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凸的部分为皮丘         凸的部位为皮沟
(Ristae cutis)   (Sulci cutis)

                 凹的部位为皮沟
                 (Sulci cutis)
                 皮沟交叉为毛孔
                 (Hair pore)
                 皮丘顶点为汗孔
                 (Sweat pore)
•   圆型长柱状整齐排列。
•   活细胞
•   负责表皮细胞的更新。
•   基底细胞会夹杂黑色
    素细胞。
• 正常周期为28天。
• 代谢周期会随着年龄
  的增长、阳光的曝晒
  及环境的污染而延长。
• 老死细胞也会不断堆
  积,造成皮肤粗糙,
  没有光泽,肤色暗层。
• 圆型长柱状整齐排列。
• 活细胞
• 具有很强的有丝分裂
  (mitosis)能力,負责
  表皮细胞的更新。
• 基底细胞会夹杂黑色
  素细胞,默克细胞
  (merkel’s cell)
• 树突状细胞
• 可产生黑色素
• 1個黑色素细胞大约照顾40个
  细胞。
• 肤色在于黑色细胞的活性和突
  出,并不在数量。
• 4-8层多角形细胞组成。
• 活细胞
• 胞桥小体
  (desmosome)
• 细胞与细胞之间相互
  连接,有淋巴液在此
  流动,负责运送、补
  充营养。
• 具有捕捉和处理抗原
  的活性。
• 当一块皮肤受感染时,
  此细胞将识别、捕捉
  和处理微生物抗原,
  然后迁移到引流淋巴
  结的皮质的T细胞区域,
  并成熟成为专职性抗
  原提呈细胞(APC)。
• 是由2-4列透明颗粒形
  成的薄层。
• 正在死亡细胞。
• 呈碱性,在皮肤中引
  起重要的保护作用。
• 只有手掌和脚掌才有
  这一层构造。
• 死细胞
• 2-3层扁平透明细胞组
  成,含有角质蛋白。
• 能防止水分,电解质,
  和化学物质的通过。
角质层




• 由角质细胞构成
(keratinocyte)
• 是死细胞,没有细胞
  核,且细胞膜较厚。
80%角质蛋白
20%氨基酸,
尿酸,NMF等




    55%神经酰胺
    胆固醇
    游离脂肪酸
• 由皮脂腺分泌的皮脂和汗水混合形成皮脂
  膜,为弱酸性,(pH4.5-6.5左右)。
• 抑制某些细菌的生长。
• 防止表皮水分过度蒸发,防止毛发过度干
  燥脆弱,保持皮肤柔软。
                  皮脂
             汗水
• 位於真皮层内,呈囊状。
• 全身除了手掌,脚掌外,
  都有皮脂腺的分布。
• 分泌的皮脂是半固体,
  附在表皮和汗水形成薄
  膜。
• 男性荷尔蒙可使皮脂腺
  分泌增加。
• 呈波浪形起伏的乳头。
• 表皮与真皮相连之处。
• 毛细血管和末稍神经
  分布。
• 毛细血管提供99%的营
  养、氧气给基底层。
• 真皮层中的毛细血管
  并没有直接与表层中
  的基底母细胞相连。
• 基底母细胞吸收来自
  身体中营养、氧气,
  分裂子细胞,形成皮
  肤的新陈代谢。
• 真皮下层
• 富含脂肪细胞
• 具有保温和储存营养。
• 保护身体承受外来的
  撞击。
• 女性的皮下脂肪较厚。
• 毛囊是令毛发生长的
  皮肤细胞。
• 毛发可分为毛干,毛
  根,和毛球。
• 毛乳头是毛囊的最下
  端,有毛细血管和神
  经末梢。
•   毛囊 follicle
•   皮脂腺 sebaceous gland
•   汗腺 sweat gland
•   血管及淋巴 blood capillaries and lymph
    vessel
• 位於真皮层内,呈囊状。
• 全身除了手掌,脚掌外,
  都有皮脂腺的分布。
• 分泌的皮脂是半固体,
  附在表皮和汗水形成薄
  膜。
• 男性荷尔蒙可使皮脂腺
  分泌增加。
• 主要功能为控制体温,
  其次是排除废物。
• 依构造和位置:大汗
  腺,小汗腺
小汗腺 Eccrine sweat gland   大汗腺(頂漿腺) Apocrine sweat gland
位于真皮层,不伴随毛囊,笔直朝向皮肤        位于真皮层,导管开口于毛囊
表面
除了唇及外生殖道外,分布全身            分布于腋窝,乳晕,肚脐周围等

