Schumpeter's theory of entrepreneurship defines the entrepreneur as an innovator who introduces new products, services, production methods, markets or sources of supply. Their innovations disrupt the existing economy and initiate economic development. McClelland's need for achievement theory sees entrepreneurs as driven by a need to achieve and take responsibility for solving problems rather than external incentives like money. Leibenstein's X-efficiency theory argues entrepreneurs improve resource allocation and reduce inefficiencies. Knight's risk bearing theory views profit as the reward entrepreneurs earn for taking on non-insurable risks.
Theories of entrepreneurship:
Innovation Theory by Schumpeter & Imitating,
Theory of High Achievement by McClelland,
X-Efficiency Theory by Leibenstein,
Theory of Profit by Knight, Theory of Social change by Everett Hagen.
An economic theory
Risk bearing theory of Knight
Innovation theory of Schumpeter
Leibenstein X-efficiency theory
Harvard School theory
Theory of Market Equilibrium by Hayek
McClelland’s Achievement Motivation Theory
Theory of Change
Theory of Adjustment of Price
Theory of Entrepreneurial Supply
Theory of Personal Resourcefulness
Theory of Cultural Values
Theories of entrepreneurship:
Innovation Theory by Schumpeter & Imitating,
Theory of High Achievement by McClelland,
X-Efficiency Theory by Leibenstein,
Theory of Profit by Knight, Theory of Social change by Everett Hagen.
An economic theory
Risk bearing theory of Knight
Innovation theory of Schumpeter
Leibenstein X-efficiency theory
Harvard School theory
Theory of Market Equilibrium by Hayek
McClelland’s Achievement Motivation Theory
Theory of Change
Theory of Adjustment of Price
Theory of Entrepreneurial Supply
Theory of Personal Resourcefulness
Theory of Cultural Values
Entrepreneur development
External allaences for international business
Presentations By Rajendran Ananda Krishnan, https://www.facebook.com/ialwaysthinkprettythings
Entrepreneur
includes
Definition of Entrepreneur
Internal & External Factors
Functions
Entrepreneurial Motivation & Barriers
Classification
Theories
Concept
Development of Entrepreneurship
Culture
Stages in entrepreneurial process
Entrepreneurship in India and challengesArmaan Anand
Entrepreneurship in india context to global. challenges faced by Indian entrepreneur, major hindrance for an Indian entrepreneur, position of Indian entrepreneur, entrepreneur, entrepreneurship, why entrepreneurship in India, is India the spot for entrepreneur & entrepreneurship. future for Indian entrepreneurship & entrepreneur.
Entrepreneur development
External allaences for international business
Presentations By Rajendran Ananda Krishnan, https://www.facebook.com/ialwaysthinkprettythings
Entrepreneur
includes
Definition of Entrepreneur
Internal & External Factors
Functions
Entrepreneurial Motivation & Barriers
Classification
Theories
Concept
Development of Entrepreneurship
Culture
Stages in entrepreneurial process
Entrepreneurship in India and challengesArmaan Anand
Entrepreneurship in india context to global. challenges faced by Indian entrepreneur, major hindrance for an Indian entrepreneur, position of Indian entrepreneur, entrepreneur, entrepreneurship, why entrepreneurship in India, is India the spot for entrepreneur & entrepreneurship. future for Indian entrepreneurship & entrepreneur.
Weber’s Theory of social change
Hoselitz Sociological Theory
Trait Theory of Entrepreneurship
Economic Theory of Entrepreneurship
Theory of Innovation by Schumpeter
Theory of Psychology by McClelland
Leibenstein’s X-Efficiency Theory
how to swap pi coins to foreign currency withdrawable.DOT TECH
As of my last update, Pi is still in the testing phase and is not tradable on any exchanges.
However, Pi Network has announced plans to launch its Testnet and Mainnet in the future, which may include listing Pi on exchanges.
The current method for selling pi coins involves exchanging them with a pi vendor who purchases pi coins for investment reasons.
If you want to sell your pi coins, reach out to a pi vendor and sell them to anyone looking to sell pi coins from any country around the globe.
Below is the what'sapp information for my personal pi vendor.
+12349014282
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
Yes of course, you can easily start mining pi network coin today and sell to legit pi vendors in the United States.
Here the what'sapp contact of my personal vendor.
+12349014282
#pi network #pi coins #legit #passive income
#US
where can I find a legit pi merchant onlineDOT TECH
Yes. This is very easy what you need is a recommendation from someone who has successfully traded pi coins before with a merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold thousands of pi coins before the open mainnet.
