Understanding the molecular differences in plant genotypes contrasting for heat sensitivity can provide useful insights into the mechanisms that confer heat tolerance in plants. This study focuses on comparative physiological and proteomic analyses of heat-sensitive (ICC16374) and heat-tolerant (JG14) genotypes of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under heat stress impositions at anthesis. Under the current scenario of climate change, this study is important to enhance our understanding of the adaptation strategies in chickpea genotypes.
1) The document describes a study on the anaerobic co-digestion of water hyacinth and poultry litter.
2) Batch experiments were conducted in 300ml digesters at mesophilic temperatures to determine biogas production, total solids, volatile solids, and pH over retention periods of 0-56 days.
3) Kinetic modeling using an integral method revealed that the co-digestion process followed first-order reaction kinetics with a rate constant of 0.026 day-1.
Effects of Additives on Reversibility of Thermal UnfoldingKBI Biopharma
1) The study examined the effects of various additives on the reversibility of thermal unfolding of two proteins, ribonuclease and a monoclonal antibody (IGG1).
2) For ribonuclease, salts like ammonium sulfate and sodium chloride increased reversibility while detergents did not prevent aggregation. Sucrose and glycine provided some protection.
3) For IGG1, sucrose and glycine were effective at preventing aggregation upon heating while salts promoted aggregation. Histidine and glycine buffers also stabilized IGG1.
4) The results show that additives can increase the reversibility of thermal unfolding, but their effects are protein-dependent and difficult to predict.
Effect of co digestion on anaerobic digestion of cattle slurry with maize cob...Alexander Decker
1) Researchers investigated the effect of co-digesting cattle slurry and maize cob at different ratios (3:1, 1:1, 1:3 cattle slurry to maize cob) on biogas and methane production under mesophilic temperature (37°C).
2) Co-digesting cattle slurry and maize cob at a 3:1 ratio produced the highest biogas yield of 453.38 lN/kg oDM and methane yield of 334.18 lNCH4/kg oDM.
3) Methane concentrations ranged from 73.71% to 77.55% depending on the ratio, with the highest concentration obtained at a 1:1 ratio of cattle sl
17.Physicochemical characterization of Indole acetic acid oxidase from Altern...Annadurai B
This document describes a study that characterized the physicochemical properties of indole acetic acid oxidase (IAA oxidase) from Alternaria cepulae. The researchers found that the optimum pH for IAA oxidase activity was 5.5, and the optimum temperature was 40°C. Gel chromatography determined the molecular weight of IAA oxidase to be 30,000 daltons. The study provides information on the purification and characterization of IAA oxidase from A. cepulae which is involved in leaf blight disease of onions.
thermal and pulsed electric fields pasteurization of apple juiceGise Hernandez
Thermal and pulsed electric fields pasteurization of apple juice were compared. Both methods effectively reduced spoilage microorganisms like Lactobacillus brevis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, pulsed electric field (PEF) pasteurization had less effect on physicochemical properties and volatile flavor compounds compared to thermal pasteurization. Specifically, pH and total acidity were minimally affected by both methods, but phenolic content and concentrations of volatile compounds showed greater retention after PEF treatment versus thermal treatment. PEF pasteurization is a promising non-thermal alternative for maintaining higher quality attributes in apple juice.
35.Isolation and purification of endopolygalacturonase produced by Alternaria...Annadurai B
This document describes the isolation and purification of endopolygalacturonase (EPG) enzymes produced by Alternaria cepulae fungus. The extracellular EPG was isolated from A. cepulae cultured in onion medium. Ammonium sulfate fractionation was used to precipitate proteins from the crude enzyme extract. Further purification was achieved using DEAE-cellulose ion exchange chromatography, which separated the EPG into two isoenzymes, EPG I and EPG II. Additional purification using gel filtration chromatography resulted in EPG I and EPG II being purified 245-fold and 270-fold respectively, as single protein bands on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The purified isoenzymes had isoelectric points
This document summarizes an investigation into the importance of amino acids 117 and 118 in regulating the kinetics and stability of E. coli alkaline phosphatase. Site-directed mutations were made to EcAP to mimic the amino acid sequences found in human placental alkaline phosphatase. Purification of wild-type EcAP and mutants N117F, G118Q, and G118R was successful, while purification of N117Y was inconclusive. Arrhenius analysis found similar activation energies for WT, G118Q, and N117F, but a higher energy for G118R, though results had high error. Incubation time inconsistencies affected reaction rates. While general trends were observed, conclusions could not be definitively drawn
Understanding the molecular differences in plant genotypes contrasting for heat sensitivity can provide useful insights into the mechanisms that confer heat tolerance in plants. This study focuses on comparative physiological and proteomic analyses of heat-sensitive (ICC16374) and heat-tolerant (JG14) genotypes of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under heat stress impositions at anthesis. Under the current scenario of climate change, this study is important to enhance our understanding of the adaptation strategies in chickpea genotypes.
