The document provides an overview of theater and performance during the Dark Ages (500-1500 CE) in three parts:
1. Early Middle Ages (500-1000 CE): Entertainment was limited without state sponsorship, but mimes, scops, and liturgical dramas like Quem Quaeritis emerged. Hrosvitha of Gandersheim and Hildegard of Bingen wrote religious plays performed by nuns.
2. High Middle Ages (1000-1300 CE): Liturgical drama grew more elaborate with conventions like pageants. Vernacular religious plays also developed, including mystery cycles performed by guilds.
3. Late Middle Ages (1300-1500 CE): In addition to religious plays
The speaker declares their undying love for a woman, saying they will love her through countless births and beyond, despite what others may say. The passage describes the speaker being called many negative things, such as lame, dumb, blind, deaf, stupid, and more. However, the speaker insists that no matter what may come, they will always love the woman as she is immortal and solely belongs to the speaker.
The poem describes being stripped of all humanity, passion, and spirit, leaving the speaker an empty shell of a person. Even without any of their qualities or traits, the speaker would still love the person they are addressing with an intensity greater than when they were alive. The poem uses vivid language to convey the total removal of everything that makes the speaker human.
This document is a series of rhetorical questions contrasting extreme acts of compassion and kindness with extreme acts of cruelty and harm. Each stanza asks "Who's ordered you to [act compassionately]?" but then states "But at least don't [act cruelly]." The acts of cruelty described include annihilating and manipulating lives, pulverizing civilizations, molesting territories, brutally lambasting the dead, penalizing the deprived, running over the impoverished, sabotaging success, breaking relationships, trading bones as slaves, and torturously killing and corrupting organisms. Overall, the document contrasts extreme benevolence with extreme malice and harm.
The document is a poetic plea for control of the world if the speaker would use that power to spread peace, alleviate suffering, promote literacy and sharing, embrace the destitute, and ensure new life is instilled with each breath to counteract oblivion. The speaker promises to disseminate bliss, mitigate distress, annihilate poverty and lies, proliferate life on every lane, and transform all spaces into paradise by sacrificing their own blood and dying countless deaths.
The poem expresses deep sadness and suffering without the presence of an omnipotent and divine figure. Over time, as seasons, years, and civilizations change, the speaker continues to feel hopeless, meaningless, and in pain without this figure's righteousness, blessings, touch, humanity, and principles. Though tears may have dried, the speaker remains devastated without this figure who seems to represent salvation, comfort, and purpose.
1. The document describes a torturous ghost that feels no thirst, pain, desire, or existence.
2. The ghost cannot be seen, harmed, understood, or defined. It does not eat, drink, age or have a family.
3. The only thing the ghost loves is scaring and killing people in the most horrific ways to render them forever in nothingness.
O! How He Wished And Wished And Wished.Nikhil Parekh
This document describes the impact of a man's dead body. It states that unfortunately, it was only after his death that his body was able to bring people of all backgrounds together in prayer, stir compassion even in cruel hearts, and make people realize the true value of life. It continues describing various ways his dead body impacted society and individuals, promoting causes like justice, charity, humility, and belief in God. In the end, the man wishes in heaven that even a small part of this impact had occurred during his lifetime when he had a soul and physical form.
The document provides an overview of theater and performance during the Dark Ages (500-1500 CE) in three parts:
1. Early Middle Ages (500-1000 CE): Entertainment was limited without state sponsorship, but mimes, scops, and liturgical dramas like Quem Quaeritis emerged. Hrosvitha of Gandersheim and Hildegard of Bingen wrote religious plays performed by nuns.
2. High Middle Ages (1000-1300 CE): Liturgical drama grew more elaborate with conventions like pageants. Vernacular religious plays also developed, including mystery cycles performed by guilds.
3. Late Middle Ages (1300-1500 CE): In addition to religious plays
The speaker declares their undying love for a woman, saying they will love her through countless births and beyond, despite what others may say. The passage describes the speaker being called many negative things, such as lame, dumb, blind, deaf, stupid, and more. However, the speaker insists that no matter what may come, they will always love the woman as she is immortal and solely belongs to the speaker.
The poem describes being stripped of all humanity, passion, and spirit, leaving the speaker an empty shell of a person. Even without any of their qualities or traits, the speaker would still love the person they are addressing with an intensity greater than when they were alive. The poem uses vivid language to convey the total removal of everything that makes the speaker human.
This document is a series of rhetorical questions contrasting extreme acts of compassion and kindness with extreme acts of cruelty and harm. Each stanza asks "Who's ordered you to [act compassionately]?" but then states "But at least don't [act cruelly]." The acts of cruelty described include annihilating and manipulating lives, pulverizing civilizations, molesting territories, brutally lambasting the dead, penalizing the deprived, running over the impoverished, sabotaging success, breaking relationships, trading bones as slaves, and torturously killing and corrupting organisms. Overall, the document contrasts extreme benevolence with extreme malice and harm.
The document is a poetic plea for control of the world if the speaker would use that power to spread peace, alleviate suffering, promote literacy and sharing, embrace the destitute, and ensure new life is instilled with each breath to counteract oblivion. The speaker promises to disseminate bliss, mitigate distress, annihilate poverty and lies, proliferate life on every lane, and transform all spaces into paradise by sacrificing their own blood and dying countless deaths.
The poem expresses deep sadness and suffering without the presence of an omnipotent and divine figure. Over time, as seasons, years, and civilizations change, the speaker continues to feel hopeless, meaningless, and in pain without this figure's righteousness, blessings, touch, humanity, and principles. Though tears may have dried, the speaker remains devastated without this figure who seems to represent salvation, comfort, and purpose.
1. The document describes a torturous ghost that feels no thirst, pain, desire, or existence.
2. The ghost cannot be seen, harmed, understood, or defined. It does not eat, drink, age or have a family.
3. The only thing the ghost loves is scaring and killing people in the most horrific ways to render them forever in nothingness.
O! How He Wished And Wished And Wished.Nikhil Parekh
This document describes the impact of a man's dead body. It states that unfortunately, it was only after his death that his body was able to bring people of all backgrounds together in prayer, stir compassion even in cruel hearts, and make people realize the true value of life. It continues describing various ways his dead body impacted society and individuals, promoting causes like justice, charity, humility, and belief in God. In the end, the man wishes in heaven that even a small part of this impact had occurred during his lifetime when he had a soul and physical form.
This document appears to be a collection of reviews and comments on various topics ranging from movies, restaurants, performances, and other experiences. It touches on themes of disappointment with quality, value for money, and enjoyment or lack thereof. The reviews are generally negative in tone and critical of the things being discussed.
This document describes various cruel and abusive acts that could be inflicted on someone, such as putting chili powder in their eyes, cutting their fingers with cleavers, publicly ridiculing and stripping them naked, forcing them to eat rotten eggs and scorpions, deliberately causing their car to crash, hurling insults at them, spitting on their face, placing thorns under their head instead of a pillow, forcing them to drink acid, emptying their bank account, kicking them like a stray dog, brutally beating them after surgery, slashing their wrists, pouring boiling tea on their lap, displaying humiliating cartoons of them, hiding important files to overload them with work, screaming in their ears, turning their child
The document expresses intense hatred for a woman, describing how every part of the narrator's body and being hates her so much it could destroy anything on the planet instantly. However, the narrator says that whenever the woman is in front of them, all they can do is fall into a spellbound stupor at her feet, admire her radiant persona, and proclaim their love for her by offering their heart.
