This document summarizes a workshop on applying need-based transfers to large-scale problems like disasters. It discusses Keith Tidball's presentation on trees as symbols of resilience, rebirth and community recovery efforts after Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans. Tidball talked about how trees provided ecosystem services before the storm, and after became symbols of regeneration and memorialization, catalyzing community restoration work and virtuous cycles in the social-ecological system.
Trees and Rebirth: Resilience, Ritual and Symbol in Community‐based Urban Ref...Keith G. Tidball
The relationship between trees and rituals and symbols is well described in anthropology, from classics like Turner’s milk tree in The Forest of Symbolsto more recent explorations by Rival, Brosse, and others inThe Social Life of Trees.Trees often appear in life cycle rituals or are used as kinship models, and are frequently seen deployed as images of continuity and reproduction as contrasted to images of change and destruction. Current research in fields of horticultural therapy, natural resources management, city and regional planning, and social‐ecological system resilience also acknowledge both biophysical and cultural aspects to trees in urban contexts. Historically trees have held special symbolic significance to residents of New Orleans, contributing to identity and sense of place. This paper includes observations of how in the wake of Hurricane Katrina, trees as symbols have been observed to take on additional and more explicit meanings related to determination to recover from the disaster and demonstrate community resilience. Further, the paper describes the author’s observation of a kind of ritualizationof the act of planting trees, which may result in deepening individual and community commitment to demonstrating and enhancing New Orleans’s resilience.
Trees and Rebirth: Resilience, Ritual and Symbol in Community‐based Urban Ref...Keith G. Tidball
The relationship between trees and rituals and symbols is well described in anthropology, from classics like Turner’s milk tree in The Forest of Symbolsto more recent explorations by Rival, Brosse, and others inThe Social Life of Trees.Trees often appear in life cycle rituals or are used as kinship models, and are frequently seen deployed as images of continuity and reproduction as contrasted to images of change and destruction. Current research in fields of horticultural therapy, natural resources management, city and regional planning, and social‐ecological system resilience also acknowledge both biophysical and cultural aspects to trees in urban contexts. Historically trees have held special symbolic significance to residents of New Orleans, contributing to identity and sense of place. This paper includes observations of how in the wake of Hurricane Katrina, trees as symbols have been observed to take on additional and more explicit meanings related to determination to recover from the disaster and demonstrate community resilience. Further, the paper describes the author’s observation of a kind of ritualizationof the act of planting trees, which may result in deepening individual and community commitment to demonstrating and enhancing New Orleans’s resilience.
Slideshow of NYC's Garbage/Littering Scene--City now #1 "America's Dirtiest City" by TRAVEL+LEISURE, Sept. 2012. Presented at NECOPA Conference on Public Administration, John Jay College, October 2011.
Liminality and exclusion: Brazilian pickers and their relationships with Braz...UNDP Policy Centre
IPC-Ig Research Associate, Beatriz Magalhães, presents her research findings of her MA thesis about the rights of Brazilian pickers and their relationships with Brazilian society
Locating and Reordering Discourses - EnvironmentTeacher Arzadon
This paper explored the dynamics of inculcating environmental care discourses in a peri-urban village in the Philippines. The project involved mobilizing the whole village to revive its biologically dead river and implement waste segregation in every home. What environmental care discourses were found in the community and where did they come from? What representations did they create? How were they enacted and inculcated? To answer these questions, ethnography was employed along with deconstruction and critical discourse analysis. It was found that the state-led environmental care programs privileged techno-managerial and economic discourses, presented as expert knowledge belonging to scientific communities. The techno-managerial discourse normalized people as deficient and needy and the environment as an objectified helpless captive. Environmental care as an economic concern was about making money out of waste and providing lucrative profit to owners of waste-management businesses. Such discourse normalized people as consumers and potential recipients of loans for waste infrastructure projects. The village did not fully accept the state-led discourses and instead critically examined and melded them with their own discourse of environmental care -- spirituality-inspired and communitarian. The spirituality-inspired environmental discourse viewed environmental care as a battle between good and evil and learning is typified as a “conversion” process. Communitarian discourse cast environment as a nurturing place where people connect with their collective past. These endogenous discourses were inculcated and reproduced through compelling folklore and cultural symbols. The educative processes were informal, embedded in the daily activities in the village, mediated by unlikely teachers like garbage collectors and student volunteers. In the end, this study argues that environmental education is a critical and agentic process of navigating through multiple discourses. It is also process of identifying and locating endogenous discourses as the major point of departure.
