Europe was left devastated by World War II with most of its human and economic infrastructure left rendered non-functional. A large section of the continent was left on the brink of famine as a result of war as it dragged on for years. What is more, most nations that are within the continent were left with their economic state in ruins while political instability spread very fast. The U.S, in order to salvage the population undergoing suffering initiated what came to be known as the Marshal Plan. It was a recovery program officially referred to as the European Recovery Program (EAC).
- See more at: http://www.customwritingservice.org/blog/the-marshal-plan/
It can be said that the capitulation of the Greek government is a gigantic wear to the far left in Europe and in the world and that only uncompromising believers will get serious again any party of the extreme left which has the campaign platform to face the international financial capital. Syriza repeat failure of the leftist parties in the world, including Brazil with Lula and Dilma Rousseff governments which submitted to the dictates of finance capital. This was a victory of great importance for the European Union because sagged Tsipras who was elected on the promise to oppose the austerity programs imposed by the Troika to the Greek government.
It can be said that the capitulation of the Greek government is a gigantic wear to the far left in Europe and in the world and that only uncompromising believers will get serious again any party of the extreme left which has the campaign platform to face the international financial capital. Syriza repeat failure of the leftist parties in the world, including Brazil with Lula and Dilma Rousseff governments which submitted to the dictates of finance capital. This was a victory of great importance for the European Union because sagged Tsipras who was elected on the promise to oppose the austerity programs imposed by the Troika to the Greek government.
By providing over $55 billion in timely fiscal stimulus, Croatia's Economic Action Plan made important investments that will contribute to Croatia's long-term economic prosperity while supporting those most affected by the global recession. Taxes have been reduced for Croatian families and job-creating businesses; EI benefits were enhanced for the unemployed; thousands of infrastructure projects were completed across the country; significant support was provided for science and technology, industries and communities; and extraordinary actions were taken to improve access to financing. The implementation of the stimulus phase of the Economic Action Plan was timely and completed as planned. The Government carefully designed and managed the stimulus to ensure the sound stewardship of taxpayer funds. - See more at: As you may or may not know, I have recently become extremely passionate about a new tool I've found to help with high vibrational living. What is high vibrational living? Well, in a meditation I learned that my duty here on Earth was to teach High Vibrational Living... But I didn't exactly know what that was. I did know that it included the channeled messages that I've been creating... But I felt like it also included more than that. Great health and physical vitality are definitely a part of high vibrational living. Freedom of time and abundance are also part of high vibrational living. So, I have continued to follow my intuition which has lead me to this great opportunity that allows you and I to work together so we can both create high vibrational lives together. To learn about this tool that I'm absolutely in love with, click here: www.hssd.hr
http://www.vijesti.hssd.hr/
P.S Download programs and interest and benefits
The economic characteristics of the COVID-19 crisis differ from those of previous crises. It is a combination of demand- and supply-side constraints which led to the formation of a monetary overhang that will be unfrozen once the pandemic ends. Monetary policy must take this effect into consideration, along with other pro-inflationary factors, in the post-pandemic era. It must also think in advance about how to avoid a policy trap coming from fiscal dominance.
This paper is organized as follows: Chapter 2 deals with the economic characteristics of the COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on the effectiveness of the monetary policy response measures undertaken. In Chapter 3, we analyse the monetary policy decisions of the ECB (and other major CBs for comparison) and their effectiveness in achieving the declared policy goals in the short term. Chapter 4 is devoted to an analysis of the policy challenges which may be faced by the ECB and other major CBs once the pandemic emergency comes to its end. Chapter 5 contains a summary and the conclusions of our analysis.
This presentation was made by Ioana Burla, Romania, at the 12th Annual Meeting of OECD-CESEE Senior Budget Officials held in Ljubljana, Slovenia, on 28-29 June 2016
Twenty years of euro history confirms the euro’s stability and position as the second global currency. It also enjoys the support of majority of the euro area population and is seen as a good thing for the European Union. The European Central Bank has been successful in keeping inflation at a low level. However, the European debt and financial crisis in the 2010s created a need for deep institutional reform and this task remains unfinished.
