This document analyzes the music video for the song "Bang Bang" in terms of how it sexually objectifies female artists. It finds that the video adheres to narrow beauty standards and focuses extensively on the artists' bodies through close-ups, revealing outfits, and sexualized dancing. Exposure to such objectifying media can promote self-objectification and internalization of unrealistic attractiveness norms among viewers. Feminist theory suggests these portrayals reinforce gender domination and privilege narrow heterosexual expectations of women.
Factors of the Tripartite Influence Model & their Implications towards Body I...Stephanie Guerard
Body image dissatisfaction (BID) has been described by Thompson et al. (1999) as a negative and subjective assessment that an individual makes about his or her body, developed by the interaction of affective, cognitive, and behavioral aspects (as cited in Rodgers & Chabrol, 2009). Siberstein et al. (1998) explains that BID has been labeled as “normative” due to its rise within Western culture and a key predictor of disordered eating (as cited in Johnson, Edwards & Gidycz, 2014; Chang, Lee, Chen, Chiu, Pan & Huang, 2012). As researchers investigate the origins of BID, one theory that has developed is the Tripartite Influence Model. With five sociocultural factors, the Tripartite Influence Model combines previous BID research and supports Thompson, Heinberg, Altabe, and Tantleff-Dunn (1999)’s understanding that body image is developed from an interaction of many factors, not in “isolation” (as cited in Sharp, Tiggemann & Mattiske, 2014). This paper will examine each of the Tripartite Influence Model’s factors, describe how the factors interact, and address other potential BID influences that are not recognized as factors within the model.
Effect of media on eating disorders and body - a book chapter by Levine and H...Xanat V. Meza
Disclaimer: all images and original texts belong to their rightful owners.
Chapter 22 of the book "Media effects. Advances in Theory and Research", edited by Bryant and Oliver.
Factors of the Tripartite Influence Model & their Implications towards Body I...Stephanie Guerard
Body image dissatisfaction (BID) has been described by Thompson et al. (1999) as a negative and subjective assessment that an individual makes about his or her body, developed by the interaction of affective, cognitive, and behavioral aspects (as cited in Rodgers & Chabrol, 2009). Siberstein et al. (1998) explains that BID has been labeled as “normative” due to its rise within Western culture and a key predictor of disordered eating (as cited in Johnson, Edwards & Gidycz, 2014; Chang, Lee, Chen, Chiu, Pan & Huang, 2012). As researchers investigate the origins of BID, one theory that has developed is the Tripartite Influence Model. With five sociocultural factors, the Tripartite Influence Model combines previous BID research and supports Thompson, Heinberg, Altabe, and Tantleff-Dunn (1999)’s understanding that body image is developed from an interaction of many factors, not in “isolation” (as cited in Sharp, Tiggemann & Mattiske, 2014). This paper will examine each of the Tripartite Influence Model’s factors, describe how the factors interact, and address other potential BID influences that are not recognized as factors within the model.
Effect of media on eating disorders and body - a book chapter by Levine and H...Xanat V. Meza
Disclaimer: all images and original texts belong to their rightful owners.
Chapter 22 of the book "Media effects. Advances in Theory and Research", edited by Bryant and Oliver.
Running head INFLUENCE OF THE MEDIA ON BODY IMAGE1INFLUENCE .docxcharisellington63520
Running head: INFLUENCE OF THE MEDIA ON BODY IMAGE 1
INFLUENCE OF THE MEDIA ON BODY IMAGE 14
Influence of the Media on Body Image
Tiffany King
Argosy University
February 10, 2016
Influence of the Media on Body Image
Abstract
Media images of the ideal body are prevalent in the contemporary society. These images are seen in ads, commercials, billboards, and magazines. For the longest time, there has been a continued interest in women’s body image. Their eating habits, self-esteem and how these two aspects are affected by what a female sees in the media have been researched. Such a line of research is essential because discovering the link between the media’s portrayal and poor image could allow for successful interventions to be implemented and evaluated (Harper & Tiggemann, 2008). In this regards, an intervention might lead to fewer cases of bulimia and anorexia and could also increase self-esteem and a sense of a more positive body image among females.
