This document analyzes 29 award-winning new community developments marketed as sustainable or smart growth. It finds that while developers emphasize features that increase attractiveness to buyers, they do not always incorporate a full range of attributes to enhance environmental and socio-economic sustainability. This suggests the importance of uniform sustainability rating systems to provide comprehensive evaluations. The complexities of designing, building, and assessing sustainable communities are also highlighted.
This document discusses resilience and vulnerability in smart urban systems from two perspectives: spatial economics and transport. It provides background on definitions of smart cities and outlines research questions around whether smart cities can evolve in complex and resilient ways. Key points covered include different definitions of resilience from engineering and ecological perspectives, the use of complex network and dynamic models to study resilience, and different interpretations of resilience in spatial economic studies.
Aspects of Urban resilience.
Presented as part of the Nature Addicts workshop, in the context of Eleusis Cultural Capital of Europe 2021 in Eleusis May 23, 2017
Isabelle Anguelovski, UAB-ICTA Urban dimensions of environmental and spatial ...environmentalconflicts
Â
The document discusses traditional understandings of environmental injustice, which focus on disproportionate exposure of poor and minority groups to environmental hazards. It notes that environmental justice movements have demanded environmental equality. However, the document argues that there are missing pieces in traditional environmental justice frameworks, including a broader conception of livability, the role of place attachment and identity in community initiatives, and how political contexts shape neighborhood strategies for environmental revitalization.
This presentation was given by Saffron Woodcraft, keynote speaker at the Asia/Pacific International Conference on Environment-Behaviour Studies (AicE-Bs).
http://fspu.uitm.edu.my/cebs/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=227&Itemid=144
The document discusses the concept of "smart cities" and argues they have flawed thinking. While smart cities aim to use technology to make cities more efficient, connected, and enjoyable, they fail to address deeper issues. The document notes that past attempts at progress through increased efficiency, like during the industrial revolution, ultimately led to new global problems in the long run. It questions whether smart cities will exacerbate issues or create new problems by adding complex new layers without solving the root causes of the existing challenges faced by urban areas.
1. The document discusses how social scientists are developing models to understand how socio-psychological factors impact environmental policy and issues like waste management.
2. It examines two main theories - attitude theory which looks at how thoughts influence behavior, and behavioral analysis which examines rewards/punishments.
3. A key issue is that the psychological approaches are individualistic, and a more sociological understanding is needed that considers social connections and cooperation in communities.
The document discusses the nation of "Trumptopia" and its identity, which includes a four season climate that will support nation building. Urban planning is needed from the start to ensure buildings can withstand different weather conditions. Renewable energy sources like hydropower and solar will be emphasized to power the nation in a sustainable way. Cultural diversity and identity formation will also be important to integrate in the nation's development. Architecture can symbolize political ideology through its use of form, scale, spatial organization, and other design elements.
This document provides background information on urban planning and renewal in Portland, Oregon. It discusses how urban planning aims to create livable communities but has not always distributed environmental amenities like parks and services equitably. The document focuses on three neighborhoods in Portland - Pearl District, Albina, and Lents - that experienced urban renewal led by the Portland Development Commission. It argues these neighborhoods show an inequitable distribution of amenities, with Pearl receiving more benefits than Albina and Lents. The document aims to analyze how amenities are defined, planned for, and distributed in Portland to assess equity across neighborhoods.
This document discusses resilience and vulnerability in smart urban systems from two perspectives: spatial economics and transport. It provides background on definitions of smart cities and outlines research questions around whether smart cities can evolve in complex and resilient ways. Key points covered include different definitions of resilience from engineering and ecological perspectives, the use of complex network and dynamic models to study resilience, and different interpretations of resilience in spatial economic studies.
Aspects of Urban resilience.
Presented as part of the Nature Addicts workshop, in the context of Eleusis Cultural Capital of Europe 2021 in Eleusis May 23, 2017
Isabelle Anguelovski, UAB-ICTA Urban dimensions of environmental and spatial ...environmentalconflicts
Â
The document discusses traditional understandings of environmental injustice, which focus on disproportionate exposure of poor and minority groups to environmental hazards. It notes that environmental justice movements have demanded environmental equality. However, the document argues that there are missing pieces in traditional environmental justice frameworks, including a broader conception of livability, the role of place attachment and identity in community initiatives, and how political contexts shape neighborhood strategies for environmental revitalization.
This presentation was given by Saffron Woodcraft, keynote speaker at the Asia/Pacific International Conference on Environment-Behaviour Studies (AicE-Bs).
http://fspu.uitm.edu.my/cebs/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=227&Itemid=144
The document discusses the concept of "smart cities" and argues they have flawed thinking. While smart cities aim to use technology to make cities more efficient, connected, and enjoyable, they fail to address deeper issues. The document notes that past attempts at progress through increased efficiency, like during the industrial revolution, ultimately led to new global problems in the long run. It questions whether smart cities will exacerbate issues or create new problems by adding complex new layers without solving the root causes of the existing challenges faced by urban areas.
1. The document discusses how social scientists are developing models to understand how socio-psychological factors impact environmental policy and issues like waste management.
2. It examines two main theories - attitude theory which looks at how thoughts influence behavior, and behavioral analysis which examines rewards/punishments.
3. A key issue is that the psychological approaches are individualistic, and a more sociological understanding is needed that considers social connections and cooperation in communities.
The document discusses the nation of "Trumptopia" and its identity, which includes a four season climate that will support nation building. Urban planning is needed from the start to ensure buildings can withstand different weather conditions. Renewable energy sources like hydropower and solar will be emphasized to power the nation in a sustainable way. Cultural diversity and identity formation will also be important to integrate in the nation's development. Architecture can symbolize political ideology through its use of form, scale, spatial organization, and other design elements.
This document provides background information on urban planning and renewal in Portland, Oregon. It discusses how urban planning aims to create livable communities but has not always distributed environmental amenities like parks and services equitably. The document focuses on three neighborhoods in Portland - Pearl District, Albina, and Lents - that experienced urban renewal led by the Portland Development Commission. It argues these neighborhoods show an inequitable distribution of amenities, with Pearl receiving more benefits than Albina and Lents. The document aims to analyze how amenities are defined, planned for, and distributed in Portland to assess equity across neighborhoods.
This document discusses how architects are increasingly focusing on issues of social justice and inclusion in their work. It argues that to adequately address climate change, architecture needs to engage both locally and globally. The document examines the concept of "insurgent citizenship" and alternative practices by marginalized groups. It suggests that to respond to climate change, architects need a reflexive approach that accounts for its complex multiscalar impacts and involves diverse actors across levels of governance. Architects should draw from both ethnographic understanding of local contexts and transformative visions that avoid the failures of past utopian plans.
Participation in the Planning and Design of Public Open SpaceJulie Meyer
Â
This document is a master's project that examines public participation in the planning and design of sustainable public open spaces. It introduces the scope, definitions, claims, and rationale for the project. The introduction defines key terms like participation, design, sustainability, and open space. It claims that landscape architects need to understand different levels of participation to create flexible and sustainable designs, and that more active participation can lead to more creative and sustainable outcomes. The rationale discusses the philosophical need for systematic inquiry in landscape architecture and the operational need for an evaluative framework to guide participatory processes.
1) The document discusses the need for a new "land ethical" approach to city design that focuses on environmental sustainability, social justice, and economic prosperity over the long term.
2) It contrasts the post-World War II suburban development model of William Levitt with the "land ethic" philosophy of Aldo Leopold, arguing Leopold's approach should instead guide modern city planning.
3) The land ethic values preserving the integrity of natural systems and considers human communities as integral parts of the larger biotic community.
MA literature review - social housing and property valuesVanessa Roccisano
Â
The document summarizes research on the impact of social housing on surrounding property values. It finds:
- There is no consensus that social housing consistently negatively or positively impacts property values. Other neighborhood factors usually have a greater influence.
- Recent Australian studies found no appreciable impact of social housing on surrounding property values. The scale of social housing developments was also not associated with property values.
- Social housing can have a positive impact if it replaces depressed conditions through neighborhood renewal. Large-scale developments in disadvantaged neighborhoods tended to have a greater positive effect compared to smaller developments.
- Good management of social housing properties and involvement of local communities in the development process can help mitigate any negative impacts.
Tick TOCS Tick TOCS - channeling change through theory into scenariosWendy Schultz
Â
Describes an original scenario-building method used to explore futures for education, based on combining scanning output with specific social change theories. The social change theories provided logical narrative arcs to evolve different futures from starting points in the present.
Stephen graham Nature, Cities and the âAnthropoceneâStephen Graham
Â
An analysis of what the idea of the 'Anthropocene' -- our latest Geological epoch marked by the human shaping of the Earth -- means for how we think about cities
Museum mash-up, or vectors of visioningWendy Schultz
Â
This document summarizes a workshop where participants used several methods to envision future museums. The workshop:
1) Asked participants to envision alternative futures where they must recreate museums after a fictional disaster destroyed existing ones.
2) Had participants work in groups to generate impact cascades ("futures wheels") showing impacts of 3 novel changes and combine these into a single scenario of how the changes might interact.
3) Had participants further develop their future museum scenarios using a framework examining how human activities might change.
4) Had participants represent their future museum concepts visually using postcards and Legos to spark new insights.
5) Presented examples of future museums envisioned, including ones focused on transient experiences,
The 2010 editorial calendar summarizes the planned topics for each month's issue of the publication. April's issue will focus on locally sourced food and farming. May will examine corporate social responsibility in local businesses. June will look at environmental protection efforts in the community. July will examine social justice issues like crime and punishment. The remaining issues will cover education trends, health, human rights, the local environment, and celebrating community giving during the holidays. Each issue will highlight a local Catalyst for Change making an impact.
1) The document discusses the need for achieving culture-environment parity in development planning for growing cities to achieve ecological balance.
2) It argues that considering both the environment and local culture is important to make cities sustainable and ensure public participation in planning.
3) The ideal model is one where development and environmental protection progress together by incorporating cultural values and recognizing cities as living systems interconnected with nature.
Following the 2008 "Re-imaging Cities: Urban Design After the Age of Oil symposium, Penn IUR solicited manuscripts on environmental and energy challenges and their effect on the redesign of urban environments.
The document discusses the need for achieving culture-environment parity in development planning for growing cities to maintain ecological balance. It argues that viewing development and environment/culture as mutually exclusive leads to problems. Instead, an organic city design approach is needed that incorporates cultural parameters and recognizes the city's relationship with natural systems. This will help minimize issues like environmental degradation and cultural shock of development by reducing the disparity between progress on development versus culture/environment.
This document summarizes research conducted on the Austin community in Chicago to identify strategies for engaging residents in the city's Climate Action Plan. Key findings include:
1) Austin has a mix of homeowners and renters, with community organizations tracing their origins to efforts addressing issues like affordable housing, crime, and healthcare.
2) These organizations now provide multiple services while continuing community organizing efforts around political and social issues.
3) Stakeholder partnerships and relationship-building are important strategies in Austin, with coalitions addressing issues and programs in both formal and informal configurations.
The document discusses Caroline Corriveau's thesis proposal titled "Intentional Living: Rethinking Communities & Connections" which explores designing a community of small, customized homes that promote connections between residents and efficient land use. The proposal aims to provide an alternative to unaffordable suburban developments by encouraging resident involvement in home design and a stronger sense of community. Corriveau acknowledges influences from pioneers of small home design and intentional living and outlines the goals and evaluation criteria for the proposed community.