By providing over $55 billion in timely fiscal stimulus, Croatia's Economic Action Plan made important investments that will contribute to Croatia's long-term economic prosperity while supporting those most affected by the global recession. Taxes have been reduced for Croatian families and job-creating businesses; EI benefits were enhanced for the unemployed; thousands of infrastructure projects were completed across the country; significant support was provided for science and technology, industries and communities; and extraordinary actions were taken to improve access to financing. The implementation of the stimulus phase of the Economic Action Plan was timely and completed as planned. The Government carefully designed and managed the stimulus to ensure the sound stewardship of taxpayer funds. - See more at: As you may or may not know, I have recently become extremely passionate about a new tool I've found to help with high vibrational living. What is high vibrational living? Well, in a meditation I learned that my duty here on Earth was to teach High Vibrational Living... But I didn't exactly know what that was. I did know that it included the channeled messages that I've been creating... But I felt like it also included more than that. Great health and physical vitality are definitely a part of high vibrational living. Freedom of time and abundance are also part of high vibrational living. So, I have continued to follow my intuition which has lead me to this great opportunity that allows you and I to work together so we can both create high vibrational lives together. To learn about this tool that I'm absolutely in love with, click here: www.hssd.hr
http://www.vijesti.hssd.hr/
P.S Download programs and interest and benefits
The economic characteristics of the COVID-19 crisis differ from those of previous crises. It is a combination of demand- and supply-side constraints which led to the formation of a monetary overhang that will be unfrozen once the pandemic ends. Monetary policy must take this effect into consideration, along with other pro-inflationary factors, in the post-pandemic era. It must also think in advance about how to avoid a policy trap coming from fiscal dominance.
This paper is organized as follows: Chapter 2 deals with the economic characteristics of the COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on the effectiveness of the monetary policy response measures undertaken. In Chapter 3, we analyse the monetary policy decisions of the ECB (and other major CBs for comparison) and their effectiveness in achieving the declared policy goals in the short term. Chapter 4 is devoted to an analysis of the policy challenges which may be faced by the ECB and other major CBs once the pandemic emergency comes to its end. Chapter 5 contains a summary and the conclusions of our analysis.
This presentation was made by Ioana Burla, Romania, at the 12th Annual Meeting of OECD-CESEE Senior Budget Officials held in Ljubljana, Slovenia, on 28-29 June 2016
Twenty years of euro history confirms the euro’s stability and position as the second global currency. It also enjoys the support of majority of the euro area population and is seen as a good thing for the European Union. The European Central Bank has been successful in keeping inflation at a low level. However, the European debt and financial crisis in the 2010s created a need for deep institutional reform and this task remains unfinished.
IB History of the Americas IA: A Historical Analysis of the Effectiveness of ...Laurel Ayuyao
IB History of the Americas Internal Assessment
Received a score of 23/25
Details the effectiveness of the Marshall Plan in aiding European economic recovery after World War II
Etude sur l'utilisation d'une seule monnaie pour Haiti et la République Domin...Stanleylucas
Essai sur une union économique et monétaire entre la République Dominicaine et Haiti rédigé par l'économiste Emmanuel Pinto Moreira pour la Banque Mondiale
As the global financial crisis entered its most dramatic phase, in the second half of 2008, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), many governments and several distinguished scholars advocated expansionary fiscal olicy as the second most effective tool (after monetary stimulus) to fight deep recession and deflation. Now, more than a year later, the previous excitement surrounding the supposed power of fiscal stimulus largely disappeared and instead has been replaced by ising concerns over the sustainability of public finances in many countries. Unfortunately, the previous enthusiasts of the active counter‐cyclical fiscal policy have not always realized the causality between the two.
Authored by: Marek Dąbrowski
Published in 2009
This paper presents an analysis of Portugal's economy from 1999 to 2015, providing an
alternative to explanations that present the situation faced by Southern European
countries after the Great Recession as a matter of excessive expenditure or loss in
competitiveness. Based upon the Sraffian Supermultiplier model, we look at how
demand components evolved along the analyzed period, in a growth accounting setting.
