the study examines the role of training on women in developing countries especially Nigeria towards entrepreneurship development as a yardstick to helps in reducing poverty in developing countries with the aid of microfinance resources.

1. The Mediating effect of Training on the Relationship between Micro-
Finance Factors and Performance of Women Entrepreneurs Business Micro
and Small Enterprises in Nigeria
BY
Hammawa Yusuf Musa
(95982)
PhD Candidate (Entrepreneurship)
Supervisor:
Dr. Norashidah Hashim
College of Business, Entrepreneurship
2/15/2018 1

2.  Background of the study
 Problems statement
 Research questions and objectives
 Literiture review
 Research framework
 Methodology
 Data analysis
 Results of measurement model
 Direct and mediating effect result
 Summary of hypothesis
 Contribution
 Limitation, suggestion and conclusion
2
Presentation outline

3. Background
2/15/2018 3

4.  In today’s emerging business world, it was not only business that are owned by men that
leads to economic growth, but women Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) do contributes
(OECD,2004).
 Women MSEs are born global firms that keep attracting increasing interest. This is because of
the role they play in economic growth and development of various countries (OECD 2004;
Iganiga 2008 & Kuzulwa, 2005; Lakwo, 2007;Tripathi andVibekananda, 2014).
 Women entrepreneurs over the years have occupy a central position in policy issues and
academic research as they constitute a number of enterprises.
 At present, performance of women owned firms (MSEs) in Nigeria is below expectations. It is
argued that the contribution of MSEs in Nigeria to the national GDP is poor for numerous
reasons (Ndumanya,2013).
 The women entrepreneurs’ contribution to GDP and Employment from 2011-2012 has decline
to about 5% and 35% respectively (GEM,2012).

5. Practical Issues
Managerial Issues
Theoretical Issues

6. Lack of skills acquisition is another major causes of women entrepreneurs (MSEs) poor
performance (Kuzulwa,2005; Ekpe,2011; Mercy &Corps 2013)
Lack of creativity in women business
Lack of training
(ILO,2011;Ocholah et al., 2013)
Political Instability
Religious intolerance
Socio-cultural (Madichei,2009;Ndumanya,2013)
The mortality rate of SMEs in the country is now about 75%, which was 15% in 2002
(SMEDAN2012)
Low growth and very high mortality rate
(Ndumanya,2013)
Unprofitable business due to poor performance
(Iganiga,2008)
Serious decline in the contribution of MSEs on GDP and Employment
(SMEDAN2013)
Lack of Access to Credit
Problem of business relationships (Ekpe,2011).
weak management system
lack of family motivation(ILO,2011:SMEDAN,2010).

7. Inadequate
infrastructural
facilities
(Bangudu,2013)
Failure to
access micro
finance
(Ekpe,2011)
Lack of
innovativeness
(Okpara,2011)
Unfavourable
competition from
foreign goods and
services
(Iganiga,2008)
Poor social
network among
entrepreneurs
(Singh et
al.,,2011)
Entrepreneurial
and marketing
ability
(Okafor,2011)
Gender related
discriminations
(Okpara,2011)

8. Theoretical
Gap
Emphasis on direct relationship,
Inconsistent operationalization of
variables (Benabou&Tirole,2014).
Lack of studies on MFFs & WEBP
(Epke,2011)
Entrepreneurship studies in
Nig are not gender base
(Okpara,2011)
Focus on only objective
performance
(Leitao&Franco,2008)
Reliance on a single theory
(Teo& chong, 2007)
Adopting new variable to
determine MFFs
(Tripathi&Vivakananda,2014
)
TR is the best mechanism of
achieving competitive advtg
& superior
perfrm.(Becker,1965)
TR Improve managerial
skills, sales turnover, time
mgt (Conney,2012)
Adopting & testing new TR
framework Kuzilwa (2007)

9. Research Questions Research Objectives
1. Is there any relationship between micro-finance factors
(motivation, network affiliation, credit accessibility, and
savings); and women entrepreneurs’ business performance
in Nigeria?
1. To determine the relationship between motivation,
network affiliation, credit accessibility and savings and
women entrepreneurs’ business performance in Nigeria.
2.What are the mediating effects of training on the
relationship between motivation, network affiliation,
credit accessibility and savings; and women entrepreneurs’
business performance in Nigeria?
2. To examine the mediating effects of training on the
relationship between motivation, network affiliation,
credit accessibility and savings and women entrepreneurs’
business performance in Nigeria.