Enhancing Justice and Sustainability at the Local Level: Affordable Policies ...ElisaMendelsohn
Â
This document summarizes research on policies cities can implement to promote both sustainability and social equity. It discusses case studies of community gardening, urban agriculture, green energy programs, reuse centers, and locally-oriented green businesses. The report finds that while few cities explicitly connect sustainability and equity goals, some have had success promoting both through partnerships between government, non-profits and community groups.
1. The document discusses achieving ecological balance in growing cities through culture-environment parity in development planning.
2. It argues that considering both the environment and local culture is necessary to develop cities in a sustainable way and prevent "civilization disasters".
3. The ideal model incorporates cultural values into planning to minimize the "cultural shock of development" and ensure long-term sustainability through community participation and responsibility.
Dissertation_UrbanDesign_FINAL_LR_SecureAilsa Long
Â
This document provides background information for a dissertation exploring how modern technology has impacted social dynamics in small urban public spaces. It discusses the motivation for studying this topic, influenced by William Whyte's prior research on physical features that promote social interaction. The dissertation will use mixed methods including on-site observation and questionnaires at a case study plaza in Virginia to analyze the role of physical, social, and virtual/technological features today. The goal is to provide guidance for designing small urban spaces that foster public social engagement in the digital age.
Curt F. Dale Guest Lecture at the Iowa State University | September 9, 2011BNIM
Â
Architecture Premiere 2011: Iowa State University
Curt F. Dale Guest Lecture by Bob Berkebile FAIA and Rod Kruse FAIA, BNIM
9/9/2011 | 4:30pm-9:00pm in Kocimski Auditorium
Any list of accomplished, influential environmentalists and preservationists includes Bob Berkebile. Highly regarded by fellow professionals, Berkebile focuses on improving the quality of life in our society with the integrity and spirit of his firm's work. In 2009, he received a Heinz Award from Theresa Heinz and the Heinz Family Foundation for his role in promoting green building design and for his commitment and action toward restoring social, economic and environmental vitality to Americaâs communities through sustainable architecture and planning. He was also third on a list of the Top 5 U.S. Individual Role Models for green and sustainable design in the 2009 DesignIntelligence Sustainable Design Survey.
Berkebile will present "The Ultimate Design Problem: Sustaining Human Life" at approximately 5:30 p.m. He says, "The competition between our growing human family and the resources and decreasing natural capital that support human life are now undeniable. Our current design doctrine for community living is not sustainable. Do we have the capacity to design a new community model that ensures long-term vitality for our children and Spaceship Earth? Our grandchildren's lives depend on our answer."
This document discusses the role of social and environmental accounting research in times of sustainability crisis. It argues that lack of humanity, short-term thinking, and misuse of concepts like sustainable development have contributed to the current crisis. Researchers are urged to critically reflect on sustainability and corporate social responsibility reporting to help transform attitudes and behaviors. The document also notes tensions between sustainability and CSR, with CSR potentially co-opting the sustainability agenda. It calls on academics to enhance sustainability education and explore ways to improve organizational accountability and transparency.
This document discusses how political psychology could pay more attention to social and psychological processes involved in responses to innovative laws, particularly those related to sustainability and environmental protection. It argues that different types of legal innovation exist and mobilize different acceptance and resistance processes. The document outlines conceptual tools for examining how people and groups receive legal innovation, drawing on social representation theory and environmental psychology. It proposes a typology of legal innovation based on three criteria: whether the law directly binds individuals or governments, its target (behaviors or intergroup relations), and whether it regulates private or public spheres. Examples are provided from sustainability laws to illustrate differences in acceptance and resistance processes for different types of legal innovation.
The diffusion of environmental sustainability innovations in north american h...armandogo92
Â
This study examines the adoption of environmental sustainability innovations in North American hotels and ski resorts. It utilizes Rogers' diffusion of innovations theory to understand what sustainability innovations are being adopted and what factors affect the rate of adoption. An online survey was distributed to 49 medium to large hotels and resorts. The study found that the perceived simplicity of sustainability innovations and high levels of opinion leadership among hotels/resorts were most strongly associated with adoption. Perceived advantages of innovations and general innovativeness also correlated with adoption.
Using higher education community partnerships to promote urban sustainabilityarmandogo92
Â
The USES (Urban Sustainability Extension Service) program proposes university-community partnerships to promote urban sustainability. It combines the century-old land-grant university extension service model with modern community service ideals. USES would work as an operationally reflective initiative whereby curricula and place-based learning opportunities would vary on a year or semester basis. Students and researchers will work with local stakeholders to identify relevant and timely projects that directly serve community needs, as defined by the USES board. The goal is to position urban universities as catalysts for sustainability efforts in their cities through dynamic partnerships that establish boundary organizations for research, testing, and efficient implementation of best practices.
This document discusses how architects are increasingly focusing on issues of social justice and inclusion in their work. It argues that to adequately address climate change, architecture needs to engage both locally and globally. The document examines the concept of "insurgent citizenship" and alternative practices by marginalized groups. It suggests that to respond to climate change, architects need a reflexive approach that accounts for its complex multiscalar impacts and involves diverse actors across levels of governance. Architects should draw from both ethnographic understanding of local contexts and transformative visions that avoid the failures of past utopian plans.
Participation in the Planning and Design of Public Open SpaceJulie Meyer
Â
This document is a master's project that examines public participation in the planning and design of sustainable public open spaces. It introduces the scope, definitions, claims, and rationale for the project. The introduction defines key terms like participation, design, sustainability, and open space. It claims that landscape architects need to understand different levels of participation to create flexible and sustainable designs, and that more active participation can lead to more creative and sustainable outcomes. The rationale discusses the philosophical need for systematic inquiry in landscape architecture and the operational need for an evaluative framework to guide participatory processes.
1) The document discusses the need for a new "land ethical" approach to city design that focuses on environmental sustainability, social justice, and economic prosperity over the long term.
2) It contrasts the post-World War II suburban development model of William Levitt with the "land ethic" philosophy of Aldo Leopold, arguing Leopold's approach should instead guide modern city planning.
3) The land ethic values preserving the integrity of natural systems and considers human communities as integral parts of the larger biotic community.
MA literature review - social housing and property valuesVanessa Roccisano
Â
The document summarizes research on the impact of social housing on surrounding property values. It finds:
- There is no consensus that social housing consistently negatively or positively impacts property values. Other neighborhood factors usually have a greater influence.
- Recent Australian studies found no appreciable impact of social housing on surrounding property values. The scale of social housing developments was also not associated with property values.
- Social housing can have a positive impact if it replaces depressed conditions through neighborhood renewal. Large-scale developments in disadvantaged neighborhoods tended to have a greater positive effect compared to smaller developments.
- Good management of social housing properties and involvement of local communities in the development process can help mitigate any negative impacts.
Tick TOCS Tick TOCS - channeling change through theory into scenariosWendy Schultz
Â
Describes an original scenario-building method used to explore futures for education, based on combining scanning output with specific social change theories. The social change theories provided logical narrative arcs to evolve different futures from starting points in the present.
Stephen graham Nature, Cities and the âAnthropoceneâStephen Graham
Â
An analysis of what the idea of the 'Anthropocene' -- our latest Geological epoch marked by the human shaping of the Earth -- means for how we think about cities
Museum mash-up, or vectors of visioningWendy Schultz
Â
This document summarizes a workshop where participants used several methods to envision future museums. The workshop:
1) Asked participants to envision alternative futures where they must recreate museums after a fictional disaster destroyed existing ones.
2) Had participants work in groups to generate impact cascades ("futures wheels") showing impacts of 3 novel changes and combine these into a single scenario of how the changes might interact.
3) Had participants further develop their future museum scenarios using a framework examining how human activities might change.
4) Had participants represent their future museum concepts visually using postcards and Legos to spark new insights.
5) Presented examples of future museums envisioned, including ones focused on transient experiences,
The 2010 editorial calendar summarizes the planned topics for each month's issue of the publication. April's issue will focus on locally sourced food and farming. May will examine corporate social responsibility in local businesses. June will look at environmental protection efforts in the community. July will examine social justice issues like crime and punishment. The remaining issues will cover education trends, health, human rights, the local environment, and celebrating community giving during the holidays. Each issue will highlight a local Catalyst for Change making an impact.
1) The document discusses the need for achieving culture-environment parity in development planning for growing cities to achieve ecological balance.
2) It argues that considering both the environment and local culture is important to make cities sustainable and ensure public participation in planning.
3) The ideal model is one where development and environmental protection progress together by incorporating cultural values and recognizing cities as living systems interconnected with nature.
Following the 2008 "Re-imaging Cities: Urban Design After the Age of Oil symposium, Penn IUR solicited manuscripts on environmental and energy challenges and their effect on the redesign of urban environments.
The document discusses the need for achieving culture-environment parity in development planning for growing cities to maintain ecological balance. It argues that viewing development and environment/culture as mutually exclusive leads to problems. Instead, an organic city design approach is needed that incorporates cultural parameters and recognizes the city's relationship with natural systems. This will help minimize issues like environmental degradation and cultural shock of development by reducing the disparity between progress on development versus culture/environment.
This document summarizes research conducted on the Austin community in Chicago to identify strategies for engaging residents in the city's Climate Action Plan. Key findings include:
1) Austin has a mix of homeowners and renters, with community organizations tracing their origins to efforts addressing issues like affordable housing, crime, and healthcare.
2) These organizations now provide multiple services while continuing community organizing efforts around political and social issues.
3) Stakeholder partnerships and relationship-building are important strategies in Austin, with coalitions addressing issues and programs in both formal and informal configurations.
The document discusses Caroline Corriveau's thesis proposal titled "Intentional Living: Rethinking Communities & Connections" which explores designing a community of small, customized homes that promote connections between residents and efficient land use. The proposal aims to provide an alternative to unaffordable suburban developments by encouraging resident involvement in home design and a stronger sense of community. Corriveau acknowledges influences from pioneers of small home design and intentional living and outlines the goals and evaluation criteria for the proposed community.
Enhancing Justice and Sustainability at the Local Level: Affordable Policies ...ElisaMendelsohn
Â
This document summarizes research on policies cities can implement to promote both sustainability and social equity. It discusses case studies of community gardening, urban agriculture, green energy programs, reuse centers, and locally-oriented green businesses. The report finds that while few cities explicitly connect sustainability and equity goals, some have had success promoting both through partnerships between government, non-profits and community groups.
1. The document discusses achieving ecological balance in growing cities through culture-environment parity in development planning.
2. It argues that considering both the environment and local culture is necessary to develop cities in a sustainable way and prevent "civilization disasters".
3. The ideal model incorporates cultural values into planning to minimize the "cultural shock of development" and ensure long-term sustainability through community participation and responsibility.
Dissertation_UrbanDesign_FINAL_LR_SecureAilsa Long
Â
This document provides background information for a dissertation exploring how modern technology has impacted social dynamics in small urban public spaces. It discusses the motivation for studying this topic, influenced by William Whyte's prior research on physical features that promote social interaction. The dissertation will use mixed methods including on-site observation and questionnaires at a case study plaza in Virginia to analyze the role of physical, social, and virtual/technological features today. The goal is to provide guidance for designing small urban spaces that foster public social engagement in the digital age.