1) The document describes a study on the anaerobic co-digestion of water hyacinth and poultry litter.
2) Batch experiments were conducted in 300ml digesters at mesophilic temperatures to determine biogas production, total solids, volatile solids, and pH over retention periods of 0-56 days.
3) Kinetic modeling using an integral method revealed that the co-digestion process followed first-order reaction kinetics with a rate constant of 0.026 day-1.
Effects of Additives on Reversibility of Thermal UnfoldingKBI Biopharma
1) The study examined the effects of various additives on the reversibility of thermal unfolding of two proteins, ribonuclease and a monoclonal antibody (IGG1).
2) For ribonuclease, salts like ammonium sulfate and sodium chloride increased reversibility while detergents did not prevent aggregation. Sucrose and glycine provided some protection.
3) For IGG1, sucrose and glycine were effective at preventing aggregation upon heating while salts promoted aggregation. Histidine and glycine buffers also stabilized IGG1.
4) The results show that additives can increase the reversibility of thermal unfolding, but their effects are protein-dependent and difficult to predict.
Effect of co digestion on anaerobic digestion of cattle slurry with maize cob...Alexander Decker
1) Researchers investigated the effect of co-digesting cattle slurry and maize cob at different ratios (3:1, 1:1, 1:3 cattle slurry to maize cob) on biogas and methane production under mesophilic temperature (37°C).
2) Co-digesting cattle slurry and maize cob at a 3:1 ratio produced the highest biogas yield of 453.38 lN/kg oDM and methane yield of 334.18 lNCH4/kg oDM.
3) Methane concentrations ranged from 73.71% to 77.55% depending on the ratio, with the highest concentration obtained at a 1:1 ratio of cattle sl
17.Physicochemical characterization of Indole acetic acid oxidase from Altern...Annadurai B
This document describes a study that characterized the physicochemical properties of indole acetic acid oxidase (IAA oxidase) from Alternaria cepulae. The researchers found that the optimum pH for IAA oxidase activity was 5.5, and the optimum temperature was 40°C. Gel chromatography determined the molecular weight of IAA oxidase to be 30,000 daltons. The study provides information on the purification and characterization of IAA oxidase from A. cepulae which is involved in leaf blight disease of onions.
thermal and pulsed electric fields pasteurization of apple juiceGise Hernandez
Thermal and pulsed electric fields pasteurization of apple juice were compared. Both methods effectively reduced spoilage microorganisms like Lactobacillus brevis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, pulsed electric field (PEF) pasteurization had less effect on physicochemical properties and volatile flavor compounds compared to thermal pasteurization. Specifically, pH and total acidity were minimally affected by both methods, but phenolic content and concentrations of volatile compounds showed greater retention after PEF treatment versus thermal treatment. PEF pasteurization is a promising non-thermal alternative for maintaining higher quality attributes in apple juice.
35.Isolation and purification of endopolygalacturonase produced by Alternaria...Annadurai B
This document describes the isolation and purification of endopolygalacturonase (EPG) enzymes produced by Alternaria cepulae fungus. The extracellular EPG was isolated from A. cepulae cultured in onion medium. Ammonium sulfate fractionation was used to precipitate proteins from the crude enzyme extract. Further purification was achieved using DEAE-cellulose ion exchange chromatography, which separated the EPG into two isoenzymes, EPG I and EPG II. Additional purification using gel filtration chromatography resulted in EPG I and EPG II being purified 245-fold and 270-fold respectively, as single protein bands on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The purified isoenzymes had isoelectric points
This document summarizes an investigation into the importance of amino acids 117 and 118 in regulating the kinetics and stability of E. coli alkaline phosphatase. Site-directed mutations were made to EcAP to mimic the amino acid sequences found in human placental alkaline phosphatase. Purification of wild-type EcAP and mutants N117F, G118Q, and G118R was successful, while purification of N117Y was inconclusive. Arrhenius analysis found similar activation energies for WT, G118Q, and N117F, but a higher energy for G118R, though results had high error. Incubation time inconsistencies affected reaction rates. While general trends were observed, conclusions could not be definitively drawn
This document compares different methods for assaying hyaluronidase enzyme preparations, including a biological skin diffusion assay and two physicochemical assays (viscosimetric and turbidimetric). Seven different hyaluronidase preparations were assayed using all three methods. The results showed reasonable correlation between the biological assay and viscosimetric assay, but poorer correlation with the turbidimetric assay. The nature of the hyaluronate substrate did not significantly affect the viscosimetric assay results for most preparations, except one streptococcal preparation which showed higher activity on purified substrate.