I will leave the what'sapp contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with
+12349014282
Financial Assets: Debit vs Equity Securities.pptxWrito-Finance
financial assets represent claim for future benefit or cash. Financial assets are formed by establishing contracts between participants. These financial assets are used for collection of huge amounts of money for business purposes.
Two major Types: Debt Securities and Equity Securities.
Debt Securities are Also known as fixed-income securities or instruments. The type of assets is formed by establishing contracts between investor and issuer of the asset.
• The first type of Debit securities is BONDS. Bonds are issued by corporations and government (both local and national government).
• The second important type of Debit security is NOTES. Apart from similarities associated with notes and bonds, notes have shorter term maturity.
• The 3rd important type of Debit security is TRESURY BILLS. These securities have short-term ranging from three months, six months, and one year. Issuer of such securities are governments.
• Above discussed debit securities are mostly issued by governments and corporations. CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSITS CDs are issued by Banks and Financial Institutions. Risk factor associated with CDs gets reduced when issued by reputable institutions or Banks.
Following are the risk attached with debt securities: Credit risk, interest rate risk and currency risk
There are no fixed maturity dates in such securities, and asset’s value is determined by company’s performance. There are two major types of equity securities: common stock and preferred stock.
Common Stock: These are simple equity securities and bear no complexities which the preferred stock bears. Holders of such securities or instrument have the voting rights when it comes to select the company’s board of director or the business decisions to be made.
Preferred Stock: Preferred stocks are sometime referred to as hybrid securities, because it contains elements of both debit security and equity security. Preferred stock confers ownership rights to security holder that is why it is equity instrument
<a href="https://www.writofinance.com/equity-securities-features-types-risk/" >Equity securities </a> as a whole is used for capital funding for companies. Companies have multiple expenses to cover. Potential growth of company is required in competitive market. So, these securities are used for capital generation, and then uses it for company’s growth.
Concluding remarks
Both are employed in business. Businesses are often established through debit securities, then what is the need for equity securities. Companies have to cover multiple expenses and expansion of business. They can also use equity instruments for repayment of debits. So, there are multiple uses for securities. As an investor, you need tools for analysis. Investment decisions are made by carefully analyzing the market. For better analysis of the stock market, investors often employ financial analysis of companies.
Abhay Bhutada Leads Poonawalla Fincorp To Record Low NPA And Unprecedented Gr...Vighnesh Shashtri
Under the leadership of Abhay Bhutada, Poonawalla Fincorp has achieved record-low Non-Performing Assets (NPA) and witnessed unprecedented growth. Bhutada's strategic vision and effective management have significantly enhanced the company's financial health, showcasing a robust performance in the financial sector. This achievement underscores the company's resilience and ability to thrive in a competitive market, setting a new benchmark for operational excellence in the industry.
How to get verified on Coinbase Account?_.docxBuy bitget
t's important to note that buying verified Coinbase accounts is not recommended and may violate Coinbase's terms of service. Instead of searching to "buy verified Coinbase accounts," follow the proper steps to verify your own account to ensure compliance and security.
Seminar: Gender Board Diversity through Ownership NetworksGRAPE
Seminar on gender diversity spillovers through ownership networks at FAME|GRAPE. Presenting novel research. Studies in economics and management using econometrics methods.
2. Elemental Economics - Mineral demand.pdfNeal Brewster
After this second you should be able to: Explain the main determinants of demand for any mineral product, and their relative importance; recognise and explain how demand for any product is likely to change with economic activity; recognise and explain the roles of technology and relative prices in influencing demand; be able to explain the differences between the rates of growth of demand for different products.
3. 1.Innovation Theory of Schumpeter
A dynamic theory of entrepreneurship was first advocated by Schumpeter (1949)
who considered entrepreneurship as the catalyst that disrupts the stationary circular
flow of the economy and thereby initiates and sustains the process of development.
Embarking upon ‘new combinations’ of the factors of production - which he
succinctly terms, innovation - the entrepreneur activates the economy to a new level
of development.
. Schumpeter defines entrepreneurship as “a creative activity”. An innovator who
brings new products or services into economy is given the status of an
entrepreneur. He regards innovation as a tool of entrepreneur, The entrepreneur is
viewed as the ‘engine of growth’,
4. The concept of innovation and its corollary
development embraces five functions:
The introduction of a new product with which consumers are not yet familiar or
introduction of a new quality of an existing product.
The introduction of new method of production that is not yet tested by experience in the
branch of manufacture concerned, which need by no means be founded upon a discovery
scientifically new and can also exist in a new way of handling a commodity commercially.
The opening of new market that is a market on to which the particular branch of
manufacturer of the country in question has not previously entered, whether or not this
market has existed before.
