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This Slideshare shows a selection of pages from our Early Human History Pack - Available from http://www.teachingpacks.co.uk/the-early-human-history-pack/
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Model for larger installation. Expressing concern about global threats that put us all at risk. Nuclear, clean water, climate change, resource distribution, over population,pollution, the damage incurred due to greed, hate and prejudice.The work is inspired by images known as 'atomic shadows' created by extreme heat and u.v. radiation caused by the atomic blasts over Hiroshima and Nagasaki.The images are of extinct species and the baby carriage from Eisenstein film ‘Battleship Potemkin’.
This Slideshare shows a selection of pages from our Early Human History Pack - Available from http://www.teachingpacks.co.uk/the-early-human-history-pack/
Learn about the life of early humans in Britain during the Stone, Bronze and Iron Ages! Includes a child-friendly eBook (with a comprehensive glossary of terms), a range of exciting activity resources and classroom display materials.
An introduction to hominids and prehistoric humans, complete with a graphic organizer contrasting hominids and the Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic eras.
For more instructional materials, visit www.tomrichey.net!
Running head A VISIT TO LA BREA TAR MUSEUM1A VISIT TO LA .docxSUBHI7
Running head: A VISIT TO LA BREA TAR MUSEUM
1
A VISIT TO LA BREA TAR MUSEUM
2
Meshal Alnashwan
California State University, San Bernardino
Date
A Visit to La Brea Tar Museum
1.0 Introduction
The visit to the La Brea Tar Museum would be one of the most influential experiences in my career and life as whole. The visit is one of the events that enhance my passion to advance my career in a history-related discipline. I believe that only the visit could equip me the immense knowledge that I now possess concerning some of the most admired historical facts and concepts. Through the museum tour, I have gathered substantial knowledge regarding the Pleistocene extinction. I now appreciate that most of the largest mammals that the present generation might admire to see perished during the Pleistocene era. Moreover, I have learned the lions, cats and other members of saber-toothed cat family have shared ancestry. I appreciate that the huge and powerful canines possessed by the saber-toothed cat family was a crucial component of their survival ways. The visit to the museum has familiarised me with several facts about the extinct camels. I admit the fact that camels are presently associated African and Asian deserts though; they originated from North America. On the other hand, the tour to La Brea Tar Museum has cleared my doubts regarding dinosaurs. Presently, I have indisputable knowledge about dinosaurs and the early carnivores. I have clear understanding on how dinosaurs emerged, survived as well as their extinction. Concerning the early carnivores, I admit that adaption to their feeding methods like the huge and powerful canines have not changed significantly throughout the evolution.
2.0 Pleistocene extinction
In essence, the visit to the La Brea Tar Museum enhanced my knowledge concerning the Pleistocene extinction. I learned from the visit that the change of climate among other factors led to the death of the last mammoths. It is clear to me that the mammoths disappeared approximately 3,700 years ago according to the human recorded history. Some historians associate the extinction with the comet impact and human actions. I am aware that the human beings contributed to the extinction of mammoths and Saber-toothed cats among other animals after visiting the La Brea Tar Museum. The impact of Pleistocene extinction was so extensive that it led to the loss of giant ground sloths, terror birds and the spotted hyenas in Europe. I have learned from the visit that the Pleistocene extinction was a world disaster and it did not take place at once (Haynes, 2009). Notably, the geological pattern of the extinction indicates that the extinction assumed the path of wandering human beings. During the tour, I read well that climate change and human beings are the key culprits of the Pleistocene extinction though, some historical scientists claim that a falling comet triggered the extinction. The mammoths disappeared shortly after human beings settled in th ...
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2. The World 50,000 Years Ago
This map represents the present state of our knowledge
of the geography of Europe and western Asia at a period
which we guess to be about 50,000 years ago, the
Neanderthal age. Much of this map is of course
speculative, but its broad outlines must be fairly like
those of the world in which men first became men.
In the time of the Third Interglacial period the outline of
Europe and Western Asia was very different from what it
is today. Vast areas to the west and north-west which
are now under the Atlantic waters were then dry land;
the Irish Sea and the North Sea were river valleys. Over
these northern areas there spread and receded and
spread again a great ice cap such as covers central
Greenland today (see Figure 56: Map of Europe and
Western Asia 50,000 years Ago). This vast ice cap,
3. which covered both polar regions of the earth, withdrew
huge masses of water from the ocean, and the sea-level
consequently fell, exposing great areas of land that are
now submerged again. The Mediterranean area was
probably a great valley below the general sea-level,
containing two inland seas cut off from the general
ocean. The climate of this Mediterranean basin was
perhaps cold temperate, and the region of the Sahara to
the south was not then a desert of baked rock and blown
sand, but a well-watered and fertile country. Between
the ice sheets to the north and the Alps and
Mediterranean valley to the south stretched a bleak
wilderness whose climate changed from harshness to a
mild kindliness and then hardened again for the Fourth
Glacial Age.