Optimization of Cultural Parameters for Cellulase Enzyme Production from Fung...IOSR Journals
Cellulalytic fungi synthesize cellulose enzyme for biodegradation of cellulose. This depends on various condition which include the source f isolation. This study was designed to determine the optimum condition necessary for cellulose production by fungi. Cellulose activities at different temperatures, pH and nitrogen sources by Rhizopus oryzae Aspergillus niger; A. flams, P. expansum and A. oryzae in liquid medium was studied and cellulose enzyme assay carried out by dinitrosalicylic acid method. All the fungal isolates have their highest cellulose activity at 400c except Penicillium expansum whose highest value of 1.28mg/ml was obtained at 320c. Cellulase produced 6m was found to be highest in all the isolate at pH 4.0 exception P expansum which occur at pH 5.5 (1.21mg/ml). The highest value e1.45mg/ml was obtained in A niger. Highest cellulose activity for A. niger, A. oryzae & P. expansum occurred in peptone. The study shows the need to determine the best physiological condition that allow for the optimal cellulose activity of fungal isolate. This will enhance their enzyme production.
This document summarizes an experiment to improve the production of glycolic acid (GA) through the bioconversion of ethylene glycol (EG) using Gluconobacter oxydans. The researchers tested three techniques: fed-batch catalysis (FBC), continuous feeding catalysis (CFC), and successive recycled-cell catalysis (SRC). SRC involved recycling the bacterial cells every 48 hours over five cycles, achieving a total GA production of 490.7 g with over 90% yield and average productivity of 2.04 g/L/h, significantly improving upon FBC and CFC. The twin strategies of end-product control and cell recycling successfully demonstrated large-scale bioconversion of EG to GA.
Comparison of kinetic models for biogas production rate from saw dusteSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document summarizes research on the production of ferulic acid esterase by Streptomyces sp. Key findings include:
- Streptomyces sp. isolate S10 was identified that produced ferulic acid esterase when grown in de-starched wheat bran medium.
- Maximum ferulic acid esterase production of 2.0 mU/ml occurred in MBS medium containing 1.5% de-starched wheat bran at 30°C and pH 6.5 with agitation after 96 hours of fermentation.
- Hydrolysis experiments confirmed the enzyme produced was ferulic acid esterase as it released ferulic acid from the de-starched wheat bran substrate.
The endo-glucanase (E.C. 3.2.1.4) was produced by Aspergillus terreus adopting solid state fermentation (SSF) using agro residues as main substrate. To recover the enzyme from the fermented mass, different extraction liquids were tried and 10% aqueous solution of glycerol was found to be superior. When the selected extractant was applied at different ratio to the fermented solid mass, maximum enzyme was recovered at 1:5 (w/v) ratio. The other process parameters (time, temperature and mixing speed) effects on the enzyme recovery were subsequently studied by response surface methodology (RSM). Box-Bhenken Design of experiment
This document reports on a comparative study of the chemical compositions and feeding values of leaves from Moringa stenopetala and Moringa oleifera trees. The study found that M. oleifera leaves contained higher levels of crude protein, fat, essential amino acids, and gross energy than M. stenopetala leaves. However, M. stenopetala leaves had higher fiber fractions like crude fiber, acid detergent fiber and cellulose. In vitro gas production analysis showed M. stenopetala leaves produced more gas and had higher metabolizable energy, organic matter digestibility and short chain fatty acids than M. oleifera leaves. Both Moringa species showed potential as protein supplements for ruminants and non
This document summarizes the validation of a quantitative LC/MSMS method to measure the cleavage of a 17-residue SNAP-25 epitope by botulinum neurotoxin serotype A (BoNT/A). Peptides representing the intact 17-mer epitope and its cleavage products (11-mer and 6-mer) were characterized. The method was validated and used to evaluate the kinetics of 17-mer cleavage, finding near-completion at 40-45 minutes. The validated method will be applied to evaluate potential BoNT/A inhibitors and detect contamination in samples.
T. Vaalu, M. Michelis, A. Mets, V. Lepane,
M. Kaljurand, J. Suurväli, A. Menert. Dark fermentation of biomass and
organic waste for production of
renewables. 12th Nordic-Baltic IHSS Symposium on Natural Organic Matter in Environment and Technology. Partly published in: Menert, A.; Vaalu, T.; Michelis, M.; Blonskaja, V.; Rikmann, E.; Mets, A.; Vilu, R. (2008). Influence of thermal pre-treatment on mesophilic anaerobic digestion of sludges. In: 7th International Conference Environmental Engineering : Water Engineering. Energy for Buildings : Selected Papers: (Toim.) Cygas, D.; Froehner, K.D.. Vilnius, Lithuania: VGTU Press "Technika", 2008, 625 - 635.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes a study on the effects of environmental factors on fungal α-amylase production using cereal processing mill residues as substrates. Key findings include:
- An Aspergillus sp. strain isolated from soil samples showed high amylase production. Wheat bran supported maximum enzyme production among various residues tested.