Restoring Lives, Transforming Landscapes: The Green House Program at Rikers Island Jail
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
http://bit.ly/Imprints_2nd_Edition
The collection of essays presented in Landscape Imprints trace their origins to an international gathering of landscape architects and educators hosted by Clemson University’s Department of Landscape Architecture and the Council of Educators in Landscape Architecture in the fall of 2003 at CELA’s annual conference in Charleston, South Carolina.
For the reader, the second edition of twenty-two peer-reviewed essays presents a range of significant topical discourse on the landscape in the first decade of the 21st century by leading authors in the field of landscape architecture and landscape studies. Sustainability, globalization, gendered landscape, landscapes of power and race, technologically-mediated landscape, the geography of terrorism, learning environments, and post-ethnic landscapes offer a brief spectrum of the dialogue that runs through the collection’s five topical sections on culture, history, sustainability, technology, learning and the landscape.
Slideshow of NYC's Garbage/Littering Scene--City now #1 "America's Dirtiest City" by TRAVEL+LEISURE, Sept. 2012. Presented at NECOPA Conference on Public Administration, John Jay College, October 2011.
Liminality and exclusion: Brazilian pickers and their relationships with Braz...UNDP Policy Centre
IPC-Ig Research Associate, Beatriz Magalhães, presents her research findings of her MA thesis about the rights of Brazilian pickers and their relationships with Brazilian society
Locating and Reordering Discourses - EnvironmentTeacher Arzadon
This paper explored the dynamics of inculcating environmental care discourses in a peri-urban village in the Philippines. The project involved mobilizing the whole village to revive its biologically dead river and implement waste segregation in every home. What environmental care discourses were found in the community and where did they come from? What representations did they create? How were they enacted and inculcated? To answer these questions, ethnography was employed along with deconstruction and critical discourse analysis. It was found that the state-led environmental care programs privileged techno-managerial and economic discourses, presented as expert knowledge belonging to scientific communities. The techno-managerial discourse normalized people as deficient and needy and the environment as an objectified helpless captive. Environmental care as an economic concern was about making money out of waste and providing lucrative profit to owners of waste-management businesses. Such discourse normalized people as consumers and potential recipients of loans for waste infrastructure projects. The village did not fully accept the state-led discourses and instead critically examined and melded them with their own discourse of environmental care -- spirituality-inspired and communitarian. The spirituality-inspired environmental discourse viewed environmental care as a battle between good and evil and learning is typified as a “conversion” process. Communitarian discourse cast environment as a nurturing place where people connect with their collective past. These endogenous discourses were inculcated and reproduced through compelling folklore and cultural symbols. The educative processes were informal, embedded in the daily activities in the village, mediated by unlikely teachers like garbage collectors and student volunteers. In the end, this study argues that environmental education is a critical and agentic process of navigating through multiple discourses. It is also process of identifying and locating endogenous discourses as the major point of departure.
Restoring Lives, Transforming Landscapes: The Green House Program at Rikers Island Jail
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
http://bit.ly/Imprints_2nd_Edition
The collection of essays presented in Landscape Imprints trace their origins to an international gathering of landscape architects and educators hosted by Clemson University’s Department of Landscape Architecture and the Council of Educators in Landscape Architecture in the fall of 2003 at CELA’s annual conference in Charleston, South Carolina.
For the reader, the second edition of twenty-two peer-reviewed essays presents a range of significant topical discourse on the landscape in the first decade of the 21st century by leading authors in the field of landscape architecture and landscape studies. Sustainability, globalization, gendered landscape, landscapes of power and race, technologically-mediated landscape, the geography of terrorism, learning environments, and post-ethnic landscapes offer a brief spectrum of the dialogue that runs through the collection’s five topical sections on culture, history, sustainability, technology, learning and the landscape.
