The ultimate aim of any philosophy or religion is supposed to be towards the welfare of the society showing a
genuine concern for humanity as a whole. However one has to accept the fact that unfortunately some of the
philosophies have nurtured themselves in such a way that they have emerged merely in an academic fashion
exhibiting the scholarship of the propounder and further utilizing the language in a verbose style. Similarly most
of the religions have also engrossed themselves in the rituals in an untiring manner which have taken foremost
position and toll, surpassing the real Spiritual aspect along with Philosophy. It is sad that so many centuries have
rolled down and still we are groping in darkness with same basic problems while as a contrast, Science with
empirical proofs has shown in all its branches notable progress. In fact all living beings strive for comfort and
further exert to crystallize the same into happines
The secret of life is that things lead to their opposites.By Dr.Mahboob KhanHealthcare consultant
My Dear professionals……
Want to have an easy life? Work hard. Want to tell someone to improve? Tell them they suck. Want to see someone disrespect money? Give them all the money in the world. Want to see someone do good? Let them go down the worst road possible in life and let them see where that takes them. Want to see your girlfriend/boyfriend leave you? Cling to them every hour of every day.
Physics,balances ,and mathimatics govern our lifes and entire universe,its my small analysis on Like poles repel and unlike poles attract...It is my very well researched article..
The secret of life is that things lead to their Opposites by Dr.Mahboob ali k...Healthcare consultant
My Dear professionals……
Want to have an easy life? Work hard. Want to tell someone to improve? Tell them they suck. Want to see someone disrespect money? Give them all the money in the world. Want to see someone do good? Let them go down the worst road possible in life and let them see where that takes them. Want to see your girlfriend/boyfriend leave you? Cling to them every hour of every day.
The secret of life is that things lead to their opposites.By Dr.Mahboob KhanHealthcare consultant
My Dear professionals……
Want to have an easy life? Work hard. Want to tell someone to improve? Tell them they suck. Want to see someone disrespect money? Give them all the money in the world. Want to see someone do good? Let them go down the worst road possible in life and let them see where that takes them. Want to see your girlfriend/boyfriend leave you? Cling to them every hour of every day.
Physics,balances ,and mathimatics govern our lifes and entire universe,its my small analysis on Like poles repel and unlike poles attract...It is my very well researched article..
The secret of life is that things lead to their Opposites by Dr.Mahboob ali k...Healthcare consultant
My Dear professionals……
Want to have an easy life? Work hard. Want to tell someone to improve? Tell them they suck. Want to see someone disrespect money? Give them all the money in the world. Want to see someone do good? Let them go down the worst road possible in life and let them see where that takes them. Want to see your girlfriend/boyfriend leave you? Cling to them every hour of every day.
All work and no play makes even us at Orient Management Group dull...check out the attached Stoic handbook to find out how to bring peace into your life!
An important model of Psychotherapy helps to find out the meaning and purpose of life especially for those who think that finishing themselves would finish all of their life problems......!....which is never true....!!!
Every human on this earth has some purpose and meaning to be here. The human has to progress itself in a positive way and help the society to prosper positively...as each human is special and is an important part of it!
Help those who cannot help themselves!!!
“How long are you going to wait before you demand the best for yourself?” – Epictetus, Stoic philosopher
Where can you find joy? Gain strength? How should we face our fears? Deal with the death of a loved one? And what about those reoccurring depressing thoughts?
While traditional schooling doesn’t address such questions, it’s exactly what ancient schools of philosophy were all about: They taught you how to live. Even though these schools don’t exist anymore, you and I and most people are in as much need of a philosophy that guides us through life as we ever were.
This compelling, highly actionable guide shows you how to deal more effectively with whatever life throws at you and live up to your best self.
A mix of timeless wisdom and empowering advice, The Little Book of Stoicism will point the way to anyone seeking a calm and wise life in a chaotic world.
Now available as paperback:
https://www.amazon.com/Little-Book-Stoicism-Resilience-Confidence/dp/3952506907/
The Stoics believed that our wealth, status, power, possession and stature are neither good or bad, and they have no social importance with respect to our relationships with one another. We are equals. They held that external differences, such as rank and wealth, are of no importance in social relationships.
Stoic Belief - The Philosophy Of Virtue And Ethics
All work and no play makes even us at Orient Management Group dull...check out the attached Stoic handbook to find out how to bring peace into your life!
An important model of Psychotherapy helps to find out the meaning and purpose of life especially for those who think that finishing themselves would finish all of their life problems......!....which is never true....!!!
Every human on this earth has some purpose and meaning to be here. The human has to progress itself in a positive way and help the society to prosper positively...as each human is special and is an important part of it!
Help those who cannot help themselves!!!
“How long are you going to wait before you demand the best for yourself?” – Epictetus, Stoic philosopher
Where can you find joy? Gain strength? How should we face our fears? Deal with the death of a loved one? And what about those reoccurring depressing thoughts?
While traditional schooling doesn’t address such questions, it’s exactly what ancient schools of philosophy were all about: They taught you how to live. Even though these schools don’t exist anymore, you and I and most people are in as much need of a philosophy that guides us through life as we ever were.
This compelling, highly actionable guide shows you how to deal more effectively with whatever life throws at you and live up to your best self.
A mix of timeless wisdom and empowering advice, The Little Book of Stoicism will point the way to anyone seeking a calm and wise life in a chaotic world.
Now available as paperback:
https://www.amazon.com/Little-Book-Stoicism-Resilience-Confidence/dp/3952506907/
The Stoics believed that our wealth, status, power, possession and stature are neither good or bad, and they have no social importance with respect to our relationships with one another. We are equals. They held that external differences, such as rank and wealth, are of no importance in social relationships.
