THEORY OF COST
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1. The document discusses different types of costs including explicit costs, implicit costs, total costs, variable costs, fixed costs, marginal costs, average costs, and opportunity costs. 2. It also discusses the relationships between total costs, variable costs, and fixed costs. Marginal cost is defined as the change in total cost from a one unit change in quantity produced. 3. The document presents information from several students on topics like cost curves, average costs, demand in the short run vs long run, and the differences between short run and long run.
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The document defines different types of costs including total fixed cost, total variable cost, total cost, average fixed cost, average variable cost, average cost, and marginal cost. It provides examples of costs that are fixed (rent, insurance, salaries) versus variable (direct labor, energy, raw materials). It also discusses cost estimation and different models used for cost estimation like the learning curve model, segmenting model, per unit model, cost index model, power sizing model, and break even quantity model.
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here is the ppt on the topic for cost concept and its related outputs
consist of graphs and some info pics.
COST CONCEPT.pptx
The document defines different types of costs including total fixed cost, total variable cost, total cost, average fixed cost, average variable cost, average cost, and marginal cost. It provides examples of costs that are fixed (rent, insurance, salaries) versus variable (direct labor, energy, raw materials). It also discusses cost estimation and different models used for cost estimation like the learning curve model, segmenting model, per unit model, cost index model, power sizing model, and break even quantity model.
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The document discusses different cost theories including money cost, real cost, opportunity cost, fixed costs, variable costs, total costs, marginal costs, average costs, and break-even analysis. It defines these terms and concepts and provides examples to illustrate cost-output relationships. The key points are that there are three types of costs - money, real, and opportunity costs. Total cost is the sum of fixed and variable costs, and break-even point is the level of output where total revenue equals total costs.
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The document discusses different types of costs including:
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Cost of Production (10-1-22)-student notes (2).pdf
Okay, let me break this down step-by-step:
* Explicit costs:
** Labor costs: $12,000
** Rent: $5,000
** Materials: $20,000
* Total explicit costs = $12,000 + $5,000 + $20,000 = $37,000
* Implicit costs:
** Opportunity cost of capital = $4,000
** Mooez's salary as potter = $15,000
** Value of Mooez's entrepreneurial talents = $3,000
* Total implicit costs = $4,000 + $15,000 + $3,000 = $22,000
* Total costs
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The document discusses various cost concepts in economics including:
- Opportunity cost is the next best alternative use of a resource.
- Accounting costs include explicit payments, while economic costs also include implicit opportunity costs.
- Total, average, and marginal costs are defined for both the short-run and long-run. In the short-run some costs are fixed while in the long-run all costs are variable.
- Cost curves like AVC, ATC, and MC are U-shaped based on the law of diminishing returns in production. Minimum efficient scale is where long-run average costs are minimized.
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The document discusses different types of costs in production including:
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2. Money costs include expenses like materials, wages, machinery, depreciation, interest, and profit. Real costs refer to the efforts and sacrifices of producers.
3. Opportunity cost is the next best alternative forgone in producing a good. For a farmer, it is the output of potatoes not produced by using resources for wheat.
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This document discusses different types of costs in production including:
1) Total costs include all costs of production and increase as output increases.
2) Marginal costs refer to the change in total costs from producing one additional unit of output.
3) In the short run, average costs first decrease as efficiency improves but eventually increase as higher-cost production methods are utilized.
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The document discusses key concepts related to consumption functions, including:
1) Consumption depends mainly on current income but is also influenced by other factors like interest rates and wealth. As income rises, consumption increases at a lower rate due to savings.
2) Average Propensity to Consume (APC) and Marginal Propensity to Consume (MPC) measure the relationship between consumption and income. APC is the ratio of total consumption to total income, while MPC is the change in consumption over a change in income.
3) Effective demand, the combination of consumption and investment demand, must remain high to maintain employment levels. Investment demand depends on the marginal efficiency of capital (MEC).