This 3 sentence poem discusses the futility of violence and bloodshed, noting that a single drop of blood cannot fill a container, and that while thought can sometimes bring misery it can also bring sustenance. It describes a dark world of massacre and pain where one can conquer all but monetary gain, and when real violence comes in a flood it leaves behind thick blood soaking the earth to give birth to a vindictive human race.
The document discusses humanity as immortal and timeless compared to other things in the world that deteriorate or fade away. It describes humanity as having enduring threads, fortresses, fruits, swords, oceans, religions, colors, voices, breaths, and hearts. While other things are vulnerable to age, bombs, drought, darkness, pollution, fanaticism, the sun, lightning, death, and health issues, humanity remains resilient through solidarity, hope, sharing, and love. It presents humanity and the religion of mankind as immortal and unshakeable.
The document advocates forming a humanitarian sect that promotes bonding between all humans regardless of attributes like appearance, beliefs, abilities, or backgrounds. It uses repetitive phrases starting with "Be it..." to describe people of various descriptions, and emphasizes that underneath all differences, all humans share the same blood. It calls on "mates" to relinquish discrimination and immortal bond as part of this humanitarian sect.
The document describes the most perpetual privileges of different entities like a mother, flower, star, clouds, lips, singer, dwelling, pen, tree, sheep, newspaper, mountain, monkey, soldier, arrow, stream, doctor, saint, body, and heart. For each entity, it states that their most perpetual privilege is to provide some benefit to others, such as a mother nourishing her baby, a flower spreading fragrance, a mountain towering over the universe, and a heart showering love on all.
1. The document describes various hellish acts and their consequences, such as stabbing children to use them to beg, torturing parents, harming others with a car, and exploiting people's weaknesses.
2. It then contrasts these acts with advocating immortal love, implementing love instead of hate, and speaking love rather than spite.
3. By advocating love in thought, word, and deed, one can transform hell into an ultimate utopia.
Infront Of The Omnipresent Almighty Lord.Nikhil Parekh
This document contrasts even the most powerful, accomplished, or extraordinary people with those considered lowly or insignificant. It lists various types of people who may seem rich, powerful, brilliant, etc. and states that even they are as insignificant as beggars, mosquitoes, or pieces of waste when standing before an omnipresent, almighty Lord. All people, no matter their earthly status, are equal when facing the divine.
The document strongly condemns suicide through a series of statements beginning with "Suicide; is". It describes suicide as lingering between heaven and hell, a crime against humanity, and murder that imperils existence. Suicide leaves no trace and suffocates even after death. It is the worst possible death, ensuring endless suffering. Suicide is a curse that damages society and the most distorted of fantasies. It leads to isolation and blows one away into nothingness. Overall, the document portrays suicide as doom that crucifies the soul and prevents revival, instead urging people to embrace sensuality, beauty, and life.
The document is from the perspective of a mouse trap describing its sole purpose of capturing a mouse. It describes waiting patiently with cheese to lure the mouse in. It watches eagerly for the mouse's small movements in the light and plans different strategies to trap it. Though old, dirty and mistreated, the mouse trap's only goal is to finally catch the mouse that has eluded it for so long.
The document describes different types of people who lived their lives solely to become the best in their field, such as the best businessman, magician, astronaut, athlete, doctor, environmentalist, politician, police officer, astrologer, actor, sportsman, parent, ambassador, friend, musician, teacher, poet, and lover. It concludes by stating that the narrator lived each moment knowing they would die one day, and when that day comes their lifeless form will reach its ultimate destination of being buried in front of the mosque of their Creator, without desiring to be reborn on Earth.
This document damns those who commit various sins and immoral acts such as criticizing artists, murdering innocents, dividing people, betraying their homeland, engaging in war, and failing to help those in need. It portrays the damned as inflicting suffering on others through their actions while wasting opportunities and resources, all the while pursuing selfish goals and corrupt lifestyles.
This document presents a series of contrasts describing the speaker in opposing terms. It calls the speaker everything from insignificant particles like dust or a spider to powerful forces of nature like a whale or volcano. It also refers to the speaker as both social outcasts and conformists. Despite these many conflicting descriptions, the concluding lines state that no matter what name the speaker is called, they will remain defined by their love of and dedication to poetry.
Nero was emperor of Rome from 54 CE to 68 CE. He had multiple wives, including Agrippina, Octavia, and Poppaea. While Rome burned in a massive fire, it was rumored that Nero played his lyre and watched. Nero later built a lavish palace, the Domus Aurea. Christians were persecuted and fed to lions during Nero's reign. Nero was declared a public enemy by the senate and committed suicide after being found by soldiers in Greece.
The document describes the silence of death as being utterly torturous and devoid of any positivity or hope. It is presented through a series of repetitive phrases describing the silence as the worst possible thing that extinguishes all good aspects of life, sensuality, love, prosperity and more, leaving behind only gloom, despair, helplessness and oblivion forever.
The document discusses how committing harm against any living thing, regardless of size, is a crime. It provides numerous examples contrasting small or seemingly insignificant creatures like worms, mosquitoes, or ants with larger creatures like commoners, soldiers, or beggar boys. Each time it states that harming either would be considered a crime by God, as all living things have life. It repeats this message over three sections, using increasingly more graphic and disturbing examples but maintaining that the same principle applies regardless of the nature of the harm or size of the victim.
The document contains three poems that describe the horrors of trench warfare during World War I. The first poem tells of a young soldier who took his own life with a bullet after experiencing the misery of winter in the trenches. The second poem imagines the bells tolling for soldiers who die like cattle in battle, with only the sounds of guns and shells mourning their deaths. The third and longest poem graphically depicts a gas attack, with a soldier seeing his friend drown in liquid poison before dying in a medical wagon, experiencing a fate worse than death.
The document is a poem asking not to be made immune to beautiful and meaningful things in life, such as emotions, beauty, nature, religion, friendship, and love. However, it asks to be made immune to those who disrespect, degrade, destroy, or corrupt these things through actions like war, greed, prejudice, cruelty, and hatred. It advocates being immune to those who do not cherish life's most important truths and virtues.
The document expresses the fleeting and unpredictable nature of life through a series of contrasts between positive and negative situations that could occur within a single minute. It states that one moment one could be experiencing joy and success, while the next finding oneself in despair, defeat, or danger. Ultimately, it promises that no matter what challenges are faced, the speaker's love and compassion for the beloved will remain eternal.
This document summarizes a book that argues the Christian beliefs in Satan and hell originated from pagan mythologies rather than from the Old Testament or original Jewish beliefs. It discusses how these beliefs have been used historically to control people through fear and allow the growth of superstition over reason. While these beliefs still influence many today, the summary argues education and science are gradually reducing their hold as their pagan origins become clearer.