- Maximum amylase activity was achieved under optimized environmental factors - 60% initial moisture, pH 5, incubation at 30°C, 4ml inoculum volume, and 20g substrate in 500ml flask.
- One-factor-at-a-time experiments revealed initial moisture content, temperature, pH, inoculum level, and substrate-volume ratio significantly influence enzyme yield during
This document summarizes research on using flocculation to harvest the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris ESP-31 for biofuels production. Two flocculation methods were tested: adjusting pH and adding the coagulant AlCl3. Flocculation by pH adjustment was effective but slow, with efficiency increasing at higher pH levels and biomass concentrations. Flocculation using AlCl3 was much faster, and increasing the AlCl3 dosage or initial biomass concentration generally improved flocculation efficiency. The most effective harvesting method tested was flocculation with AlCl3, which was concluded to be a promising technique for economical microalgae harvesting.
This document describes analyzing the minor element composition of yeast extract using quantitative spectrochemical methods. The results showed yeast extract contains various minor elements including aluminum, barium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, strontium, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, gallium, molybdenum, nickel, lead, tin, titanium, vanadium, and zinc. Providing this detailed elemental analysis of yeast extract facilitates identifying which specific elements are required for growth of microorganisms in chemically defined media.
Glutathione S-transferase enzymes (GSTs) play central roles in phase II detoxification of both xenobiotics and endogenous compounds in almost all living organisms. The enzyme was extracted and partially purified from wheat leaves through a procedure including ammonium sulfate fractionation followed by dialysis and gel filtration chromatography. These procedures yielded a 7.14-fold purification with 71% recovery. Optimum activity conditions-pH, temperature and ionic strength-of the enzyme were determined. Its some kinetic properties such as Vmax, KM, and kcat were calculated for GSH and CDNB substrates. The kcat/KM values of the enzyme were 603.5 for GSH and 385.3 for CDNB. The native molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated to be 52 kDa based on its mobility in gel filtration column.
STUDY ON BIO-METHANATION USING POULTRY DROPPING-Abdullah Nasir PulakAbdullah Pulak
This study examined biogas production from poultry droppings through anaerobic digestion with cow dung. Four laboratory reactors were tested with varying ratios of poultry droppings and cow dung. Reactor D2, with 75% poultry droppings and 25% cow dung, produced the highest volatile solid reduction (53%), specific gas yield (0.72 l/g), and methane content (73.2%). Poultry droppings alone were found to be unsuitable due to a low carbon-nitrogen ratio, but mixing with cow dung increased the ratio and improved biogas production. The study suggests anaerobic digestion of poultry droppings mixed with cow dung can effectively produce
Michaelis-Menten Kinetics in Transient State: Proposal for Reversible Inhibit...IJERA Editor
The enzymatic processes according Michaelis-Menten kinetics have been studied from various approaches to
describe the inhibition state. Proposals for inhibition were compared from a generic process, where kinetic
constants have received unitary values, and the numeric value of the concentration of substrate was ten (10)
times higher than the numerical value of the concentration of enzyme. For each inhibition model proposed,
numerical solutions were obtained from nonlinear system of ordinary differential equations, generating results
presents by graphs showing the variation of the enzyme and enzyme complexes, also the variation of substrate
and product of the reaction. Also, was designed a model with performance, indicating similar behavior to that
seen in the Michaelis-Menten kinetics, where complex of reaction is rapidly formed and throughout the process,
tends to decay to zero. Thus, in this new proposed model, the effect of inhibition starts at zero and, throughout
the process, tends to the nominal value of the initial enzyme concentration. Such responses have proved to be
valid for different values of enzyme concentration and process time, showing robustness. The proposed model
was applied to the hydrolysis of disaccharides, providing a setting with conservation of mass of the model at the
end of the process regarding the responses of the carbohydrate concentration.
Partial purification and characterization of extracellular protease from pedi...Mushafau Adebayo Oke
This document summarizes a study that characterized and partially purified an extracellular protease produced by Pediococcus acidilactici. Key findings include:
- The protease showed optimal activity at a casein concentration of 2% and with 2.5 ml of crude enzyme.
- It had temperature and pH optima of 28°C and 4.0, respectively, indicating it is a mesophilic and acidic protease.
- Purification using gel filtration chromatography resulted in a 2.26-fold increase in purification and an estimated molecular weight between 45-66 kDa via SDS-PAGE.
This opinion article aims to highlight the use of the Word Association technique (WA) as a food safety tool, as evidenced in the article by J.M. Latorres and coauthors.
