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1. How do these primary sources demonstrate the strangeness of cultural encounters on the eve of European exploration of America? What SPECIFIC passages best demonstrate the strangeness and uneasiness that American Indians had towards European explorers?
The first strangeness and uncomfortable that was evident during the first meeting between the American Indians and the Europeans is that there was a deep cultural misunderstanding between them.{why not go to the document: John Heckewelder on the Indians meet the Dutch or go to the document of Peter the Martyr meeting the Tainos Indians? The Montagnais Indians meeting the French? The floating island story? Why not work with those documents? How strange did each culture see each other? Give specific examples from these documents.]{I am unsure who Gray is? What is this source you reference?].Guided by the success of France and Spain in America, the English started their exploration of the new world in 1585, with the journey of Sir Walter Raleigh to the outer banks of the Carolinas. Later English entrepreneurs of the London Company of Virginia met the Powhatan Indians. When the English tried to assert power over the natives, the Powhatan on the other, hand were planning to use the English to strengthen their confederacy in regional intertribal competition. [elaborate: give specific examples from the document you are interpreting} The struggle between the two groups led to the introduction of skills and goods of the other culture into theirs.
5.How did John Smith describe Powhatan Indian religion? In what ways did he demonstrate European bias?
The Powhatan people like other American Indian tribes were very spiritual people whose religion was founded on animism. The Powhatans, much like the northeastern woodland Indians believed in the interaction between the physical and the spiritual world. They believed in an all including spirit—the power of everything, the Great Spirit (Brébeuf, 2008). The English Captain John Smith observed the religious practices of the Powhatans. Through his observations we see both the strangeness of Indian religion to European eyes and the bias lenses of Smith. {now give me SPECIFIC observations of smith to demonstrate his non-understanding of their religion and how he demonstrated his belief that the Powhatans were pagan] Also, Powhatan believed in demon spirit and in medicine men who acted as spiritual intermediates. The sequence of gods that the natives worshiped was offered gifts to gain favor for the hunt. . {Give me a specific example from the document] The European bias was evident in Smith letter where it is clear that converting from unbelief to belief or heathen to Christian depended on the New World project plantation that used substation. {Give me a specific example from the document] (John Smith describes Powhatans 97-98)
8.How do these ...
2. IntroductionTHE SOCIETY OF JESUS IN EUROPE AND ABROAD The Jesuits were members of a religious order, the Society of Jesus, and like the monks, nuns, and friars of other orders, they took special vows of poverty and obedience that distinguished them from regular parish priests. After Francis Xavier came a succession of Jesuit missionary enterprises encompassing the globe and extending in time from the sixteenth century until the pope dissolved the Society of Jesus in 1773. Coming to North America in the Early seventeenth century, the French Jesuits could draw on the institutional memory of their order for guidance in this unfamiliar territory.
3. IntroductionTHE COLONIZATION OF NEW FRANCE. Long before the Jesuits appeared on the North American scene, French fishermen, explorers, and fur traders had already had extensive contact with the native of the Northeast. South the English settled in larger numbers, and they came to depend heavily on agriculture for their food supply and export commodities. In Spain’s New World empire, Indians owed he colonizers labor service and other forms of tribute as both a symbol of their subjection and a contribution to the Spanish economy.
4. Jean de Brebeuf on the HuronsLanguage Thanks to Jesuits, there is probably no group of native North Americans whose culture and history in the period of initial contact with Europeans is better documented than that of the Hurons. They have hardly any birtue or religion, or any learning or government, they have consequently no indiviual words suitable for signifying these things. Compound words are more often used by them and have the same effect as an adjective and a noun.
5. Disease and MedicineHuron Medical Practices The aoutaerohi is remedy for only one particular kind of disease, which they also call aoutaerhi. Of the three types of games that are popular among these peoples lacrosse, dish, and straw the first two, are wonderful for the health. Sometimes, one of the shamans will say that the whole country is sick, and he calls for a game of lacrosse to heal it.
6. Jean de Brebeuf on the HuronsReligion, Myth, and Ritual It is amazing to see so much blindness in regard to the things of Heaven, in a people who do not lack judgment and knowledge in reference to those of earth. To begin with fundamental beliefs, most of them take pride in deriving their origin from heaven There are some Hurons whose imaginations do not soar so high and who are not so ambitious as to believe that they derive their origin from Heaven.
7. Disease and medicineThe Influenza Epidemic of 1637 In the fall of 1636, the Huron villages where Jesuits resided were struck with a fever most likely a strain of influenza originating in New England. The disease spread slowly over the course of the winter. As the Hurons desperation increased, they followed their shamans urging to undertake extraordinary curative rituals.
8. Diplomacy and WarBarthelemy Vimont On the fifth day of July, the Iroquois prisoner who had been set at liberty and sent back to his own country, as I have said in the foregoing chapter, made his appearance at Three Rivers. When all had assembled and had taken their places Kiotseaaeton, a tall man, rose to his feet and regarded the sun. He gave the towns people gifts and sang songs between his gifts, he danced for joy
9. Diplomacy and WarThe Hurons Annihilated, 1649 Armies were stepping up attacks against the Huron country farther west. Winter was just coming to an end in March when the Hurons were taken by surprise by a large Iroquois invasions The Hurons military over the years, strength had been reduced by population loss caused by the devastation epidemic described in chapter .
10. Writings on the Natural Environment.Paul Le Jeune Tchakabech climbed a tree for he wished to go into the sky. When he had almost reached the top, he blew against this tree, which grew tall and large at the breath of this little dwarf. He made it to the top and everything was delightful , the land was excellent, and the trees were beautiful. Tchakabech went back to the snake and released the sun.
11. Writings on the Natural EnvironmentThe Moral Qualities of Animals What the poets have invented about the abduction of Ganymede has a basis of the boldness of eagles. The French man fired an arquesbus at a crane and broke its wing, whereupon the bird ran straight at him on its long legs, thrusting it beak at his face like a lance. God has gave anger to the animals so that they may repel what is hostile to them.