This document appears to be a collection of reviews and comments on various topics ranging from movies, restaurants, performances, and other experiences. It touches on themes of disappointment with quality, value for money, and enjoyment or lack thereof. The reviews are generally negative in tone and critical of the things being discussed.
This document describes various cruel and abusive acts that could be inflicted on someone, such as putting chili powder in their eyes, cutting their fingers with cleavers, publicly ridiculing and stripping them naked, forcing them to eat rotten eggs and scorpions, deliberately causing their car to crash, hurling insults at them, spitting on their face, placing thorns under their head instead of a pillow, forcing them to drink acid, emptying their bank account, kicking them like a stray dog, brutally beating them after surgery, slashing their wrists, pouring boiling tea on their lap, displaying humiliating cartoons of them, hiding important files to overload them with work, screaming in their ears, turning their child
The document expresses intense hatred for a woman, describing how every part of the narrator's body and being hates her so much it could destroy anything on the planet instantly. However, the narrator says that whenever the woman is in front of them, all they can do is fall into a spellbound stupor at her feet, admire her radiant persona, and proclaim their love for her by offering their heart.
This 3 sentence poem discusses the futility of violence and bloodshed, noting that a single drop of blood cannot fill a container, and that while thought can sometimes bring misery it can also bring sustenance. It describes a dark world of massacre and pain where one can conquer all but monetary gain, and when real violence comes in a flood it leaves behind thick blood soaking the earth to give birth to a vindictive human race.
The document discusses humanity as immortal and timeless compared to other things in the world that deteriorate or fade away. It describes humanity as having enduring threads, fortresses, fruits, swords, oceans, religions, colors, voices, breaths, and hearts. While other things are vulnerable to age, bombs, drought, darkness, pollution, fanaticism, the sun, lightning, death, and health issues, humanity remains resilient through solidarity, hope, sharing, and love. It presents humanity and the religion of mankind as immortal and unshakeable.
The document advocates forming a humanitarian sect that promotes bonding between all humans regardless of attributes like appearance, beliefs, abilities, or backgrounds. It uses repetitive phrases starting with "Be it..." to describe people of various descriptions, and emphasizes that underneath all differences, all humans share the same blood. It calls on "mates" to relinquish discrimination and immortal bond as part of this humanitarian sect.
The document describes the most perpetual privileges of different entities like a mother, flower, star, clouds, lips, singer, dwelling, pen, tree, sheep, newspaper, mountain, monkey, soldier, arrow, stream, doctor, saint, body, and heart. For each entity, it states that their most perpetual privilege is to provide some benefit to others, such as a mother nourishing her baby, a flower spreading fragrance, a mountain towering over the universe, and a heart showering love on all.
1. The document describes various hellish acts and their consequences, such as stabbing children to use them to beg, torturing parents, harming others with a car, and exploiting people's weaknesses.
2. It then contrasts these acts with advocating immortal love, implementing love instead of hate, and speaking love rather than spite.
3. By advocating love in thought, word, and deed, one can transform hell into an ultimate utopia.
Infront Of The Omnipresent Almighty Lord.Nikhil Parekh
This document contrasts even the most powerful, accomplished, or extraordinary people with those considered lowly or insignificant. It lists various types of people who may seem rich, powerful, brilliant, etc. and states that even they are as insignificant as beggars, mosquitoes, or pieces of waste when standing before an omnipresent, almighty Lord. All people, no matter their earthly status, are equal when facing the divine.
The document strongly condemns suicide through a series of statements beginning with "Suicide; is". It describes suicide as lingering between heaven and hell, a crime against humanity, and murder that imperils existence. Suicide leaves no trace and suffocates even after death. It is the worst possible death, ensuring endless suffering. Suicide is a curse that damages society and the most distorted of fantasies. It leads to isolation and blows one away into nothingness. Overall, the document portrays suicide as doom that crucifies the soul and prevents revival, instead urging people to embrace sensuality, beauty, and life.
The document is from the perspective of a mouse trap describing its sole purpose of capturing a mouse. It describes waiting patiently with cheese to lure the mouse in. It watches eagerly for the mouse's small movements in the light and plans different strategies to trap it. Though old, dirty and mistreated, the mouse trap's only goal is to finally catch the mouse that has eluded it for so long.
The document describes different types of people who lived their lives solely to become the best in their field, such as the best businessman, magician, astronaut, athlete, doctor, environmentalist, politician, police officer, astrologer, actor, sportsman, parent, ambassador, friend, musician, teacher, poet, and lover. It concludes by stating that the narrator lived each moment knowing they would die one day, and when that day comes their lifeless form will reach its ultimate destination of being buried in front of the mosque of their Creator, without desiring to be reborn on Earth.
This document damns those who commit various sins and immoral acts such as criticizing artists, murdering innocents, dividing people, betraying their homeland, engaging in war, and failing to help those in need. It portrays the damned as inflicting suffering on others through their actions while wasting opportunities and resources, all the while pursuing selfish goals and corrupt lifestyles.
This document presents a series of contrasts describing the speaker in opposing terms. It calls the speaker everything from insignificant particles like dust or a spider to powerful forces of nature like a whale or volcano. It also refers to the speaker as both social outcasts and conformists. Despite these many conflicting descriptions, the concluding lines state that no matter what name the speaker is called, they will remain defined by their love of and dedication to poetry.
Nero was emperor of Rome from 54 CE to 68 CE. He had multiple wives, including Agrippina, Octavia, and Poppaea. While Rome burned in a massive fire, it was rumored that Nero played his lyre and watched. Nero later built a lavish palace, the Domus Aurea. Christians were persecuted and fed to lions during Nero's reign. Nero was declared a public enemy by the senate and committed suicide after being found by soldiers in Greece.
The document describes the silence of death as being utterly torturous and devoid of any positivity or hope. It is presented through a series of repetitive phrases describing the silence as the worst possible thing that extinguishes all good aspects of life, sensuality, love, prosperity and more, leaving behind only gloom, despair, helplessness and oblivion forever.
The document discusses how committing harm against any living thing, regardless of size, is a crime. It provides numerous examples contrasting small or seemingly insignificant creatures like worms, mosquitoes, or ants with larger creatures like commoners, soldiers, or beggar boys. Each time it states that harming either would be considered a crime by God, as all living things have life. It repeats this message over three sections, using increasingly more graphic and disturbing examples but maintaining that the same principle applies regardless of the nature of the harm or size of the victim.
The document contains three poems that describe the horrors of trench warfare during World War I. The first poem tells of a young soldier who took his own life with a bullet after experiencing the misery of winter in the trenches. The second poem imagines the bells tolling for soldiers who die like cattle in battle, with only the sounds of guns and shells mourning their deaths. The third and longest poem graphically depicts a gas attack, with a soldier seeing his friend drown in liquid poison before dying in a medical wagon, experiencing a fate worse than death.
The document is a poem asking not to be made immune to beautiful and meaningful things in life, such as emotions, beauty, nature, religion, friendship, and love. However, it asks to be made immune to those who disrespect, degrade, destroy, or corrupt these things through actions like war, greed, prejudice, cruelty, and hatred. It advocates being immune to those who do not cherish life's most important truths and virtues.