Curt F. Dale Guest Lecture at the Iowa State University | September 9, 2011BNIM
Â
Architecture Premiere 2011: Iowa State University
Curt F. Dale Guest Lecture by Bob Berkebile FAIA and Rod Kruse FAIA, BNIM
9/9/2011 | 4:30pm-9:00pm in Kocimski Auditorium
Any list of accomplished, influential environmentalists and preservationists includes Bob Berkebile. Highly regarded by fellow professionals, Berkebile focuses on improving the quality of life in our society with the integrity and spirit of his firm's work. In 2009, he received a Heinz Award from Theresa Heinz and the Heinz Family Foundation for his role in promoting green building design and for his commitment and action toward restoring social, economic and environmental vitality to Americaâs communities through sustainable architecture and planning. He was also third on a list of the Top 5 U.S. Individual Role Models for green and sustainable design in the 2009 DesignIntelligence Sustainable Design Survey.
Berkebile will present "The Ultimate Design Problem: Sustaining Human Life" at approximately 5:30 p.m. He says, "The competition between our growing human family and the resources and decreasing natural capital that support human life are now undeniable. Our current design doctrine for community living is not sustainable. Do we have the capacity to design a new community model that ensures long-term vitality for our children and Spaceship Earth? Our grandchildren's lives depend on our answer."
This document discusses the role of social and environmental accounting research in times of sustainability crisis. It argues that lack of humanity, short-term thinking, and misuse of concepts like sustainable development have contributed to the current crisis. Researchers are urged to critically reflect on sustainability and corporate social responsibility reporting to help transform attitudes and behaviors. The document also notes tensions between sustainability and CSR, with CSR potentially co-opting the sustainability agenda. It calls on academics to enhance sustainability education and explore ways to improve organizational accountability and transparency.
This document discusses how political psychology could pay more attention to social and psychological processes involved in responses to innovative laws, particularly those related to sustainability and environmental protection. It argues that different types of legal innovation exist and mobilize different acceptance and resistance processes. The document outlines conceptual tools for examining how people and groups receive legal innovation, drawing on social representation theory and environmental psychology. It proposes a typology of legal innovation based on three criteria: whether the law directly binds individuals or governments, its target (behaviors or intergroup relations), and whether it regulates private or public spheres. Examples are provided from sustainability laws to illustrate differences in acceptance and resistance processes for different types of legal innovation.
The diffusion of environmental sustainability innovations in north american h...armandogo92
Â
This study examines the adoption of environmental sustainability innovations in North American hotels and ski resorts. It utilizes Rogers' diffusion of innovations theory to understand what sustainability innovations are being adopted and what factors affect the rate of adoption. An online survey was distributed to 49 medium to large hotels and resorts. The study found that the perceived simplicity of sustainability innovations and high levels of opinion leadership among hotels/resorts were most strongly associated with adoption. Perceived advantages of innovations and general innovativeness also correlated with adoption.
Using higher education community partnerships to promote urban sustainabilityarmandogo92
Â
The USES (Urban Sustainability Extension Service) program proposes university-community partnerships to promote urban sustainability. It combines the century-old land-grant university extension service model with modern community service ideals. USES would work as an operationally reflective initiative whereby curricula and place-based learning opportunities would vary on a year or semester basis. Students and researchers will work with local stakeholders to identify relevant and timely projects that directly serve community needs, as defined by the USES board. The goal is to position urban universities as catalysts for sustainability efforts in their cities through dynamic partnerships that establish boundary organizations for research, testing, and efficient implementation of best practices.
This document discusses labour unions and their potential role in building a sustainable green jobs agenda. It argues that labour organizations must be central to meaningful political and economic shifts towards fusing labour and environmental sustainability. The document outlines some of the theoretical issues underlying tensions between labour and environmental interests under capitalism. Specifically, it discusses how capitalism's growth-oriented and competitive nature generates conflict with ecological sustainability goals. This demonstrates the important role unions could play in transitioning to a more environmentally sustainable future.
Social and environmental accounting education and sustainabilityarmandogo92
Â
This document summarizes a journal article that examines accounting educators' perspectives on social and environmental accounting (SEA) education in Malaysia. Some key points:
1) The study surveyed 222 accounting educators to understand their views on SEA elements, roles, and importance of studying SEA as part of the accounting curriculum.
2) Results found educators positively received SEA concepts that promote ethical awareness of social and environmental issues. Educators advocated for formal SEA education to enhance social values.
3) The findings suggest developing SEA education as an alternative approach to traditional accounting education in Malaysian universities. This could help address deficiencies in promoting ethics within the current accounting education model.
This document summarizes a study on using the Mahout machine learning library to perform K-means clustering on large datasets using Hadoop. The study tested the performance of Mahout K-means clustering on Amazon EC2 instances using a 1.1GB network intrusion detection dataset. The results showed that Mahout was able to scale to utilize multiple nodes and significantly reduce clustering time as the dataset and number of nodes increased. Specifically, clustering time was reduced by over 350% when using 5 nodes compared to a single node for the full 1.1GB dataset. The quality of the clustering, as measured by the sum of squared distances between centroids, was maintained as Mahout was able to leverage Hadoop and multiple nodes to efficiently perform
Accelerating Collapsed Variational Bayesian Inference for Latent Dirichlet Al...Tomonari Masada
Â
1. The document discusses accelerating collapsed variational Bayesian inference for latent Dirichlet allocation (CVB) using Nvidia CUDA compatible GPU devices.
2. It describes parallelizing CVB for LDA by assigning different topics to different GPU threads. This achieves near-linear speedup compared to a single-threaded CPU implementation.
3. Experiments on text and image datasets demonstrate that the GPU implementation provides faster inference over the CPU version, though data transfer latency and memory limits remain challenges for large-scale problems.
Machine Learning with Apache Mahout provides an overview of machine learning algorithms like classification, clustering, and recommendation and how they are implemented in Apache Mahout. It discusses how Mahout can be used to build recommender systems, classify documents, cluster data, and evaluate relevance. Examples are given of how Mahout could be used in applications like search engines to index and classify documents and provide personalized search results.
Business inteligence and analytics: From big data to big impactarmandogo92
Â
This document introduces a special issue of the MIS Quarterly on business intelligence research. It provides an overview of the evolution of business intelligence and analytics (BI&A) from BI&A 1.0 to emerging BI&A 3.0. BI&A 1.0 relies on structured data from legacy systems stored in databases and uses statistical analysis and data mining. BI&A has become increasingly important for both practitioners and researchers due to the growth of available data. The document outlines opportunities and challenges for BI&A research and education.
Big data and analytics ibm digital game plan short v2 nonconfFriedel Jonker
Â
This document provides an agenda and overview for a presentation on activating the individual enterprise through customer centricity and big data and analytics strategies. The presentation discusses developing a 360 degree view of customers, moving from traditional analytics 1.0 to more advanced analytics 3.0, and focusing on cognitive solutions from IBM Watson such as Watson Explorer. It emphasizes building a customer centric model and activating the individual enterprise to better understand and serve customers.
A Guide to SlideShare Analytics - Excerpts from Hubspot's Step by Step Guide ...SlideShare
Â
This document provides a summary of the analytics available through SlideShare for monitoring the performance of presentations. It outlines the key metrics that can be viewed such as total views, actions, and traffic sources over different time periods. The analytics help users identify topics and presentation styles that resonate best with audiences based on view and engagement numbers. They also allow users to calculate important metrics like view-to-contact conversion rates. Regular review of the analytics insights helps users improve future presentations and marketing strategies.
The document summarizes a presentation on the role of cities in creating Australia's future and challenges they face. It discusses two main challenges - environmental issues from climate change and resource constraints, and maintaining population health. Other topics covered include urban renewal as an economic accelerator, megatrends shaping the future, importance of cities to the economy, themes for building resilient cities, and the need for innovative planning approaches to address these issues.
Equitable Development: Untangling the Web of Urban Development Through Collab...celey
Â
Presentation reveals approaches for meeting the needs of underserved communities and vulnerable populations while fostering places that are healthy and vibrant.
Enhancing Justice and Sustainability at the Local Level: Affordable Policies for Urban Governments
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110 ~
Professor Katie Williams - Director of the Centre for Environment and Planning, UWE - delivers a speech to SWO Conference delegates on how through housing planners might help to 'realise prosperity'.
An Adaptive Learning Process for Developing and Applying Sustainability Indicators with Local Communities
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden
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Author Dr. Mirela Newman Wings Of Green Urbanism Ecological Cities, Sustainab...NewmanMirela
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The document summarizes the origins and key concepts of the ecological city approach. It traces the origins of the idea back to 1975 in Berkeley, California, with the founding of the Urban Ecology organization. Major developments included Richard Register's 1987 book Eco-City Berkeley which introduced the concept, and the First International Eco-City Conference in 1990. The ecological city aims to achieve a balanced, sustainable city in harmony with nature by integrating social, economic, and environmental objectives. It acknowledges ecological limits and promotes diversity, community, and fulfilling human needs within those limits.
Sustainable Communities Presentation - LA Bioneers Beaming Conference October...Ashley Zarella Hand
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This is the presentation that Ashley Zarella Hand, LEED AP, Assoc. AIA made on behalf of the Sustainability Committee of the Downtown Los Angeles Neighborhood Council. Ashley, Chair of the Sustainability Committee, spoke on a panel regarding Sustainable Communities at the first-ever LA Bioneers Beaming Conference - an event the committee also partnered on.
Evaluating Sustainable Development in US Cities and States_finalpaper_Neil Joshi
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US cities and states are pursuing sustainability initiatives to balance economic development, environmental protection, and social equity for current and future generations. However, achieving true sustainability is challenging given political and economic realities. While there is no national sustainability policy, many cities have developed their own plans to become more sustainable by 2030 by reducing waste, greenhouse gases, and sprawl, while improving transportation and creating green jobs. Meaningful progress requires inclusive civic engagement in developing and implementing sustainability goals and changing consumer attitudes and behaviors over the long term.
sustainability re thinking a tool for planning and design in nigeria built e...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
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The concept of sustainability has been introduced to combine concern for the well being of the planet with continued growth and development. This requires awareness of full short and long term consequences of any transformation of the environment. The paper investigates the principles underpinning tools and physical measures within the scope of planning and design in built environment. Working for sustainability demands an awareness of how everything works whether natural or man-made. The available range of tools for planning and design nesting with planning and design process is hereby discussed. The paper highlights that environment are met to change with inspiration and human creativity involving the concept of designing professionals within the concept of planning and design tools. Therefore, a more appropriate understanding of sustainability based on the critical activities of planning and design in the face of development and constructions are needed.
A Framework For Community And Economic DevelopmentSarah Brown
Â
This document provides an overview of community development and economic development. It defines community development as both a process and an outcome, involving collective action to solve problems and improve communities. Economic development is also defined as both a process and outcome, including growing businesses, jobs, income, and standards of living. The document illustrates how community development and economic development are interrelated processes that facilitate success in one another through causal relationships and feedback loops.
This thesis examines the Renew Australia program, which places artists and creatives in vacant commercial properties at low or no cost. The program aims to revitalize declining areas and bring life back to main streets.
The thesis explores the evolution of Renew Australia from its origins in Renew Newcastle. It analyzes successful Renew programs in Cooma and Docklands, identifying key factors such as local champions, tailoring to the community, and using spaces as springboards.