American Academy of Political and Social Science The .docxnettletondevon
American Academy of Political and Social Science
The Place of Nature in the City of Man
Author(s): Ian L. McHarg
Source: The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 352,
Urban Revival: Goals and Standards (Mar., 1964), pp. 1-12
Published by: Sage Publications, Inc. in association with the American Academy of
Political and Social Science
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1035408
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The Place of Nature in the City of Man
By IAN L. MCHARG
ABSTRACT: Unparalleled urban growth is pre-empting a
million acres of rural lands each year and transforming these
into the sad emblems of contemporary urbanism. In that
anarchy which constitutes urban growth, wherein the major
prevailing values are short-term economic determinism, the
image of nature is attributed little or no value. In existing
cities, the instincts of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century city
builders, reflected in the pattern of existing urban open space,
have been superseded by a modern process which disdains
nature and seems motivated by a belief in salvation through
stone alone. Yet there is a need and place for nature in the
city of man. An understanding of natural processes should be
reflected in the attribution of value to the constituents of these
natural processes. Such an understanding, reflected in city
building, will provide a major structure for urban and metro-
politan form, an environment capable of supporting physiolog-
ical man, and the basis for an art of city building which will
enhance life and reflect meaning, order, and purpose.
Ian L. McHarg, M.L.A., M.C.P., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, is Chairman of the
Department of Landscape Architecture and Professor of City Planning at the University
of Pennsylvania. He has a private practice in City Planning and Landscape Architecture
in partnership with Dr. David A. Wallace. His interest in the subject of values toward
nature and the physical environments which are their products has been reflected in
many articles, among them "Man and Environment," a chapter in The Urban Condition,
edited by Leonard Duhl, "The Ecology of the Ci.
Greening in the Red Zone - Valuing Community-based Ecological Restoration in ...Keith G. Tidball
Presentation given Oct 17, 2012
CUNY Center for Urban Environmental Reform
CUNY School of Law
2 Court Square
Long Island City, NY
11101
A presentation of the
New York City Urban Field Station
Quarterly Research Seminar Series
A partnership between the
USDA Forest Service
and
New York City Department of
Parks and Recreation
Museum Wall Label ExamplesMuseum Wall Label Student ExamplesBe.docxkendalfarrier
Museum Wall Label Examples
Museum Wall Label Student Examples
Below, please see a few examples of the kind of wall label you could write, along with formatting examples for Parts A, B, and C of the assignment.
· These are actual student examples and are not "perfect" in that they sometimes have grammatical or spelling errors, and ways to be improved.
· These should give you an idea of both the format and layout of the assignment but do not offer a one-size-fits-all approach that can be adapted for any artwork or imagery.
·
Instead, please use your imagination, critical thinking, and research skills to develop your own unique wall label and approach to your individual assignment.
Example #1
Part A:
· Artist: Zoumana Sane
· Title:
Mami Wata
· Date: c. 1987
· Medium: pigment, glass
· Collection of Herbert M. and Shelley Cole
Part B:
Mami Wata, also referred to as The Holy Virgin of the Sea, is a water spirit and in this
picture, she is illustrated as a snake charmer, however, in other types of artwork, she can also be
interpreted as a mermaid or a combination of a mermaid and snake charmer. Her name’s literal
translation is “Mother Water” in English pidgin throughout Africa. She is mostly worshipped
throughout many African countries such as Senegal, Tanzania, Togo, and many more. She is a
creation from many African tribes based off of their indigenous history and a fusion of other
religions such as Christianity, Hindu religion, and Muslim religion and then interpreted with
their current history to create a new goddess of worship. For many African people, she is a
symbol of cultural unity between Africans and foreigners in an effort to better understand their
culture. Depending on the culture, she can also be seen as a nurturing mother, a seductive
mistress, a healer in both physical and spiritual ailments, and many more. Due to this, she is not
only adored but many people also fear her immense power.
