1. Incorporation of Japanese Best
Practices in Forestry into the
Kenyan Forestry System
Name: *Birundu Abednego Osindi
Supervisor: **Associate Professor Yasushi Suzuki
Co-supervisor: ** Professor Jun’ichi Gotou
*Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Kochi
University (AAP Program)
**Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi
University
08/04/2016 1Masters Thesis presented for the partial fulfillment of a degree in Masters in Agriculture

2. Contents
Part 2:
Forest and biomass policies in Kenya and Japan
Conclusions and recommendations
08/04/2016 2
Part 1:
Introduction
Part 3:
Feasibility of mechanized logging in Kenya
Conclusions and recommendations

3. 08/04/2016 3
44 million
•80% dependency on
forestry for energy
127 million
•Most depend on electric
sources of energy
Source: National Geographic
http://prepperscore.nationalgeographic.com/media/images/ddp-population.png
7 %
•Kenyan Constitution-
10%
67 %
•Global requirement of
10 % (CBD COP 9)
KENYA JAPAN
Source: Green Eternity
http://www.greenternity.com/assets/OAK.png
Forests- integral role in daily life
Need for conservation and management
Part 1: Introduction
Both countries exhibit forms of forest and forest product
utilization
Need to investigate the comparative advantage of Japan

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Part 2: Forest and biomass policies in Kenya and Japan
Materials and methods
Secondary sources of data:
Governmental Institutions in
Kenyan and Japan
Journals
Corporate organizations
Primary sources of data:
Field visits to assess the situation
of policy implementations and
enforcement
SWOT analysis: to determine
applicability of the observations in
Kenya
Comparative analysis of both
Kenyan and Japanese forest
policies

5. 08/04/2016 5
Results and discussion
I. History of forestry and forest policies
Period Japan Kenya Comment
1890s
-First forest policy
(1897)
- -No forest policies in
Kenya yet
1900-
1950
-Silviculture and
forest cooperative
policies
-Reforestation and
afforestation
-First forestry department
-Introduction of exotic tree
species (e.g. eucalyptus)
-Natural forests cleared
in Kenya
-Forest policies yet to
be in place in Kenya
1950-
2000
-Forestry law (1951)
-Continued
afforestation
-Introduction of
thinning policies
-First forest policy (1957)
Shamba system policy
(1968)
-Forest decentralization and
community participation
-Focus on increasing
forest cover and
conservation in Japan
-Less efforts to promote
Kenyan forest cover
2000-
present
-Continued policy
revision and
implementation
-Lowest forest cover in 2001
(0.98 %)
-Forest Act of 2005
-Increase in forest cover
(currently 7%)
-Major impact of the
Kenyan Forest Act 2005
-Positive impact of
policies on Kenyan
forestry

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6
Natural
Forests
95%
Plantat
ion
Forests
5%
Plantati
on
Forests
41%
Natural
Forests
54%
Others
5%
Source: KFS (2013)
Source: Japan FAO Association (1994)
II. Impact of forest policies on Japanese forestry
A. Plantation forestry and management
B. Biomass utilization and technologies
ii. Biomass training and
collection centers
ii. Biomass plants
KenyaJapan

7. 08/04/2016 7
III. SWOT analysis of Kenyan biomass industry
(FAO 1990)
Strengths
•Introduction of energy
saving stoves (efficiency)
•Investment in research
(KEFRI)
Opportunities
•Presence of funding (e.g.
from JICA)
•Readily available man
power
•Locally available
resources
Threats
•Rapid population growth
•Low forest cover
•Poor governance caused
by corruption and other
malpractices
Weaknesses
•Policy gaps
•Little policy
implementation
•Low energy conversion
rates (10-15%)
Internal
Environment
External
Environment

8. IV. Non –policy factors that can enhance the
development of Kenyan Forestry
Source: KNBS (2013)
Presence of non-wood energy substitutes were key to forest growth in Japan
Electricity installation has risen by 34% since 2004-2012
Ongoing renewable energy projects
A. Non-wood substitutes
0
500
1000
1500
2000
Megawatts(MW)
Year
source: Energy Regulatory Commission, Kenya.