While economic impacts are important to stakeholders, the thesis argues social outcomes should be the priority. It examines positive outcomes of Renew programs but also recurring problems around property owners, gentrification, and measurement. The conclusion discusses how Renew Australia can work within broader frameworks while focusing
A Case Study Of Sustainable Urban Planning Principles In Curitiba (Brazil) An...Nathan Mathis
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This document presents a case study comparing principles of sustainable urban planning in Curitiba, Brazil and their applicability in Shiraz, Iran. It analyzes how Curitiba has implemented sustainability strategies since the 1960s through integrated approaches combining decision making, education, transportation, public welfare, heritage conservation, and waste management. While every urban context has unique opportunities and constraints, the study argues many lessons can be learned from Curitiba's success that could apply to improving sustainability in Shiraz if adapted appropriately to its local conditions.
In Search of a Tool to Support Planning Inside Large Cities: the SustaIn-LED ...IEREK Press
Â
The aim of the present study is to investigate the linkages between local economic development, innovation, and environmental sustainability inside urban areas. Can innovation affect the improvement of the quality of life inside urban areas? This research question comes from the consideration that usually innovation and growth in general are considered sources of conflict in affecting the livability of large cities. The objective of the paper is to design a model â the âSustaIn-Ledâ - to connect levels of environmental sustainability, quality of life, and economic development inside metropolitan areas, taking into account also innovation processes, activated by the innovation policies and by the knowledge economy. The study takes in consideration the 53 largest United States metropolitan areas with a population over 1 million, with a time series from the years 2000 through 2015.This has been done because of a two-fold reason: (1) the US among high-income countries is the one with the highest number of universities, patents, and citations; (2) several studies have shown that innovation occurs in large cities. The first part of the present study has carried out the identification of the variables to represent and significantly explain the phenomena â local economic development, innovation, and environmental sustainability â linked to the design of the SustaIn-LED model. Environmental sustainability in urban areas in this paper is represented by means of the Air Quality Index (AQI),while the number of workers synthetically quantifies local economic development. Correlation and multiple re-gression analyses are conducted in order to examine the relationship between the three main indicators. The multiple regressions for the year 2015 produced a low p-value, indicating that the predictors are significant in the regression analysis. Similar results of p-value are shown in all the years from 2000 to 2013. For 2015, the results showed that part of the variance in the measure of total workers of the metropolitan areas could be predicted by measures of innovation and air quality. Higher R2values have been registered for the years from 2000 through2013.The development of the SustaIn-LED model could be utilized in urban regeneration processes to help in the de-sign of new urban planning policies inside large cities by means of a better comprehension of environmental and economic implications caused by the implementation of innovation policies.
In Search of a Tool to Support Planning Inside Large Cities: the SustaIn-LED ...IEREK Press
Â
The aim of the present study is to investigate the linkages between local economic development, innovation, and environmental sustainability inside urban areas. Can innovation affect the improvement of the quality of life inside urban areas? This research question comes from the consideration that usually innovation and growth in general are considered sources of conflict in affecting the livability of large cities. The objective of the paper is to design a model â the âSustaIn-Ledâ - to connect levels of environmental sustainability, quality of life, and economic development inside metropolitan areas, taking into account also innovation processes, activated by the innovation policies and by the knowledge economy. The study takes in consideration the 53 largest United States metropolitan areas with a population over 1 million, with a time series from the years 2000 through 2015.This has been done because of a two-fold reason: (1) the US among high-income countries is the one with the highest number of universities, patents, and citations; (2) several studies have shown that innovation occurs in large cities. The first part of the present study has carried out the identification of the variables to represent and significantly explain the phenomena â local economic development, innovation, and environmental sustainability â linked to the design of the SustaIn-LED model. Environmental sustainability in urban areas in this paper is represented by means of the Air Quality Index (AQI),while the number of workers synthetically quantifies local economic development. Correlation and multiple regression analyses are conducted in order to examine the relationship between the three main indicators. The multiple regressions for the year 2015 produced a low p-value, indicating that the predictors are significant in the regression analysis. Similar results of p-value are shown in all the years from 2000 to 2013. For 2015, the results showed that part of the variance in the measure of total workers of the metropolitan areas could be predicted by measures of innovation and air quality. Higher R2values have been registered for the years from 2000 through2013.The development of the SustaIn-LED model could be utilized in urban regeneration processes to help in the design of new urban planning policies inside large cities by means of a better comprehension of environmental and economic implications caused by the implementation of innovation policies.
This document provides a literature review and proposed methodology for a capstone project examining ways to recapture value from vacant lots in Kenosha, Wisconsin through greening initiatives. The literature review discusses previous research finding benefits of greening vacant lots, including increased surrounding property values, neighborhood stabilization, public health improvements, and environmental/ecological benefits. Case studies of successful greening programs in other cities are also examined. The proposed methodology includes interviews with local officials, a naturalist, and nonprofit leader, as well as a survey of Kenosha residents, to understand opportunities and gather public support for a 5-year plan to convert 50% of vacant lots to green spaces.
This document provides background information and outlines the goals and methodology for a book-length study examining the political ecology of air pollution, urbanization, and sustainability. Specifically:
1) It introduces the topic of sustainability in cities and argues for a comparative study of air pollution in Los Angeles and London.
2) The goals are to examine the origins, effects, and responses to air pollution in these cities, including an analysis of public policies, environmental justice issues, and grassroots movements.
3) The methodology involves a theoretical framework integrating urbanization, the environment, and power relations, drawing from political ecology and feminist approaches. Research methods include document analysis and interviews.
Smart growth is an urban planning theory that promotes compact, transit-oriented, walkable development as an alternative to low-density, car-dependent sprawl. The key principles of smart growth include mixing land uses, creating walkable neighborhoods, providing a range of housing and transportation options, preserving open space, and encouraging community collaboration in development decisions. While there is no single definition, smart growth generally aims to more efficiently use infrastructure, preserve natural resources, and create more livable communities.
13LINKING CLIMATE ACTION TOLOCAL KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICEAnastaciaShadelb
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This document summarizes an anthropological study examining climate action efforts in two diverse Chicago neighborhoods - South Chicago and North Kenwood/Oakland. The Field Museum conducted ethnographic research in these neighborhoods to understand sociocultural viewpoints on climate change and identify opportunities to engage residents in the city's climate action plan. The research found that while climate change may not be a top concern, there are ways to promote carbon reduction strategies by linking them to issues like environmental health, energy efficiency, and job creation that communities do care about. The research aims to help make climate action more relevant and effective at the local level.
13LINKING CLIMATE ACTION TOLOCAL KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICEChantellPantoja184
Â
13
LINKING CLIMATE ACTION TO
LOCAL KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICE
A Case Study of Diverse Chicago
Neighborhoods
Jennifer Hirsch, Sarah Van Deusen Phillips, Edward
Labenski, Christine Dunford, and Troy Peters
âThe point is to learn, how does one community start and scale out. Because the best
impact starts with individuals on a small level and grows out.â
Community Leader, North Kenwood/Oakland
neighborhood, Chicago
Over the past decade, environmental anthropologists have increasingly argued for the
importance of inserting anthropological arguments into debates on climate change
(Magistro 2001, Human Organization 2003, Crate and Nuttall 2009, Baer and Singer
2008). In a recent volume, Anthropology and Climate Change: From Encounters to
Actions, Crate and Nuttall (2009) lay out at least three areas in need of new research
that focus on human-environment relationships: 1) anthropologyâs role in exploring
the cultural implications of climate change, 2) facilitating collaborative, community-
based projects focused on mitigation and adaptation, and 3) developing culturally-
sensitive strategies for communicating climate change to diverse audiences. However,
few studies have examined climate change or climate action efforts in diverse urban
areas or even in the United States (Crate 2008).
This chapter presents ongoing applied ethnographic research being led by The
Field Museumâs division of Environment, Culture, and Conservation (ECCo) to
understand sociocultural viewpoints on climate change in Chicagoâs diverse neigh-
borhoods (The Field Museum 2009, 2010a, 2010b). This research was commissioned
by the City of Chicago Department of Environment (DOE) to help them develop
locally relevant communication strategies and programs for engaging diverse com-
munities in the Chicago Climate Action Plan (CCAP). Launched by the City of
Chicago in October 2008, the CCAP aims to reduce carbon emissions to 25 per cent
below 1990 levels by 2020 and 80 per cent by 2050 by implementing five strategies
focused on energy efficiency in buildings, clean and renewable energy, improved
transportation options, waste reduction, and adaptation (City of Chicago 2008).
Environmental Anthropology Today, edited by Helen Kopnina, and Eleanor Shoreman-Ouimet, Taylor & Francis Group, 2011.
ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/latrobe/detail.action?docID=957669.
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To date, The Field Museum has completed studies in five communities (three of
which are available on the Web at: http://fieldmuseum.org/explore/department/
ecco/engaging-chicago-communities-climate-action), and we are now in the midst
of doing five more after which the project will be complete. This chapter reports on
the results of our first two studies, in the South Chicago and North Kenwood-
Oakland/Bronzeville (hereafter âNKOâ) communi ...
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The promise and pitfalls of new sustainable communities
1. Journal of Urban Design, Vol. 16. No. 1, 105â126, February 2011
âLiving Greenâ: The Promise and Pitfalls of New
Sustainable Communities
JENNIFER MAPES* & JENNIFER WOLCH**
*Department of Geography, State University of New York at Plattsburgh, Plattsburgh, NY, USA;
**College of Environmental Design, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
ABSTRACT Until 2008, there was no comprehensive system to measure the sustainability
of new community developments. Many new community projects, however, have won
accolades for their design. This study examines 29 of these projects, in light of efforts to
create indicators to measure sustainability dimensions of new developments. The study
ďŹnds that the marketing websites of award-winning projects tend to focus on features that
increase community attractiveness to potential buyers, but do not incorporate a full range
of attributes to enhance environmental and socio-economic sustainability. This suggests
the importance of more systematic rating systems and highlights the complexities of
designing, building and evaluating communities.
Introduction
In 2007, the ďŹrst homes in Quinnâs Crossing, outside of Seattle, were built as part
of a showcase of innovative urban design in the region. Quinnâs Crossing is
marketed as an âeco-friendlyâ community of 47 homes, built with preserved open
space and energy-saving construction techniques, âa community dedicated to the
ethos of putting the earth ďŹrstâ (Quinnâs Crossing Eco-Friendly, 2007). Less than a
year later, three homes were burned to the ground by protesters who left a
message in spray paint asserting that the buildings, by virtue of their size and
consumption of once-empty land, were not eco-friendly at all (Whitely, 2008).
âGreen livingâ, it seems, is the in the eye of the beholder.
In the past 10 to 15 years, a marketing niche has emerged for developers of new
communities, who claim to construct homes and neighbourhoods that are different
from the sprawling subdivisions of the past. These projects are often marketed as
environmentally- and community-friendly and celebrated with awards by
homebuilding associations, urban design teams, and (in some cases) environmen-
tal organizations. They come in a wide variety of formsâfrom isolated and rural to
connected and urban; from small and affordable to over-sized and extravagant.
The features heralded by those who market these communities are equally varied.