10. Monitoring role:
Resources Provision role
covered by RBV theory: Variables are; MV, NA, CA, SV
covered by Fiedler-Contingency theory: Variable is: TR
1. Motivation  Owner managers in Nigeria lack proper goal settings and family backup (Iheduru, 2002,
Ibru, 2009, Iganiga, 2008; Ekpe, 2011; FGN 2015; Madichie, 2009)
 Self determine entrepreneur with clear aspiration and zeal achieve better performance
(Acs,2006; Amit and Livant,1988; Hessels et al., 2008; Davidsson& Wiklund,2009;
Narizoton et al., 2011; Shane 2003; Wait & Namusonge, 2013;Okafor, 2008; Kessy &
Temu,2010; Opafunso, 2014; Ute, 2015).
 Inconclusive mixed results.
2. Network Affiliation ability to establish strong network ties btw owner managers (Adke &Lwan 2002; Atieno,
2009;Ekpe, 2011)
Low business relationship has influence firm perfrm negatively(Ahuja, 2002)
3. Credit Accessibility  Owner managers are mostly unable to Access CR and lacks mkt imperfection on spply
side and peculiar characteristics of the entrepreneurs , gender disparity ( Rahaman
2011; Munzanur et al., 2013; Babajide, 2012; Ike,2011; Kasaka, 2014).
 CA enable business owner cover cash flows shortage, acquire inventories achieve
superior perfrm. (Peter,2001; Iganiga, 2008; Ekpe, 2011; Alakpa,2014)
Literature Review

11. 4. Savings  Owner –managers lack the ability to save (Ojo,2009; Akanji.2006)
Group savings are safe guarded to have the opportunity in obtaining loans for the business
(Akanji, 2006; IFAD, 2006; OECD, 2008; Iganiga, 2008; Manyani, 2014; Ifelunini &
Wosowei, 2013)
5. Training
(Mediator)  Recent researches reported training can build competency and skill needed to achieve
superior performance. Although there is few contrary results (Karnani, 2005; Olufemi,
2009; Okpara, 2011; Kinwolo et al., 2012; Zhang et al.,2016)
Underpinning Theories  Resource Base View theory and Fiedler- Contingency theory
L

12. Motivation
Network
Affiliation
Credit
Accessibility
Savings
Training
Women
entrepreneurs
business
Performance
IV
Mediator
DV

13. Methodology
Research Design:
Quantitative
methodology, descriptive
survey
Unit of Analysis:
Organization
Population: 7,155
Owner-managers
operating in Nigeria
(CAC, 2014).
Sampling Method:
Stratified sampling
Sample Size: 364 owner
managers obtained from
the sampling formula by
Dillman (2006), increase to
430 based on Salkind
(1997) suggestion.
Data source:
Questionnaire
Measurement:
7 point Likert
Scale
Data Analysis:
PLS-SEM
using SPSS 18 and
Smart-PLS 2.0.

14.  After the checking and screening of the data, the next step is to assess the outer model (measurement model)
and inner model (structural model) as explained by (EspositoVinzi, Trinchera, and Amato 2010; Hair et al.
2013).
 PLS-SEM (Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling) was used in this study to evaluate the outer
model and the inner model.
Assessment
of
Measurement
Model
• Examining individual item reliability: Used outer loadings
• Ascertaining internal consistency reliability: Composite reliability
• Ascertaining convergent validity: AVE
• Ascertaining discriminant validity: Fornell & Larcker Criterion
Assessment
of
Structural
Model
• Assessing the significance of path coefficients
• Examining the mediating effect
• Evaluating the level of R-squared values
• Determining the effect size
• Ascertaining the predictive relevance

15. Construct Item Loadings AVE
Composite
Reliability
Cronbac
h’s
Alpha
CA CRA1 .895 .702 .921 .891
CRA2 .702
CRA3 .854
CRA4 .924
CRA5 .796
MV MOV1 .859 .780 .934 .906
MOV3 .884
MOV5 .898
NA NET2 .852 .668 .857 .752
NET3 .888
SV SVG2 .863 .619 .829 .694
SVG3 .682
TR TRN4 .859 .735 .917 .879
TRN5 .920
TRN7 .821
TRN8 .825
Construct Item Loadings AVE
Composite
Reliability
Cronba
ch’s
Alpha
WBP WBP2 .864 .737 .918 .881
WBP3 .885
WBP4 .884
WBP5 .798