从胎儿时就开始发达                 从青春期时才开始成熟,到更年期会渐
                          渐萎缩
分泌物:99%水分,其余为盐类,乳酸,尿素     分泌物:稍带混浊的白色液体
等
• 身体的免疫系统
• 位于真皮层下方。
• 排毒,加速新陈代谢,
  增进抵抗力。
• 淋巴液是碱性液体,
  浸湿所有细胞组织。

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Tier 1 skin

Editor's Notes

  1. 皮肤保湿度够的话,皮肤纹理细致看起来光滑皮肤干的话,皮肤纹理明显
  2. 皮肤的厚度是真皮层最厚
  3. 当受到阳光紫外线刺激时,为了保护下面真皮层组织不受伤害,基底层细胞就会开始分泌黑色素来抵制。通常通过28天的新陈代谢,黑色素会随细胞形成角质脱落。但是黑色素产生之后,由于新陈代谢不顺利,再加上没有很好地予以保养,就容易产生色素沉着,形成色斑。
  4. 去角质产品:SL:Mild refiner exfoliant,total resurface creamIM:source pure :aroma peeling cream,aroma exfoliating gelCF:phytogommage,cell awakening cream,glycolicexfoliator,freshener rebalancingDr.Rimpler:Peelingcream,mask peel AHA,fruit acid concentrateIL:mild face peeling,Vitamina Retinol Vit E,AHA lifting serum
  5. 当受到阳光紫外线刺激时,为了保护下面真皮层组织不受伤害,基底层细胞就会开始分泌黑色素来抵制。通常通过28天的新陈代谢,黑色素会随细胞形成角质脱落。但是黑色素产生之后,由于新陈代谢不顺利,再加上没有很好地予以保养,就容易产生色素沉着,形成色斑。Basalkeratinocyte contain keratin 5 and 14,mutation in which result in inherited disease call epidermolysisbullosa simplex.Of the basal layer,10%stem cells,50% transient amplifying cell,40%postmitotic cellStem cells:slowly dividing cells,but under certain condition,such as wound healing or exposure to growth factor,they divide faster.Transient Amplifying cell:resposible for most of the cell division in basal layer and produce postmitotic cell.Postmitoticcells:undergo terminal differentiation and move superficially to become suprabasal cells that continue their upward migration to become granular cell and so on.
  6. 時時刻刻要防曬醫學研究中發現,一般人于18以前所受到的紫外線傷害是一生中的50-75%,因此如果從小就可以養成塗抹防曬的習慣,就能大大降低皮膚癌和產生皮膚病變的機會。
  7. 是表皮中最厚的一层,由下往上排列著4-8列由圆形至椭圆形的有棘细胞