Across this wilderness, which is now the great plain of
Europe, wandered a various fauna. At first there were
hippopotami, rhinoceroses, mammoths, and elephants.
4. The sabre-toothed tiger was diminishing towards
extinction. Then, as the air chilled, the hippopotamus, and
then other warmth-loving creatures, ceased to come so
far north, and the sabre-toothed tiger disappeared
altogether. The woolly mammoth, the woolly rhinoceros,
the musk ox, the bison, the aurochs, and the reindeer
became prevalent, and the temperate vegetation gave
place to plants of a more arctic type. The glaciers
spread southward to the maximum of the Fourth Glacial
Age (about 50,000 years ago), and then receded again.
In the earlier phase, the Third Interglacial period, a
certain number of small family groups of men (Homo
Neanderthalensis) and probably of sub-men
(Eoanthropus) wandered over the land, leaving nothing
but their flint implements to witness to their presence.
They probably used a multitude and variety of wooden
implements also; they had probably learnt much about
the shapes of objects and the use of different shapes
from wood, knowledge which they afterwards applied to
5. stone; but none of this wooden material has survived; we
can only speculate about its forms and uses. As the
weather hardened to its maximum of severity, the
Neanderthal men, already it would seem acquainted with
the use of fire, began to seek shelter under rock ledges
and in caves – and so leave remains behind them.
Hitherto they had been accustomed to squat in the open
about the fire, and near their water supply. But they
were sufficiently intelligent to adapt themselves to the
new and harder conditions. (As for the sub-men, they
seem to have succumbed to the stresses of this Fourth
Glacial Age altogether. At any rate, the rudest type of
Paleolithic implements presently disappears.)
Not merely man was taking to the caves. This period also
had a cave lion, a cave bear, and a cave hyena. These
creatures had to be driven out of the caves and kept out
of the caves in which these early men wanted to squat
and hide; and no doubt fire was an effective method of
6. eviction and protection. Probably early men did not go
deeply into the caves, because they had no means of
lighting their recesses. They got in far enough to be out
of the weather, and stored wood and food in odd corners.
Perhaps they barricaded the cave mouths. Their only
available light for going deeply into the caverns would be
torches.
Figure 58
Figure 58: Neanderthal Man
What did these Neanderthal men hunt? Their only
possible weapons for killing such giant creatures as the
mammoth or the cave bear, or even the reindeer, were
spears of wood, wooden clubs, and those big pieces of
flint they left behind them, the “Chellean” and
“Mousterian” implements;[2] and probably their usual
quarry was smaller game. But they did certainly eat the
7. flesh of the big beasts when they had a chance, and
perhaps they followed them when sick or when wounded
by combats, or took advantage of them when they were
bogged or in trouble with ice or water. (The Labrador
Indians still kill the caribou with spears at awkward river
crossings.) At Dewlish, in Dorset, an artificial trench has
been found which is supposed to have been a Paleolithic
trap for elephants.[3] We know that the Neanderthalers
partly ate their kill where it fell; but they brought back
the big narrow bones to the cave to crack and eat at
leisure, because few ribs and vertebrae are found in the
caves, but great quantities of cracked and split long
bones. They used skins to wrap about them, and the
women probably dressed the skins.
We know also that they were right-handed like modern
men, because the left side of the brain (which serves the
right side of the body) is bigger than the right. But while
the back parts of the brain which deal with sight and
8. touch and the energy of the body are well developed, the
front parts, which are connected with thought and
speech, are comparatively small. It was as big a brain as
ours, but different. This species of Homo had certainly a
very different mentality from ours; its individuals were
not merely simpler and lower than we are, they were on
another line. It may be they did not speak at all, or very
sparingly. They had nothing that we should call a
language.
Footnotes
[1] Three phases of human history before the
knowledge and use of metals are often distinguished.
First there is the so-called Eolithic Age (dawn of stone
implements), then the Paleolithic Age (old stone
implements), and finally an age in which the implements
9. are skillfully made and frequently well finished and
polished (Neolithic Age). The Paleolithic Period is further
divided into an earlier (sub-human) and a later (fully
human) period. We shall comment on these divisions
later.
[2] From Chelles and Le Moustier in France.
[3] Osmond Fisher, quoted in Wright’s Quaternary Ice
Age.
http://outline-of-history.mindvessel.net/80-the-neanderthal-man-an-extinct-race/81-the-world-50000-y
ears-ago.html