Majorly, this study aimed at substantiating the media’s influence on body image. Forty-three Argosy University undergraduate students participated in the study voluntarily. The control subjects participated through filling out the BISS (Body Image States Scales). The experimental subjects showed 120-second power point presentation revealing media images of women followed by completing the BISS. The BISS included six questions that were rated on a Likert scale type, which inquired about the subject’s feelings concerning their physical appearance. The study used data analysis from independent sample t-tests.
The analysis revealed that people who viewed the media images of females felt less physically attractive than those who were not exposed to the media presentation. Additionally, individuals who saw the media presentation felt worse regarding their looks compared with those that did not view the presentation. Additional findings suggested that attractiveness, satisfaction with their body and looks were not found to be significantly different. The questions that never revealed significant findings addressed more specific aspects of the body. For instance, body weight, shape and size.
Introduction
TV advertisements, magazines, and movies have always revealed the unattainable images of women’s body. Many studies have indicated that the ways in which a female’s eating habits, body image, and self-esteem are affected negatively by what they see and hear from the media. According to Spitzer, Henderson & Zivian (1999), social endorsements in the media portraying an ideal body have escalated image disturbances among women and influenced the development of eating disorders. Moreover, Kasey (n.d) found that women who are exposed to appearance-related media seem less satisfied with their shapes compared with those exposed to non-appearance related media.
Many magazines tend to advise women to concentrate on their physical, outside attributes but fail to mention the significance o.
ORIGINAL PAPERThe Dual Role of Media Internalization in Ad.docxgerardkortney
ORIGINAL PAPER
The Dual Role of Media Internalization in Adolescent Sexual
Behavior
Ann Rousseau1 • Ine Beyens2 • Steven Eggermont1 • Laura Vandenbosch1,3,4
Received: 30 June 2015 / Revised: 4 November 2016 / Accepted: 10 November 2016 / Published online: 16 December 2016
� Springer Science+Business Media New York 2016
Abstract Sexualizing media content is prevalent in various
mediatypes.Sexualizingmediamessagesandportrayalsempha-
sizeunattainablebodyandappearanceidealsastheprimarycom-
ponentsofsexualdesirability.Theinternalizationoftheseidealsis
positivelyrelatedtoself-objectificationandsexualbodyconscious-
ness. In turn, self-objectification and sexual body consciousness
affectadolescents’sexualbehavior,albeitinopposingdirections.
While objectifying self-perceptions are linked to higher levels of
sexual behavior, body consciousness during physical intimacy is
linked to lower levels of sexual behavior. Based on this knowl-
edge,thepresentthree-wavepanelstudyof824Belgian,predom-
inant heterosexual adolescents (Mage =15.33; SD=1.45) pro-
poses a dual-pathway model that investigates two different path-
waysthroughwhichtheinternalizationofmediaidealsmayimpact
adolescents’ sexual behavior. An inhibitory pathway links media
internalization to lower levels of sexual behavior through sexual
body consciousness, and a supportive pathway links media inter-
nalization to higher levels of sexual behavior through self-objec-
tification. Structural equation analyses supported the proposed
dual-pathway, showing that the impact of media internalization
on adolescents’ sexual behavior proceeds through an inhibitory
pathway and a supportive pathway. Regarding the supportive
pathway, media internalization (W1) positively predicted sex-
ualbehavior(W3),throughvaluingappearanceovercompe-
tence(W2).Regardingtheinhibitorypathway,mediainternal-
ization (W1) positively predicted body surveillance, which, in
turn, positively predicted sexual body consciousness (all W2).
Sexual body consciousness (W2) is negatively related to sexual
behavior(W3).Fromasexualdevelopmentalperspective,these
findings emphasize the importance of guiding adolescents in
interpreting and processing sexualizing media messages.