  8. 通常, 在组织中的树突状细胞(如郎格罕细胞)具有捕捉和处理抗原的活性。但当树突状细胞到达次级淋巴组织,他们失去这些特性,同时获得活化naive(成熟且未分化)T细胞的能力。郎格罕细胞(Langerhans' cells,也译作郎格汉斯细胞、朗罕氏细胞、郎格罕氏细胞、蘭格罕細胞等)是一种不成熟的树突状细胞, 胞浆中包含大量柱状或球拍状的的颗粒,这些颗粒被称作伯贝克颗粒(Birbeck granules)。 当一块皮肤受感染时, 此处的郎格罕细胞将识别、捕捉和处理微生物抗原,然后迁移到引流淋巴结的皮质的T细胞区域,并成熟成为专职性抗原提呈细胞(APC)。通常, 在组织中的树突状细胞(如郎格罕细胞)具有捕捉和处理抗原的活性。但当树突状细胞到达次级淋巴组织,他们失去这些特性,同时获得活化naive(成熟且未分化)T细胞的能力。
  9. 另外,角质层与颗粒层之间存在一层天然屏障。由于角质层以上显酸性,颗粒层以下显碱性,酸碱平衡,也就是正、负电子平衡时,形成电子阻碍层。只要生命存在,皮肤就拥有这样的天然屏障。外界的异物最多只能进入到角质层。化妆品所谓的渗透及吸收,其实只是在皮肤最外表的角质层而已。
  10. Keratin filaments provide structural support.There are two type of keratin filaments:acidic(type 1-K10-20) and basic(type 2-K1-10),they work together to form keratin filaments.The SC is covered by a protein material call cell envelope, which aid in providing a barrier to water loss and prevent the absorption of unwanted materials.
  11. 『正常皮肤上常寄生各种细菌等微生物,但不致病,这靠机体的抵抗力及皮肤的完整结构和酸性膜等因素来维持,当这些因素破坏时,则细菌等微生物可侵入机体致病。所以,在我们给皮肤做完清洁工作之后要使用爽肤水的目的就是要恢复皮肤的ph值,让它保持在一个弱酸性的状态。』化妝水balance pH值:每天使用化妝水時,搭配化妝棉,第一步先擦拭全臉,之後再用化妝棉以逆毛孔的方式由下往上輕拍,協助化妝水中的保濕因子滲透肌膚,有助於細緻毛孔。
  12. 『所以为什么到冬季,手部皮肤会特别干燥,需要特效滋养霜和护手霜的特别护理。皮脂腺在眼周分布也很少,(你们有没有见过眼睛周围长粉刺、面疱的顾客啊?)所以眼部也需要特别保养,更何况,眼部周围的皮肤极薄,很容易产生细纹。』『正常皮肤上常寄生各种细菌等微生物,但不致病,这靠机体的抵抗力及皮肤的完整结构和酸性膜等因素来维持,当这些因素破坏时,则细菌等微生物可侵入机体致病。所以,在我们给皮肤做完清洁工作之后要使用爽肤水的目的就是要恢复皮肤的ph值,让它保持在一个弱酸性的状态。』
  13. 真皮层占皮肤的大部分,主要为结缔组织,内含胶原纤维,弹性纤维等纤维蛋白,与大量主成分为粘多糖体的基质,保持皮肤的张力及弹力。真皮层比表皮层厚(约9倍),可被分为乳头层与网状层。主要是由纤维芽母细胞、弹力纤维、胶原纤维等构成。另外还有汗腺、皮脂腺、毛细血管、淋巴管、神经组织、毛囊等,
  14. 毛乳头是毛囊的最下端,连。神经纤维末梢使毛囊具有感觉的功能,动脉和静脉毛细血管给毛囊提供血液。
  15. 『所以为什么到冬季,手部皮肤会特别干燥,需要特效滋养霜和护手霜的特别护理。皮脂腺在眼周分布也很少,(你们有没有见过眼睛周围长粉刺、面疱的顾客啊?)所以眼部也需要特别保养,更何况,眼部周围的皮肤极薄,很容易产生细纹。』『正常皮肤上常寄生各种细菌等微生物,但不致病,这靠机体的抵抗力及皮肤的完整结构和酸性膜等因素来维持,当这些因素破坏时,则细菌等微生物可侵入机体致病。所以,在我们给皮肤做完清洁工作之后要使用爽肤水的目的就是要恢复皮肤的ph值,让它保持在一个弱酸性的状态。』
  16. 血管:供给皮肤养分淋巴管:将体内的毒素排出(排毒作用)淋巴管的分布与血管平行,从全身各处往中央集中,在淋巴管集中处称淋巴结。淋巴密集处为颈部(neck),腋下(underarm),和鼠蹊部(groin)。
  17. 提供大量的水分,分解清除老化细胞并促成新陈代谢,更能吞噬外来细菌达到保护皮肤的功能。