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Okay, let me break this down step-by-step:
* Explicit costs:
** Labor costs: $12,000
** Rent: $5,000
** Materials: $20,000
* Total explicit costs = $12,000 + $5,000 + $20,000 = $37,000
* Implicit costs:
** Opportunity cost of capital = $4,000
** Mooez's salary as potter = $15,000
** Value of Mooez's entrepreneurial talents = $3,000
* Total implicit costs = $4,000 + $15,000 + $3,000 = $22,000
* Total costs
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- Opportunity cost is the next best alternative use of a resource.
- Accounting costs include explicit payments, while economic costs also include implicit opportunity costs.
- Total, average, and marginal costs are defined for both the short-run and long-run. In the short-run some costs are fixed while in the long-run all costs are variable.
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1) Consumption depends mainly on current income but is also influenced by other factors like interest rates and wealth. As income rises, consumption increases at a lower rate due to savings.
2) Average Propensity to Consume (APC) and Marginal Propensity to Consume (MPC) measure the relationship between consumption and income. APC is the ratio of total consumption to total income, while MPC is the change in consumption over a change in income.
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◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Solution Manual For Financial Accounting, 8th Canadian Edition 2024, by Libby...
Solution Manual For Financial Accounting, 8th Canadian Edition 2024, by Libby, Hodge, Verified Chapters 1 - 13, Complete Newest Version Solution Manual For Financial Accounting, 8th Canadian Edition by Libby, Hodge, Verified Chapters 1 - 13, Complete Newest Version Solution Manual For Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Pdf Chapters Download Stuvia Solution Manual For Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Solution Manual For Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Pdf Solution Manual For Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Pdf Chapters Download Stuvia Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Pdf Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Pdf Download Stuvia
OAT_RI_Ep20 WeighingTheRisks_May24_Trade Wars.pptx
How will new technology fields affect economic trade?
一比一原版美国新罕布什尔大学(unh)毕业证学历认证真实可查
永久可查学历认证【微信：A575476】【美国新罕布什尔大学(unh)毕业证成绩单Offer】【微信：A575476】（留信学历认证永久存档查询）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信：A575476】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信：A575476】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
What's a worker’s market? Job quality and labour market tightness
What's a worker’s market? Job quality and labour market tightnessLabour Market Information Council | Conseil de l’information sur le marché du travail
In a tight labour market, job-seekers gain bargaining power and leverage it into greater job quality—at least, that’s the conventional wisdom.
Michael, LMIC Economist, presented findings that reveal a weakened relationship between labour market tightness and job quality indicators following the pandemic. Labour market tightness coincided with growth in real wages for only a portion of workers: those in low-wage jobs requiring little education. Several factors—including labour market composition, worker and employer behaviour, and labour market practices—have contributed to the absence of worker benefits. These will be investigated further in future work.BONKMILLON Unleashes Its Bonkers Potential on Solana.pdf
Introducing BONKMILLON - The Most Bonkers Meme Coin Yet
Let's be real for a second – the world of meme coins can feel like a bit of a circus at times. Every other day, there's a new token promising to take you "to the moon" or offering some groundbreaking utility that'll change the game forever. But how many of them actually deliver on that hype?
Who Is Abhay Bhutada, MD of Poonawalla Fincorp
Abhay Bhutada, the Managing Director of Poonawalla Fincorp Limited, is an accomplished leader with over 15 years of experience in commercial and retail lending. A Qualified Chartered Accountant, he has been pivotal in leveraging technology to enhance financial services. Starting his career at Bank of India, he later founded TAB Capital Limited and co-founded Poonawalla Finance Private Limited, emphasizing digital lending. Under his leadership, Poonawalla Fincorp achieved a 'AAA' credit rating, integrating acquisitions and emphasizing corporate governance. Actively involved in industry forums and CSR initiatives, Abhay has been recognized with awards like "Young Entrepreneur of India 2017" and "40 under 40 Most Influential Leader for 2020-21." Personally, he values mindfulness, enjoys gardening, yoga, and sees every day as an opportunity for growth and improvement.
