past perfect tense

3. FORM
Subject
Auxiliary
verb
Main verb
+ I had finished my work.
+ You had stopped before me.
- She had not gone to school.
- We had not left.
? Had you arrived?
? Had they eaten dinner?

4. Past Perfect Tense
• expresses action in the past before another
action in the past  past in the past.
EXAMPLE :
• The train left at 9am. We arrived at 9.15am.
 When we arrived, the train had (already)
left.

5. Sequence of events
Past Perfect Simple Timeline
FIRST ACTION SECOND ACTION

6. Examples:
The Titanic had received many warnings before it hit the
iceberg.
I had already written my report when my friend stopped
by to visit.
had received
had written
it hit
my friend stopped by

7. USE:
• To talk about a past action that ended before another action or
time in the past, we use before and after & simple past.
The lecutre had started before we arrived
• We also use the past perfect to show the cause of a past action.
I was tired on Monday because I hadn’t slept well the night before.
• With time expressions such as when, after, before, as soon as, by
the time, by and until
By the time I got home, my brother had already left.

8. The key words of Past Perfect
After
As soon as , Past Simple
{Past Perfect}
Before
By the time {Past Simple}, Past
Perfect

9. AFTER vs. BEFORE:
After he had finished
the meeting , he made a
telephone call.
Before he made a telephone
call , he had finished the
meeting.
OR

10. Make similar sentences using after and before.
Finish learning - go out
After I had finished learning, I went out.
Before I went out, I had finished learning.

11. Make similar sentences using
by the time and as soon as.
go to the faculty - read
By the time I went to the faculty,I had read an
interesting book.
As soon as I had read an interesting book, I
went to the faculty.