The document expresses the fleeting and unpredictable nature of life through a series of contrasts between positive and negative situations that could occur within a single minute. It states that one moment one could be experiencing joy and success, while the next finding oneself in despair, defeat, or danger. Ultimately, it promises that no matter what challenges are faced, the speaker's love and compassion for the beloved will remain eternal.
This document summarizes a book that argues the Christian beliefs in Satan and hell originated from pagan mythologies rather than from the Old Testament or original Jewish beliefs. It discusses how these beliefs have been used historically to control people through fear and allow the growth of superstition over reason. While these beliefs still influence many today, the summary argues education and science are gradually reducing their hold as their pagan origins become clearer.
The document describes the Black Death plague that devastated Europe in the 14th century, killing over 25 million people. It discusses how the plague originated in Asia and spread along trade routes to Europe. People incorrectly believed the plague was spread through bad air or God's anger. Descriptions note the horrific scenes of mass death and abandoned bodies. The plague had profound social and economic impacts, weakening feudal systems and allowing more freedom for peasants.
This document is an excerpt from a novel introducing the main character Robert Langdon. It describes Langdon arriving by private jet in Washington D.C. and being picked up by a limousine to be taken to the Capitol Building at 7pm. On the way, the driver confirms Langdon's arrival with another person. The excerpt sets up a mysterious situation where Langdon will be meeting someone important at the Capitol Building that evening.
Christ on the Jewish road (1976) - Richard WurmbrandIulian
Christ on the Jewish road (1976) - Richard Wurmbrand
"For God so loved the world, that He gave his only begotten Son, that whosoever believes in Him should not perish, but have everlasting life." John 3:16
"Car Dieu a tant aimé le monde qu'il a donné son Fils unique, afin que quiconque croit en lui ne périsse point, mais qu'il ait la vie éternelle." Jean 3:16
"Also hat Gott die Welt geliebt, daß er seinen eingeborenen Sohn gab, auf daß alle, die an ihn glauben, nicht verloren werden, sondern das ewige Leben haben." Johannes 3:16
"Fiindca atat de mult a iubit Dumnezeu lumea, ca a dat pe singurul Lui Fiu, pentru ca oricine crede in El sa nu piara, ci sa aiba viata vesnica." (Ioan 3:16)
World Lit II - Class Notes for January 19, 2012Michael Broder
- The document discusses François Rabelais' novel Gargantua and Pantagruel, focusing on its historical context and similarities to Erasmus' works which criticized the Catholic Church.
- Rabelais was influenced by Erasmus and employed humor, satire, and parody to expose corruption in the Church like Erasmus' In Praise of Folly.
- The professor's class covered the first 50 pages of Pantagruel and comparisons have been made to works like Jules Verne and films like The Terminator.
1. The document provides instructions for requesting writing help from HelpWriting.net, including creating an account, completing an order form, reviewing writer bids, authorizing payment, and requesting revisions.
2. Users must first create an account, then complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. Writers will bid on the request and the user can choose a writer based on qualifications.
3. The user receives the paper, ensures it meets expectations, and authorizes payment. HelpWriting.net allows free revisions and stands by providing original, high-quality content or offering a full refund.
In the Saturn-Gnosis the planet and archetype of Saturnus is the focal point for the manifestation of the Demiurge.
Saturnus is seen as the breaker of cosmic order and unity - thus he instituted death, causing regeneration and change to come into being. Thus in many ways Saturnus is identical with Prometheus of Greek tradition, and is certainly to be identified as well with the Serpent of Paradise.
―Fire & Ice, 1995
NOTE: Pandora/Prometheus are moons of Saturn. It's the beast, AI psycho, binary logic, man's brain, carnal mind, ego/intellect, serpent/ouroboros, 666, evil, blind machine controlling & being controlled by the material world. The old man devouring the child. The superego that denies the timeless now of paradise. The figleaf crime against love. The external power structure people obey. Saturn governs measurements which is how science/technology are developed, by quantifying/rationalizing. It's everything costs money (debt/sin). Time=Money=Kronos. Today numbers are nothing but a control device to oppress life with time. Leary/RAW said "The Promethean brain thinks its thoughts are reality" and so money is thought to be real. Vaneigem said "Prometheus/Lucifer stem from the intellect" whose reason enslaves, justifying hierarchy, slavery, religion, government, etc.
Saturn is the opposite to Jupiter; his symbol is the cross above the sign of Luna. He is the Satan, the Tempter, or rather the Tester. His function is to chastise and tame the unruly passions in the primitive man.
―Freemasonry & the Ancient Gods
NOTE: This is the function of civilization (i.e. end times market economy or Sodom/Babylon which is not God's Kingdom or the New Atlantis mankind must create), of police, prison & punishment. The origin of guilt over one's own desires/body which is how to gain power over others to put them to work. Patriarchy enabled by agriculture (in Japanese Saturn is called Dosei the soil star). The devil creates vicious cycles: laws/punishments which are the opposite of Christ's love/forgiveness. The self-destructive pattern behavior of the herd which doesn't know what it does or why it's doing it. Religion/Tradition. The symbol means that the soul (half-circle) is oppressed under matter (cross). Saturn is toxic lead: EGO.
In ancient times it has been called The Great Malefic which was opposed to Jupiter The Great Benefic. Saturn is esoterically associated with man’s limitations, restrictions, death & decay. His Greek name was Kronos the ruler of time, time being the main factor inevitably leading to the death of mortals.
NOTE: Saturn & Jupiter will merge. Love will tame the machine, creating a Golden Age.
Alan Harrington said the devil copies nature, this is technology's purpose. Intellect forms matter into computers that show us the spirit. Gene therapy cures aging processes. We cross the Threshold to Uranus, Heaven & the Sun, Freedom, Gold.
Saturn as Kabbalistic BINAH can be positive: individuality/originality/creativity.
1) The document discusses how Christianity transformed views of death by teaching that those who die "in Jesus" will be resurrected when He returns, finding comfort in Jesus' own death and resurrection.
2) It provides examples from early Christians who faced death with joy and hope rather than sorrow, assured that their departed loved ones were with God.
3) It argues that believing "Jesus died and rose again" gives victory over death, as evidenced by how Christianity empowered and transfigured its early followers despite their facing death.
Essay Writing Help By Helpmein Homework - IssuuNicole Cochran
The document discusses 1980s music and how it represented the culture and times of that decade. It notes that music has been around since prehistoric times as an art form that organizes sound and rhythm. The summary suggests that understanding the meaning and cultural context behind 1980s songs can provide insight into what people were proudly singing about during that era.
This document discusses the history and legacy of Christianity through a critical lens. It examines controversial topics like the conquests of Columbus and Constantine, and explores how Christianity has been used to justify violence throughout history. The document suggests that Christians must face this difficult history, own it, repent of it, and rethink doctrine and mission in light of it. It quotes Indigenous voices arguing that Christianity has nothing positive to teach given its role in centuries of carnage against Indigenous peoples. Overall, the document prompts readers to grapple with Christianity's relationship to power, violence, and marginalized groups throughout its history.