Stoic Belief - The Philosophy Of Virtue And Ethics
The Role of Education in My Life Free Essay Example. Essay on importance of education in human life: Term Paper. Definition Essay: School life essay. 003 Essay On Philosophy Of Education Cover Letter Life Essays Examples .... My School Life Essay | Essay about life, Essay writing examples .... life goals essay introduction My aim in life. Essay Writing School Life , School Life – Essay, Speech, Article, Paragraph. Why is Education So Important in Our Life - PHDessay.com.
Similar to The Philosophical Arena of Happiness (20)
The effect of Institutional Ownership, Sales Growth and Profitability on Tax ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This research aims to test, analyze and obtain empirical evidence about the influence of
institutional ownership, sales growth and profitability on tax avoidance. The object of this research is
manufacturing companies in the consumer goods industry sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI)
in 2018-2022. This research used quantitative research methods and causal research design. The sampling
technique in this research used non-probability sampling with purposive sampling as the basis for determining
the sample so that a sample of 55 samples was obtained. The data used is secondary data obtained from the
official website of the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) during the 2018-2022 period. The data analysis method
used was multiple linear regression analysis with several tests such as descriptive statistical tests, classical
assumption tests, and hypothesis testing using SPSS version 26 statistical software. The results showed that the
institutional ownership variable has no effect on tax avoidance, while the sales growth and profitability has a
negative and significant effect on tax avoidance.
KEYWORDS: Institutional Ownership, Sales Growth, Profitability, Tax Avoidance
MGA ESTRATEHIYA SA PAGTUTURO KAUGNAY SA PASALITANG PARTISIPASYON NG MGA MAG-A...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRAK: Ang mga estratehiya sa pagtuturo ay mahalagang kasangkapan sa paghahatid ng mabisang
pagtuturo sa loob ng silid. Tinukoy sa pag-aaral na ito ang antas ng kagustuhan ng mga mag-aaral sa pagsasadula,
pangkatang talakayan at paggawa ng mga koneksyon sa tunay na karanasan sa buhay bilang mga estratehiya sa
pagtuturo ng panitikan sa Filipino at pasalitang partisipasyon ng mga mag-aaral sa Baitang 7 ng Misamis
University Junior High School, Ozamiz City. Ang ginamit na disenyo sa pananaliksik na ito ay deskriptivcorrelational. Ang mga datos sa pag-aaral ay nagmula sa kabuuang populasyon na 120 na mag-aaral at tatlong
mga guro na tagamasid sa pasalitang partisipasyon ng mga mag-aaral. Ang Talatanungan sa Kagamitan sa
Pagtuturo ng Panitikan at Checklist batay sa Obserbasyon sa Pasalita na Partisipasyon ay ang instrumentong
ginamit sa pagkalap ng datos. Mean, standard deviation, Analysis of Variance at Pearson Product-Moment
Correlation Coefficient ang mga ginamit na estatistiko na sangkap. Inihayag sa naging resulta na ang tatlong piling
estratehiya sa pagtuturo ng panitikan sa Filipino ay may pinakamataas na antas ng kagustuhan ng mga mag-aaral.
Ang antas ng pakilahok ng mga mag-aaral sa paggamit ng tatlong estratehiya sa pagtuturo ng panitikan ay
pinakamataas na nagpapahiwatig na aktibong nakilahok ang mga mag-aaral sa mga gawain. Inihayag din na
walang makabuluhang kaibahan sa antas ng kagustuhan ng mga mag-aaral sa mga estratehiya sa pagtuturo ng
panitikan sa Filipino. Ito ay nangahulugan na gustong-gusto ng mga mag-aaral ang pagkakaroon ng mga
estratehiya sa pagtuturo. Walang makabuluhang kaugnayan ang kagustuhan sa mga estratehiya at antas ng
pakikilahok ng mga mag-aaral. Hindi nakaapekto sa kanilang pakikilahok ang anumang estratehiyang ginamit ng
guro.
KEYWORDS : estratehiya, karanasan, pagsasadula, pagtuturo, pangkatang talakayan
The Role of the Instruction of Reading Comprehension Strategies in Enhancing ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT :Throughout my studies and teaching English in different language centers and higher studies
institutions, I have come to conclude that students consider Reading comprehension as a nightmare that
frightens them and hinders their language acquisition in the Moroccan EFL Context. This may cause them to
develop an internal psychological obstacle that grows as their lack of the necessary instruments or tools to
overcome are not equipped with. They become lost and unaware about or unfamiliar with the necessary reading
comprehension strategies that could help them to face the problem of misunderstanding or non-understanding
of English texts. Respectively, this article which is only one part of my whole study aims at showing the effect
of teaching reading strategies in enhancing the S1 students‟ familiarity with reading strategies and raising their
frequency use. A sample of 283 University students in EFL context have been chosen randomly and have
attended the usual academic reading classes, yet only 76 are subject to this survey. 38 of them constitute the
experimental group who have attended the treatment regularly in one of the language centers and the other 38
participants are chosen randomly from the whole population to constitute the Control group. They all have
Psychosocial Factors and Deviant Behaviors of Children in Conflict with the L...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT:This study aims to determine the relationship between psychosocialfactors and deviant
behaviors among children in conflict with the law (CICL) inDavao Region. The researchers want to discover the
prevalent factors thatdrive these children to their behaviors. Further, the study sought to determinethe
manifestation of psychosocial factors in terms of life satisfaction, emotionalsupport, self-esteem, and personality
traits. The study's data came from N-83children in conflict with the law (CICL) at the Regional Rehabilitation
Center forYouth (RRCY) in Bago Oshiro, Davao City; all respondents are male. This studyused a total
enumeration sampling technique due to the relatively smallpopulation size. The researchers adapted the
Psychosocial surveyquestionnaires by Zabriskie & Ward (2013) and by John and Srivastava (1999)as well as the
Deviant Behavior Variety Scale (DBVS) by Sanches et al. (2016).Through the use of a validated questionnaire,
the mean and standard deviationare determined. The researchers modified this questionnaire and translated itinto
the respondents' mother tongue (Cebuano) for them to comprehend itbetter. The study discovered no significant
relationship between psychosocialfactors and deviant behaviors of children in conflict with the law (CICL) in
theDavao Region
KEYWORDS :Children in Conflict with the Law (CICL), deviant behaviors, psychosocial factors
Entropy: A Join between Science and Mind-SocietyAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Entropy is join, intersection and interaction between natural science and human mind-society.