This assessment evidences that insufficient effective (public) demand -- not balance-ofpayments
constraints nor an alleged excess of public expenditure -- is what explains
Portugal's low-to-negative growth rates from 2001 forward. Given the limited
productive structure, a labor market that is not strong enough to guarantee a solid
internal credit expansion and the present institutional setting (which makes fiscal
expenditure an also limited source of effective demand), we conclude that the only way
for Portugal to abandon the low growth path would be a more cooperative fiscal stance
from the European Union.
Lazard Investment Research: Sunset Boulevard, An Interim Report on the Develo...LazardLazard
The introduction of the euro was implemented very quickly, culminating in 1999 when the common currency began circulation, which occurred before many outstanding questions had been resolved. The policies that composed the European Monetary Union’s (EMU) legal and economic foundation contained many cursory and often contradictory points. Consequently, the euro countries came under pressure during the financial crisis in six interdependent areas, including: liquidity, banks and the broader financial system, sovereign debt and solvency, balance of payments, competi- tiveness, and economic growth and the labor market. These problems resulted in an all-encompassing systemic crisis of confidence.
The victory of Syriza party in Greece is a first political attempt of rejection of the neoliberal policies victorious in most countries of the world. A fact that you need to consider is that there will be no end to the crisis affecting the European Union and the world at large while banks and financial investors are in charge, with governments being forced to fully adopt policies driven by interests of rentiers and to give survival of the capitalist system driven by debt as is currently happening, including Brazil. To resume economic growth, there must be the restoration of the purchasing power of low and middle classes, rebuilding and expansion of the capacity of governments to make economic, social and environmental investments needed and the establishment of a stable international monetary system, not subject to financial capital.
If you are looking for a pi coin investor. Then look no further because I have the right one he is a pi vendor (he buy and resell to whales in China). I met him on a crypto conference and ever since I and my friends have sold more than 10k pi coins to him And he bought all and still want more. I will drop his telegram handle below just send him a message.
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how to sell pi coins in all Africa Countries.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network for other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, usdt , Ethereum and other currencies And this is done easily with the help from a pi merchant.
What is a pi merchant ?
Since pi is not launched yet in any exchange. The only way you can sell right now is through merchants.
A verified Pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins from miners and resell them to investors looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
when will pi network coin be available on crypto exchange.DOT TECH
There is no set date for when Pi coins will enter the market.
However, the developers are working hard to get them released as soon as possible.
Once they are available, users will be able to exchange other cryptocurrencies for Pi coins on designated exchanges.
But for now the only way to sell your pi coins is through verified pi vendor.
Here is the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor
@Pi_vendor_247
US Economic Outlook - Being Decided - M Capital Group August 2021.pdfpchutichetpong
The U.S. economy is continuing its impressive recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and not slowing down despite re-occurring bumps. The U.S. savings rate reached its highest ever recorded level at 34% in April 2020 and Americans seem ready to spend. The sectors that had been hurt the most by the pandemic specifically reduced consumer spending, like retail, leisure, hospitality, and travel, are now experiencing massive growth in revenue and job openings.
Could this growth lead to a “Roaring Twenties”? As quickly as the U.S. economy contracted, experiencing a 9.1% drop in economic output relative to the business cycle in Q2 2020, the largest in recorded history, it has rebounded beyond expectations. This surprising growth seems to be fueled by the U.S. government’s aggressive fiscal and monetary policies, and an increase in consumer spending as mobility restrictions are lifted. Unemployment rates between June 2020 and June 2021 decreased by 5.2%, while the demand for labor is increasing, coupled with increasing wages to incentivize Americans to rejoin the labor force. Schools and businesses are expected to fully reopen soon. In parallel, vaccination rates across the country and the world continue to rise, with full vaccination rates of 50% and 14.8% respectively.