Some are strongly environmental, while others focus on the social aspects of the
development, tying âgreen livingâ to a âsense of communityâ. For the consumer, this
Correspondence Address: Jennifer Mapes, Department of Geography, State University of
New York at Plattsburgh, 101 Broad Street, Plattsburgh NY 12901, USA. Email: jennifer.
mapes@plattsburgh.edu
1357-4809 Print/1469-9664 Online/11/010105-22 q 2011 Taylor & Francis
DOI: 10.1080/13574809.2011.521012
2. 106 J. Mapes & J. Wolch
marketing blurs the distinction between the aesthetic pleasures of New Urbanism
and conservation design, and the true contributions of these communities toward a
greater good.
When these projects were constructed, there were no uniform standards for
measuring their positive impactsâthey were designed according to what the
developer believed would be both innovative and marketable as âgreenâ,
âsustainableâ or âsmart growthâ. Some developers leave out what sustainability
promoters argue are among the essentials of new communities, while others add
innovative design features that enhance the overall health of the community and
its region.
Recently, there has been a push to provide uniform guidelines for these new
community projects. In 2007, the US Green Building Council, Congress for the
New Urbanism and the Natural Resources Defense Council began a pilot
programme for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design for Neighbour-
hood Development (LEED-ND), a rating system of sustainability practices in new
communities. Neighbourhoods must meet speciďŹc requirements to be rated, and
then earn points based on additional features offered. As of January 2010, new
projects could not yet be registered with LEED-ND, but a certiďŹcation system was
set for public launch later that year. The American Society of Landscape Architects
(ASLA) is also working on guidelines for development projects aimed at
decreasing their environmental impact. The pilot phase of their Sustainable Sites
Initiative began in January 2010.
Within the urban design and planning literature, relatively few recent studies
of new sustainable communities have been done that might provide guidance for
such rating and assessment efforts. Forsyth (2005) looked at early alternatives to
traditional suburbs, including The Woodlands (Texas), Irvine (California) and
Columbia (Maryland), ďŹnding that a key challenge facing these communities was
the fact that they required extensive negotiations with regional planning agencies,
and long-term speculative investment that was often unattractive to investors.
Zimmerman (2001) considered Prairie Crossing, a New Urbanist neighbourhood
near Chicago that uses nature as an amenity and sports a variety of âgreenâ
features, nonetheless similar to a traditional suburb which does not address social
or economic sustainability (despite what others argue are successes in
environmental education; see Thompson, 2004). The Orlando areaâs Celebration,
praised for urban design, has been criticized for its corporate control and lack of
social and economic diversity (Frantz & Collins, 2000; Ross, 2000).
This paper considers what can be learned for future developmentsâand rating
systems like LEED-NDâfrom a sample of recently completed developments that
have won awards for âsustainabilityâ or âsmart growthâ. A total of 29 development
projects, designed and constructed before the advent of any recognized ratings
system, are analyzed. This analysis assesses sustainability features emphasized by
the developers in relationship to theoretical literature about sustainable urban
design, and looks more closely at three speciďŹc communities. The analysis strongly
supports the importance of industry-wide sustainable development indicators,
given the enormous variation in what communities offer as âsustainableâ
development. The assessment also provides insight into the complexities of these
communities, suggesting that while it is important to have a set of uniform
sustainability standards, any deďŹnitive assessment of these communities necessarily
lies in site-speciďŹc, contextual analysis and performance-based evaluations. Finally,
more ambitious community sustainability efforts require additional political
3. âLiving Greenâ 107
and economic incentives, especially in areas such as job provision, affordable
housing and transit.
Sustainability in Concept and Urban Design Practice
Sustainability is commonly deďŹned, following the World Commission on
Environment & Development (1987) as âmeeting the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needsâ. Making
a transition to sustainability involves living within the Earthâs overall biocapacity,
while simultaneously ensuring social equity, political inclusion, and economic
and livelihood opportunities (Mazmanian & Kraft, 1999; Wheeler, 2004). For
different regions of the world, it also implies reduced dependence on resources
appropriated from distant regions and people (Wackernagel et al., 2006).
The quest for sustainability can occur at many scales, from individual to global,
and discussions range broadly from goals to process, from theory to practice
(Mawhinney, 2002). Urban designers tend to focus on what Portney (2003) calls
âsustainability writ smallââsustainable cities, liveable communities or sustainable
communities. Hempel (2000, p. 48) offers a widely accepted view of a sustainable
community as âone in which economic vitality, ecological integrity, civic
democracy, and social well-being are linked in complementary fashion, thereby
fostering a high quality of life and strong sense of reciprocal obligation among its
membersâ. While the pursuit of speciďŹc goals can lead to conďŹict between
stakeholders with competing priorities (Campbell, 1996), the overarching goal of a
sustainable community is balance across environmental, social and economic
realms.
Conceptual explorations and the design of prototypical sustainable commu-
nities began with the late 1960s, with planned communities such as Sea Ranch
(Lyndon & Alinder, 2004), Village Homes (Corbett & Corbett, 2000) and the
Woodlands (Spirn, 1984), many of which had ecological features that were
important to their marketing and success. Communities such as Marin Solar Village
(Van der Ryn & Calthorpe, 1986) were also proposed and gained widespread
attention (although never built). Academic interest in the potential of communities
to become more sustainable expanded during the 1990s (Beatley & Manning, 1997;
Lyle, 1996; Roseland et al., 1998; Van der Ryn & Cowan, 1995), case study books are
increasingly common (BenďŹeld et al., 2001) as are websites (for example, Sustainable
Communities Network: http://www.sustainable.org). Eventually, efforts to
translate ideas about sustainable communities to practice emerged, and assessment
of performance via indicators systems, initially developed by community-based
groups (such as Sustainable Seattle), were put to use by progressive municipalities
(Swain et al., 2006).
What can actually be achieved by communities that want to become part of
the sustainability solution instead of the problem? Whether existing or newly
planned, urban communities are embedded in larger metropolitan regions, and
have little control over regional social and economic dynamics. They are limited in
the types of policy tools they can apply, for example, cities cannot sensibly impose
carbon taxes due to the open nature of the urban system, and thus their efforts
should be judged within a framework of nested indicators that acknowledges that
different sustainability challenges must be addressed at different spatial and
governmental scales.
4. 108 J. Mapes & J. Wolch
However, both existing and new communities can make a difference. Existing
buildings and infrastructure can be retroďŹtted, inďŹll housing can be built, or urban
land can be remediated and reused. New communities can also offer alternatives
to traditional low-density suburbs, utilizing urban design tools and land use
planning strategies. Any typology of such strategies would include smart growth,
transit-oriented development, New Urbanism, eco-villages and conservation
subdivisions. Each has a somewhat different emphasis, but many share similar
features, are combined in actual developments (for example, transit-oriented eco-
villages) and together fall under the more general rubric of âsustainable
communitiesâ.
No single approach offers a panacea. Smart growth developments, for
example, are often the outcome of uneasy compromises between developers,
environmentalists and local jurisdictions, each of which has different ideas of what
âsustainableâ means in practice. TypiďŹed by clustered housing, walkable, mixed
use town centres, New Urbanist or traditional neighbourhood design (TND)
aesthetics, and open space set aside for habitat conservation, they are usually sited
at the urban fringe where they promote auto-dependence and habitat
fragmentation as well as socio-economic segregation (Bunce, 2004; Filion, 2003;
Gearin, 2004; Kruger, 2007). Some studies suggest the advantages of New
Urbanism with respect to environmental protection (for example, water manage-
ment; see Berke et al., 2003), but such communities have yet to be subjected to
rigorous sustainability performance evaluations.
Nonetheless, new communities will continue to be developed. They can
become âsustainableâ communities if designed using high-performance buildings,
green infrastructure, and alternative transportation systems that reduce energy
use and minimize pollution and waste; offer enhanced access to economic and
business opportunities; and provide a mix of housing and community facilities
that encourage social diversity and cohesion and the evolution of an inclusive
civic culture.
Considering âSustainableâ Communities
Many assessment systems have been developed for localities, based on indicators
linked to environmental, economic and social aspects of sustainability. Most of
these systems set goals and track performance following interventions in local
policy, agency operations and municipal management (Bertone et al., 2006).
However, new private developments built within a larger locality seldom subject
themselves to the articulation of speciďŹc sustainability goals or indicator/perfor-
mance assessment beyond those needed to obtain entitlements and permits. For
those communities constructed before (or without) LEED-ND, assessment relies
upon the self-reporting of the developer or site visits by outside experts. There are
few incentives for the early and ongoing collection of data on sustainability
indicators.
Thus the characterization of projects as âinnovativeâ often involves a reliance
upon awards and accolades given by urban design, planning or environmental
organizations (such as the Natural Resources Defense Council), state, local or
federal governments (for example, the US Department of Energy), and/or
developer organizations (like the Urban Land Institute)âgroups that have very
different views of what it means to be âsustainableâ or âsmartâ. Moreover, to make
5. âLiving Greenâ 109
their lists of âgreenâ communities and awards for sustainability, these organizations
utilize broad selection criteria and then rely on case study and developer-provided
information to identify winners. For example, ULI has made 10 annual Awards for
Excellence since 1979, on the basis of âleadership, contribution to the community,
innovations, public/private partnership, environmental protection and enhance-
ment, response to societal needs, and ďŹnancial successâ.
But are new projects lauded for sustainability or smart growth actually
âsustainable communitiesâ? At one level this question is impossible to answer
despite its fundamental signiďŹcance because there is little empirical performance
assessment of new developments (for example, measurement of building
efďŹciency or reduction in auto use). Even with the advent of LEED-ND, rated
communities will not be subject to rigorous monitoring.
At another level, it is vital to understand perceptions of community
sustainability. How are developers using sustainability to market new commu-
nities, and what aspects of community design are offered, or not offered, to
consumers as part of their âsustainabilityâ package?
To address these more limited questions, the authors compiled a group of
award-winning communities and compared their characteristicsâas marketed to
potential residentsâto generally recognized sustainability goals and objectives.
The projects selected for analysis received awards or recognition for their âsmart
growthâ or âsustainabilityâ concept and/or features within the past 15 years, a time
period during which these concepts were ďŹrst recognized as important for new
development. The selections are limited to those that have been completed, or are
nearly complete, rather than those celebrated for their design concept only. They
are also limited to projects that involved the construction of new buildings by an
individual developer or development group rather than changes made in a pre-
existing municipality.
It should be noted that some of the most innovative designs of small-scale
neighbourhoods have come from small-scale eco-villages that attempt to integrate
the environmental, social and economic through the development of âintentional
communitiesâ. While these communities can offer guidance and inspiration to
larger developers, the focus here is on projects larger than 100 acres. Such new
communities are important in that their size contributes to their ability to disrupt
the ecosystem (both human and environmental) where they are constructed, and
they attract a resident population that is more reďŹective of the general home-
buying population than those who self-select to live in eco-villages.
Ultimately, 29 award-winning projects meeting these criteria were identiďŹed,
most appearing as recipients of awards from environmental, land use,
construction, realty and architectural groups including the Urban Land Institute,
US Environmental Protection Agency, National Association of Homebuilders, and
Terrain.org (a national on-line journal) (Figure 1).1
The broad range of organizations recognizing communities as leaders in
urban design illustrates the dilemmas of those seeking to invest or reside in
development projects that are truly making strides toward sustainability goals.