Conquest of a new source of supply of raw material and
The carrying out of the new organization of any industry
7. Wilken had added the concept of the changes
that an entrepreneur brings:
Expansion of goods, products.
Productivity of factors of production such as finance, labour, material.
Innovation in production such as, technology, process changes and increase
in human resource productivity.
Innovation in marketing area such as the composition of the market, size of
the market and new markets.
9. Need for Achievement Theory of McClelland
• According to McClelland the characteristics of entrepreneur has two features:
o Doing things in a new and better way
o Decision making under uncertainty
McClelland emphasizes achievement orientation as most important factor for entrepreneurs.
Individuals with high. achievement orientation are not influenced by considerations of money
or any other external incentives. People with high achievement (N-Ach) are not influenced by
money rewards as compared to people with low achievement. The latter types are prepared to
work harder for money or such other external incentives. On the contrary, profit is merely a
measure of success and competency for people with high achievement need.
10. Need for Achievement Theory of McClelland
According to him a person acquires three types of needs as a result of one’s life
experience. These three needs are:
• Need for Achievement. A drive to excel, advance and grow.
• Need for Power. A drive to dominate or influence others and situations.
• Need for Affiliation. A drive for friendly and close inter-personal
relationships.
12. Need for Achievement Theory of McClelland
The individual with high levels of need achievement is a potential entrepreneur. The specific
characteristics of a high achiever (entrepreneur) can be summarized as follows:
(i) They set moderate realistic and attainable goals for them.
(ii) They take calculated risks.
(iii) They prefer situations wherein they can take personal responsibility for solving problems.
(iv) They need concrete feedback on how well they are doing.
(v) Their need for achievement exist not merely for the sake of economic rewards or social
recognition rather personal accomplishment is intrinsically more satisfying to them.
14. Leibenstein’s X-Efficiency Theory
• X-efficiency is the degree of inefficiency in the use of resources within the
firm: it measures the extent to which the firm fails to realize its productive
potential. According to Leibenstein, When an input is not used effectively
the difference between the actual output and the maximum output
attributable to that input is a measure of the degree of X-efficiency.
• X-efficiency arises either because the firm’s resources are used in the wrong
way or because they are wasted, that is, not used at al
16. Leibenstein’s X-Efficiency Theory
• Leibenstein identifies two main roles for the entrepreneur: (i) a gap filler and (ii) an
input completer.
• These functions arise from the basic assumptions of X-efficiency theory. Thus it is
clear that “if not all factors of production are marketed or if there are
imperfections in markets, the entrepreneur has to fill the gaps in the market. To put
the enterprise in motion, the entrepreneur should fill enough of gaps.”
• The second role is input completion, which involves making available inputs that
improve the efficiency of existing production methods or facilitate the introduction
of new ones. The role of the entrepreneur is to improve the flow of information in
the market.
17. 4.Risk Bearing Theory of Knight
A key element of
entrepreneurship is risk
bearing. Prof. Knight and
John Staurt Mill saw risk-
bearing as the important
function of entrepreneurs.
18. Features of Risk Bearing Theory of Knight
1. Risk creates Profit: According to the risk-bearing theory, the entrepreneur
earns profits because he undertakes risks.
2. More Risk More Gain: The degree of risk varies in different industries.
Entrepreneurs undertake different degrees of risk according to their ability
ad inclination. The risk theory proposes that the more risky the nature of
business, the greater must be the profit earned by it.
es Profit:
19. Features of Risk Bearing Theory of Knight
3. Profit as Reward and Cost: Profit is the reward of entrepreneur for
assuming risks. Hence, it is also treated as a part of the normal cost of
production.
4. Entrepreneur’s Income is Uncertain: This theory summarizes that profit is
the reward of an entrepreneur effort which arises for bearing non insurable
risks and uncertainties and the amount of profit earned depends upon the
degree of uncertainty bearing.
20. 5. Economic Theory of Entrepreneurship
• Many economists revealed that entrepreneurship and economic growth will take place in those circumstances where particular
economic conditions are in favor of the business environment. The main advocates of this theory were Papanek and Harris.
According to them economic incentives are the main forces for entrepreneurial activities in any country. There are a lot of
economic factors which promote or demote entrepreneurship in a country.
These factors are:
• (a) The availability of bank credit
• (b) High capital formation with a good flow of savings and investments
• (c) Supply for loanable funds with a lower rate of interest.
• (d) Increased demand for consumer goods ad services
• (e) Availability of productive resources.
• (f) Efficient economic policies like fiscal ad monetary policies
• (g) Communication and transportation facilities