We proposed that if internal interactions exist in isolated systems, entropy decrease will be possible for this
system. Management in system is a typical internal interaction within the isolated system. The purpose of
management is to use regulating the internal interactions within the system, and to decrease the increasing
entropy spontaneously. We propose the principle of social civilization and the developing direction is: freedom
of thought, rule of action. Both combinations should be a peaceful revision and improvement of social rules and
laws. Different countries and nations, different religions and beliefs should coexist peacefully and compete
peacefully. The evolution of human society must be coevolution. Its foundation is the evolution of the human
heart and the human nature.
KEYWORDS: entropy, science, society, management, mind, evolution.
A Model of Disaster Resilience Among Colleges and Universities: A Mixed Metho...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT :This research paper aimed to create a comprehensive framework for measuring disaster
resilience in colleges and universities. The study used a mixed method through Exploratory Factor Analysis
(EFA), which involved analyzing data from a survey questionnaire. The questionnaire was developed based on
in-depth interviews with 12 selected participants from the University of Mindanao, as well as relevant literature
and studies. It was reviewed and validated by 10 experts using a method called Content Validity Ratio (CVR).
This questionnaire was then administered to 400 students from 10 different colleges in University of Mindanao.
After conducting the Exploratory Factor Analysis and performing rotations and iterations, the researchers
identified five main constructs that characterize disaster resilience among colleges (1) disaster preparedness, (2)
disaster awareness, (3) community readiness, and (4) disaster management, (5) disaster resilience. The
researchers aimed to create an organization called “Council of College Disaster Volunteers (CCDV)” which
consist of student volunteers. These factors can be used to develop effective management strategies and
strengthen efforts in preventing and managing disasters and accidents.
KEYWORDS:content validity ratio, criminology, disaster resilience, disaster management, exploratory factor
analysis, and Philippines.
Environmental Struggles and Justice Among Lumad Farmers of Davao CityAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : The study described the various environmental struggles experienced among the participants
and their status in accessing justice. The study followed a qualitative multiple-case study approach; the
participants are the Lumad farmers of Marilog, Davao City selected through a Critical sampling method and
aims to present the environmental violations experienced by the Lumad farmers in Davao City and how it
affected their families and sustenance further, their status in accessing justice is also explored. The study
concluded that the most common struggles the participant experience are Illegal logging and improper waste
disposal, which affect their farms, family, health, and income. Their preferred means to accessing justice is
through barangay settlement; the rigors of accessing courts, such as distance, expenses, fear of ruling, and the
hassle of being called to be present in court, are the most prevalent barriers that hinder the lead farmers from
accessing justice or seeking legal action. Nevertheless, the participants believed that the government would help
them in accessing justice.
KEYWORDS :access to justice, criminology,environmental justice, environmental struggles, lumadfarmers
CYBERBULLYING EXPERIENCES OF UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO CRIMINOLOGY STUDENTSAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT:This paper explores the cyberbullying experiences among Criminology students at the
University of Mindanao. A simple random sampling method was used to distribute the study's online
questionnaire to the respondents and to survey the target population. This study has four hundred (400)
respondents, and the respondents are Criminology students at the University of Mindanao. The findings of this
study revealed that the level of cyberbullying experiences is sometimes manifested. On the other hand, the
cyberbullying experiences of the students indicate a moderate level, which indicates that the cyberbullying
experiences of the respondents are sometimes manifested. Also, the computations showed that among the
indicators presented, the highest mean is obtained in the psychological effect, which implies that there is a
significant effect of cyberbullying experiences of the respondents in terms of the Gender level of the
respondents. Therefore, respondents with a low level of cyberbullying experiences tend to have a moderate level
of cyberbullying experience. However, there is no significant effect in terms of age and year level of the
respondents according to the results regarding the psychological, emotional, and physical impact of
cyberbullying.
KEYWORDS :cyberbullying, emotional, experiences, psychological,physical effect, and simple random
sampling method.
A philosophical ontogenetic standpoint on superego role in human mind formationAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: One of the most significant contributions of psychoanalysis to understand the human being is the
elaboration of a model about the mind from a topical and dynamic perspective. Freud explains the mind by the
constitution of the preconscious, conscious, and subconscious. Later, by three dynamic components: the id, the
ego and the superego. Such an organization of the psychic apparatus supposes not only individual elements, but
social influences along the process of hominization. In this paper, we recover the findings of the renowned
anthropologist Lewis Morgan, trying to link some of them to the psychoanalytic theory. Especially highlighting
the importance of superego in Haidt’s social intuitionism.
Keywords: evolutionism, intuitionism, psychoanalysis, Freud, Haidt, Morgan
Improving Workplace Safety Performance in Malaysian SMEs: The Role of Safety ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: In the Malaysian context, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) experience a significant
burden of workplace accidents. A consensus among scholars attributes a substantial portion of these incidents to
human factors, particularly unsafe behaviors. This study, conducted in Malaysia's northern region, specifically
targeted Safety and Health/Human Resource professionals within the manufacturing sector of SMEs. We
gathered a robust dataset comprising 107 responses through a meticulously designed self-administered
questionnaire. Employing advanced partial least squares-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) techniques
with SmartPLS 3.2.9, we rigorously analyzed the data to scrutinize the intricate relationship between safety
behavior and safety performance. The research findings unequivocally underscore the palpable and
consequential impact of safety behavior variables, namely safety compliance and safety participation, on
improving safety performance indicators such as accidents, injuries, and property damages. These results
strongly validate research hypotheses. Consequently, this study highlights the pivotal significance of cultivating
safety behavior among employees, particularly in resource-constrained SME settings, as an essential step toward
enhancing workplace safety performance.