Development of a Bioactive Food Additive for Controlling of Fungal GrowthIJEAB
Fresh foods have a great importance in human nutrition. However, they are marketed with greatly reduced shelf life mainly due to fungal spoilage. In this work, cell wall degrading enzymes produced by Trichoderma asperellum T00 (TCWDE) were immobilized onto cashew gum polysaccharide (CGP) in order to evaluate the potential use of this material as food additive aiming to increase the shelf life by inhibiting fungal growth. Results from factorial design (32) evidenced that the best conditions for TCWDE immobilization was achieved with 20 min of reaction using 1 mmol L-1 of NaIO4. On these conditions it was observed 91% of retention yield for NAGase (30.1 ± 0.38 U mL-1), 41% for chitinase (0.67 ± 0.05 U mL-1), and 24% for β-1,3-glucanase (0.017± 0.001 U mL-1). CGP/TCWDE was effective for growth inhibition of Aspergillus fumigatus and Penicillium sp. and the inhibition mechanism seems to involve changes in the cell wall of those microorganisms. Finally, the CGP/TCWDE presented high stability after drying, maintaining enzymatic and biological activity after 200 days of storage at room temperature (25 ºC).
Federalist Papers No 15 Insufficiency to Preserve the UnionChuck Thompson
FEDERALIST No. 15. The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union. Liberty Education Series on Gloucester, Virginia Links and News. Visit us for more incredible content. Free Mp3 music downloads, free printable coupons, free national job searches, classic TV and Movies and so much more.
Este documento describe diferentes formas y alternativas para la contratación de personal en Venezuela de acuerdo con la legislación laboral del país. Explica que el contrato de trabajo puede ser por tiempo indeterminado, determinado o para una obra determinada. También cubre temas como el período de prueba, la emisión de constancias de trabajo y los requisitos para contratar trabajadores venezolanos para prestar servicios en el extranjero.
Catalogo Ventagli Personalizzati Per MatrimonioAlessio Astolfi
Catalogo dei Ventagli Personalizzati per Matrimonio di BestPromotion (http://www.bestpromotion.it)
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Personalized Fans For Wedding Catalog
Spersonalizowane Fani na ślub Katalog
Personalisierte Fans für Hochzeit Katalog
Персонализированные Поклонники на свадьбу Каталог
Fans personalizada para el catálogo de la boda
This document compares different methods for assaying hyaluronidase enzyme preparations, including a biological skin diffusion assay and two physicochemical assays (viscosimetric and turbidimetric). Seven different hyaluronidase preparations were assayed using all three methods. The results showed reasonable correlation between the biological assay and viscosimetric assay, but poorer correlation with the turbidimetric assay. The nature of the hyaluronate substrate did not significantly affect the viscosimetric assay results for most preparations, except one streptococcal preparation which showed higher activity on purified substrate.
Optimization of Cultural Parameters for Cellulase Enzyme Production from Fung...IOSR Journals
Cellulalytic fungi synthesize cellulose enzyme for biodegradation of cellulose. This depends on various condition which include the source f isolation. This study was designed to determine the optimum condition necessary for cellulose production by fungi. Cellulose activities at different temperatures, pH and nitrogen sources by Rhizopus oryzae Aspergillus niger; A. flams, P. expansum and A. oryzae in liquid medium was studied and cellulose enzyme assay carried out by dinitrosalicylic acid method. All the fungal isolates have their highest cellulose activity at 400c except Penicillium expansum whose highest value of 1.28mg/ml was obtained at 320c. Cellulase produced 6m was found to be highest in all the isolate at pH 4.0 exception P expansum which occur at pH 5.5 (1.21mg/ml). The highest value e1.45mg/ml was obtained in A niger. Highest cellulose activity for A. niger, A. oryzae & P. expansum occurred in peptone. The study shows the need to determine the best physiological condition that allow for the optimal cellulose activity of fungal isolate. This will enhance their enzyme production.
This document summarizes an experiment to improve the production of glycolic acid (GA) through the bioconversion of ethylene glycol (EG) using Gluconobacter oxydans. The researchers tested three techniques: fed-batch catalysis (FBC), continuous feeding catalysis (CFC), and successive recycled-cell catalysis (SRC). SRC involved recycling the bacterial cells every 48 hours over five cycles, achieving a total GA production of 490.7 g with over 90% yield and average productivity of 2.04 g/L/h, significantly improving upon FBC and CFC. The twin strategies of end-product control and cell recycling successfully demonstrated large-scale bioconversion of EG to GA.
Comparison of kinetic models for biogas production rate from saw dusteSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document summarizes research on the production of ferulic acid esterase by Streptomyces sp. Key findings include:
- Streptomyces sp. isolate S10 was identified that produced ferulic acid esterase when grown in de-starched wheat bran medium.
- Maximum ferulic acid esterase production of 2.0 mU/ml occurred in MBS medium containing 1.5% de-starched wheat bran at 30°C and pH 6.5 with agitation after 96 hours of fermentation.
- Hydrolysis experiments confirmed the enzyme produced was ferulic acid esterase as it released ferulic acid from the de-starched wheat bran substrate.