The practice of âgreenwashingâ, whether to purposely mislead consumers or
through the over-simpliďŹcation of the complex environmental effects of a good or
service, has been documented in a wide variety of corporate advertising
campaigns, and this includes the real estate sector (Corbett, 2006; Greer & Bruno,
1996; Tokar, 1997).
6. 110 J. Mapes & J. Wolch
Figure 1. âSustainableâ communities included in study
Data Collection
Those marketing âgreenâ communities offer their own assessments of âsustainableâ
characteristics, and many offer no quantitative evidence of land preservation or
restoration, green building or affordable housing, for example. Nevertheless, the
information provided by developers through marketing material available on
their websites offers important insights into their urban design features, especially
those that developers, implicitly or explicitly connect to smart growth or âgreen
livingâ (see Appendix A for website addresses). These data are used to consider
how sustainability concepts and principles translate (with varying degrees of
success) to design practices on the ground.
Data from marketing websites for the development projects were gathered
and analyzed using content analysis. A catalogue of key phrases was developed,
7. âLiving Greenâ 111
with phrases selected to reďŹect the most common sustainability concepts used by
those marketing the communities. Only those phrases mentioned on more than
ďŹve websites were included in the catalogue. Phrases typically matched our
catalogue exactly, with some exceptions, such as those pertaining to concepts such
as âproximity to urban centreâ, the wording of which varied somewhat. Similar
methods were used in analyzing the imagery used by the websites to gain a better
understanding of how developers were marketing their projects. Thus the
quantitative data examined only whether a website mentioned a phrase or used a
certain type of imagery, not the emphasis put on these characteristics.
Clearly, not all community characteristics are advertised on developersâ
websites. For example, one project, Belle Creek, received an award from ULI for its
provision of 51% affordable housing (Steuteville, 2006; ULI, 2002). However, in
2006, its marketing website offered only a âmortgage calculatorâ, which suggested
an interest in providing affordable homes to residents. (The website has since been
replaced by an intra-community âdot-orgâ website, and therefore is not included in
this study.) This analysis, therefore, is presented with the caveat that developments
may offer more sustainability features than we have been able to document.
Nevertheless, the characteristics that are actually marketed are important in
understanding the nature of the places studied and especially how developers
selectively incorporate aspects of sustainability into their image-making and
marketing strategies.
Using these data, the paper describes the most commonly marketed
sustainability features of these communities, situating the phrases and imagery in
three categories: neighbourhood, environmental and aesthetic. Aspects of marketing
that focused on more than one category, such as âopen spaceâ (environmental/aes-
thetic) were listed under both categories. Following this description, consideration is
given to the extent to which the communities follow the spirit of sustainability
guidelines, particularly those advanced by LEED-ND.
By examining the marketing websites of development projects that have won
one or more award for âsmart growthâ or âsustainabilityâ, the paper researches a
broad range of academic assessments of the characteristics of this type of
development. Insights are also offered into what features developers believe will
sell to those looking to âlive greenâ. Together, the ďŹndings portray the âlook and
feelâ of a sample of todayâs award-winning communities, and reveal the
discontinuities between how they are marketed and the imperatives of sustainable
urban design. Consideration is then given to lessons learned from amenities
offered in speciďŹc individual communities, and the paper concludes by offering
an assessment of what these already-built communities can offer to under-
standings or assessing new community development projects.
Selling âSustainableâ in Award-winning Communities
There are three common threads found in marketing websites for these
communities, in varying degrees (Figure 2). A focus on neighbourhood, where
design characteristics are aimed at building a stronger sense of community and
sense of place; environment, including âgreen buildingâ and âgreen spaceâ; and
aesthetic, in which the communityâs appearance is touted by developers. Websites
often either explicitly mentioned New Urbanism or used phrases associated with
this urban design movement such as âmixed useâ and âpedestrian-friendlyâ. This
focus, combined with a more traditional family-friendly marketing angle resulted
8. 112 J. Mapes & J. Wolch
Figure 2. Marketing sustainability
in many similar images across the websites examined. The word âsustainableâ was
used infrequently and typically referred speciďŹcally to environmental attributes,
rather than to a broader understanding of connections to social equity and
economic vitality. The promoted characteristics of most developments indicated
the popularity of factors that contribute both to the communityâs âsense of
communityâ or âgreennessâ, but could at the same time be marketed as making the
project a more physically attractive place to live.
Focus on Neighbourhood
The most common focus of website marketing for these communities is the idea
that developers are providing a neighbourhood sense of place or sense of
community through physical design characteristics. The communities are sold as
opposing what many see as typical suburban designâhomogenous homes spaced
far from each other separated by large lawns, and separated from shopping,
schools, services and other places where residents might interact with neighbours.
Instead, they are shown as places where neighbours can interact, not just across
front lawns, but while shopping, in parks or on sidewalks.
9. âLiving Greenâ 113
Most communities include the phrase or concept of âmixed useâ on their
websites. In particular, developers focus on the idea of having shopping and
restaurants within walking distance of residentsâ homes. The concept of a âvibrant
communityâ is also a phrase that focuses on the importance of neighbourhood
activities. A third of the projects studied include images of outdoor cafes in their
websites, while others show women carrying brand-name shopping bags or
couples drinking wine at indoor restaurants. Most communities feature a town
centre of stores, restaurants and some ofďŹce space. The amount of space dedicated
to this purpose varies from one or two stores to dozens, with ofďŹce space above
retail. In some communities, the only jobs offered are in cafes or local schools,
while in Stapleton, outside Denver, an advertisement offers that friends will suffer
from âofďŹce envyâ of those who live in the community and bike to work.
Less common were communities offering proximity to a larger urban centre.
While many of the communities examined were within municipal boundaries of
large cities, they often lacked connectivity that would allow the âlive-work-playâ
concept to extend to the existing city. Exceptions tended to be redevelopment
projects like Atlantic Station, which focused on residentsâ ability to go âcar-freeâ,
not just within the community, but through pedestrian and public transit
connections to jobs and amenities in downtown Atlanta.
âSense of communityâ is another common phrase, which is aimed at
describing the interactions promoted by the design of the communities. Less
common is âdiversityâ, which is used to describe primarily economic, rather than
racial, diversity as an attractive characteristic of the community. In addition to
mixed use, âtraditional neighbourhood designâ (TND), âpedestrian friendlyâ and
âlocal schoolsâ also indicate a focus on neighbourhood. For Baldwin Park, in
Orlando, Florida, the concept of TND is used to describe the communityâs wide
sidewalks and green common areas, where neighbours can interact with each
other. In the imagery supporting the neighbourhood concept, there is a particular
focus on children: imagery on the websites most commonly pictured children
playing outside, on bicycles, in the community pool or park. Adults are shown
walking on sidewalks with strollers or dogs. The proximity of houses is shown
through photos of several homes clustered together, with adults outside relaxing
on lawns and porches.
Rather than focusing on a decrease in automobile use, many communities
connected the phrase âpedestrian-friendlyâ to a sense of community among
residents. In Hidden Springs (outside of Boise, Idaho), for example, residents were
encouraged to interact at a neighbourhood mercantile that also served as a cafe, ´
library and central post ofďŹce. In larger communities, leisurely interaction is the
focus of neighbourhood shops, restaurants and parks. These settings portray an
attractive alternative to residents seeking a home outside of the city, in a small
town atmosphere.
The neighbourhood concept rarely focuses on reduced auto-dependence
even if this was an (un)intended consequence of this type of design. In Maple
Lawn, outside the DC beltway in Maryland, mixed-use is described on the
developerâs website as âa unique mix of boutique shops and high quality
restaurantsâ. While Maple Lawn does offer medical services and other ofďŹce
space, its retail focus is higher-end, with no practical stores named among its
offerings. The focus on cafes and wine bars over grocery stores and pharmacies is
common. More focus is placed on marketing the new town centres as weekend
gathering spots than as places for daily chores and interactions with neighbours.
10. 114 J. Mapes & J. Wolch
Focus on Environment
The second most common focus of the development projects that were analyzed is
on environmentally-friendly design. It is expressed through phrases such as âopen
spaceâ and âgreen buildingâ and images of forest, wetlands and prairie. In design
terms, these communities sought to appeal to residents through construction
standards and the preservation of a portion of the land being developed. Less
common is the promotion of sustainability plans or proximity to public transit or
employment centres.
The phrase âopen spaceâ was one of the most frequently used in the projects
analyzed, with approximately three-quarters of the communities noting that they
had preserved open space, although the quantity of this land, and the quality of its
preservation, varied greatly by development. Dewees Island, in South Carolina,
preserved 98% of its open space, which includes beaches, wetlands and some
coastal forest. Residents are required to build around all existing trees. For most
communities, however, open space means clustering homes on a portion of land
and leaving a portion at the edge of the community undeveloped. More
developers market this open space as a neighbourhood attribute than as an
environmental attribute. We found that images of children playing in or adults
using open space for walking or biking for leisure were more common than of
open space free of human presence.
A less common marketing focus was the phrase âgreen buildingâ. The most
common type of green building technique mentioned on community websites was
Energy Star or other certiďŹcation that measured the energy efďŹciency of
construction. This type of design both reduces the use of resources through energy
consumption, but also cuts costs for the homeowner. Northwest Crossing in Bend,
Oregon, describes homes as being Earth Advantage CertiďŹed, a programme that
considers âenergy efďŹciency, recycling, building materials, landscaping, water
and indoor air qualityâ. Glenwood Park, outside of Atlanta, Georgia, notes
EarthCraft housing, a certiďŹcation system created by the Greater Atlanta Home
Builders Association (Schoolcraft, 2003). Other communities promote their homes
as energy-efďŹcient or as using recycled building materials, but do not offer any
speciďŹc certiďŹcation. A few projects include a small number of LEED-certiďŹed
buildings. Prairie Crossing features a wind-powered farm, while Civano in
Tucson, Arizona, stands out as community powered in part by solar energy.
Potentially encompassing all environmentally-friendly features is the phrase
âgreen livingâ, which has been applied to a wide variety of communities. Its use is
quite telling of the broad variety of communities being marketed as sustainable.
âGreenâ, of course, can mean anything from a green golf course to local farmers
markets to solar power. For Glenwood Park, outside of Atlanta, Georgia, âa new
shade of greenâ refers to its energy-efďŹcient construction, street tree plantings and
recycling of materials removed from the site. Issaquah Highlands, outside of
Seattle, Washington, offers a long list on its âcommitment to living greenâ,
including preserved open space, wetland-friendly construction practices and
natural stormwater ďŹlters. Outside of Orlando, Florida, Harmonyâs website
describes a wide variety of âgreenâ features, including extensive environmental
education programming and water-efďŹcient landscaping. âLiving greenâ in the
communities studied is equally indicative of enjoying the trails of a nearby
preserved forest, wetland or prairie as it is indicative of reduced resource
consumption.
11. âLiving Greenâ 115
Focus on Aesthetics
The third most common focus of marketing for the communities is on the
appearance or aesthetics of these communities. In some instances, developers seek
to balance aesthetic attractions with those aimed at the environmentally- or
socially-conscious. However, in others the focus is clearly on the appearance of
the community with little or no connection to sustainability features. Given
that the study examined a visual media aimed at consumersâthe communitiesâ
websitesâ this is not necessarily surprising. What is telling, however, is the
extent to which communities focused on aesthetic qualities in a manner that
overwhelms any contributions toward social, economic or environmental
sustainability.