17. Cross Loadings
ITEMS CA MV NA SV TR WBP
CRA1 .895 .708 .316 .228 .708 .707
CRA2 .702 .551 .186 .160 .539 .534
CRA3 .854 .761 .454 .309 .746 .760
CRA4 .924 .780 .357 .276 .783 .758
CRA5 .796 .595 .254 .201 .576 .644
MOV1 .769 .859 .332 .264 .753 .724
MOV3 .706 .884 .377 .329 .710 .697
MOV5 .691 .898 .393 .319 .715 .696
MOV6 .724 .892 .392 .308 .744 .715
NET2 .328 .338 .852 .434 .405 .347
NET3 .378 .427 .888 .625 .447 .437
NET4 .210 .242 .700 .289 .286 .257
SVG2 .261 .315 .482 .863 .354 .356
SVG3 .207 .194 .320 .682 .221 .230
SVG4 .205 .289 .534 .805 .278 .291
TRN4 .673 .687 .374 .293 .859 .691
TRN5 .775 .757 .459 .358 .920 .797
TRN7 .646 .700 .446 .332 .821 .633
TRN8 .674 .691 .340 .281 .825 .670
WBP2 .692 .687 .364 .313 .707 .864
WBP3 .739 .742 .440 .365 .750 .885
WBP4 .727 .727 .426 .373 .739 .884
WBP5 .653 .587 .248 .237 .599 .798

19. Direct and Mediation Result
Hypotheses Test
Hypothesis Relationship
Beta
value
Standard
Error T value P value Decision
H1 MV-> TR .450 .044 10.162 .000 Supported
H2 MV -> WBP .214 .055 3.850 .000 Supported
H3 NA -> TR .112 .038 2.975 .002 Supported
H4 NA -> WBP .014 .031 .447 .328 Not supported
H5 CA -> TR .387 .044 8.704 .000 Supported
H6 CA -> WBP .369 .051 7.228 .000 Supported
H7 SV -> TR .040 .034 1.178 .120 Not supported
H8 SV -> WBP .078 .027 2.858 .002 Supported
H9 TR -> WBP .306 .050 6.094 .000 Supported
H10 MV-> TR -> WBP .138 .027 5.097 .000 Supported
H11 NA -> TR -> WBP .034 .013 2.631 .004 Supported
H12 CA -> TR -> WBP .118 .027 4.877 .000 Supported
H13 SV -> TR -> WBP .012 .011 1.149 .126 Not supported

20. Obj Hyp Hypotheses Statement Results
1 1 Motivation is positively related to
performance of women entrepreneurs
business MSEs
2 Network Affiliation is positively related to
performance of women entrepreneurs
business MSEs
3 Credit Accessibility is positively related to
performance of women entrepreneurs
business MSEs .
4 Savings is positively related to
performance of women entrepreneurs
business MSEs.
2 5 Motivation is positively related to training
in Nigeria
.
Obj Hyp Hypotheses Statement Results
6 Network Affiliation is positively to training in
Nigeria.
7 Credit Accessibility is positively related to
training in Nigeria.
8 Savings is positively related to training in
Nigeria.
9 Training is positively related to women entrepreneurs
business performance
10 MV mediates the positive relationship between
training and women entrepreneurs business
performance.
11 NA mediates the positive relationship between
training and women entrepreneurs business
performance.
12 CA mediates the positive relationship between
training and women entrepreneurs business
performance.
13
SV mediates the positive relationship between
training and women entrepreneurs business
performance.

21.  Based on the findings of this research work the study have made the following contributions :
 Pratical contributions: Predominatly women entreprenurs in North easten Nigeria are indoors because of
there cultural background they as such find it difficult to interact and establish a strong network ties with
other business groups with in an outside the community. For this reason owner managers in the community
needs to be motivated and elighting on various government policy and programms on entreprenurship
development in the country.
 Theoritical contribution: The study Contibuted by combining the variables MV, NA, CA, and SV in a
single model as MFFs variables influencing WEBP using RBV theory and contingency theory to the
literature and the body of knowledge ingeneral.
 Methodological Contribution: Previous studies on performance of women entrepreneurs MSEs have
mainly used SPSS and Amos but to the best of my knowledge very few have use Smart PLS-SEM 2.0 to
produce result.

22. Limitations
Like any other research of this nature the study is limited to manager/ owners of the MSEs in
Nigeria. Limited to only women entrepreneurs.
Future Research
Future researches can examine self-determination as mediator to predict and explain the
performance of women entrepreneurs MSEs. Investigating the mediating role of culture on the
relationship between finance and nonfinance factors and women entrepreneurs business
performance in north-eastern Nigeria. Investigate the moderating effect of training on the
relationship between access to finance, social capital, insurance, and savings mobilization and
women informal business performance in northern Nigeria.
Conclusion
This study has significantly contributed to the emergent body of knowledge by revealing empirical
evidence regarding the effect of MFFs on the performance of women micro-enterprises in
Nigeria. The mediating effects of TR on the relationships between MFFs and women
entrepreneurs business performance were all examined respectively. The results of this study
provides support to the two (RBV and Fiedler contingency theory) theoretical presumptions
regarding the relationships among variables of study.

23. ThankYou