The endo-glucanase (E.C. 3.2.1.4) was produced by Aspergillus terreus adopting solid state fermentation (SSF) using agro residues as main substrate. To recover the enzyme from the fermented mass, different extraction liquids were tried and 10% aqueous solution of glycerol was found to be superior. When the selected extractant was applied at different ratio to the fermented solid mass, maximum enzyme was recovered at 1:5 (w/v) ratio. The other process parameters (time, temperature and mixing speed) effects on the enzyme recovery were subsequently studied by response surface methodology (RSM). Box-Bhenken Design of experiment
This document reports on a comparative study of the chemical compositions and feeding values of leaves from Moringa stenopetala and Moringa oleifera trees. The study found that M. oleifera leaves contained higher levels of crude protein, fat, essential amino acids, and gross energy than M. stenopetala leaves. However, M. stenopetala leaves had higher fiber fractions like crude fiber, acid detergent fiber and cellulose. In vitro gas production analysis showed M. stenopetala leaves produced more gas and had higher metabolizable energy, organic matter digestibility and short chain fatty acids than M. oleifera leaves. Both Moringa species showed potential as protein supplements for ruminants and non
This document summarizes the validation of a quantitative LC/MSMS method to measure the cleavage of a 17-residue SNAP-25 epitope by botulinum neurotoxin serotype A (BoNT/A). Peptides representing the intact 17-mer epitope and its cleavage products (11-mer and 6-mer) were characterized. The method was validated and used to evaluate the kinetics of 17-mer cleavage, finding near-completion at 40-45 minutes. The validated method will be applied to evaluate potential BoNT/A inhibitors and detect contamination in samples.
T. Vaalu, M. Michelis, A. Mets, V. Lepane,
M. Kaljurand, J. Suurväli, A. Menert. Dark fermentation of biomass and
organic waste for production of
renewables. 12th Nordic-Baltic IHSS Symposium on Natural Organic Matter in Environment and Technology. Partly published in: Menert, A.; Vaalu, T.; Michelis, M.; Blonskaja, V.; Rikmann, E.; Mets, A.; Vilu, R. (2008). Influence of thermal pre-treatment on mesophilic anaerobic digestion of sludges. In: 7th International Conference Environmental Engineering : Water Engineering. Energy for Buildings : Selected Papers: (Toim.) Cygas, D.; Froehner, K.D.. Vilnius, Lithuania: VGTU Press "Technika", 2008, 625 - 635.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes a study on the effects of environmental factors on fungal α-amylase production using cereal processing mill residues as substrates. Key findings include:
- An Aspergillus sp. strain isolated from soil samples showed high amylase production. Wheat bran supported maximum enzyme production among various residues tested.
- Maximum amylase activity was achieved under optimized environmental factors - 60% initial moisture, pH 5, incubation at 30°C, 4ml inoculum volume, and 20g substrate in 500ml flask.
- One-factor-at-a-time experiments revealed initial moisture content, temperature, pH, inoculum level, and substrate-volume ratio significantly influence enzyme yield during
This document summarizes research on using flocculation to harvest the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris ESP-31 for biofuels production. Two flocculation methods were tested: adjusting pH and adding the coagulant AlCl3. Flocculation by pH adjustment was effective but slow, with efficiency increasing at higher pH levels and biomass concentrations. Flocculation using AlCl3 was much faster, and increasing the AlCl3 dosage or initial biomass concentration generally improved flocculation efficiency. The most effective harvesting method tested was flocculation with AlCl3, which was concluded to be a promising technique for economical microalgae harvesting.
This document describes analyzing the minor element composition of yeast extract using quantitative spectrochemical methods. The results showed yeast extract contains various minor elements including aluminum, barium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, strontium, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, gallium, molybdenum, nickel, lead, tin, titanium, vanadium, and zinc. Providing this detailed elemental analysis of yeast extract facilitates identifying which specific elements are required for growth of microorganisms in chemically defined media.
Glutathione S-transferase enzymes (GSTs) play central roles in phase II detoxification of both xenobiotics and endogenous compounds in almost all living organisms. The enzyme was extracted and partially purified from wheat leaves through a procedure including ammonium sulfate fractionation followed by dialysis and gel filtration chromatography. These procedures yielded a 7.14-fold purification with 71% recovery. Optimum activity conditions-pH, temperature and ionic strength-of the enzyme were determined. Its some kinetic properties such as Vmax, KM, and kcat were calculated for GSH and CDNB substrates. The kcat/KM values of the enzyme were 603.5 for GSH and 385.3 for CDNB. The native molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated to be 52 kDa based on its mobility in gel filtration column.