KEYWORDS :Safety compliance, safety participation, safety performance, SME
Psychological Empowerment and Empathy as Correlates of ForgivenessAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: The study explores Psychological Empowerment and Empathy as Correlates of Forgiveness.
The two variables are regarded to have influence on the decision one makes to forgive another. The study aimed
at examining the relationships between psychological empowerment and forgiveness, empathy and forgiveness
and to identify which one of the two,Psychological Empowerment or Empathy, is the more powerful predictor of
forgiveness. The study took a survey design with a sample of 350 drawn from a population of university students
using a self-administered questionnaire with four sections: Personal information, Psychological empowerment
scale, Toronto Empathy questionnaire, and the Heartland Forgiveness Scale (HFS). Data analysis employed
Pearson’s product moment correlation and regression analysis to test hypotheses. The results show significant
relationships between psychological empowerment and forgiveness as well as empathy and forgiveness.
Empathy was found to be the more powerful predictor of forgiveness.
KEY WORDS: Psychological empowerment, empathy, forgiveness
Exploring The Dimensions and Dynamics of Felt Obligation: A Bibliometric Anal...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTARCT: This study presents, to our knowledge, the first bibliometric analysis focusing on the concept of
"felt obligation," examining 120 articles published between 1986 and 2024. The aim of the study is to deepen our
understanding of the existing knowledge in the field of "felt obligation" and to provide guidance for further
research. The analysis is centered around the authors, countries, institutions, and keywords of the articles. The
findings highlight prominent researchers in this field, leading universities, and influential journals. Particularly,
it is identified that China plays a leading role in "felt obligation" research. The analysis of keywords emphasizes
the thematic focuses of these studies and provides a roadmap for future research. Finally, various
recommendations are presented to deepen the knowledge in this area and promote applied research. This study
serves as a foundation to expand and advance the understanding of "felt obligation" in the field.
KEYWORDS: Felt Obligation, Bibliometric Analysis, Research Trends
Les autorités traditionnelles et l’administration coloniale au Tchad : 1900-1960AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : In Africa, traditionalauthorities are the guardians of tradition. Recently, however, they have
been caughtbetween tradition and modernity in the exercise of political power in Chad. However, we are
witnessing the revival of chieftaincy and the hybridization of the politicalpowersexercisedwithinit. In this
cohabitation of powers, traditionalauthorityisescapingitsrole as guardian of tradition.
Traditionalauthorityisthereforepresented in itscurrent state, as a proxy for the modern state in traditional
administrative districts. The aim of thisstudyis to analyze the mutations and adaptability of
traditionalauthorityfrom the pre-colonialperiodthrough the colonial period to the post-colonial period. This
workanalyzes the mutations of authorities. The data collected and processedrevealthattraditionalauthorities have
survivedalmosteverywhere, the former chiefdomsdissolvedduringcolonization have been restored by
republicanheads of state, while more and more frequently civil servants, businessmen, academics and
othermembers of the literateelite, whopreviouslyhad no attraction for the position of traditionalchief, are
beingenthroned.
Key words:Authorities, Administration, colonization, Chad, Kanem.
A Conceptual Analysis of Correlates of Domestic Violence and Adolescent Risky...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: The study explores domestic violence and how it influences adolescent risky behavior.
Domestic violence is a devastating social problem resulting in significant and enduring effects on children,
threatening both their health and emotional well-being. The study aimed at examining the relationships between
domestic Violence and Psychological Empowerment, Domestic Violence and Self-esteem, psychological
Empowerment and Self-Regulation, Self Esteem and Psychological empowerment, Self-Esteem and Selfregulation, Self-Regulation and Adolescent Risky Behavior and identify the stronger predictor of self-regulation
between psychological empowerment and Self-esteem. Adolescent respondents who experienced domestic
violence were purposely selected and guided by teachers and administrators who had provided support to these
children.The questionnaire had six sections namely; personal information, the Child Exposure to Domestic
Violence Scale, the Psychological empowerment scale, the Rosenberg Self-esteem Inventory, and the Brief
Self-Control Scale. Data analysis employed Pearson's product-moment correlation (r) to test hypotheses 1,
2,3,4,5, and 6. Regression analysis was used for hypothesis 7.The results show a significant relationship
between domestic Violence and Psychological Empowerment, Domestic Violence and Self-esteem,
psychological Empowerment and Self-Regulation, Self Esteem and Psychological empowerment, Self-Esteem
and Self-regulation, Self-Regulation, and Adolescent Risky Behavior. The study documents that Psychological
empowerment is a stronger predictor of self-regulation than Self-esteem.
KEYWORDS:Domestic violence, psychological empowerment, self-regulation, and Adolescent risky behavior
Driving Sustainable Competitive Advantage Through an Innovative Aggregator Bu...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : The aim of the research is to analyze the influence of the aggregation business model on
Sustainable Competitive Advantage (SCA). Through a survey of 216 MSMEs in the creative economy sector
selected randomly using an ex post facto causal research approach, an overview of the aggregator business
model and its impact on financial resources and SCA was obtained. The aggregator business model plays a role
in facilitating increased access to financial resources to meet both available and required working capital for
realizing SCA in Malang's Lokanima area. The strength of ABM lies in understanding the resources needed for
SCA and the effectiveness of mobilizing services while considering the most cost-effective options, including
providing various alternatives in their provision. Financial resources are an important factor supporting the
achievement of SCA. Access to financial resources is key to facilitating business growth and sustainability.
Theoretical implications: The concept of the aggregator business model emphasizes the efficient and effective
collection, aggregation, and distribution of resources in connecting service providers with consumers in an
economical and efficient manner. Practical implications: ABM can enhance the performance of financial
resource provision by optimizing relationships with MSMEs and financial institutions, leading to business
growth and sustainability for MSMEs.