Advertising the appearance of residential architecture is an important part of
both the words and imagery of the community websites studied. It is the second
most common image in community websites and is mentioned in nearly half of
the web sites. The colourful homes of Daybreak, south of Salt Lake City, are
featured prominently on its website, which offers homes modelled after those in
downtown Salt Lake: âLarge front porches. Diverse styles. Vibrant colours.
Abundant grace and charmâ. Homes in Prairie Crossing are described as
âMidwestern vernacularâ, and include those constructed in a Frank Lloyd Wright
style. Many developments link âsense of communityâ and homes of matching
colours that vary in appearance (if not in price).
The discourse of âopen spaceâ on many websites is similar to the promotion of
1950s suburbiaâproximity to urban amenities in a rural locale. Like many
communities, Ladera Ranch, in Orange County, California, opens its website with a
photo taken out the window of one of its homes toward surrounding hillsides.
Luxury golf courses and manicured gardens are less subtle expressions of the
desire to push the âgreenâ in âgreen livingâ toward an aesthetic, rather than
environmental, marketing angle. DC Ranch in Arizona, for example, uses its
website to invite new residents to experience âan exclusive desert lifestyle in
the beautiful golf course community of DC Ranchâ (DC Ranch, 2007), while
Mediterra, outside of Naples, Florida, offers âhomes from the $700,000s to $7
millionâ against a backdrop of a large fountain and red-ďŹowered gardens (Bonita
Bay Properties, 2004).
Overall, the highly uneven attention by those marketing these communities
to more practical characteristics associated with achieving sustainability
illustrates the importance of creating a system of indicators that can educate
consumers about the nature of a projectâs sustainability goals. For example, the
LEED-ND rating system rewards communities that decrease their impact on
environmental resources, integrate a diverse group of neighbours, and provides
connections to regional employment, residential and recreational centres. The
examination here of communities that have already been constructed indicates a
focus on a select few of these characteristics. Developers in search of a higher
LEED-ND rating would be encouraged by this system to broaden their deďŹnition
of environmental, social and economic sustainability. Assuming that consumers
are interested in such ratings, developers would be pressed to move beyond
aesthetic and superďŹcially-green urban design to add features that would have a
greater impact on long-term sustainability.
12. 116 J. Mapes & J. Wolch
Moving Toward a âDarker Greenâ: Advances and Challenges in New
Communities
The examination of 29 communities illustrates the broad range in what
developers market as sustainable (or âgreenâ) features of their projects. Closer
inspection reveals many âshades of greenâ ambitions,2 in terms of whether goals
and outcomes are âlightâ or âdarkâ green, as well as varying spatial contexts. This
study examines three communities in some depth, looking beyond marketing
websites to local scholarly articles, media reports and the authorsâ own series of
site visits in the ďŹeld. Hidden Springs, outside Boise, Idaho, illustrates a
greenďŹeld community which aims to be a green suburb, rather than an urban
neighbourhood. Harmony, another greenďŹeld project outside of Orlando,
Florida, focuses on a variety of scales and types of sustainability. Stapleton, in
Denver, Colorado, is a brownďŹeld redevelopment project in an urban area that
advertises its own sustainability plan. These vignettes reveal how these
communities attempted to put sustainability into practice, and the challenges
they faced in doing so. They also suggest some positive aspects that may not be
apparent from any quantitative rating system.
Hidden Springs
The road to Hidden Springs winds past conventional sprawling subdivisions at
Boise, Idahoâs edge. It runs up a series of hills to the relatively undeveloped
Dry Creek Valley 10 miles from the city centre. Hidden Springs was developed
by Frank Martin, who also developed another conservation community, Prairie
Crossing in Grayslake, Illinois. At build-out, Hidden Springs will include 1135
homes on 1844 acres. The communityâs plan focuses on two main elements:
community and environment. The projectâs website makes clear an emphasis
on sustainability. Although it does not use this particular phrase, it cites the
Urban Land Instituteâs development guidelines, offers tips for âgoing greenâ,
notes its âconservation legacyâ and construction of a LEED-certiďŹed model
home.
Like many communities that have won awards for sustainable design,
Hidden Springsâ marketing centres on its unique qualities and focus on
community. Its marketing booklet describes the community as âThe Antidote to
Anywhere, USAâ. Life beyond the single-family home in Hidden Springs is
centred on The Mercantile, a two-storey brick building at the townâs entrance that
´
serves as a combination cafe-convenience store-library-post ofďŹce (Figure 3).
Promotional literature for the community centres around The Mercantile as a
gathering place for residents, noting that there is no home delivery of mail; all
residents must come to The Mercantile to pick up their mail, promoting increased
social interaction. Next to The Mercantile is a pre-school and ďŹre station, and a few
blocks away is a K-9 charter school and pool/clubhouse. A bit further down the
road is a community barn, built next to an historic barn that was part of the landâs
original potato farm. A Hidden Springs real estate agentâs sales pitch focuses on
community togetherness; a concert series in the park, the high test scores of the
charter school and Hidden Springsâ employment of an event co-ordinator to
schedule casino nights.
Another part of the Hidden Springs brochure describes its open space
preservation, noting an â800-acre playgroundâ where residents can hike, mountain
13. âLiving Greenâ 117
Figure 4. The densely packed homes (and lawns)
of Hidden Springs are contrasted with the
surrounding open space
Figure 3. The Mercantile in Hidden Springs
provides a gathering point for residents, with
´
the communityâs cafe, convenience store, library
and post ofďŹce
bike and ride horses (Figure 4). The land is a conservation easement, maintained
through a 0.25% transfer fee on lot purchases. Hidden Springs has a waste water
reclamation system that uses treated water collected through a central sewer
system to irrigate crops and grass in parks. The community offers residents the
opportunity to participate in a community-supported farm and purchase a
produce share each growing season. Homes in the sixth phase of the communityâs
build-out are being built to Energy Star programme standards, according to the
developmentâs real estate ofďŹce (2008).
The dilemma of new projects promoting themselves as sustainable is
exempliďŹed by the contradictions of Hidden Springs. The community is being
built on former open space and farmland, and yet is being marketed to those who
appreciate the same open space. It promotes a sense of community, yet residents
must travel at least 20 minutes to get to their jobs. Although the community is
marketed as passing âthe milk testâ by offering a store that sells convenience items
within walking distance (Hidden Springs promotional literature, 2003) for many
years it offered no other commercial services. A small mixed-use centre called The
Marketplace recently opened, but residents were without additional services for
eight years. The closest shopping centres are commercial strips and big-box stores
on Boiseâs fringe: Wal-Mart is about 15 minutes from Hidden Springs, while
downtown Boise is about 30 minutes away.
Celebrated as Best Example of Smart Growth by the National Association of
Home Builders in 2000, Hidden Springs was given a âthumbs downâ by the Sierra
Club in 2001. The National Association of Home Builders, in conjunction with
Professional Builder magazine, focused on the developmentâs contributions to open
space preservation and community-building efforts. The Sierra Club had a
different view of the project, and argued that Hidden Springs contributes to
14. 118 J. Mapes & J. Wolch
sprawl in the Boise area, both due to its size and location beyond current
development (Soufrant & OâToole, 2001).
Despite Hidden Springsâ many sustainability related aspects, it is weighed
down by its size and location. The Boise metropolitan area grew by 46% between
1990 and 2000, and was named by a Seattle-based environmental think tank as the
most sprawling city in the Northwest (Sightline Institute, 2000). Sustainability
guidelines suggest that developments in fast-growing areas should be integrated
with the existing city through brownďŹeld construction or public transit; Hidden
Springs is neither. While it is important to recognize that it is possible to make
strides in sustainability within greenďŹeld developments, these communities need
to be more than just residential enclaves of the upper-middle and middle class. To
meet sustainability goals, they should contribute to socio-economic sustainability
by offering affordable housing and employment for a diverse segment of the
regionâs population. The community also needs to move beyond neighbourhood-
level practices to make regional connections and encourage more sustainable
individual choices.
Harmony
Harmony, a conservation community 37 miles from Orlando, Florida, begins to
address some of these issues, as well as incorporating many environmental and
community features, but also retains some of the challenges of Hidden Springs.
Harmony is an 11 000-acre development in central Florida focused on promoting
connections between humans, animals and the environment. Plans for the
community, which has been under construction since 2001, include 7200 homes
and a 30-acre mixed-use town centre. Harmonyâs homes are built around an 18-
hole golf course and border on more than 7000 acres of preserved open space
including two natural lakes (Wolch, 2003). The community provides numerous
environmental and community-oriented features that promote sustainability.
Many of these features, including New Urbanist-style design and the preservation
of open space, are similar to Hidden Springs. In terms of socio-economic
sustainability, however, Harmony makes additional contributions to promote
regional well-being. It also places greater emphasis on decisions made at the
individual level than most other communities that were analyzed.
The primary focus of Harmonyâs sustainability efforts is environmental. The
community, which has preserved 70% of its land as open space, employs a full-
time conservation manager, and is home to a non-proďŹt institute focused on
conservation and society-animal relations. Harmonyâs plans preserve the siteâs
regional ecological function in terms of watershed and habitat protection. Homes
in Harmony are all built to Energy Star standards, which reduces energy
consumption by up to 30%. Animal-friendly features include dog parks, windows
designed to prevent bird collisions, and community covenants and restrictions
aimed at protecting both companion animals and wildlife.
Many community-building efforts are also focused on animals (Figure 5). In
addition to providing opportunities for interaction through trails and dog parks,
Harmony offers a number of volunteer and educational programmes centred on
human-animal relations and conservation. Community infrastructure includes a
K-8 and regional high school, with trails connecting the schools to residential
areas, and a town centre with a restaurant and recreation centre, and planned
shopping and employment opportunities.
15. âLiving Greenâ 119
Unlike most other communities recognized for their sustainability efforts,
Harmony seeks to diversify its social character and enhance economic viability. In
addition to the typical âmixâ of uses that includes residential, commercial and
ofďŹce space, Harmony plans to attract light industrial uses, and bring 6000 jobs to
the area. A mix of residential incomes is built into the urban residential design,
and by law the community sets aside 20% of homes as affordable housing.
However, although Harmonyâs sustainability efforts provide greater breadth
than other communities, it still falls short in some areas. Harmonyâs small job base
and lack of transit service all mean that residents are auto-dependent and
commute long distances to work, fuelling the charge that the community
promotes additional sprawl in greater Orlando. Like Hidden Springs, planned
commercial development is behind schedule, forcing residents to drive beyond
the community for shopping and services until local stores are built. While
making strides in terms of resident awareness of how their everyday practices
relate to sustainability, some residents ďŹnd community covenants and restrictions
too restrictive (Seymour & Wolch, 2009). In addition, public green space often
includes well-manicured lawns and golf courses, rather than native landscaping
(Figure 6).
The experience of Harmonyâs residents suggests the challenges of
implementing sustainability features but it will take decades to fairly judge its
successes and failures. Will its employees live in the community? Will affordable
housing provisions attract a greater diversity of residents? Will affordable housing
stay that way? Will retail opportunities reduce trips to outside grocery stores and
restaurants? Will coexistence values upon which the community is based, survive
as residents come and go? In the meantime, the goals and strategies of Harmonyâ
to achieve both environmental and socio-economic sustainabilityâcan serve as a
model for other new developments.