THE ANTICHRISTby Friedrich NietzschePublished 1895tran.docxmehek4
THE ANTICHRIST
by Friedrich Nietzsche
Published 1895
translation by H.L. Mencken
Published 1920
PREFACE
This book belongs to the most rare of men. Perhaps not one of them is yet alive. It is possible that they may be among those who understand my "Zarathustra": how could I confound myself with those who are now sprouting ears?--First the day after tomorrow must come for me. Some men are born posthumously.
The conditions under which any one understands me, and necessarily understands me--I know them only too well. Even to endure my seriousness, my passion, he must carry intellectual integrity to the verge of hardness. He must be accustomed to living on mountain tops--and to looking upon the wretched gabble of politics and nationalism as beneath him. He must have become indifferent; he must never ask of the truth whether it brings profit to him or a fatality to him... He must have an inclination, born of strength, for questions that no one has the courage for; the courage for the forbidden; predestination for the labyrinth. The experience of seven solitudes. New ears for new music. New eyes for what is most distant. A new conscience for truths that have hitherto remained unheard. And the will to economize in the grand manner--to hold together his strength, his enthusiasm...Reverence for self; love of self; absolute freedom of self.....
Very well, then! of that sort only are my readers, my true readers, my readers foreordained: of what account are the rest?--The rest are merely humanity.--One must make one's self superior to humanity, in power, in loftiness of soul,--in contempt.
FRIEDRICH W. NIETZSCHE.
1.
--Let us look each other in the face. We are Hyperboreans--we know well enough how remote our place is. "Neither by land nor by water will you find the road to the Hyperboreans": even Pindar1,in his day, knew that much about us. Beyond the North, beyond the ice, beyond death--our life, our happiness...We have discovered that happiness; we know the way; we got our knowledge of it from thousands of years in the labyrinth. Who else has found it?--The man of today?--"I don't know either the way out or the way in; I am whatever doesn't know either the way out or the way in"--so sighs the man of today...This is the sort of modernity that made us ill,--we sickened on lazy peace, cowardly compromise, the whole virtuous dirtiness of the modern Yea and Nay. This tolerance and largeur of the heart that "forgives" everything because it "understands" everything is a sirocco to us. Rather live amid the ice than among modern virtues and other such south-winds! . . . We were brave enough; we spared neither ourselves nor others; but we were a long time finding out where to direct our courage. We grew dismal; they called us fatalists. Our fate--it was the fulness, the tension, the storing up of powers. We thirsted for the lightnings and great deeds; we kept as far as possible from the happiness of the weakling, from "resignation" . . . There was th ...
FOREWORD
IT was on an April day, a.d. 33, not
long after the Day of Pentecost,
that these things happened. They
covered a brief period of not more than
fifteen hours — from the time of the eve-
ning sacrifice, 3 p.m., until candlelight
the next day. But what a memorable
fifteen hours they were; and what issues
have flowed out of that day!
Art Of Dying In The English Spiritual TraditionHospiscare
The Rt Revd Gordon Mursell Bishop Gordon is a well-known preacher, author and tutor in spirituality. The art of dying in the English Spiritual Tradition was presented at Hospiscare's Holy Living, Holy Dying held in Exeter 2 November 2009.
Eugenics; not a subject you hear much about. It's a topic that most would prefer not to discuss should the topic be brought up in a conversation, that is, if others know anything about the topic. Gloucester, Virginia Links and News website. Visit us for incredible content.
The document discusses how society's understanding of the human body has been conditioned over time, referring to the body as "my body; the fortress." It notes that views of the body have been shaped by cultural, social, and historical factors, influencing how people perceive and relate to their own bodies. In a few brief paragraphs, it introduces this topic and frames the body as something that has been socially constructed rather than a purely biological entity.
Essay Importance Of English In Our Daily LifeKathleen Ward
The document discusses Ron Johnson, a senator from Wisconsin, outlining his background growing up on a farm in Minnesota, early jobs, and career path that led to him being elected as a senator for Wisconsin, with the intent to provide details on his life, political career, and past election campaign. It begins by providing biographical details about Ron Johnson's birth and upbringing in Minnesota before moving into his early jobs and setting up an exploration of his political path and time as a Wisconsin senator.
The document discusses how NASA is considering the possibility of building a real-life Death Star based on existing asteroid materials, as well as how a petition was created asking the White House to fund such a project, though it was ultimately denied. It also notes the immense ongoing popularity of the Star Wars franchise that it inspiring these kinds of proposals in the first place.
Similar to The Theater and History of the Middle Ages (20)
The document summarizes the history and types of theater that existed in ancient Rome from its founding in 753 BCE through the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 CE. Theater evolved from Greek influences during the Republic to large spectacles during the Empire. Major genres included tragedy, comedy, mime, and pantomime performed in large theaters, amphitheaters, and circuses.
The document discusses several aspects of theater and history in ancient Greece. It covers differences between Hellenic and Attic forms, as well as polis vs oikos structures. Key panhellenic commonalities are also outlined such as language, religion, mythology and epic poetry. Democracy and civic duty are examined in relation to theater through a quote from Pericles. The document also describes characteristics of climactic Greek drama, Aristotle's elements of drama, and the purpose of catharsis and the chorus. Different periods and types of actors and comedy are defined.
The document discusses the theater and history of the Italian Renaissance. It explains that humanism, which emphasized human dignity and challenging traditions, was a driving force of the Renaissance in Italy. Theater flourished during this period, with genres including comedy, tragedy, and pastoral drama. Playwrights were influenced by classical Greek and Roman works as well as the ideals of morality, universality, and dramatic realism known as the three unities. Commedia dell'arte became a popular style of improvised comedy featuring stock characters that spread across Europe.
The document discusses the process of creating and evaluating theatrical texts. It explains that playwrights draw inspiration from real life experiences, collaboration, actual events, and serendipity. The process involves writing, rewriting, workshops, and production. It also mentions the roles of critics, dramaturgs, producers, agents, and marketing teams in evaluating plays. Students are assigned to write a 400 word play treatment summarizing a story they would like to write for the theater.
This document discusses different types of performance spaces for theater. It describes proscenium, thrust, arena, and alley stage configurations. It then outlines the categories of Broadway, Off-Broadway, and Off-Off Broadway in New York City based on theater size and production values. Regional theater and summer stock are also mentioned. Finally, the document touches on amateur theater types like dinner theater, educational theater, and community theater.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
4. Translation
Source of wisdom and life,
Carve out a space within us where you your Presence can abide.
Fill us with imagination to be empowered on our mission.
Endow us with the wisdom to produce and share what each of us needs to
grow and flourish.
Untie the tangled threads that bind us, as we release others from the
entanglement of our past mistakes.
Do not let us be diverted from our true purpose, but let us ever be aware.
For you are power and fulfillment, as all is gathered and made whole once
again and for all time.
Amen.
M. Shani Illahan (translation)
6. “Unlike the cold bureaucratic relationships that
bind modern man to abstract corporate and
government structures, the feudal bond was
extremely personal. In the widespread feudal
bond of vassalage, for example, the vassal freely
put himself under his lord whom he treated with
all the duities and sentiments of a son to a father
to whom he owed affection, counsel, aid, and
fidelity. On his part, the lord was like a father
obliged to give protection, help, security, and
means of support. Each party, in its great need,
was forced to appeal for help and resources
beyond that of his own family. As a result, this
forged bond was so strong that it often was
comparable to, and frequently stronger than, the
solidarity of the kinship group.”