KEYWORDS -Aggregator Business, Creative Economy, Financial Resources, Sustainable Competitive
Advantage
Accuracy of ChatGPT for Basic Values of Trigonometric FunctionsAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : This study analyzes the accuracy of ChatGPT, an artificial intelligence model based on GPT3.5, in determining the values of basic trigonometric functions. To this end, we examine ChatGPT's responses to
sine, cosine, tangent, and cotangent values for a wide range of angles. We compare the results provided by
ChatGPT with the accuracy values determined by basic trigonometry. We also explore differences in accuracy
depending on changes in question complexity and given context. The results show a high level of accuracy of
ChatGPT in determining the values of trigonometric functions, especially for common angles. However, it is
noted that accuracy may be affected in certain cases of extreme angles or complex questions. This analysis
provides an important representation of ChatGPT's capabilities in the field of mathematics, using a new method
for testing the accuracy of artificial intelligence models in determining trigonometric values.
Keywords -Accuracy, AI Model, ChatGPT, Trigonometric Functions, Trigonometry
Postmodern Marketing and Its Impact on Traditional Marketing Approaches: Is K...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : The essay discusses the concept of postmodern marketing and its impact on marketing theory
and practice. It explores the characteristics of postmodernism, including openness, tolerance, hyper-reality,
fragmentation, and the lack of clear boundaries, and how they challenge traditional marketing approaches. The
paper also looks at the contributions of postmodern marketing to consumer and marketing research and how it
has redefined the way we think about marketing as a science. Ultimately, it raises the question of whether and
how marketing should adapt itself to the new conditions brought about by postmodernism.
KEYWORDS :Postmodernism, Postmodern Marketing, Kotler, Marketing Theory, Postmodern Consumer
Reorientation of Health Service Governance Toward the Fulfillment of Social J...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Health insurance is a human right. At the practical level, this health insurance program in
Indonesia is organized by BPJS Kesehatan (Social Security Administering Body for Health). The
implementation of BPJS Kesehatan is still not optimal and effective. Three problems are discussed in this
writing: the dynamics of health insurance governance in Indonesia, the implementation of the fulfillment of the
right to health by BPJS Kesehatan, and the reorientation of BPJS Kesehatan services toward social justice.
These problems are then answered by scientific research methods using a sociological juridical approach.
Complaintsoften occur regarding the regulations, the services provided by the health facility providers, and the
distance between the community and the health facilities. Such complaints affect the public interest in becoming
BPJS Kesehatan participants. The aforementioned conditions must be considered and evaluated for the
government's success in the aspired national health insurance plan.
KEYWORDS -BPJS Kesehatan, Health Insurance, Social Justice
“To be integrated is to feel secure, to feel connected.” The views and experi...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Although a significant amount of literature exists on Morocco's migration policies and their
successes and failures since their implementation in 2014, there is limited research on the integration of subSaharan African children into schools. This paperis part of a Ph.D. research project that aims to fill this gap. It
reports the main findings of a study conducted with migrant children enrolled in two public schools in Rabat,
Morocco, exploring how integration is defined by the children themselves and identifying the obstacles that they
have encountered thus far. The following paper uses an inductive approach and primarily focuses on the
relationships of children with their teachers and peers as a key aspect of integration for students with a migration
background. The study has led to several crucial findings. It emphasizes the significance of speaking Colloquial
Moroccan Arabic (Darija) and being part of a community for effective integration. Moreover, it reveals that the
use of Modern Standard Arabic as the language of instruction in schools is a source of frustration for students,
indicating the need for language policy reform. The study underlines the importanceof considering the
children‟s agency when being integrated into mainstream public schools.
.
KEYWORDS: migration, education, integration, sub-Saharan African children, public school
Sport et vieillissement : une analyse de la pratique des activités physiques ...AJHSSR Journal
Abstract : The aim of thispaperis to report on the effects of physicalactivity and sport on the health of older
people. Based on a mixed-methodsapproach, several techniques, namelydocumentaryanalysis and semistructured interviews, wereused in thisresearch in order to obtain a range of data thatwasavailable, accessible
and relevant to the subjectunderstudy. This enabled us to arrive at the resultsaccording to which the
stakeholders' perceptions of theirhealth are based on the practice of physicalactivities and sport as a social
construct in a socio-cultural context. Older people see sport as a way of curingillnesses, but above all as a way
of givingtheir bodies vitality. Othersseeit as a way of reinvigoratingthemselvesafter retirement.
Key words: Ageing, Physical activities, Sports activities, Elderly people.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
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The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
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• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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The Philosophical Arena of Happiness
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American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR)
e-ISSN :2378-703X
Volume-3, Issue-7, pp-84-88
www.ajhssr.com
Research Paper Open Access
The Philosophical Arena of Happiness
1
Prof.Dr.AMREEN SHAIKH , 2
Prof.Dr.G.N.SHARMA
1
Shubham Institute, Aurangabad, 431001,INDIA,
2
Global Gurukul, Jalna, INDIA
I. GENERAL SURVEY
The ultimate aim of any philosophy or religion is supposed to be towards the welfare of the society showing a
genuine concern for humanity as a whole. However one has to accept the fact that unfortunately some of the
philosophies have nurtured themselves in such a way that they have emerged merely in an academic fashion
exhibiting the scholarship of the propounder and further utilizing the language in a verbose style. Similarly most
of the religions have also engrossed themselves in the rituals in an untiring manner which have taken foremost
position and toll, surpassing the real Spiritual aspect along with Philosophy. It is sad that so many centuries have
rolled down and still we are groping in darkness with same basic problems while as a contrast, Science with
empirical proofs has shown in all its branches notable progress. In fact all living beings strive for comfort and
further exert to crystallize the same into happiness and expect tranquility thereof. In fact happiness has many
areas to encompass. Right from personal to social, individually psychological to the societal and then national to
global everyone in some way or the other is automatically either influenced or enmeshed irreversibly. Therefore
it cannot always remain a private affair. Even then much impetus is continuously laid down on one‟s own life
and subsequently the happenings with a strong desire to have them always under own custody. As Socrates had
said that an unexamined life is not worth living, we can conclude that only intelligent people can be happy
because they can prioritize the living behavioral sciences to suit their circumstances. An unchecked flow of
sentimentality would mean getting stuck up emotionally and expecting results as per one‟s own wistful thinking!