However, it is not completely smooth sailing from here. According to M Capital Group, the main risks that threaten the continued growth of the U.S. economy are inflation, unsettled trade relations, and another wave of Covid-19 mutations that could shut down the world again. Have we learned from the past year of COVID-19 and adapted our economy accordingly?
“In order for the U.S. economy to continue growing, whether there is another wave or not, the U.S. needs to focus on diversifying supply chains, supporting business investment, and maintaining consumer spending,” says Grace Feeley, a research analyst at M Capital Group.
While the economic indicators are positive, the risks are coming closer to manifesting and threatening such growth. The new variants spreading throughout the world, Delta, Lambda, and Gamma, are vaccine-resistant and muddy the predictions made about the economy and health of the country. These variants bring back the feeling of uncertainty that has wreaked havoc not only on the stock market but the mindset of people around the world. MCG provides unique insight on how to mitigate these risks to possibly ensure a bright economic future.
how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.DOT TECH
If you are interested in selling your pi coins, i have a verified pi merchant, who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
Because the core team has announced that pi network will not be doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges like huobi, bitmart and hotbit can get pi is by buying from miners.
Now a merchant stands in between these exchanges and the miners. As a link to make transactions smooth. Because right now in the enclosed mainnet you can't sell pi coins your self. You need the help of a merchant,
i will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant below. 👇 I and my friends has traded more than 3000pi coins with him successfully.
@Pi_vendor_247
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how to sell pi coins in South Korea profitably.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network coins in South Korea or any other country, by finding a verified pi merchant
What is a verified pi merchant?
Since pi network is not launched yet on any exchange, the only way you can sell pi coins is by selling to a verified pi merchant, and this is because pi network is not launched yet on any exchange and no pre-sale or ico offerings Is done on pi.
Since there is no pre-sale, the only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners. So a pi merchant facilitates these transactions by acting as a bridge for both transactions.
How can i find a pi vendor/merchant?
Well for those who haven't traded with a pi merchant or who don't already have one. I will leave the telegram id of my personal pi merchant who i trade pi with.
Tele gram: @Pi_vendor_247
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how to sell pi coins on Bitmart crypto exchangeDOT TECH
Yes. Pi network coins can be exchanged but not on bitmart exchange. Because pi network is still in the enclosed mainnet. The only way pioneers are able to trade pi coins is by reselling the pi coins to pi verified merchants.
A verified merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell it to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
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Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank Introduce New Co-Branded Credit Card
The marshal plan
1. The Marshal Plan
- See more at: http://www.customwritingservice.org/blog/the-marshal-plan/
1.0 Introduction
Europe was left devastated by World War II with most of its human and economic infrastructure
left rendered non-functional. A large section of the continent was left on the brink of famine as a
result of war as it dragged on for years. What is more, most nations that are within the continent
were left with their economic state in ruins while political instability spread very fast. The U.S,
in order to salvage the population undergoing suffering initiated what came to be known as the
Marshal Plan. It was a recovery program officially referred to as the European Recovery
Program (EAC). The initiation of the program was aimed at offering help towards the
reconstruction of Europe, destroyed by war and which was sinking fat in humanitarian crisis,
political instability as well as economic turmoil. The renaming of the program to Marshal Plan
2. by the speech made by the serving Secretary of State at that time, George Marshall at University
of Harvard for the necessity of a self-help European program that would assist in reconstruction
of Europe.
2.0 The Marshal Plan: History and Purpose
Following the speech made in 1947 at Harvard by Marshall, Congress passed establishment of a
plan for recovery with Marshal acting as the right hand man of the government. In part, the U.S
feared the increasing activities of communists in Europe and especially in Russia. The plan was
aimed at benefiting all the nations in Europe however, rivalry between the U.S and Soviet Union
made this impossible to achieve this for countries that were under Soviet Union military
occupation. When the Eastern European countries and the Soviet Union pulled from the
program, only seventeen Western Europe countries were left as beneficiaries. These included
United Kingdom, France, Norway, Denmark, Greece, Iceland, Switzerland, Sweden, Austria,
Ireland, Portugal, Turkey, Western Germany, Iceland, Italy, the Netherlands and Luxembourg
(Hatzivassiliou, 2010, p. 2).