Part C: Works Consulted
· “Arts for Water Spirits in Africa and Its Diaspora: Mami Wata.”
Art of Being Tuareg: Sahara Nomads in a Modern World / National Museum of African Art, africa.si.edu/exhibits/mamiwata/intro.html.
· Carwile, Christey. "The Water Goddess in Igbo Cosmology: Ogbuide of Oguta Lake (review)."
African Studies Review, vol. 51 no. 3, 2008, pp. 172-173. Project MUSE, doi:10.1353/arw.0.0121
· Drewal, Henry John. “Performing the Other: Mami Wata Worship in Africa.” TDR (1988-), vol. 32, no. 2, 1988, pp. 160–185. JSTOR, JSTOR,
www.jstor.org/stable/1145857Links to an external site..
· Osinubi, Taiwo Adetunji. "Provincializing Slavery: Atlantic Economies in Flora Nwapa’s Efuru.
Research in African Literatures, vol. 45 no. 3, 2014, pp. 1-26. Project MUSE, muse.jhu.edu/article/555709.
Example #2
Part A: Artwork Information
· Artist: El Zeft
· Title: "Nefertiti in a Gas Mask"
· Date: 2012
· Medium: spray paint graffiti stencil.
Social Justice in Libraries, Archives and Museums Bibliography compiled by Rhiannon Myers for Information Services, Faculty of Information, University of Toronto. All rights reserved by Information Services. For more information, see http://www.ischool.utoronto.ca/collections/book-displays
Curation and Crisis: Curated Crisis ContentSophia B Liu
In a networked world, we are increasingly inundated with information from online data streams especially from the social web. Curation has increasingly become the buzzword for managing this problem of information overload in the digital age. However, the applications and interpretations of curation by social web users are varied and often stray away from traditional curator roles. I present seven types of curatorial activities (i.e. collecting, organizing, preserving, filtering, crafting a story, displaying, and facilitating discussions) based on the analysis of 100 web artifacts. I introduce the concept, socially-distributed curation, to emphasize the distributed nature of this curatorial process emerging from the social web. Lastly, I present seven case studies to illustrate preliminary examples of curated crisis content for four crises. These findings are to inform future designs and developments of crisis management tools that could benefit from curated crisis content.
Welcome to the public version of the course INDG 3015: Indigenous Ecological Ways of Knowing and the Academy, running through the Winter term at Carleton University in Ottawa, Canada. We are building on the success of the public version of INDG2015. Every week I will upload public versions of the course materials. You are welcome to join in and read along with whatever course texts you have the capacity to access throughout the term. You are welcome to share your reflections on the materials and concepts explored in the course using the hashtag #INDG3015 on Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram. I am so excited to have you join us as we explore Indigenous relationships to the environment
Reciprocity, Altruism, & Need-based Transfers as Potential Resilience Conferr...Keith G. Tidball
Kick-off talk for Disaster section of the Risk, Disasters, and Need-based Transfers Workshop hosted by the Human Generosity Project and the Decision Center for a Desert City, Arizona State University
Empire State of Mind - Origins of US Shotguns and the Waterfowl Conservation ...Keith G. Tidball
A historical tour through New York State from the 1850s thru 1950s where both the American SxS shotgun industry and the waterfowl conservation movement were born.
Climate Change Education through Cold-water Fisheries ExtensionKeith G. Tidball
Cold-Water Fisheries & Climate Change Education – Approaches to Adverse Audiences
Brook trout are the state fish of New York and are well-adapted to cold Adirondack waters. Healthy brook trout populations support our economy. New York freshwater fisheries contribute to more than 10,000 jobs and $2 billion of commerce each year. However, brook trout face a difficult future under climate change. Learn about efforts to develop educational programs and partnerships to productively engage with skeptical or even adverse audiences.
Climate Change Education through Cold-Water Fisheries Extension; Adirondack R...Keith G. Tidball
Climate change is an important and growing area of emphasis for Cornell University's College of Agriculture & Life Sciences and Cooperative Extension, but climate change education efforts must be integrated into existing areas of inquiry and outreach.