Therefore, it is the practical wisdom or street smartness which is required to deal with the mundane affairs.
Happiness is a necessary constituent of life for all irrespective of Caste, Creed and Religion that one follows. In
all phases of life at any stage and age, man is consistently in the race to gain happiness with very little
understanding of the very term so casually used by all. One must understand that Life is not a mathematical quiz
that one can apply a formula to solve and gain happiness. Life most of the times with regard to all the strata of
the society needless to say poses similar problems but in different shades and intensity. When we examine the
circumstances in which we are living, honestly analyzing, we realize that we have not overcome our age old
problems of Poverty, Racial discrimination and Segregation. We have not been very successful in controlling
pollution- human as well as mechanical- of environment. Furthermore we have exponentially increasing
psychological problems on personal as well as mass scale. The inequality, corruption, injustice... had been
threatening in every field, in every decade and presently at least there does not seem to be any route or avenue to
escape. With so many discouraging external factors seeking happiness on personal level is highly improbable.
As Bertrand Russell in Conquest of Happiness thinks, Humanity has majority times mental level problems.
Animals never think of past nor surmise future. We are somehow not comfortable anywhere. We have reasons
to complain of the present, excuses for the past happenings and strong speculation of the future. With limited
knowledge we are abnormally confident and yet most uncomfortable. This is how Happiness is eluding us.
There have been many definitions or descriptions in text made available to us regarding man. Aristotle thought
man is essentially a social animal. Later on he also thought man a political animal and cultured animal. But then
now he seems to be a pretty weak animal on physical as well as mental planes. Culturally it is totally debatable
issue. In fact man is unable to bear happiness or unhappiness alone easily. A sudden onslaught of either would
put him under a sort burden which is quite unbearable to him. Much owing to this he prefers to share his mood
and so indicates the social nature. Many a time it so happens that commonly we equate comfort or pleasure to
happiness but in the course of time while advancing in life we do realize that this is indeed a faulty concept
although at times it may be an illusionary type happiness. Another blunder committed mostly has been trying to
acquire the absence of unhappiness imagining that would lead us to the province of happiness. It is a matter of
common experience that merely absence of unhappiness never promotes or guarantees happiness. There are
many occasions when we are neither happy nor unhappy. That could also lead to boredom or might create a
damaging state of ennui. In other words happiness itself has a special domain wherein the usual practices would
fail miserably to produce the desired results. Probably the unwanted memories of past and visualization of the
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future which is not under control could be one of the potent reasons as to why most of us are striving so hard
and yet failing to make an entry into the arena of happiness.”‟Thought and Consciousness‟, says Engels, are
products of the human brain‟. The truth of this, as George Thomson comments, ‟is so plain that it might almost
seem to be obvious; yet philosophers have piled tome upon tome in order to deny, distort or obscure it.‟ Thus a
large section of the contemporary philosophers,‟ while claiming to be specialists in the study of thought,
continue their disputations without regard to what scientists have learnt about the actual mechanism of the
human brain.”1
No doubt external factors are very important and are strong enough to become a hindrance but
there is something within us which demands more of our attention. When we look at the behavior of the
constituents of the matter around us we very easily understand that Nature itself does not have any discipline.
Most of the laws ascribed in an ideal fashion for the common states of matter are not followed. Therefore Solids,
Liquids and Gases show their molecules also strive for perfection but they too under normal conditions prefer to
have freedom. This is the reason as to why we have notable deviations in their behavior. In case we extend this
theory and apply to human behavior then obviously we cannot expect any of the virtues ethically highly
acclaimed as easily attainable. In other words happiness is not easily achieved unless we as human beings strive
on the moral principles which have been acknowledged by all religions. The major problem with us is we have
ideals always in vision but not in practice. In brief unless we release ourselves from the illusions happiness will
ever remain a farfetched and merely a wishful thinking entertained without any periodic investigation.
II. EXPECTATIONS FROM RELIGION AND PHILOSOPHY
It is but natural that everyone looks to religion as well as philosophy for solace when in doubt or trouble. We
have carried and further handed over our beliefs to the next generation without inspecting their true efficacy and
suitability to the new circumstances. Frankly speaking we do understand that it is openly foolish to adopt past
century principles and expect results in the present age. Nothing remains forever. That is a proven fact of life. At
least on the physical plane no entity is granted eternity. There have been various belief systems which promise
all fair results and mostly they are non-pragmatic. There is an effort to silence the mind and its queries than
answering them properly to quench the thirst for true knowledge. It is also surprising that volumes have been
penned down to explain a minor thing and therefore there is escapism or no concrete answer in brief. A common
man has no intention to take on the rigors of the discipline to master a subject and become an acclaimed scientist
or philosopher. All that he expects is to lead a normal life with his family. Unfortunately most of the tenets or
the much publicized salient features of a theory or religious philosophy are always directed towards the secluded
life of a saint. These principles miserably fail in the mart of life when someone adopts them enthusiastically and
still there is insistence on the same set of beliefs proposed by religions and their philosophies. This is the basic
reason as to why a common man is not comfortable and does not find total confidence in these principles. At the
same time he cannot muster enough courage to protest or criticize. Therefore, one must make different zones
like the orbits surrounding a nucleus of an atom to know exactly the proper working of these proposed
principles and then seek happiness. Such a logical or to some extent scientific approach can only solve the
mystery than merely proposing new theories with a minor alteration or in a repetitive form. With all the
knowledge that is available to us in the modern age it should be adhering to the facts and need not carry
unnecessarily emotive phrases or expressions to impress upon the gullible minds. It is indeed our prime duty to
guide the upcoming generation than to make it crippled. The excesses present in any religion or philosophical
approach requires pruning process, failing which again the same scenario will continue. There have been scores
of philosophies from East as well as West which could be referred to for guidance but somehow not all seem to
be feasible in practice. That could be one of the reasons as to why one gets a feeling that improvisation as a dire
need to make them function and a periodic revision or renewal is a must. Having reverence for the old or
ancestral time viewpoints is in a way tolerable but then taking that itself as eternal and workable for all
generations indicates absolutely unscientific approach or rather anti-scientific approach.