一比一原版(IC毕业证)帝国理工大学毕业证如何办理
IC毕业证文凭证书【微信95270640】一比一伪造帝国理工大学文凭@假冒IC毕业证成绩单+Q微信95270640办理IC学位证书@仿造IC毕业文凭证书@购买帝国理工大学毕业证成绩单IC真实使馆认证/真实留信认证回国人员证明
如果您是以下情况，我们都能竭诚为您解决实际问题：【公司采用定金+余款的付款流程，以最大化保障您的利益，让您放心无忧】
1、在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业，拿不到官方毕业证+微信95270640
2、面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到帝国理工大学帝国理工大学毕业证学历书；
3、不清楚流程以及材料该如何准备帝国理工大学帝国理工大学毕业证学历书；
4、回国时间很长，忘记办理；
5、回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
6、企事业单位必须要求办理的；
面向美国乔治城大学毕业留学生提供以下服务:
【★帝国理工大学帝国理工大学毕业证学历书毕业证、成绩单等全套材料，从防伪到印刷，从水印到钢印烫金，与学校100%相同】
【★真实使馆认证（留学人员回国证明），使馆存档可通过大使馆查询确认】
【★真实教育部认证，教育部存档，教育部留服网站可查】
【★真实留信认证，留信网入库存档，可查帝国理工大学帝国理工大学毕业证学历书】
我们从事工作十余年的有着丰富经验的业务顾问，熟悉海外各国大学的学制及教育体系，并且以挂科生解决毕业材料不全问题为基础，为客户量身定制1对1方案，未能毕业的回国留学生成功搭建回国顺利发展所需的桥梁。我们一直努力以高品质的教育为起点，以诚信、专业、高效、创新作为一切的行动宗旨，始终把“诚信为主、质量为本、客户第一”作为我们全部工作的出发点和归宿点。同时为海内外留学生提供大学毕业证购买、补办成绩单及各类分数修改等服务；归国认证方面，提供《留信网入库》申请、《国外学历学位认证》申请以及真实学籍办理等服务，帮助众多莘莘学子实现了一个又一个梦想。
专业服务，请勿犹豫联系我
如果您真实毕业回国，对于学历认证无从下手，请联系我，我们免费帮您递交
诚招代理：本公司诚聘当地代理人员，如果你有业余时间，或者你有同学朋友需要，有兴趣就请联系我
你赢我赢，共创双赢
你做代理，可以帮助帝国理工大学同学朋友
你做代理，可以拯救帝国理工大学失足青年
你做代理，可以挽救帝国理工大学一个个人才
你做代理，你将是别人人生帝国理工大学的转折点
你做代理，可以改变自己，改变他人，给他人和自己一个机会美景更增添一份性感夹杂着一份纯洁的妖娆毫无违和感实在给人带来一份悠然幸福的心情如果说现在的审美已经断然拒绝了无声的话那么在树林间飞掠而过的小鸟叽叽咋咋的叫声是否就是这最后的点睛之笔悠然走在林间的小路上宁静与清香一丝丝的盛夏气息吸入身体昔日生活里的繁忙与焦躁早已淡然无存心中满是悠然清淡的芳菲身体不由的轻松脚步也感到无比的轻快走出这盘栾交错的小道眼前是连绵不绝的山峦浩荡天地间大自然毫无吝啬的展现它的达
Pensions and housing - Pensions PlayPen - 4 June 2024 v3 (1).pdf
Wayhome's analysis of the UK market and how pension schemes can help solve the problems it presents younger people
An Overview of the Prosocial dHEDGE Vault works
How the prosocial dHEDGE earns you money while saving the world!