Keywords Media internalization � Self-objectification �
Sexual body consciousness � Sexual behavior �
Sexualizing media
Introduction
Sexualizing media content is prevalent in virtually every media
genre (e.g., Bradley, 2013; Graff, Murnen, & Krause, 2013) and
emphasizes the body and appearance ideals as primary compo-
nents of sexual desirability (e.g., American Psychological Asso-
ciation [APA], 2007; Aubrey, 2007). Although physical appear-
ance is a natural occurring component of sexual desirability, the
narrowly defined standards used by popular media to define sex-
ualattractivenessareratherartificialconstructsofaculturalprac-
tice that is called sexualization. In particular, sexualizing content
is characterized by a focu.
From "Stand by Your Man" to "Stand by Your Suntan:" Women in boardsports from...Cori Schumacher
Takes a closer look at the mythology of female surfing as represented by the surf industry (e.g. surf brands/companies; surf media). The key is not to deny forthright the sexuality of women, but to ensure that women are not simply narrowly defined as passive objects for another's sexual pleasure. This is especially important in sports where we find a powerful paradigm of health and mitigating the negative social influences of the media and peers.
IDENTIFIES the opportunity of Sports, specifically boardsports, as a social institution that mitigates the influence of media and peers in the sexualization of girls and women; DEFINES the problem of how women and girls (and female athletes) are represented by the majority of surf companies through their websites and advertising and how the surf media narrowly portrays and marginalizes female surfers using sociological concepts; EXPLORES the sponsorship dynamic and how it creates and maintains the internalization of the sexualization, learned helplessness and negative body image of young girls in surfing despite the rhetoric of surf brands claiming to be "authentic" depictions of the life of sponsored athletes; TARGETS three areas which require attention to FIX the problems illustrated, with an added emphasis on the need for the visibility of positive role models who are not narrowly defined by their sexuality.
Write a one to two (1-2) page paper in which you1. Use the p.docxericbrooks84875
Write a one to two (1-2) page paper in which you:
1. Use the print screen option on a keyboard or a snipping tool to capture screen shots of your telnet session into the Oracle server. Note: The graphically depicted solution is included in the required page length.
2. Briefly describe the steps used to log into the Strayer Oracle server.
Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.
Include diagrams or screen shots created through the use of a snipping tool or print screen keyboard option. The completed diagrams / screen shots must be imported into the Word document before the paper is submitted.
Running head: Assignment 2 Final Project: Literature Review 5
Assignment 2 Final Project: Literature Review
Student’s Name:
Instructor’s name:
Affiliation:
Course:
Date:
Assignment 2 Final Project: Literature Review
Eisend & Möller (2007) believe that media consumption plays a vital role to influence body images and body satisfaction. Television and magazine advertisement with attractive role models will raise comparison standards for physical attractiveness. Prior research on mass media exposure and its effect on body images emphasize on body dissatisfaction and body perception while it fails to integrate beauty-related consumption behavior. Eisend & Möller (2007) provide a cultivation theory that holds that the continued exposure of television t adolescents will have a subtle and cumulative effect to shape views of social reality. Most of the young people consume a lot of television content to define their representations of reality. Television reality contains a lot of distortion and reality, and that leads to heavy consumers of it to form a distorted social perception concerning the world. An increase in television viewing leads one to have biased social perceptions. Other cultivation studies provide evidence that television exposure influences perceptions of consumer reality. Socio-cultural ideals for body appearance illustrate that repeated exposure to media would have an effect on women measure of self-worth. The western culture has recently endorsed thin female body an issue that affects women. Similarly, the ideal male body is a tall, lean, and muscular figure. Granatino & Haytko (2013) finds that girls begin to have a desire to become thin at the age of seven and boys are aware of their body size at the age of nine. Most of the researchers agree that at a young age, both boys and girls are awar.
1. Megan Beauchner
Gender Issues
Dr. Beerman
Fall 2016
The Reality of Attractiveness: Objectification In Music Videos
Throughout time, we have often lived by the phrases, “The bigger the better,” or,
“the more the merrier,” but as time evolves, these phrases seem to be less relevant than
ever before. In fact, in today’s day and age, the smaller tends to seem to be the better.
This is especially relevant to body images. We’ve gone from admiring thicker legs and a
curvy figure to searching the web for “thin-spiration” in order to achieve that perfect
thigh gap. The “ideal body” has been changing for decades, following the trends of the
celebrities in the media. Change is inevitable as society continues to evolve, but what
happens when society decides on a new ideal body image, plastering those “changes” all
over media, and creates an unnatural body image goal?