III. WESTERN AND EASTERN APPROACHES
Generally it has been a practice to have a comparison by referring to both Eastern and Western philosophical
outlooks, especially when it comes to metaphysics. The fact is that not always these two currents of thought
differ totally but much owing to the historicity and the circumstances sometimes bound by cultural viewpoints,
there have been different pathways for the same aim. It goes without saying that both try to provide in a nutshell
the secret of gaining and further retaining happiness. Somehow in the Eastern approach there is the inclusion of
God as the supreme being and naturally the unfailing source of all virtues. Everything for which human beings
are striving for would be released by God and therefore generally nothing is convinced without an open
reference to God and subsequently Godliness. Naturally much out of uncontrolled enthusiasm and a sort of
competitive spirit every approach vigorously claims supremacy or the ultimate position.
In case of Western approach the firm base is virtue and most of the philosophers have claimed the same but
without introducing God. Outwardly atleast it seems that the human limitations, temptations and inclinations are
given complete consideration. One may even draw the conclusion that mostly the psychological aspect is given
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utmost importance and the possible implications thereof are also dealt impartially. This is why in Western
approach the philosophers on happiness have provided a moral, ethical and psychological platforms by taking
into consideration human personality. If we take just a cursory look of a select few philosophers we realize that
there had been the same ethical trend but at times with a minor deviation to claim independent status. Socrates
entrusted happiness partly or wholly as the result of the working of the soul. It is always produced at the behest
of the active state of the soul which is ever stuffed with ethical virtues. His student Plato always felt Pleasure
also as a necessary constituent in addition to what his master said so vehemently about soul‟s activity. This
shows that there had been an attempt to include the practical aspect or reflection of happiness. Aristotle
following footsteps of Plato felt the necessity of adding the external goods to the morally and ethically
recognized list of virtues.”Aristotle summarized this manifold excellence in his famous doctrine of the “golden
mean.”The happy man, the virtuous man, is he who preserves the golden mean between the two extremes of
ignoble conduct. He is the man who steers the middle course between the shoals that threaten on either side to
wreck his happiness.”2
Epicurus who in fact was very keen in bringing out the connection between pleasure and
happiness went on to propose pleasure as an utmost important constituent of happiness. Stoics maintained their
stance of adhering to the ethical virtues because as others too felt that happiness comprises of such shades which
none can dismiss. When we refer to The Socrates Paradox there is a very clear indication that there is always a
necessity to take into consideration the circumstances of one‟s life and more than that the psychological mental
make-up. It is always one‟s own ignorance owing to which immoral acts are carried out but never done
deliberately. This obviously leads to unhappiness. Immanuel Kant felt happiness does include power, riches,
honor and above all health. Therefore a complete personality is to be considered and erected to gain happiness
in life. But then he also cautions about the possible hindrances which would stem out of our own insistence on
the incentives pursued for own happiness. The danger is this may take us away from the moral platform as much
of the seeking would be in catching the illusions. William James too cautions us regarding our over enthusiasm
which may lead to a sort of disappointment if not corrected on time. To him Happiness is to achieved by
preparing ourselves for a genuine and higher purpose though sometimes we ourselves and the society may also
suspect feasibility. A little more philosophical treatment was given by Ralph Waldo Emerson to whom the very
purpose of life need not be merely happiness. In fact happiness is the result of our purposeful disposition that
includes utility, honor and becoming compassionate. Lastly if we refer to Arthur Schopenhauer we find yet
another deviation because to him, there cannot be real happiness ever possible. At the most we can reduce the
quantum of unhappiness bestowed on us by circumstances. As generally pessimists think, Schopenhauer thought
the world at any rate is hostile. To the contrary optimists insist that this is possibly the best world to fulfill our
aims and aspirations. Schopenhauer always felt happiness a rare possibility and absolutely on temporary basis.
He thought it is a blunder in our habitual thinking that people can be ever happy in this world because in short
happiness by itself is a perfect illusion.
IV. INDIAN SCENARIO
As said earlier most of the times an onlooker gets the impression that Indian philosophy has contribution from
Hindu religion only and therefore it could be aptly referred to as Hindu philosophy. However, when we say
Hindu philosophy it is a broad title having many contributions and currents of thought. However, there is a clear
inclination in most of the philosophers working due to a sort of dependency on the religion. Therefore one needs
to know the original temper with which the other extensions had been encouraged. “All religions are manmade.