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B. Continued economic development
Kenya was the 3rd fastest growing
economy in the world in 2015
Among top 10 middle-income
countries in Africa
Outcome= improved livelihood, forest
funding and subsidies in the future
Source: Kenya Vision 2030
Source: Robinson J. (2015).
Kenya

10. Conclusions and recommendations
(of part 2)
08/04/2016 10
Thorough policy formulations and implementations have helped
develop Japanese forestry, especially in establishment of well-
managed plantation forests, forestry technologies, and
commercialization of its forests.
Necessary adjustments should be made to the Kenyan forestry
policies, especially silviculture, plantation establishment and
commercialization of forests and forestry products.

11. 08/04/2016 11
Part 3: Feasibility of mechanized logging in Kenya
Introduction
Source: Takimoto and Yovi (2003)
Manual tree harvesting in Kenya; chain saw felling and
transportation by human labour
Less costly, but more low productivity
Mechanized logging more costly, but high productivity
Assessing the feasibility of small-scale mechanized
systems in Kenya’s logging operations

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Research Methodology
Small-scale logging sites:
1) Mr. Okamoto private
forest (October 2015)
2) Kochi Prefectural Forest
Technology Centre (May
2016)
Mini-forwarder
Data Obtained
Time study of work elements
Log volumes
Machinery and labor hourly
costs
Manual logging productivity
Equations derived to calculate productivity and costs of manual
and mini-forwarder logging systems

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Mini-forwarder set up in the field
Rigging up
Rigging down
Carriage
Winch
Forwarding

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0 100 200 300 400 500
Site 1
Site 2
Average cycle time (s)
Sites
Move Empty
Lateral Empty
Hooking
Lateral Loaded
Move Loaded
Offloading
Maneuver
Others
I. Average cycle times and productivity
Results and discussion
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
0 20 40 60
Productivity(m3/crewhour)
Main Logging Distance, x1 (m)
Vhi1
Vav1
Vlo1
Vhi2
Vav2
Vlo2
Vhi3
Vav3
Vlo3
Vhi, Vav, Vlo=ranges of mini-forwarder volumes
1,2 and 3=0m, 10m, 20m, lateral logging
distances, x2, respectively
Site 1= Mr. Okamoto forests(17 cycles recorded)
Site 2=Kochi Prefectural Forest Technology Center
(3 cycles recorded)
Regression equations of the field data were obtained and combined with other
formula to calculate the productivity and costs of various logging operations
Productivity for manual logging was obtained from Umeda et. al (1982)

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II. Operational efficiency of mechanized and manual
Logging
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 2 4 6 8 10
TotalResultantCost(USD/m3)
Labor Cost (USD/ Person-hour)
Mini-forwarder Manual
Intersection Point
At current Kenyan labor cost
of 0.6 USD/person-hour,
resultant costs for manual and
mini-forwarder are 14.8 USD/m3
and 36.5 USD/m3
Resultant cost= cost incurred per operation
B. Relationship between labor cost and resultant cost

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z (resultant cost)= x/y
At a labor cost of 5.8
USD/person-hour, resultant
cost for both systems is equal
at 51.3 USD/m3
In both labor cost values,
mini-forwarder productivity
(0.52 m3/crew hour) is higher
than that of manual logging
(0.14 m3/crew hour)
B. Relationship between costs and productivity of the two
systems
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0 10 20 30
Manual
Mini-forwarder
Series2
Hourly cost x (USD/crew-hour)
Productivityy(m3/crew-hour)
z = 51.3
z = 40 USD/m3z = 10 z = 20
z = 80
A
B

17. Conclusions and recommendations
(of part 3)
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Manual logging is still the most feasible logging method in Kenya,
but as the economy grows, it will be favorable to adopt small-scale
mechanized logging such as mini-forwarders in its forestry.
There should be further studies to propose possible adjustments
that can be made to such logging systems before they are
introduced into Kenyan forestry.
General conclusion: The future of Kenyan forests looks promising if
the above findings and recommendations are effectively put into
practice.

18. 12/04/2015 18
Thank You
ありがとうございます