David Herlihy
The History of Feudalism
9. “They died by the hundreds, both day
and night, and all were thrown in
ditches and covered with earth. And
as soon as those ditches were filled,
more were dug. And I, Agnolo di
Tura buried my five children with my
own hands. And so many died that
all believed it was the end of the
world.”
--The Plague in Sienna: An Italian
Chronicle
“How many valiant men. How many
fair ladies, breakfast with their kinfolk
and the same night supped with their
ancestors in the next world! The
condition of the people was pitiable
to behold. They sickened by the
thousands daily, and died
unattended and without help. Many
died in the open street, others dying
in their houses, made it known by the
stench of their rotting bodies.
Consecrated churchyards did not
suffice for the burial of the vast
multitude of bodies, which were
heaped by the hundreds in vast
trenches, like goods in a ship’s hold
and covered with a little earth.”
--Giovanni Boccaccio
15. Liturgical Drama (and comedy)
Quem Quaeritis
Angels: Quem quaeritis in sepulchro, o Christicolae?
(Whom seek ye in the tomb, Oh Christians?)
The Three Marys: Jesum Nazarenum crucifixum,
o caelicolae.
(Jesus of Nazareth, the
crucified, O Heavenly Beings)
Angels: Non est hic; surrexit sicut praedixerat.
Ite, nuntiate quia surrexit de sepulchro
(He is not here, he is risen as he
Foretold. Go and announce that he is
risen from the tomb)
Quem Quaeritis: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UNwu9YHOvVI
26. Mystery/Cycle Plays
2012 trailer: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GAKzf4zndmc
Community involvement: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C8STHka1x3w&list=PL50395213DCBBC67C&index=5
p. 103 last paragraph “Theater is a reflection of society”
Thoughts?
3 groups to European society:
Aristocracy (here we have a knight but he seems representative of the ruling class)
Clergy
Great mass of peasants
Three major things to keep in mind as we explore this era: Christianity, Feudalism, and the plague
Perhaps this would be a better summation to watch: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6EAMqKUimr8 (the middle ages in 3.5 minutes)
Creed
Belief in the trinity
Death/resurrection/ascention
The holiness of the church and saints
Judgement day
10 commandments
Jesus Christ
Testament
The Lord’s Prayer
Matthew 6:9-13
The King James Bible
“Our father which art in heaven, hallowed be thy name. They kingdom come, thy will be done on earth, as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread. And forgive us our debts as we forgive our debtors. And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil: For thine is the kingdom, and the power, and the glory, forever: Amen.”
The power of translation.
What is it that happens when a text is translated from one language into another?
Me: "this is the original Aramaic version" and prints it in Aramaic and then lists a translation by M. Shani Illahan that purportedly tries to translate the words as closely as possible to their original meaning rather than impose values from a different time/place/perspective.
Allison: Oh, Ah, ok. First, don't think of "the bible" as a single thing. Almost every book is comprised of either multiple texts edited together, or has gone through multiple editings. That does NOT mean, however, that we scholars can't get underneath most of that toward something that would have been recognized in the time any particular passage was written.
None of the very first manuscripts survive, of course, but that doesn't mean that any copy is wrong either.
I googled it, and found your book on google books. the note at the bottom of the page is pretty good.
Absolutely share the two versions - but distance yourself from the word "original"
What we have in the aramaic text is another tradition, probably oral first, then written, then translated. You aren't teaching theology, silly, just talking about versions and translations and meanings!
Cooperation and mutual obligation
Feudalism is the first western culture that did not practice slavery on a large scale (p. 106)
Why do you think that is? (Christianity)
Growth from the fealty of Greek Polis?
Consider the difference, in theory, between the feudal relationship of a serf to vassal and the corporate relationship of worker to CEO. Do you think there is any difference? Does one seem, in structural terms at least, better or worse than the other?
The epidemic reached its zenith between 1348-1350 though the disease never vanished entirely
This was actually the second major outbreak; the first happened in the eastern roman empire in the spring of 542 and wiped out somewhere in the neighborhood of 25 million people over 2 centuries of recurrence.
Mainly spread by infected fleas from small animals (like rats); though it may be spread from exposure to fluids from infected humans
Killed 30-60% of European population (estimated 50 million souls)
80% of victims die in 2-7 days
Society becomes obsessed with death and the afterlife
Profound impact on art and literature
Because the plague killed so many of the working population, wages rose due to the demand for labor. Some historians see this as a turning point in European economic development.
It is also believed that society subsequently became more violent as the mass mortality rate cheapened life and thus increased warfare, crime, popular revolt, and persecution.
Originated in near China (probably in Mongolia) and spread from Italy and then throughout other European countries.
People believed the plague to be a punishment from God, and that the only way to be rid of the plague was to be forgiven by God.
Clearly Cracow was the place to be in the 14th century
Pieter Bruegel The Triumph of Death
Station 11 not just for the travelling theater but for the decimating effects of an epidemic
“why doesn’t god save us?”
The plague begins to undermine the power of the church
Three categories to the middle ages (traditionally)
Early (500-1000), high (1000-11400), and late (1350-1500)
4th c. onward we have general disorder in Western Europe
Vikings raiding and attacking from the late 8th century onward
Raids in Europe were not something new and also seen long before the Vikings came. The Jutes invaded the British Isles three centuries earlier. The Saxons and the Angles did the same, embarking from mainland Europe. The Viking raids were the first to be documented in writing by eyewitnesses, and they were much larger in scale and frequency than in previous times
Monasteries become oasis
End of the Roman era also means the end of organized and state sponsored theatrical activities however 4 known elements survived
Remnants of Roman Mimes
Teutonic Minstrelsy
Popular festivals and pagan rites
Christian ceremonies
What would your post-apocalyptic life be like? If your primary focus changed to a constant search for food, water, and safety where would creating theater (or whatever your primary focus is) fall in your lists of priorities?
Loss of state funding
Still bands of nomadic performers – storytellers, jesters, tumblers, jugglers, rope dancers, trained animals, etc
No record of dramatic pieces
Denounced by the church (obvs)
Re clip: I don’t care how jaded you are by modern technology: you will still stop and watch this – and think it’s cool!!– if it goes by. Imagine what this must have meant to these small agrarian communities.
The scop was a singer/teller of tales from the 5th – 8th centuries
Deeds of Teutonic (Germanic, Celtic) heroes
Principal preserver of the tribe’s history – oral history tradition -- as such awarded a place of honor in society
Major features of feasts and festivals
The scop’s performance was a history lesson, moral sermon, and a pep talk rolled into one, instilling cultural pride and teaching how a true hero should behave. At the same time, in true Anglo-Saxon fashion, the scop reminded his listeners that they were helpless in the hands of fate and that all human ambition would end in death. With no hope for an afterlife, only an epic poem could provide a measure of immortality. These epic poems were an oral art form: memorized and performed, not written down. Later, as Christianity spread through Britain, literacy spread too, and poems were more likely to be recorded. In this age before printing presses, however, manuscripts had to be written out by hand, copied slowly and laboriously by scribes. Thus, only a fraction of Anglo-Saxon poetry has survived, in manuscripts produced centuries after the poems were originally composed and performed.