Within the area of natural resources conservation, aquatic environments and the fish that live within them are areas of intense scientific scrutiny and provide attractive and popular opportunities for extension education.
Processing, Preparing, and Presenting Fish and GameKeith G. Tidball
Instruction on why and how to include wild game and fish processing, preparing ,and presentation as an important guide skill and component of Intentionally Designed Therapeutic Outdoor Recreation Outings.
Principles of Therapeutic Recreation for WWIA GuidesKeith G. Tidball
Describes multiple pathways that participants in intentionally designed therapeutic outdoor recreation outings might select to meet their unique needs and goals for themselves.
The Chase as Therapy: Benefits of Hunting Programs as Reported by Veteran Par...Keith G. Tidball
A presentation on hunting as a beneficial intentionally designed therapeutic experience, based on field data collected with partner Wounded Warriors in Action Foundation
Overview of Keith Tidball's work in the area of therapeutic hunting and angling for veterans. Presented at the Trout Unlimited Veterans Service Partnerships Train the Trainer event held at Gaston's Lodge in Arkansas, Sept 2019.
Utilizing citizen science to identify, map and monitor wild brook trout genet...Keith G. Tidball
The majority of Brook Trout sampled by citizen scientists through Trout Power retain genetic structure consistent with native watershed geography, and offer valuable information in regards to landscape level diversity, gene flow, effective population size, and demographic viability for this species.
By adding to the increasing body of work elucidating Brook Trout genetic diversity across New York State, the work of Trout Power citizen scientists (and others) suggest that native Brook Trout ancestry in many wild Adirondack waters is likely not an exception, but the norm, leading to a broader discussion about the role of supplemental stocking, and the adaptive potential of this species.
The nexus of Trout Power Citizen Science motivations Investigation, Education, Action & Conservation merit further inquiry and present intriguing possibilities for engaged science in the Adirondacks and beyond.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Top 8 Strategies for Effective Sustainable Waste Management.pdfJhon Wick
Discover top strategies for effective sustainable waste management, including product removal and product destruction. Learn how to reduce, reuse, recycle, compost, implement waste segregation, and explore innovative technologies for a greener future.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Improving the Management of Peatlands and the Capacities of Stakeholders in I...
Tidball need-based giving & disaster 16jan2015
1. Need-based transfers in water management and
disaster recovery workshop
Hosted by the Human Generosity Project and the Decision Center for
a Desert City, Arizona State University
Applying need-based transfers to pressing
large-scale problems – what can we learn
from disasters?
Photo by David Kozlowski
Keith G. Tidball, Ph.D.
Department of Natural Resources
Cornell University
16 JAN 2015.
2. Caveats & Disclaimers – what you need to know…
Infantry Tidball
International Affairs Tidball
Academic Tidball
3. Trying to hang with the cool kids… my anthro DNA
Source: http://archives.wfpl.org/2008/09/04/religion-practicing-snake-handling-comes-under-scrutiny/
Tidball, K. G. and C. P. Toumey (2007). "Serpents, Sainthood, and Celebrity: Symbolic and Ritual Tensions in Appalachian Pentecostal Serpent Handling."
Journal of Religion and Popular Culture 17(Fall): http://www.usask.ca/relst/jrpc/art17-serpents-print.html
Tidball, K. G. and C. P. Toumey (2003). Signifying Serpents: Hermeneutic Change in Appalachian Pentecostal Serpent Handling. Signifying Serpents and
Mardi Gras Runners: Representing Identity in Selected Souths. C. Ray and L. E. Lassiter. Athens, Georgia, University of Georgia Press.
8. Trees as Social Objects in
Anthropology
“From its beginnings , anthropology has
concerned itself as much with the ways in
which natural processes are conceptualized
and the natural world classified, as with the
ways in which human societies interact with
their natural environments and use natural
resources.”