Context
Objectification can be defined as the viewing of a human body as just that, a
body. Whether the person being objectified is a man or a woman, they are transformed
into an object and reduced to body parts, such as legs or breasts, and seen as a commodity
that can be bought, touched, or even viewed for pure enjoyment. When critically viewing
a body, the viewer takes on, what Laura Mulvey (1975) called, “the gaze” whether they
are aware of it or not. The gaze operates around the idea that men act, women appear.
When taking on this gaze, regardless of gender, the viewer sees others through a male
perspective. This view mediates gender and exposes women to being viewed as a
physically passive, ineffective sexual entity.
2. The objectified gaze prompts the internalization of expected body norms through
its notion that physical attractiveness determines value. A person may begin to take part
in their own self-objectification as a result of internalizing the objectifiers’ views. Self-
objectification occurs when “individuals value their observable appearance based body
attributes in relationship to their competence based attributes” (Vandenbosch &
Eggermont. 2012. p.871) and rank their attractiveness as most important. The
attractiveness norms “reinforce and privilege White heterosexual gender expectations and
help maintain women as objects” (DeFrancisco & Palczewski. 2014. p83) while
encouraging the secularization of the female body.
“Media representations are not only a reflection of society reality but also actively
construct it.” (DeFranscisco. p.88) Media is an inevitable part of daily life. Survey’s
show that in the US, at least 2.8 hours are spent viewing some form of media per person
each day; with TV, movies, and music videos being the most influential. The dominant
broadcast throughout the media is a message that supports the hegemonic ideology that
constructs gender. Hegemonic ideologies provide a sense that things are how they should
be, while being formed by one dominating group’s power over others. The dominance is
maintained through the use of rhetoric strategies and practices that support these
messages.
The prevailing messages in the media today places value on a person’s sexual
appeal by “holding them to a standard that equates physical attractiveness with sexiness”
(DeFrancisco. p.80) Though both men and women experience this harassment through
media, their bodies are not sexualized the same way. Studies show that 3 to 5 women are
more likely to be hyper-sexualized through clothing, nudity, and/or body descriptions.
3. Heterosexual gender expectations are reinforced through different mediums, leaving
those who don’t comply as targets for harassment, discrimination, and humiliation. The
unrealistic and narrow standard that media has set has no age limit because of it’s easy
accessibility and tempting appeal.
In order to analyze the influence media had on the view of women, the pop song
“Bang Bang” can be explored for its conformity to the standards and norms that women
are held to. The pop song by well-know recording artists, Ariana Grande, Nicki Minaj,
and Jessie J, topped the charts after its release in 2014. By 2015, the songs high energy
and catchy beat won it the award for favorite song of the year. After “Bang Bang”
quickly became a hit among all ages, a music video featuring all three of the songs
popular singers was quickly generated and released.
That being said, while “91% of sample music videos of female artists contained at
least 1 of the following indicators of sexual objectification: close-up shots of individual
body parts, self-touching of sexual body parts, ample skin exposure, or sexualized
dancing” (Aubrey. p.271), the “Bang Bang” music video contained all four indicators.
The attractiveness standards and norms put in place by society normalize and cover up
the deeper, negative messages that are sent out through the objectification in the video.
Analysis
Music videos present in media adhere to the ideology that promotes women as
sexualized objects, based on how they are presented, filmed, and interacted with. The
domination of the male view ascertained through compliance of beauty norms,
objectifying gazes, and actions of women themselves. Consequently, through audience
acceptance of these videos, they encourage the views normality and comply with them by
4. recreating the looks or actions. These accepted attitudes determine the interpretations and
suggest values and beliefs within a specific artifact. The beliefs that develop advocate
social and cultural interests while also encouraging certain attitudes and actions towards
it. Clothing, camera angles, gestures, and words all play a role in forming these
ideologies. Through the clothing choices, body language, and beauty standards present in
the music video “Bang, Bang”, media’s influence on women can be proven and can
reinforce how “sexually objectifying content informs media users on which appearance-
related attitudes, perceptions, and behaviors are desirable” (Vandenbosch. 2001. P873).