STUDY ON BIO-METHANATION USING POULTRY DROPPING-Abdullah Nasir PulakAbdullah Pulak
This study examined biogas production from poultry droppings through anaerobic digestion with cow dung. Four laboratory reactors were tested with varying ratios of poultry droppings and cow dung. Reactor D2, with 75% poultry droppings and 25% cow dung, produced the highest volatile solid reduction (53%), specific gas yield (0.72 l/g), and methane content (73.2%). Poultry droppings alone were found to be unsuitable due to a low carbon-nitrogen ratio, but mixing with cow dung increased the ratio and improved biogas production. The study suggests anaerobic digestion of poultry droppings mixed with cow dung can effectively produce
Michaelis-Menten Kinetics in Transient State: Proposal for Reversible Inhibit...IJERA Editor
The enzymatic processes according Michaelis-Menten kinetics have been studied from various approaches to
describe the inhibition state. Proposals for inhibition were compared from a generic process, where kinetic
constants have received unitary values, and the numeric value of the concentration of substrate was ten (10)
times higher than the numerical value of the concentration of enzyme. For each inhibition model proposed,
numerical solutions were obtained from nonlinear system of ordinary differential equations, generating results
presents by graphs showing the variation of the enzyme and enzyme complexes, also the variation of substrate
and product of the reaction. Also, was designed a model with performance, indicating similar behavior to that
seen in the Michaelis-Menten kinetics, where complex of reaction is rapidly formed and throughout the process,
tends to decay to zero. Thus, in this new proposed model, the effect of inhibition starts at zero and, throughout
the process, tends to the nominal value of the initial enzyme concentration. Such responses have proved to be
valid for different values of enzyme concentration and process time, showing robustness. The proposed model
was applied to the hydrolysis of disaccharides, providing a setting with conservation of mass of the model at the
end of the process regarding the responses of the carbohydrate concentration.
Partial purification and characterization of extracellular protease from pedi...Mushafau Adebayo Oke
This document summarizes a study that characterized and partially purified an extracellular protease produced by Pediococcus acidilactici. Key findings include:
- The protease showed optimal activity at a casein concentration of 2% and with 2.5 ml of crude enzyme.
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The kinetics of ascorbic acid degradation in ogbono soup
1. Chemical and Process Engineering Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-7467 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0913 (Online)
Vol.25, 2014
The Kinetics of Ascorbic Acid Degradation in Ogbono Soup
during Cooking
Oladimeji Olusegun1*, Idowu-Adebayo Folake1 and Oni Kunle1
1 Department of Food science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Federal University Oye, P.M.B 373 Oye-
Ekiti, Ekiti state, Nigeria.
*E-mail and Telephone number of the corresponding author: segundimeji@yahoo.com +234-803-3932642
Abstract
Degradation kinetics of ascorbic acid was investigated in ‘ogbono’ soup during cooking at different temperatures
between 60oC and 80oC. The results confirmed that mixed order kinetics (of zero- and first-order model) is
adequate in describing the degradation reactions. The rate constant increased with temperature according to an
Arrhenius-type relationship. The activation energy was 34KJ/mol and at the average temperature of the range
tested, the rate constant was 4.2 x 10-4/hr.
Keywords: Ascorbic acid, Cooking, Degradation, Irvingia gabonensis, Mixed order kinetics
34
1. Introduction
In Dikanut seeds (Irvingia gabonensis) the concentration of ascorbic acid is generally in the range of 9-
10mg/100g (Ejiofor et.al., 1987) depending on the accession (Adebooye and Bello, 1998) and the storage
conditions and length of storage (Smith, 1968).
When used along with other ingredients in the preparation of standard ogbono soup (Oguntona et.al., 1999), the
ascorbic acid content may increase depend on the formulation employed (Oladimeji, 2007). Whether processed
industrially and used as gums to impact desirable textural and functional properties in drug (Uzomah and
Ahiligwo, 1995) or prepared at home for culinary use, dikanut seeds receive some sort of heat treatment
sometimes in a medium which diffusional mass transport may increase the loss to 50-80% of the vitamin C in the
raw material (Paul and Southgate, 1978).
The degradation kinetics of ascorbic acid in model systems conforms to first order kinetics and the
activation energy can be expressed as a linear function of pH with a negative slope (Kincal and Giray, 1987).
However in food system, the kinetics is somehow complex (Liao and Seib, 1988). The complexity of the
degradation mechanisms (Tannenbaun et.al., 1985; Liao and Seib, 1988) hinders the development of mechanistic
models and pseudo-kinetic model such as zero order (Kanaane et.al., 1988), first-order (Kincal and Giray, 1987)
or second-order kinetics (Hsieh and harris, 1993) are often applied in order to obtain a good fit to the
experimental data. Sakai et al., (1987) applied a kinetic model that consist of two consecutive reactions (the first
of zero-order and the second of first-order) to describe the ascorbic acid oxidation in an aqueous solution.
Petriella et al., (1985) suggested a mixed order kinetic model in a study of non-enzymatic browning involving
reactions of sugars, amino-acids and ascorbic acid in food systems.
Assuming the reaction as zero-or first-order is rather simplistic, since the reaction may involve a complex group
of reactants (Manso et al.,2001).