The most famous survivor is the epic Beowulf, about a legendary hero of the northern European past. In more than 3,000 lines, Beowulf relates the tale of a heroic warrior who battles monsters and dragons to protect the people. Yet Beowulf, while performing superhuman deeds, is not immortal. His death comes from wounds incurred in his final, great fight.
Church making slow headway against the pagan festivals of Western Europe
Many people only nominally Christian
Pagan festivals are then usurped into Christianity
Christmas // Winter Solstice
Easter // Ostara
Halloween // Samhain
Valentine’s Day // Imbolc
May Day // Beltane
Lammas // feast of st. peters
Lithia (summer solstice) // st. john’s day
What is a trope?
In the late early middle ages (c. 900) the sung trope leads us into actual liturgical drama
Many theatrical elements had been incorporated into the annual celebrations
Symbolic objects, actions, and emblems
Dramatizes a part of the book of Luke – when the three marys went to Christ’s tomb and find he has been resurrected and ascended to heaven.
“on that single moment the whole of christian salvation rests.
Dramatizing that moment appeals to the emotion and develops an emotional connection to the latin text
story with mimetic action, music, spectacle #aristotle
Different parts of the bible dramatized
Hrosvitha
C. 935-973
German canoness
Wrote 6 plays modeled after Terence’s comedies
Feminist drama (awwwyeah!)
Hildegard of Bingen
Catherine de Sutton
Hildegard of Bingen (d. 1179)
Benedictine abbess
Wrote Ordo Virtutum (c. 1155)
Catherine de Sutton
Abbess of Barking
Producing theater in England in the 14th c.
Important to note: in Ancient Greece and Rome the only real avenue for a woman to express her intellect was if she was a courtesan (though, not in Egypt where Cleopatra was extremely well educated along with her sisters); in the middle ages intellectual women became nuns (though admittedly, the monastery was also where intellectual men went). Women of intellect have been regarded with skepticism throughout history (important to remember as we head towards st. patrick’s day) to say the least.
Vikings have been converted to christianity
Town life is stable
Industry and trade begin to flourish
Sizable cities arise
Feudalism declines
Universities and schools begin to displace monasteries as primary seats of learning
6 crusades (between 1096-1229)
Enlarge political, intellectual, artistic horizons
Stop the spread of Islam (also kill many innocent people who were otherwise minding their own business #obviousparallel)
Large scale building became common by the 11th century
By 1300 monumental gothic churches had been built throughout western europe
Liturgical drama began to be performed in these churches
Far more accessible to the general public than just in monastaries
How do you think liturgical drama would have been affected by the change from Romanesque churches to gothic cathedrals?
There are a large number of surviving dramas from this era
Each church would have had one or two performances per year
Length and complexity vary
Playing area had 2 basic components (mansion/platea)
The church structure itself used
Choir loft = heaven
Crypt = hell
Elaborate machinery for special effects
Costumes were church vestments + accessories
Actors were clergy or choir boys
Plays were in latin
Liturgical drama continued to be performed until the 16th century, but by the end of the high middle ages (1300) it ceased to play a significant role in the development of theater
The Carmina Burana (songs from Beuern
254 poems and dramatic texts mostly from the 11th or 12th c.
55 songs of morals and mockery
131 love songs
40 drinking and gaming songs
(and this is why it’s important to us) 2 long liturgical dramas
1 crucifixion story
1 christmas story
The pieces are mostly bawdy, irreverant, and satirical
Mostly Latin (some high German)
Written by students and clergy satirizing the Catholic church
Collection was found in 1803 in the Benedictine monastery of Benediktbeuern (Bavaria)
24 poems were set to music by Carl Orff in 1936 and you will most likely recognize it immediately as O FORTUNA has been used in numerous filmsca
One of the many feast days assigned to Christmas (on the 8th day of xmas)
Important in the development of comedy
Reminiscent of earlier pagan rites (Roman Saturnalia also appointed a lord of misrule)
Revelry passing over into licentiousness
buffoonery and burlesque (social revolution however brief, never popular with the church)
Presided over by a Lord of Misrule (best job title ever)
Efforts to suppress the FoF unsuccessful until the 15th/17th c.
The draw of the FoF lay in the inversion of status
Celebrated from the 5th to the 17th centuries throughout Europe, was a celebration marked by much license and buffoonery. It in many ways resembled the pagan Roman celebration of Saturnalia. In the medieval version the young people, who played the chief parts, chose from among their own number a mock pope, archbishop, or abbot to reign as Lord of Misrule. Participants would then consecrate him with many ridiculous ceremonies in the chief church of the place, giving names such as Archbishop of Dolts, Abbot of Unreason, Boy Bishop, or Pope of Fools. The protagonist could be a boy bishop or subdeacon, while at the abbey of St. Gall in the 10th century, a student each December 13 enacted the part of the abbot. In any case the parody tipped dangerously towards the profane. The ceremonies often mocked the performance of the highest offices of the church, while other persons dressed in different kinds of masks and disguises, engaged in songs and dances and practised all manner of revelry within the church building.
This was never a sanctioned feast – and indeed was often condemned by the church – but it was a popular feast. The FoF was finally forbidden under the very severest of penalties by the Council of Basel in 1431, but the festival didn’t die out until 1644 when the last FoF was celebrated in Paris (featured in Victor Hugo’s The Hunchback of Notre Dame)
Painting: the fight between carnival and lent (brueghel)
Hunchback of Notre Dame clip starts at about 20:30
Guilds
The late middle ages was a time of growth and increasing commerce; new institutions were created to address this situation: guilds
Formation of cities and renewed contact with the Islamic world created new opportunities for trade
By pooling resources guilds could become powerful players in town politics and social life
Many guilds donated items to the local church or put on fairs and theater performances to improve their reputation and create more opportunities for selling their products
Terminology (apprentice, journeyman, council of masters) still in use today
Drama continues to be primarily religious but the plays are finally in the common language and they move outside the church --
Drama continues to be primarily religious but the plays are finally in the common language and they move outside the church --
It’s not known how plays evolved in this way – moving from liturgical to vernacular religious dramas – and many scholars think they evolved separately from liturgical dramas.
But it is worth considering this move is happening at the same time as the plague. The plague which has so many people asking “why doesn’t god save us?” Definitely undermines the power of the church and starts a new trajectory away from Church doctrine being the central defining law
What’s the difference between these three?