The initiation of the plan was done officially in 1948 through the approval of congress of over
$12 billion for the reconstruction of Europe. While the Plan’s major strategy was this, there were
also other economic and political motives that were instrumental in initiation particularly for the
US. Europe was the centre of focus of Cold War developed after World War II as such it was of
great importance to buffer it against spread of communism. Therefore, the Marshal Plan was a
weapon of Cold War yielded by the US against Soviet Union (Grunbacher 2012, p. 697). The
other reason the US granted Europe the 4 to 6 year grant was for purposes of securing its market
for manufactured goods since American industries were in production of surplus goods. As such,
the U.S required an integrated and strong European economy through which American goods,
both agricultural and industrial could be exported (Burk 2001, p.268). Additionally, for purposes
of building a strategic policy, there was also the need of a strong and united Western Europe
which would act as the buffer to increase the influence the soviets has in Western Europe. More
importantly, the US ceased to be one and the unselfish strain in the American political culture
encouraged desire of helping European countries get on their feet (Burk 2001, p. 268).
Though the Marshal Plan design included the Soviet Union and its allies, the conditions set
within it ensure the Soviet Union would ascent to the plan. It included disclosure of economic
collaboration as well as information. As such, the Soviet Union together with the allies was not
part of the formation of the Organization for European Economic Cooperation. The mandate of
the committee was coordination of proposals on the basis of national needs in tandem with the
United States goal on economic trade and cooperation among the recipient countries. Later, the
committee developed and also led formation of European Union.
3.0 The Marshal Plan in European Recovery
There is a lot of ongoing debate regarding success of Marshal Plan towards reconstruction of
Europe. Critics state the plan was not party to Europe reconstruction with specifics of countries
3. such as Germany and Greece (Grunbacher 2012, p. 698; Hatszivassilious 2010, p. 2). Such
critics claimed the process of reconstruction was involved already in the motion before Marshal
Plan initiation with restoration of dented private and public capital stocks almost complete. There
are others, on the other hand who considered the Marshal Plan instrumental towards Europe
reconstruction. Further, such proponents saw it as the foundation for the road map that would
lead to European Unity. However, when critically analyzed, how instrumental was the Plan
towards Europe reconstruction in the wake of World War II?
The environment of post war was prevalent with financial instability throughout Europe.
Predominantly, most governments retained their control due to budget deficits they were dealing
with. This opened grounds for black market deals to thrive and also discouraged trade at official
prices. Additionally, majority of the farmers refused to market their production taking into
consideration restrictions set by the governments. Therefore, throughout Europe, farmers and
manufacturers horded goods because of food shortage and price control of by governments. In
order to ease state of things, it became important for farmers and manufacturers to deliver their
results to the markets.
The spiral effect of this state was sacrifice among renters, workers and the taxpayers bearing
more liabilities. The Marshal Plan also proved instrumental in easing state of things as they were
at that time. While this might not have alleviated the need for different segments within
economic environment, it provided a small division of labor percentage for financial stability for
a couple of groups interested. The Marshal Plan, according to Delong contributed 2.5% of the
overall Gross Domestic Product of recipient nations. However, ‘if the sum of notional demands
exceeded aggregate supply by five or seven-and-a half percent, Marshal Plan transfers could
reduce the sacrifices needed to compete distributional interests by a third or as much as a half.
Therefore, presence of Marshal Plan aid significantly lead to a reduction of costs at a
compromise level relative to benefits” (De Long & Eichengreen 1991, p. 45).
A specific example of financial stability attained via the strategy was seen in Greece. The Plan in
that case was named American Mission for Aid to Greece (AMAG) (Vetsopoulos 2009, p. 281).
AMAG introduced trade controls in Greece through formation of foreign Trade Administration
in Greece. Therefore, all trade was channeled via this administration and in addition to mission’s
focus of the country’s convertibility currency, the banking system, public finance and wages.