The main objective of this work was to model in an appropriate way the kinetics of ascorbic acid
delegation during the cooking of traditional ‘ogbono’ soup.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Preparation of ogbono soup
The recipes were chosen as listed in Oguntona (1999). The dikanut seeds and crayfish were blended together into
a fine powder. The bitter were shredded, washed and squeezed to remove the bitter taste with the aid of salt. The
fish was washed first with warm water and then with cold water. The mixture ogbono seeds and fish were then
added to 30ml of heated palm oil while stirring to avoid lumps. Hot water was gradually added while mixing.
The ground pepper, bouillon cube and chopped okra were then added and allowed to cook at medium heat for
20mins. The bitter-leaves together with the fish were then added, and were allowed to cook in a thermostatic
bath (Julabo SW 21C model) at 60oC, 70oC, 80oC for 10mins. Finally, the salt was added to taste.
2.2 Analytical Determinations
50g of the soup was weighed and 200ml of metaphosphoric-acetic acid solution, freshly prepared, was added in a
conical flask and the mixture shaken (AOAC, 1975). The mixture was filtered through a large fluted filter paper.
50ml of the filtered extract and a blank solution were tiltrated with a solution of 2, 6 dichlorophenol-indophenol.
The dyestuff solution had previously been standardised against a standard solution of ascorbic acid (Sigma). The
samples were run in triplicates and the average ascorbic acid content calculated.
2.3 Data Analysis
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The models tested were fitted by non-linear regression to the experimental data in order to estimate the model
parameters. Fits were made for each set of experimental data at a given temperature in order to assess the quality
of the fit of the model and to analyse further the dependence of the parameters on temperature.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1 Ascorbic acid degeneration
Plot of experimental retention values against time are shown in Fig. 1 for ogbono soup prepared according to
Oguntona’s formulation. Various models were fitted to the experimental data, but while the fits were good for
the models tested, the kinetic parameters only showed a logical relation with temperature with the mixed-order
kinetic model (Petriella et.al., 1985).
3.2 Modeling ascorbic acid degeneration with the Mixed-order kinetic model
This model is flexible owing to the inclusion of anaerobic situations and it has proved to an interesting potential
for describing microbial, enzymatic and chemical degradation kinetics (Cunha et.al., 1998). When mixed order
kinetic model is applied to ascorbic acid degradation, it can be described by the following equation:
35
Ct = Co x e-(t/a) eb …………. (1)
Where Ct = the ascorbic acid concentration at a time, t
Co = initial concentration of ascorbic acid
a= scale constant = 1/k
b= sharp constant and is independent of time, t
t = time (mins)
Fig. 1 shows examples of the fit of the mixed order kinetic model to the experimental data (0.942<r2<0.986).
The rate constant increased with temperature (T) according to an Arrhenius-type relationship (Fig.2). The
straight line obtained when (log K) was plotted against 1/T suggests that the ascorbic acid degradation kinetics
during the cooking of ogbono soup obeyed the Arrhenius relationship for temperature dependence. From the
correlation coefficient, it is affirmed that the degradation kinetics is of mixed-order model. This agrees with the
findings of Petriella et al., (1985) for non-enzymatic browning in model food systems. In actual fact, more of
non-enzymatic browning is expected during the thermo-induced chemical reactions in ogbono soup during
cooking than enzymic reactions. The activation energy of 34KJ/mol (r2=0.975) was obtained for ogbono soup for
a temperature range between 60oC and 80oC giving a rate constant (1/a) of 4.2 x 104/hr. This value (34KJ/mol)
obtained at pH 5.3 compares well with the typical activation energy of 37KJ/mol for ascorbic acid in orange
juice, but differs from the value (44KJ/mol) reported by Kincal and Giray (1987) during potato blanching and
also from that (48KJ/mol) reported by Svennson (1977) for enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The possible
biochemical pathway for ascorbic acid degradation will determine the mechanism and the kinetics of ascorbic
acid degradation (sakai, et al., 1987). The ascorbic acid degradation kinetics of ogbono soup is of mixed-order
model (zero-and first-order kinetic model) at higher temperatures (sakai, et al., 1987).
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36
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Equations 1and 2 describe the linear relationship between parameters, k and b and temperature of cooking:
37
K = -0.0018T (oC) + 0.0736 ………… (1)
b = -0.0228T (oC) + 1.5457 ……….. (2)
At 70oC the kinetics reduces to first-order model as represented by point of intersection in Fig.3.
4. Conclusions
Although ascorbic acid degradation is a complex phenomenon, the present experiments were designed to study
the magnitude of thermal degradation by minimizing variations in other factors. The mixed-order kinetic model
provided a good description of the kinetics of degradation of ascorbic acid in ogbono soup in the range of
temperatures tested and therefore is appropriate for predictive purposes.
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