Driven by men and women’s increased depiction of sexuality on television,
bodies are not sexualized the same way or to the same extent. “Sexual objectification can
be conveyed through body exposure, as in the case of a woman who is not wearing much
clothing” (Aubrey, Henson, Hopper, & Smith. 2009. P273), making females three to five
times more likely to be hyper-sexualized than males. By employing semiotics to analyze
the artifact, the wardrobe choices can be studied and also provide insight to uncover a
deeper meaning. Each outfit was form fitting and complimented the artists’ form in order
to focus on specific body part. The video uses of short skirts and slits in dress as a way to
emphasize the artists’ legs and backsides, while the low cut revealing tops draw attention
to their torsos and chests.
A study done on women noted that “exposure to images of barely clothed women
activated state self-objectification” and suggests that “a high degree of body display
activated for women semantically related thoughts concerning their own appearance,
resulting in more negative descriptions of the self” (Aubrey. p281). According to these
5. studies, “Bang, Bang” objectifies the artists through the clothing choices while also
increasing viewers’ self-objectification by the videos excessive body display.
Body segmentation, sexual positioning, and the perfect camera angles are other
tactics utilized to place emphasis on an artist’s body, in order to capture the attention of
viewers. A study done on sexualization within music entertainment reported, “adolescent
viewers are receiving a consistent picture of sexuality as appearance and body focused”
(Aubrey, J. S., Hopper, K. M., & Mbure, W. G. 2011. p 191), as a result of media
exposure. The ideology that sexuality is based on appearance and body can provide an
interpretation of how these patterns of beliefs are becoming dominant in younger
generations.
Based on the statement “female characters in music videos were more likely than
male characters to exhibit behaviors meant to elicit sexual arousal” (Aubrey, J.S. &
Frisby, C.M. 2011. p.482), the focus on the body can be further examined. Scenes from
the studied artifact captured close ups of each artist by panning the cameras up and down
their bodies. Zoomed in shots of body parts, such as legs, stomachs, and lips, were
segmented from the rest of the women’s bodies multiple times throughout the video.
According to the definition that describes sexual objection as “the representation of a
woman as a collection of body parts” (Aubrey. 2011. p279), the scenes that solely feature
the segmentation of different body parts are participating in sexual objectification of the
women in the video. When compared to Mulvey’s (1975) concept of the gaze, the scenes
exploit the women to being sexually objectified “when camera shots linger on bodies or
body parts instead of focusing on the face or the total subject” (Aubrey. 2011. p480).
6. In order to examine the video to explore how media constructs gender, feminism
ideology can be applied to scenes that illustrate gender domination. The artifacts
conformity to beauty norms can be used as an example. The video featuring the artist’s
primping and applying make-up in the beginning sends a negative message the statement
that “women and girls are expected to learn what the prevailing beauty ideals are from
the media” (Vandenbosch. 2012. p.968) rings true. Popular artist’s compliance with
society’s beauty norms has been proven to heighten body awareness in younger girls due
to music videos placement of “strong visual emphasis on beauty ideals” (Vandenbosch p
874). According to a study done on the internalization of beauty standards, it was
reported that “adolescent girls have been shown to experience various intrapersonal and
interpersonal developmental changes” (Vandenbosch p870).
To keep up with the constantly shifting attractiveness norms, millions of dollars
are spent on cosmetics, diets, hair products, plastic surgeries, and other beauty enhancers
each year, in order to meet these standards. “Attractiveness norms are maintained and
transformed through commercialism and consumer markets” (DeFrancisco. p 83), as well
as being reinforced through the media. Back when stretch marks and rolls were indicators
of higher status, the ideal body consisted of expansive thighs, curvy waists, and fuller
figures. Just as media had the power to influence body trends in the past, it holds that
same influential power today.
Significance
Starting as early as age six, young girls are comparing themselves to the images
they see in the media and are judging their bodies based off of societies standards.