Among the first AMAG actions was implementing and devising a price control policy that was
compliant with and restricting free sale of gold. What is more, “A peculiar market exchange
system, controlled by the Bank of Greece, dealt with the currency issue, resulting in the indirect
devaluation of the drachma through the implementation of the Exchange Certificate Plan (ECP),
which offered a realistic rate of exchange for the drachma” (Vetsopoulos 2009, p 281).
In Greece there was also the introduction of tax reforms series which helped increase revenue
within the country. This was inclusive of reduction of consumption taxes and increase of small
direct taxes. What is more, the program also instituted laws that prescribed the benchmark for
maintenance of a business record with penalties set for transgressors. The stabilization program
instituted by AMAG, according to Vetsopoulos encouraged agricultural rehabilitation (282).
AMAG through financial aid therefore was specifically responsible for decreased payment
4. deficit balance leading to success in economic recovery efforts by Greece government
(Vetsopoulos 2009, p. 282).
The US states conditions for the aid which included integration of European economy. While
majority of politicians were up against this, the United States pushed for a free market. The
leadership of Europe specifically was committed towards mixed economy however, there was
mounting pressure by the US on liberal market forces mix (De Long & Eichengreen 1991, p. 48).
The United States therefore has recipients of the program sign a bilateral trade agreement.
Consequently, the US continued to press on European economic integration in the belief
competition was attainable through intra-European and international trade. This was evidenced
through AMAG which helped the Greece to begin exportation of tobacco to Bizone area
(Vetsopoulos 2009, P. 283).
Between 1953 and 1973, the European economic growth skyrocketed above any other period
before and after it (De Long & Eichengreen 1991, p. 50). Much of this can be attributed to
reinstatement of free market plat forces as well as financial stability, all caused by Marshal Plan.
Europe’s GDP during that period increased at 4.8% rate per annum. The Marshal Plan in effect
sought financing labor movements that were concerned with productivity instead of income
redistribution to the rich and poor (De Long & Eichengreen 1991, p. 50). As such, through
financing, laborers and managers both worked towards maintenance of an equilibrium through
which the managers would be able to plough the profits back into the business while laborers
worked towards prospects that would be profitable in future. This situation called for social
contract and it also encouraged the European administrations towards adoption of policies that
were investment friendly.
4.0 Conclusion
While there are numerous critics whose opinion is that the Marshal Plan failed to achieve much
in helping towards stabilization of European economy after World War II, evidence portrays a
picture contrary to this. Greece is one of the country’s whose testimony is indicative of the
benefits that were accrued from the financial aid. The small percentage of aid that was given to
each country and the little effect it had on a country’s GNP could in large be the reason for
skeptic critics to state the plan did not have any far reaching effects. It was born from the
necessity of reconstructing Europe as well as stopping the spread of communism which was
architected by Soviet Union. What is more, America also had its economic and political reasons
for advancing financial assistance to Europe. However, conclusively, while Europe was on the
path to reconstruction already, the Marshal Plan managed to bring with it economic and financial
policy discipline and what is more, it also hastened the road to reconstruction throughout Europe
and especially after the end of World War II.
5.0 Reference
Burk, Kathleen. 2001. “The Marshal Plan: Filling in Some of the Blanks.” Contemporary
European History, Vol. 10 no. 2, pp. 267-294
5. De Long, J. Bradford & Eichengreen, Barry. 1991. The Marshall Plan: History’s Most
Successful Structural Adjustment Program. NBER
Grünbacher, Armin.2012. “Cold –War Economics: The Use of Marshal Plan Counterpart Funds
in Germany, 1948-1960.” Central European History, Vol. 45, pp. 697–716
Hatzivassiliou, Evanthis. 2010. “Greek Reformism and its Models: The Impact of the Truman
Doctrine and the Marshal Plan.” Journal of Modern Greek Studies, Vol. 28, pp. 1-25
Vetsopoulos, Apostolos.2009. “Efforts for the Development and Stabilization of the Economy
During the Period of the Marshall Plan.” Journal of Modern Greek Studies, Vol. 27, pp. 275–302
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