Mystery plays: (also called cycle plays) Short medieval dramas based on events of the old and new testaments
Miracle Plays: dealt specifically with the lives of saints and as such were not taken from the bible
Morality Plays: Medieval dramas designed to teach a lesson. The characters were often allegorical (conveying meaning through symbolism) and represented virtues or faults (good deeds in Everyman)
While the dramas were short, they were generally strung together to make longer events
For example The Second Shepherd’s Play that we read about in the chapter is in fact a part of The Wakefield Cycle by the wakefield master
They were community wide with different guilds depicting different stories from the bible – connected with their specialty
Performances were once a year (if that)
Preparations took many months
Mostly free
All day/all night affairs that lasted many days
One in france lasted 40 days
300 actors played 500 roles
Performed throughout Europe
Most famous: the york cycle
York Corpus Christi Plays
The plays are one of four virtually complete surviving english mystery play cycles (along with the Chester Mystery Plays, the Wakefield Cycle, and the N Town Cycle)
Tells the story of Christianity from tCreation to the last judgement
48 playlets
First recorded in 1376 – 1579 when religious drama was outlawed (in england)
The manuscript was published in 1885 and in 1909 the first revival procession occurred
2000, 2012 were big remountings and there will be another production this year in may (ultimate extra credit)
Small village in Germany being plagued by the plague in 1632 didn’t know what to do
Took the summer stock approach to disease
AND IT WORKED
They vowed to remount the passion play every 10 years to keep the plague at bay
So far so good
Pageant Master
Director
Complex productions requiring careful organization
Casts of upwards of 300 people
Complex special effects
Large sums of money
Actors
Number of actors varied (few-300)
Many roles double cast
The Acts of the Apostles Bourges 1536 had 494 roles played by 300 actors
Members of the merchant class
A few women and girls
Mostly locals
Combination of realism and stylization
Extended comic scenes
Show human failings set against the larger framework of divine commandements
Mostly dressed like their contemporary counterparts
Actors provided their own costumes unless super elaborate
This could get expensive with double casting
Playwrights = Anonymous
Stages
Fixed – series of small mansions (you can take the plays out of the church but you can’t take the church out of the plays)
Placed side by side
Heaven to the east, hell in the west
Moveable – audience would assemble in different places and the wagons would travel
Possible that the wagons rolled through town with people in tableaus and then set up in a stationary location
Pageant wagons – moveable stages were decorated wagons designed to handle the required scenic unit for one play
Though there is a debate about what they looked like and how it worked, no doubt that it was happening
Hell Mouth
The most popular mansions were the ones representing heaven and hell because they would be the most elaborate
The entrance to hell was referred to as a hell mouth and was most often depicted as the head of a monster which spewed forth fire and smoke
Flames, pyrotechnics, smoke,
From an illustrated manuscript
Strictly speaking was a secular dramatic form as it did not tell stories from the bible or of saints. But the plays were designed to tell man what to do.
Didactic (intended to teach; particularly having a moral instruction as an ulterior motive)
Filled with archetypes
Frequently the basis of these dramas is a struggle between two forces (one good, one evil) for the soul of the main character
Two best known of these plays
Castle of perseverance
Oldest extant morality play
Housed in the folger shakespeare library in DC (fyi)
Contains the same themes as are found in most of the other morality plays but is especially important and unusual because a stage drawing is included which may suggest a theater in the round
The earliest drawing of a stage and set design in England is preserved in the manuscript. In the center of the drawing is the castle from the play's title. The writing above the castle explicitly says that the audience should not sit in the area. At the base of the castle is a bed on which Mankind rests. The circle around the castle is labeled as a ditch, which the audience should not cross.The five short text blocks around the circle label scaffolds for some of the characters, including God, Belial, and World. The map is oriented with north towards the bottom, which suggests that it is not merely some abstract suggestion by the playwright or scribe, but rather a real set design that may have been implemented—if not merely an literal implementation of the trope of 'a world turned upside down'.Whether the drawing truly represents theatre in the round or not is debatable. Although the ditch circles the castle completely and it is stated that the audience should not cross it, nowhere does the text state that the audience should sit on all sides of the play. It is possible that they sat on only one or some of the sides.
However the rendering was taken quite literally in this 1999 University of Toronto production (canadians, eh?)
everyman
Tournaments began in the 10th century as a means of training nights in warfare
Reformations in the 13th century to address high mortality rates
Dramatic elements included – updated gladiators
Still totally recognizeable enough to parody like they did in the 1989 bill murray movie Quick Change
Mummers were masked merrymakers connected to the winter solstice
Performed in common areas (not the church)
All male – though they wore outrageous costumes and as such sometimes dressed like women
This is the medieval version of mime
The mummers day parade in Philadelphia is – aside from being the best parade I’ve ever been to – a fascinating contemporary structure that utilizes much of what we know about medieval theater
Guilds – community based, rehearsing for months and months
Moveable stages
Dancing
Spectacle – but of the kind that a regular human can rig without computers
Music
Outrageous costumes
Brotherhood of the passion
An association of amateur actors drawn from merchants and craftsmen of Paris for the presentation of religious plays
In 1402 Charles VI granted them permission to produce Mystery plays in Paris
Their priviliges were renewed in 1518 with the consequence that none outside the Confrerie could organize plays thus giving them a monopoly over all acting in Paris
they dominated french theater for over 250 years – more on them in TH&Lii
FINALLY!
Show imperfect humanity within the social order
Typical subjects: marital infidelity; quarreling; cheating; hypocrisy; general human failing; sex; and digestion
Pierre Pathelin (1470) – the most famous of medieval farces, also totally innocent, without vulgarity, and has a well rounded plot
Second Shepherd’s play
Humor could be absorbed into even the most serious religious drama
14th-16th century societies concerned with poetry, music, and drama
All over europe
Competitions
A question would be posed
Various chambers composed and performed answers
Answer form: allegorical drama
Outdoor drama contest
Stage clear connector to elizabethan stages
After 600 years of religious theater it looses popularity
Church is weakened by internal conflicts
Learning had been thriving outside the church
Spirit of theological/philosophical questioning (not helped by the plague)
Henry VIII splits with Rome in 1534 and starts his own new religion
Elizabeth I forbade all religious plays in 1558 (though we’ll see how the tradition continued to thrive in Spain in a few weeks)
A word about the east
In 330 CE Emperor Constantine moved the capitol of Rome to a city he had built on the Bosporous; the empire splits; then Rome falls in 476 CE.
For nearly a millenium the eastern half of the Holy Roman Empire thrives (falling in 1453 to the Turks)
Interesting blend, culturally speaking, of ancient Greece, ancient Rome, and Christianity
There is little information about the theater that was presented in this time but the glimpses suggest a rich theatrical life throughout the empire (and we know the games continued).
One of the lasting effects of this era was the preservation of classical manuscripts. Including the Suda – a massive 10th century encyclopedia of the ancient Mediterranean world – including many quotes and articles about ancient literary history that would have otherwise been lost to us
A great source fpr the study of classic literary culture
Early muslims showed a great respect for learning
There were many universities (Oldest existing and continually operating educational institution in the world is the University of Karueein founded in 859 AD in Fez, Morroco)
Preserved much of the heritage from Greece, Persia, and Egypt
Many contributions made to medicine, philosophy, mathematics, and geography
Created a brilliant and graceful civilization that made Europe seem barbarous by comparison
Not so good for the arts
Well, if you don’t count things like this
Artists were forbidden to make images of living things
Art becomes primarily decorative rather than representational
This included acting
Though there was one exception
Origins questionable (east/west) though it appears to be indonesian or chinese in origin
In the 16th century this became very popular with muslim turks
Shadow theatre, with a single puppeteer creating voices for a dialogue, narrating a story, and possibly even singing while manipulating puppets