“Increasing exposure to sexual content on television is a significant contributor to sexual
7. knowledge, beliefs, expectations, attitudes, and behaviors” (DeFrancisco. p. 244), that
shape the minds of younger generations. If young girls watching their favorite celebrities
and idols conforming to these norms, then why wouldn’t they start to as well? A recent
study found that 7,272 adolescent girls viewed themselves as overweight because of the
body shaming culture the media has produced.
Music videos shown today mainly feature women in tight, tiny clothing while
sexually dancing or showing off their voluptuous “goods”. The women are often used as
a prop in the video regardless of whether or not it’s their own music video. This repetitive
pattern of using women to capture viewers attention is spreading like wildfire, as is the
perfectionism mindset. The beliefs and values regarding the female body that today’s pop
culture promotes is interpreted by each viewer.
The idea of the “perfect body” is becoming so deeply internalized that mental and
physical health is at risk more than ever before. Women view each other as competitors,
comparing their own bodies to those they see in the media. The increased internalization
of these standards is leading to higher rates of depression, anxiety, eating disorders, and
even suicide. The obsession to be like the women seen on TV or in magazines has
become an unnecessary epidemic. The only way to change these body image norms so
that they do not continue or repeat is through studying these phenomena. By studying and
exploring how gender is portrayed, there is hope to rid younger generations of the
negative influences surrounding them.
Conclusion
In a society full of women trying to obtain a body image that only 5% of
the population posses, females are constantly under pressure from themselves and others
8. to be considered attractive. But when that standard of attractiveness is constantly
changing, it is next to impossible to maintain the qualities society deems acceptable. If
the ideology surrounding female attractiveness goes unchanged, body shaming, mental
health problems, and other negative effects, that accompany the abuse of objectification,
will continue and increase.
Studying artifacts from powerful sources such as the media, we can gain insight
into the “normal” behaviors of our society. Further insight allowed researchers to
understand how the behaviors began and determine a means to end them. By looking
specifically at the clothing, filming of bodies, and beauty standards present in the music
video “Bang Bang”, sense can be made of the behaviors and views encompassing the
ideology of women being perceived as sexual objects. The day when someone else’s
beauty can be admired without questioning one’s own and walking past a group of
strangers doesn’t send stress and anxiety levels skyrocketing because of what they may
think will only be possible when beauty standards no longer determine ones value.
9. References
Aubrey, J. S., & Frisby, C. M. (2011). Sexual Objectification in Music Videos: A Content
Analysis Comparing Gender and Genre. Mass Communication & Society, 14(4),
475-501. doi:10.1080/15205436.2010.513468
Aubrey, J. S., Hopper, K. M., & Mbure, W. G. (2011). Check That Body! The Effects of
Sexually Objectifying Music Videos on College Men's Sexual Beliefs. Journal Of
Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 55(3), 360-379.
doi:10.1080/08838151.2011.597469
Aubrey, J. S., Henson, J. R., Hopper, K. M., & Smith, S. E. (2009). A Picture is Worth
Twenty Words (About the Self): Testing the Priming Influence of Visual Sexual
Objectification on Women's Self-Objectification. Communication Research
Reports, 26(4), 271-284. doi:10.1080/0882409090329355
DeFrancisco, V.P. & Palczewski, C.H. (2014). Gender In Communication: A Critical
Introduction. (2nd Edition). Thousand Oaks, CA. SAGE Publications, Inc.
Foss, S. K. (2009). Ideological Criticism. Rhetorical Criticism: Exploration and Practice
(4th ed.). Long Grove, IL. Waveland Press, Inc.
Vandenbosch, L., & Eggermont, S. (2012). Understanding Sexual Objectification: A
Comprehensive Approach Toward Media Exposure and Girls' Internalization
of Beauty Ideals, Self-Objectification, and Body Surveillance. Journal Of
Communication, 62(5), 869-887. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01667.x
Vandenbosch, L., Vervloessem, D., & Eggermont, S. (2013). “I Might Get Your Heart
Racing in My Skin-Tight Jeans”: Sexualization on Music Entertainment
Television. Communication Studies, 64(2), 178-194.
doi:10.1080/10510974.2012.755640