2. Elemental Economics - Mineral demand.pdf
After this second you should be able to: Explain the main determinants of demand for any mineral product, and their relative importance; recognise and explain how demand for any product is likely to change with economic activity; recognise and explain the roles of technology and relative prices in influencing demand; be able to explain the differences between the rates of growth of demand for different products.
Who Is the Largest Producer of Soybean in India Now.pdf
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THEORY OF COST
- 3. EXPLICIT COST. It is the paid-out cost. It means payments made for the productive resources purchased. IMPLICIT COST. It is the cost of self-owned resources such as salary of proprietor MD.KAMRUL HASSAN TUHIN 11706005 COST EXPENSE
- 5. MD TAHRIM AHMED 11706009 MARGINAL COST CHANGES IN THE TOTAL COST RESULTING FROM THE UNIT CHANGE IN THE QUANTITY PRODUCED. MC=Change in Q/Change in TC. CHARACTERI STICS OF MARGINAL COST CLASSIFICATION INTO FIXED COST AND VARIABLE COST VALUATION OF STOCK PROFITABILA TY DETERMINATI ON OF PRICE
- 6. AVERAG E COST 1.Average fixed cost. 2.Average variable cost. 3.Average total cost.
- 7. RAJU AHAMMED 11706006 1. • TOTAL COST 2. • VARIABLE COST 3. • FIXED COST RELATIONSHIP AMONG
- 8. MUSTAFIZUR RAHMAN AMAN 11706041 OPPORTUNITY COST/LOSS OPPORTUNITY GAIN WHEN THE BENEFIT ACQUIRED FROM THE CURRENT EQUIPMENT OF THE RESOURCES IS LESS THAN FROM ITS BEST ALTERNATIVE USE IS CALLED OPPORTUNITY LOSS WHEN THE BENEFIT ACQUIRED FROM THE CURRENT EQUIPMENT OF THE RESOURCES IS GREATER THAN FROM ITS BEST ALTERNATIVE USE IS CALLED OPPORTUNITY GAIN
- 9. MD NURUDDIN 11706043 AVERAGE TOTAL COST Average total cost is the sum of all the production costs divided by the number of units produced
- 10. MD MIRAZ KHALIFA 11706032 AVERAGE FIXED COST AVERAGE VARIABLE COST Average fixed cost (AFC) is the fixed costs of production (FC) divided by the quantity (Q) of output produced. Average variable cost (AVC) is the variable costs of production (VC) divided by the quantity (Q) of output produced.
- 12. MONTASIR RIDOY 11706053 LRAC CURVE ENVELOP CURVE U-SHAPED CURVE OPTIMUM SCALE OF POINT LEAST COST OF PRODUCING TANGENT CURVE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF LRAC CURVE
- 13. ABU BAKR SIDDIQ 11706051 DERIVATION OF LRAC CURVE FROM SRAC CURVE
- 14. NILOY CHANDRA SAHA 11706042 DIFFERENCE BETWWEN SHORT RUN & LONG RUN COST CURVE SHORT RUN LONG RUN SHORT RUN DEMAND IS THE DEMAND WITH ITS IMMEDIATE REACTION TO PRICE CHANGES,INC OME FLUCTUATIONS SO ON LONG RUN DEMAN IS THE DEMAND WHICH WILL ULTIMATELY EXIST AS A RESULT OF THE CHANGES IN PRICING , PROMOTION OR PRODUCT IMPROVEMENT
- 15. DIFFERENC ES SHORT RUNLONGRUN ALL RESOURCES ARE FIXED. LONG-RUN DECISIONS ARE NOT EASILY REVERSED. HAVE NO FIXED FACTOR OF PRODUCTION OTHER RESOURCES USED BY THE FIRM(SUCH AS LABOR,RAW MATERIALS AND ENERGY)CAN BE CHANGED IN THIS SHORT RUN. SHORT RUN DECISIONS ARE EASILY REVISED. HAVE FIXED FACTOR OF PRODUCTION.