Laura Rival- The Social Life of Trees
9. Trees and Rebirth:
Resilience, Ritual and Symbol in Community-
based Urban Reforestation Recovery Efforts in
Post-Katrina New Orleans
Keith G. Tidball
Cornell University
Department of Natural Resources
American Anthropological Association Annual Meeting:
Philadelphia, PA USA
Dec 2009
Session: THE SOCIAL LIFE OF TREES: COMMUNITY RESILIENCE, COLLECTIVE ACTION
AND ENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIOR
“Scrap House” art installation by Sally Heller. Convention Center, NOLA.
Photo: Arts Council of New Orleans
10. Tree Symbolism in Anthropology
“…Trees are used symbolically to
make concrete and material the
abstract notion of life [and are]
… ideal supports for such
symbolic purpose precisely
because their status as living
organisms is ambiguous.”
Laura Rival- The Social Life of Trees
12. http://www.chicagotribune.com/travel/chi-new-orleans-0525_r_lmvmay25,0,4086594,full.story
On Tennessee Street, only trees
remained after the storm.
Residents now look to the trees as
a symbol of their neighborhood’s
endurance, and their street bustles
with new construction. In fact,
Tennessee offers a veritable
textbook example of construction
methodology.
American Apartment Owners Association Newsletter
http://www.american-apartment-owners-
association.org/blog/2009/02/02/three-years-after-
katrina-brad-pitt-still-rallies-in-new-orleans/
13.
14. Tidball, K. G. (2014). "Seeing the forest for the trees: hybridity and social-ecological symbols, rituals and
resilience in post-disaster contexts." Ecology and Society 19(4).
15.
16. Resilience is…
• Explanations for the source and role of
change in adaptive systems, particularly
the kinds of change that are transforming.
• Focused on social-ecological systems –
not simply linked or coupled systems of
people and nature, people IN nature
• Found at multiple scales, from the scale
of a farm or village, through communities,
regions, and nations to the globe.
Resilience - the ability to absorb disturbances, to be changed and then to re-organize
and still have the same identity. It includes the ability to learn from the disturbance.
Walker, B., C. S. Holling, S. R. Carpenter, and A. Kinzig. 2004. Resilience, adaptability and transformability in social–ecological systems. Ecology and Society 9(2): 5. [online] URL:
http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol9/iss2/art5
17. “…there will be social mechanisms behind management practices
based on local ecological knowledge, as evidence of a co-
evolutionary relationship between local institutions and the
ecosystem in which they are located.” Berkes & Folke 1998
“…systems that demonstrate resilience appear to have learned to
recognize feedback, and therefore possess mechanisms by which
information from the environment can be received, processed, and
interpreted.” Berkes & Folke 1998
Explore the means, or social mechanisms, that bring about the
conditions needed for adaptation in the face of disturbance (eg.
disaster and war) fundamental to social-ecological system resilience.
18. Trees Shaped Resilience before and
after Katrina
Before
• Ecosystem service provision
– cooling
– storm water mgmt
– air quality
– aesthetic & recreational
values
• Sense of place
– Well-being
– Social capital
– Links to SES resilience
After
• Actionable restoration target
• Symbol of regeneration,
rebirth, resilience
• Source of memory and
memorialization
• Basis for emergence of a
Community of Practice
• Catalyst for re-initiation of
virtuous cycles in social-
ecological system
19. WHAT INITIATES GREENING?
Urgent Biophilia
Positive Dependency
Memorialization
Mechanism
Social-Ecological
Symbols and Rituals
Tidball, KG. (2012). Urgent Biophilia: Human-Nature Interactions and Biological
Attractions in Disaster Resilience. Ecology and Society. 17(2).
Tidball, KG & RC Stedman. (2013). Positive Dependency and Virtuous Cycles:
From Resource Dependence to Resilience in Urban Social-Ecological Systems.
Ecological Economics. 86(0): 292-299.
Tidball, KG, ME Krasny, E Svendsen, L Campbell, & K Helphand. (2010).
Stewardship, Learning, and Memory in Disaster Resilience. “Resilience in
Social-Ecological Systems: the Role of Learning and Education,” Special Issue
of Environmental Education Research, 16(5): 341-357.