Stapleton
Another community that offers sustainable features is Stapleton, a brownďŹeld
development in Denver, Colorado. The community is the result of redevelopment
of the original international airport in Denver (Figure 7). It will have 2,700
residential units on 4,700 acres. Stapleton includes a mix of land uses, including a
Figure 6. Despite calls for environmentally-
Figure 5. Animal-centred events are common in friendly design, most lawns in Harmony are non-
Harmony native grasses
16. 120 J. Mapes & J. Wolch
variety of home types, stores, services, educational facilities, light industry, and
parks.
The community was named âModel of Sustainabilityâ by the United Nations
World Conference on Sustainable Development in 2002, and has received
numerous other accolades for its contributions to sustainability and smart growth.
Stapletonâs sustainability plan highlights 11 areas: education, land use design,
open space, lighting, residential buildings, commercial buildings, recycling,
transportation, energy use, water management and healthy living.
Six million tons of concrete runways were recycled during the project and
larger buildings were rehabilitated for the new neighbourhood. Stapleton has
initiated a policy of building only Energy Star homes and offers a farmerâs market,
urban farm and a 1116-acre park system. Numerous bus lines and bicycle routes
run throughout Stapleton to downtown Denver (Stapleton sustainability
programs, 2008).
Equally important to sustainability, Stapleton also serves as an employment
base, allowing residents to live and work in the same neighbourhood. It includes
schools, a police training academy, manufacturing and an airline workers training
facility. Stapleton offers 10 million square feet of ofďŹce space and 3 million square
feet of retail space (Stapleton statistics, 2008). As a state Enterprise Zone, Stapleton
attracts businesses by offering eight different possibilities for tax credits (City of
Denver Urban Enterprise Zone, 2009). The project includes affordable housing,
community events and a town centre with a grocery store, pharmacy and
restaurants.
Despite its successes and innovations, Stapleton has faced many of the same
dilemmas as the other communities. Even with its commitment to affordable
housing aimed at families and minorities, its homes have not sold quickly to these
demographic segments. In 2005, Denver turned over control of Roslyn Court, an
80-unit affordable housing complex, to Stapletonâs developer after a local
affordable housing ďŹrm had defaulted on $4.7 million in loans from the city
(Washington, 2005) after having trouble selling units, marketed toward single
mothers and people of colour, but more expensive and smaller than those
available at other Denver redevelopment projects (Tatum, 2004).
Stapleton also faced ďŹnancial problems unique to its situation as a brownďŹeld
development funded by the city of Denver. Residential development does not
provide enough municipal revenue to pay for infrastructure costs, so the city had
to rely on bonds that would be repaid through sales tax. While some tax revenues
come from commercial activities within the community, others ďŹow in from big-
box projects at Stapletonâs edge (Wal-Mart, Samâs Club and a Home Depot; see
Figure 8), as well as a more distant regional mall that includes a Target Superstore
and a movie theatre. Residents complained that the construction of these stores to
fund a âsustainableâ neighbourhood development was counter-intuitive,
especially since there is insufďŹcient retail within their neighbourhood. Developers
also had trouble attracting ofďŹce tenants, thus far less ofďŹce space had been built
than planned due to low demand (Pristin, 2005).
The experience of Stapleton suggests that roadblocks exist for more ambitious
award-winning communities. Financing can be challenging and reaching target
audiencesâwhether they are residents in need of affordable housing or
employers seeking environmentally-friendly ofďŹce spaceâcan be difďŹcult,
especially if costs are higher than neighbouring communities.
17. âLiving Greenâ 121
Figure 7. The airport tower still stands in Figure 8. Quebec Square, a traditional big-box
Stapleton, which once served as Denverâs airport development complete with sprawling parking
and is now home to a diverse mix of home types lots, is part of Stapleton
The challenges illustrated by these communities suggest that it is important
to consider more than just the design of a community, but also the outcomes of this
design and its regional context. They also highlight how sustainability goals do
not necessarily result in sustainability outcomes. Conversely, a qualitative
examination of these communities ďŹnds several design features that may not be
recognizable through a more quantitative assessment. For example, Stapletonâs
sustainability plan and Harmonyâs institute focused on human-animal interaction
highlight the importance of creating a cohesive community vision that connects
urban design to a shift in residentsâ/consumersâ point of view.
Learning from Awarding-winning New Communities
Overall, the development projects investigated here reveal the importance of
having both breadth and depth in sustainable design. While new sustainable
communities in theory include green buildings and infrastructure, alternative
transportation systems, and a variety of business opportunities, as well as support
social diversity and a vibrant civic culture, on the ground development goals and
outcomes are often more limited. An examination of marketing websites of
communities shows a focus on the appearance of a âsense of communityâ over
concerns about environmental health, social equity or economic vitality. A closer
look at three of these communities illustrates the challenges of moving from
sustainability goals to outcomes on the ground.
This paper argues that a successful move toward sustainability includes both
breadth and depth of both goals and outcomes. Breadth requires attention toward
multiple aspects of environmental sustainability as well as social equity and
economic vitality. Depth requires goals and outcomes that move beyond
superďŹcial attention to marketable traits (what some have termed âlight greenâ), to
a âdarker greenâ that can be empirically monitored and measured with
sustainability indicators long after the development is built out.
In theory, communities that market themselves as broadly sustainable aim to
affect not only the neighbourhood scale, but the individual and regional levels as
well. Most projects in this study advertise urban design that supports
sustainability at the neighbourhood level, seldom acknowledging the potential
impacts of community characteristics on individual decision-making or regional
outcomes. It was rare, for example, for developers to focus on encouraging
residents to incorporate native landscaping or to advertise any interactions with
18. 122 J. Mapes & J. Wolch
larger municipalities to co-ordinate regional transportation alternatives. It is
therefore important for guidelines such as LEED-ND to provide for nested
indicators that monitor and evaluate sustainability at multiple scales.
Successful interventions in urban design require recognition of the inherent
connections between environmental, economic and social realms. The communities
studied here marketed primarily environmental features such as green space, and
avoided economic or social aspects of community building, such as incorporating
diverse local employment opportunities or insuring that price points for housing
allows low- as well as high-income households to reside in the community. Clearly,
there were insufďŹcient economic incentives or political requirements in place to
encourage developers to expand the depth of their community designs, especially
as they pertained to social and economic sustainability.
Both depth and breadth are measured to an extent by the LEED-ND rating
system (Figure 9). Communities that focus on only aesthetically-pleasing,
neighbourhood-level sustainability features would likely rate poorly under this
system, while those that offer far-reaching sustainability features at a variety of
scales would rate highly. Golf courses and ďŹower gardens would not earn points
under this system, while communities that offer habitat preservation and
connections to public transit would earn credit for their ecological and municipal
connectivity.
What LEED-ND does not measure are factors beyond urban design, such as
the timing of development and availability of planned sustainability-enhancing
community infrastructure. When the authors visited Prairie Crossing in 2006, for
example, the community had existed for several years without its mixed use
centre, and the closest shopping opportunities were several miles away. This
Figure 9. Selected LEED-ND guidelines
19. âLiving Greenâ 123
raised the question of the extent to which phased construction affects individual
decisions; when planned facilities take years to arrive, what looks sustainable on
plan may be far less so because residents increase their vehicle miles travelled.
LEED-ND is also applied uniformly to 1-acre projects or 10 000-acre projects, and
developers can choose to select only a portion of their project to be assessed, to
allow newer phases of older projects to be certiďŹed. Nevertheless, this is a major
loophole. For example, mixed use development or public transit access may
beneďŹt houses close by, but what about residents several miles away in a large
project who must drive? Ensuring that 10% of the housing stock is affordable is a
good start, but if only a portion of the project falls under this criterion, the
affordability of the overall community could be low. Based on the research here, it
is important to distinguish between projects of different sizes and ambitions, as
well as to examine the project as a whole.
Will a rating system motivate developers to build darker green communities?
Not necessarily. Terramor, a neighbourhood in the Ladera Ranch community,
offered homes with a variety of sustainability features. Yet only 28% of those
inquiring about Terramor were interested in its environmental beneďŹts, resulting
in a marketing scheme that did not focus on the sustainable aspects of the
development (Nguyen, 2003). Thus for some communities, proving their
greenness may not be top priority.
Nonetheless, green consumerism is increasingly popular in mainstream
American culture. LEED-ND and similar systems for rating sustainability offer a
method of accounting for sustainability claims prior to construction. They are thus
an important step in bridging theory and practice. While such ratings are a vital
method in gauging communities, they should not be the ďŹnal word on a
communityâs âsuccessâ or âfailureâ. Both academics and consumers interested in
sustainability should keep close tabs on individual communities and their ability
to not just mitigate their social and environmental impact, but to prove that new
communities can contribute to neighbouring people and regions, and to
landscapes both distant and near.
Acknowledgements
Support from the National Geographic Societyâs Committee on Research and
Exploration is gratefully acknowledged. The authors also appreciate comments
offered by anonymous referees and Michael Dear and Greg Hise on an earlier
version of this paper. The authors alone are responsible for any errors or
omissions.
Notes
1. Finding these communities proved challenging, as there is no one term the communities use to
describe themselves. Through marketing websites, some communities describe their project as a
âconservation communityâ, others use the phrase âNew Urbanistâ to highlight neighbourhood
design features, and some make no mention of sustainability or smart growth. Due to the lack of a
common agreement on what makes a community a âsustainableâ one, it is likely that the
communities described in this paper serve only as a representation of many other similar
communities constructed in the United States.
2. The shades of green concept ďŹrst appeared in the description of consumersâ commitment to
environmentally-friendly purchases (Mintel, 1991). The concept has since broadened to include a
wide variety of decisions that may affect the environment, including political viewpoints (Torgerson,
1999), and businessesâ commitment to sustainable policies (Gunningham et al., 2003).
20. 124 J. Mapes & J. Wolch
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Appendix
Community websites
Amelia Park http://www.hometownneighborhoods.com
Atlantic Station http://www.atlanticstation.com
Baldwin Park http://www.baldwinparkďŹ.com
Bonita Bay http://www.bonitabay.com
Civano http://www.civanoneighbors.com/
Coffee Creek Center http://www.coffeecreekcenter.com
Daybreak http://www.daybreakutah.com
DC Ranch http://www.dcranch.com
Del Sur http://www.delsurliving.com
Dewees Island http://www.deweesisland.com/
Fairview Village http://www.fairviewvillage.com
Glenwood Park http://www.glenwoodpark.com
Haile Plantation http://www.haileguide.com
Harmony http://www.harmonyďŹ.com
Hidden Springs http://www.hiddensprings.com
IâOn Village http://www.ionvillage.com
Issaquah Highlands http://www.issaquahhighlands.com
Ladera Ranch http://www.laderaranch.com
Lowry Neighborhood http://www.lowry.org
Maple Lawn http://www.maplelawnmd.com
Mediterra http://www.mediterranaples.com
Northwest Crossing http://www.northwestcrossing.com
Orenco Station http://www.orencostation.net/
Otay Ranch http://www.otayranch.com/
Park DuValle http://www.hal1.org/hopevi/index.htm
Prairie Crossing http://www.prairiecrossing.com
Stapleton http://www.stapletondenver.com
Summerlin http://www.summerlin.com
The Pinehills http://www.pinehills.com
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