Moral principles which govern the society are also manmade and are meant for maintaining peace in the society
God is responsible only for the cosmic laws and no one can violate them. During the first eight centuries there
were many religions believing in many Gods. The credit of consolidating these different cults under the banner
of Vedic verdicts goes to Shankara.”3
It all starts from the Advaita Vedanta wherein commonly the word
ANANDA is used for happiness throughout. In spite of this the English equivalent „Happiness‟ does not cover
all the aspects of the former. It has been always clubbed with religious sentiment and there is automatically an
easy entry provided into Mysticism and also Spirituality. Human being as an independent entity is accompanied
by different moods due to which it gets entangled in variety activities. As a result it combats with many of the
vices or at times becomes voluntarily a victim. On a temporary basis it enjoys and much out of ignorance
embraces such activities. In the course of time somehow with knowledge and slight enlightenment realizes the
futility of such actions and the potency of the worldly traps. Therefore there is realization. However it is easily
said than done. To release self from the shackles of such temptation is not an easy task. At this stage one
requires the assistance of a higher force so that the true Ananda can be achieved. This is where one needs
freedom from all the sins, periodic doubts, temptations, desires, sufferings and so on. But then there is a
practical reality also. To live is to struggle and there is bound to be an attempt to reach the comfort zone and
therefore getting trapped is but natural. Therefore getting a total and perfect release from the very cycle of
rebirth would promise Ananda on a lasting basis. This is technically referred to Brahman or Brahman state
wherein a perfect detachment towards the worldly affairs takes place and this is a concrete platform for true
Happiness. In Dvaita philosophy there is a strong overtone over a requisition demanding a sort of semblance
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between word and deed. Naturally the impetus is on thought process which eventually guides us for the deeds to
be performed. Well, it all depends on our own control on mind which usually marches with confusion, doubt
and always has lofty unchecked ideas which finally trap us. Therefore ultimately if we can develop uniformity
or evenness in our disposition and temper, the very state of supreme bliss will be within our reach in any walk of
life. This is to show that happiness for which we are harping depends more on our own control over the flighty
nature or whims which we unnecessarily entertain. Another school of thought Vishishtadvaita has a total faith in
the divine grace without which it is impossible to seek genuine happiness. Therefore all that the seeker has to do
is to surrender the self before the Divine and get totally detached from the self promoted ego. It is the ego which
causes all hindrance and under any condition there cannot be happiness when accompanied by the much
nurtured ego. In fact total surrender is not that easy but one has to adopt a life style trusting totally the Divine
force to guide. There have been various schools of thought in Hinduism though they all have the same aim but
different routes. These routes should be looked upon as emerging out of various outlooks but at any point they
do not compete nor have any animosity. The four major Yogas viz. Raja Yoga, Bhakti Yoga, Jnana Yoga and
Karma Yogas have been proposed to suit all human temperaments and capacity. Although commonly it is the
Karma Yoga which easily preferred there is no gradation because ultimate aim is same. One may find the divine
grace from austere practices or devotion or knowledge or work ethics with consciously carried out deeds. These
have been the significant avenues suggested for achieving happiness. If we just take a brief survey of select few
modern philosophers from last century we find that there is not much difference in the approach and there is a
tendency to lean towards the religious sentiment. For example Swami Vivekananda who laid a lot of emphasis
on Karma Yoga always insisted that there need not be a single or isolated method to seek happiness as every
person has different circumstances and obviously the level of comprehension, owing to which his option would
be very private. Therefore he has to choose within his limits happiness than unnecessarily burdening self with
highly imaginative picture. As Leo Tolstoy puts in his novel “Anna Karenina” in the beginning itself that „All
Happy families are alike but each unhappy family is unhappy in its own way‟. This is to indicate that unlike
unhappiness, happiness need not be standardized. Shri Aurobindo has put happiness as a natural aspect of our
personality or living beings. It is the delight of existence. The shift takes place much because of the limitations
of human nature which always entertains the opposites and therefore happiness eludes. A total faith in the
virtues can bring about happiness and one can get detached easily from the negativities. Therefore here
happiness is taken for granted and the methods rather spiritual ones are recommended in retaining happiness in
addition to understand what it means. Sri Raman Maharshi felt happiness is always within us. Trying to get it
from external sources would never appease the thirst. Discovering the true self is of utmost importance because
that can only promise happiness. Therefore as described in Upanishads, “He is the smallest of the small, the
biggest of the big and a person who is free from temptations of the world can visualize the Supreme Being and
becomes free from bondage.”4
V. CONCLUSION
Different philosophers have opined on the term happiness with a hope that their outlooks may guide the
humanity or drag out of the drudgery of unhappiness. Yet no philosophy seems to have a complete impact on
the humanity. Negative terms or vices have gone far away and their presence with a driving force is an
unarguable reality. Virtues always appeal to us but their timely presence with expected effect or result is fairly
doubtful. Therefore no single philosophy would indicate perfection because of the circumstances we have
around are varied from person to person. Mostly the external forces dictate terms. Under such a situation which
had been prevalent from centuries the only wayout would be to ardently stick on to the mixed form of a couple
of living philosophies. From Western point of view it would be ever wise to adopt a Pragmatic approach and
from the Eastern, particularly Indian, it is better to follow the path of Bhakti Yoga so that everything is entrusted
or surrendered to one‟s own deity or God of choice. This would silence the mind and with an appeal to the
higher force some hope would easily kindle. Referring to Schopenhauer we find he was exasperated with “false
optimism” of the modern philosophers. Man is essentially a creature of pain. His will is constantly driving him
on to desire one object in life. But the moment he obtains his desire what follows? A terrible boredom or void.
Existence becomes again an unbearable burden. So he strives a new...Happiness is a negative state. The only
positive state is pain. In such a scheme of things is there any place for hope? 5
So ultimately we may come to the
conclusion that there is a well defined but concealed arena of happiness, owing to which there had been so many
viewpoints in past and now in present too. We need to adopt the pathway that suits our temperament,
circumstances and as far as possible managing the virtuous life-style so that there is a smooth free passage to
grow inwardly and experience happiness. Instead of searching for it, allowing the same to grow within would be
always wise!
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REFERENCES
[1]. Chattopadhaya D., Indian Philosophy, People‟s Publishing House, New Delhi,1964, p.184.
[2]. Thomas Henry and Thomas Dana Lee, Living Biographies of Great Philosophers, Bhartiya Vidya
Bhavan, Bombay, 1993, p.27
[3]. Ananthacharya Chakravarti, Philosophy of Upanishads, Ultra Publications,Bangalore,1999,p.14
[4]. ibid,p.128
[5]. Thomas Henry and Thomas Dana Lee, Living Biographies of Great Philosophers, Bhartiya Vidya
Bhavan, Bombay,1993,p.196