Tidball, KG (2014). Trees and Rebirth: Social-Ecological Symbols, Rituals and
Resilience in Post-Katrina New Orleans. In: Tidball and Krasny, Eds., Greening
in the Red Zone: Disaster, Resilience, and Community Greening. Springer
publishing.
20. Source of Memory & Memorialization
The 2002 "Restore the Oaks" art installation featured
30 local artists, each creating an original mural on the
outer freeway columns to memorialize the live oak
trees that once stood on either side of Claiborne
Avenue.
I am going to go further back (than Katrina)…We lost
something…we had these big majestic oaks that city planning
and everyone else saw fit to uproot. Along with those oaks we
had inherited businesses. So that’s the legacy that’s lost. So,
these trees (we are planting) might be a reminder of what we
lost, so that we don’t ever forget it and don’t let that happen to
us again, as well as kind of light a fire under us to ensure that we
won’t have to worry about a legacy being lost (due to Katrina)
(Treme community member and tree planter, January 19 2009).
21. Memorial tree examples are familiar…
Scythe Tree, Waterloo, NY
From a postcard
Survivor tree Nagasaki
Photo by: Meghan Deutscher
22. Memorial tree examples are familiar…
The Oklahoma City bombing “Survivor Tree”
Image from http://www.panoramio.com/photo/14637493
23. Memorial tree examples are familiar…
2001
The New York City 9/11 “Survivor Tree”
Spring 2009
Michael Browne/Parks Department David W. Dunlap/The New York Times
25. Tree memorials are “Living Memorials…
Because of the
overwhelming
desire to honor
and memorialize
the tragic losses
that occurred on
September 11,
2001 (9-11) the
United States
Congress asked
the USDA Forest
Service to create
the Living
Memorials
Project (LMP).
This initiative invokes the resonating power of trees to bring people
together and create lasting, living memorials to the victims of terrorism,
their families, communities, and the nation.
See USDA Forest Service Living Memorials Project www.livingmemorialsproject.net
26. How do others account for greening
activities in disaster and war?
LOCATION RED ZONE TYPE
Afghanistan Ongoing wars in the Middle East
Berlin, Germany Post-Cold War divisions
Charleston, South Carolina 1989 Hurricane Hugo
Cameroon and Chad Mid 2000’s civil unrest in Central Africa
Cyprus Demarcation between Greek and Turkish Cyprus
Europe 1940’s WW II Nazi internment camps
Guatemala Ongoing post-conflict insecurity
Iraq Ongoing wars in the Middle East
Johannesburg, South Africa Early 2000’s Soweto, Post-Apartheid violence
Kenya Early 2000’s Resource scarcity conflict
Liberia 1989- 2003 civil war
Madagascar Costal vulnerability
New Orleans, USA 2005 Hurricane Katrina
New York City, USA 2001 September 11th terrorist attacks
Rotterdam, Netherlands Ongoing urban insecurity
Port-au-Prince, Haiti 2010 earthquake
Russia Post-Soviet Cold War urban insecurity
Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina 1992-1996 conflict
South Korea Demilitarized Zone
South Korea 2002 Typhoon and coastal vulnerability
Stockholm, Sweden Urban insecurity in times of war
Tokyo and Hiroshima, Japan WW II bombings
United States WW II involvement
United States Violence and prison populations
Hurricane Katrina made landfall in New Orleans on August 29th, 2005. New Orleans endured weeks of inundation and devastation, and months of disorganized efforts to recover from the disaster. Despite the media reports portraying New Orleans as paralyzed and helpless, or even worse descending into chaos, ordinary citizens were observed planting and caring for trees in neighborhoods across the city. In the four years since the hurricane, three local NGOs, Parkway Partners, Hike for KaTREEna, and Replant New Orleans, have worked with community volunteers and government agencies to plant over 6000 trees in hard hit areas. Interviews I conducted with volunteers in the devastated 9th Ward neighborhood and with leaders of New Orleans NGOs have revealed how trees mattered to people’s ability to survive the storm, and how replanting trees was critical in bolstering people’s resolve to rebuild their lives and their city in the wake of the disaster. Residents also spoke of their memories of the live oaks and other trees that had been symbolic of New Orleans as a place to live, and now have become a symbol of hope for re-growth of the city and of their lives.
