe
mostimportantdecision
thatateacherhasto
makeonaregularbasis...
...andwritinganeffective
oneasan“artform”.
MCQcantestwhetherthe
foundationknowledgeis
therebeforewemoveonto
thehigherorderskills
Wecannotstarttoevaluate,analyseetc
withoutthekeyknowledge.
Forexample,ifstudentsarestudying
AnimalFarm,withoutaknowledgeofwho
Stalin,HitlerandChurchillare,howcan
theystarttoanalysetheauthor’schoices?
However,theycanalsobe
usedtoassessthehigher
orderthinkingskills
MCQmakeassessmentmore
reliable:
● extendedessaysareeasyto
setbuthardtoassess
reliably
● multiplechoicequestions
arehardtosetbuteasyto
assess
Theycanbeextremely
rigorous
● inanopenendedquestion
therubricdefinestherigour
● inamultiplechoice
question,theoptionsdefine
therigour
Really effective
assessment combines
them both.
Howdowewritean
effectivemultiple
choicequestion?
Thedistractorsprovidethe
rigour-theycanbeusedto
weedoutmisconceptionsand
commonerrors
Theycandemandprecision
In which year did Charles
Dickens write ‘Oliver Twist’?
a. 1537
b. 1637
c. 1737
d. 1837
e. 1937
In which year did Charles
Dickens write ‘Oliver Twist’?
a. 1835
b. 1836
c. 1837
d. 1838
e. 1839
Which is more rigorous?
Why?
Questionswithmorethanone
correctanswerforcethe
studentstoconsiderevery
option,andpreventthe
likelihoodofguessing
WhatdotheauthorCharlesDickensandhis
characterOliverTwisthaveincommon?
a).Bothwereborninaworkhouse
b).Bothwereseparatedfromtheirparentsand
family
c).Bothwereputinprisonfordebt
d).Bothhadfamilieswhowereputinprisonfor
debt
e).Bothwereorphans
EffectiveMCQshould
demandthatstudents
thinkhard...
...thisfitswithProfessorRobert
Coe’ssimpletheoryoflearning:
learninghappenswhenyou
thinkhardaboutsubject
content
Studentsshouldbe
requiredtoapplytheir
knowledgeinorderto
answerthequestion
MCQallowusto
intervenequicklyand
effectively
GuidelinesforeffectiveMCQ:
● allanswersshouldbeplausible
● distractorsshouldbecommon
misconceptions
● thereshouldbemorethanonecorrect
answer
● studentsshouldnotbeabletoarriveat
thecorrectanswerthroughanincorrect
thoughtprocess
● theyshouldbehinge-stylequestions
ExamplesofMCQ
DesignaMCQbased
onthelearningjourney
orlearningobjective
thatyouhavebrought
TEACHMEET

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Tlc 2 knowledge and challenge

Editor's Notes

  1. In fact, knowledge is the basis of everything that we do. The knowledge is the foundation of all of the learning that takes place.
  2. Especially at KS4, but clearly we need to start preparing students at KS3 for what will happen to them as they move through school.
  3. We are also fighting against the idea of the ‘Google Generation’ - do they need to know it if they can just look it up?
  4. When you know the building blocks of grammar, it changes the way that you think about writing When you know your times tables, it changes the way that you think about maths
  5. That doesn’t mean that we simply deliver facts and information, or that we go back to an old fashioned method of delivering the curriculum
  6. We are still looking for active learning, for discussions, for group work etc
  7. Herman Ebbinghaus - Forgetting Curve
  8. The idea of this is that it highlights what we have forgotten - presumably we all knew this stuff once...
  9. Examples of maths and english curriculums - interleaving
  10. Discussion about what stops people using multiple choice questions
  11. Even the Ivy League Universities use MCQ for their entrance exams
  12. Ed Hirsch - 84 year old retired English Professor
  13. Dylan William definition of a hinge question - Do they know this well enough to move on? The hinge picture links to a video of DW talking about hinge questions, if you need it.
  14. Wiliam describes writing an effective multple choice question as an art form
  15. Wiliam describes writing an effective multple choice question as an art form
  16. Sometimes we move too quickly to the higher order skills as we consider them to be more important We need to be sure that they have the underlying knowledge to be able to access these skills.
  17. The misconception is that adding a zero does not impact on the mean - it does!
  18. All you need to know for the first is that he wrote in the 19th century. For the second you need to know the exact date it was written.
  19. Offer more than one correct answer
  20. Longer written assessments and exam style tests often suffer from a ‘lag’ - we get the information when it is too late to intervene. MCQ can come at a time when intervention will be more useful.