Frazer was among the first to devote significant effort to understanding the symbolic use of trees by humans. Other important figures in the field of anthropology, such as Victor Turner, have also explored trees in symbol and ritual.
“…Trees are used symbolically to make concrete and material the abstract notion of life [and are] … ideal supports for such symbolic purpose precisely because their status as living organisms is ambiguous.” Laura Rival
Trees as symbols are employed in multiple ways, as Rival catalogs; to depict life cycle rituals, to make sense of the human body, to visualize kinship, and to express solidarity, continuity and vitality of a community, among others. It is this last expression I am going to focus on today, how the symbolic elements of tree presence and tree planting contributes to the solidarity, continuity, vitality, and I would add, resilience, of a community.
Claiborne Avenue runs through the Treme neighborhood, which was first developed in the early nineteenth century. Historically, Claiborne Avenue boasted a wide “neutral ground” which was lined with old and stately live oak trees, and the public green space is said to have been used as a community gathering place for the area's mostly African-American residents. The Claiborne intersection at Orleans Avenue, in the heart of Treme, remains an important meeting ground for the Mardi Gras Indians (Lipsitz 1988), groups of African-American men who have adapted traditions and dress of 19th century Plains Indians to further awareness of race and class inequity in New Orleans (Roach 1992). Historically, the Treme stretch of Claiborne was primarily commercial, with residential neighborhoods throughout the surrounding blocks, and thus was an important African-American shopping area. The history of the Treme neighborhood is well described on the Greater New Orleans Community Data Center Pre-Katrina Archives website, and the history of Claiborne Avenue is described in detail in Campanella (2002).
The construction of Highway 10 through the Treme neighborhood as an elevated freeway above the oldest section of Claiborne Avenue in the late 1960s is widely thought to be one of the most, if not the most, controversial development in the history of New Orleans. Though the original design called for the highway to be built along the river through the French Quarter, a successful campaign was organized by residents of the French Quarter and preservationists to reroute the highway. The width of Claiborne Avenue provided an alternate convenient route for construction. The opposition of the residents of Treme was insufficient to stop the project. After construction, poorly lit cement parking lots under the freeway replaced the grassy neutral ground, and concrete supports for the highway replaced the old oak trees, drastically and permanently changing the streetscape. It is thought that the construction of the overpass was related to the overall decline of the Treme neighborhood in the 60's and 70's (Rogers 2009).
After Katrina in 2005, residents of the Treme neighborhood urgently and vigorously began planting trees. During interviews conducted by the first author (Tidball) with members of the New Orleans post-Katrina tree planting group in Treme, who were in the midst of planting on a street close to the freeway, it became clear that memories of the Claiborne Avenue highway development and subsequent loss of trees and neighborhood function were playing a large role in present day post-Katrina actions.
A community elder recounted:
I am going to go further back (than Katrina)…We lost something…we had these big majestic oaks that city planning and everyone else saw fit to uproot. Along with those oaks we had inherited businesses. So that’s the legacy that’s lost. So, these trees (we are planting) might be a reminder of what we lost, so that we don’t ever forget it and don’t let that happen to us again, as well as kind of light a fire under us to ensure that we won’t have to worry about a legacy being lost (due to Katrina) (Treme community member and tree planter, January 19 2009).
Another community elder related:
We remember, just about five short blocks from here, we have Claiborne Avenue, which was a beautiful corridor of oak trees that, it’s unfortunate, but the government came through with the interstate, and they knocked all the trees down…it destroyed the neighborhood; by destroying two hundred or three hundred year old trees, they destroyed the neighborhood. We need to do the opposite of that (Treme community leader and tree planter, January 19, 2009).
So where else might we see hints of this phenomenon?