The document contrasts the "Imperial Presidency" of the 1960s-70s, when presidential power grew due to expanding foreign policy roles and deference from Congress, culminating in Nixon's presidency and the abuses of Vietnam and Watergate, with the "Imperilled Presidency" of the 1970s, when Congress acted to increase oversight of the president through new organizations, laws, and by threatening Nixon with impeachment to reduce unchecked executive power in the aftermath of the Nixon presidency's abuses.
The document discusses the growth of presidential power in the US from the New Deal era through the Nixon presidency, which culminated in the "imperial presidency" with broad foreign policy powers. In response to abuses of power during the Vietnam War and Watergate scandal, Congress took steps in the 1970s to increase oversight of the president and curb some executive powers by passing laws like the War Powers Resolution and Budget Control Act, ultimately leading to Nixon's resignation.
This document provides an overview of the presidency and the evolution of presidential powers in the United States. It covers the framers' debates over establishing an executive branch and how presidents have expanded their powers over time. Key models of presidential power are outlined, including the Whig, stewardship, modern, and institutional models. The document also examines the informal powers of persuasion that presidents wield and identifies the roles and functions of modern presidents as chief of state, chief legislator, commander-in-chief, chief diplomat, and chief executive. Qualities of successful presidents such as vision, pragmatism, and consensus building are also discussed.
The presidential power has evolved over time, with more recent presidents exercising war powers and committing troops abroad without congressional approval in conflicts like Grenada, Somalia, and Kosovo. Factors like globalization, technology, and economic crises have contributed to a stronger 20th century presidency. Key presidents like Jefferson, Jackson, Lincoln, FDR, Nixon, Clinton, and Bush expanded presidential power in different ways such as the Louisiana Purchase, responding to the Depression and World War II, and the War on Terror.
The document discusses the concept of the "Imperial Presidency" - an executive branch that exceeds its constitutional limits and powers. It provides context on debates around presidential war powers and whether presidents like Obama and Bush have acted independently of Congress. Students will learn about the vague language in the Constitution regarding presidential powers and discuss reasons for excessive executive power. They will also consider arguments for and against an "imperial president" being justified in their actions.
The document discusses the growth of presidential power in the United States over time. It explains that presidents have accumulated more authority due to factors like the need for decisive emergency action and the increasing complexity of the economy and technology. Congress has also strengthened the presidency on various occasions. The core executive powers of the president outlined in the document include enforcing the law, appointing officials, conducting diplomacy and commanding the military, as well as certain legislative functions like proposing laws and vetoing bills. Critics argue some presidents have become too isolated and unaccountable in their use of executive authority.
The document discusses the difficulties in passing legislation through Congress. It notes that only a small percentage of bills become law due to institutional barriers like checks and balances and the need for supermajorities. Committees have significant power over bills. Legislation is further complicated when different parties control the houses or presidency, or when power is decentralized. The legislative process is designed to make new laws difficult to enact.
Gerrymandering, lack of social representation, pork barrel projects, term limits for committee chairs, ethical scandals, ineffective oversight of the executive branch, abuse of the filibuster are some of the issues that negatively impact Congress according to the document. Women and ethnic minorities make up less than 16% and 7% of Congress respectively. Committee chairs are now subject to term limits of 6 years which has led to loss of expertise and intra-party squabbles.
The document contrasts the "Imperial Presidency" of the 1960s-70s, when presidential power grew due to expanding foreign policy roles and deference from Congress, culminating in Nixon's presidency and the abuses of Vietnam and Watergate, with the "Imperilled Presidency" of the 1970s, when Congress acted to increase oversight of the president through new organizations, laws, and by threatening Nixon with impeachment to reduce unchecked executive power in the aftermath of the Nixon presidency's abuses.
The document discusses the growth of presidential power in the US from the New Deal era through the Nixon presidency, which culminated in the "imperial presidency" with broad foreign policy powers. In response to abuses of power during the Vietnam War and Watergate scandal, Congress took steps in the 1970s to increase oversight of the president and curb some executive powers by passing laws like the War Powers Resolution and Budget Control Act, ultimately leading to Nixon's resignation.
This document provides an overview of the presidency and the evolution of presidential powers in the United States. It covers the framers' debates over establishing an executive branch and how presidents have expanded their powers over time. Key models of presidential power are outlined, including the Whig, stewardship, modern, and institutional models. The document also examines the informal powers of persuasion that presidents wield and identifies the roles and functions of modern presidents as chief of state, chief legislator, commander-in-chief, chief diplomat, and chief executive. Qualities of successful presidents such as vision, pragmatism, and consensus building are also discussed.
The presidential power has evolved over time, with more recent presidents exercising war powers and committing troops abroad without congressional approval in conflicts like Grenada, Somalia, and Kosovo. Factors like globalization, technology, and economic crises have contributed to a stronger 20th century presidency. Key presidents like Jefferson, Jackson, Lincoln, FDR, Nixon, Clinton, and Bush expanded presidential power in different ways such as the Louisiana Purchase, responding to the Depression and World War II, and the War on Terror.
The document discusses the concept of the "Imperial Presidency" - an executive branch that exceeds its constitutional limits and powers. It provides context on debates around presidential war powers and whether presidents like Obama and Bush have acted independently of Congress. Students will learn about the vague language in the Constitution regarding presidential powers and discuss reasons for excessive executive power. They will also consider arguments for and against an "imperial president" being justified in their actions.
The document discusses the growth of presidential power in the United States over time. It explains that presidents have accumulated more authority due to factors like the need for decisive emergency action and the increasing complexity of the economy and technology. Congress has also strengthened the presidency on various occasions. The core executive powers of the president outlined in the document include enforcing the law, appointing officials, conducting diplomacy and commanding the military, as well as certain legislative functions like proposing laws and vetoing bills. Critics argue some presidents have become too isolated and unaccountable in their use of executive authority.
The document discusses the difficulties in passing legislation through Congress. It notes that only a small percentage of bills become law due to institutional barriers like checks and balances and the need for supermajorities. Committees have significant power over bills. Legislation is further complicated when different parties control the houses or presidency, or when power is decentralized. The legislative process is designed to make new laws difficult to enact.
Gerrymandering, lack of social representation, pork barrel projects, term limits for committee chairs, ethical scandals, ineffective oversight of the executive branch, abuse of the filibuster are some of the issues that negatively impact Congress according to the document. Women and ethnic minorities make up less than 16% and 7% of Congress respectively. Committee chairs are now subject to term limits of 6 years which has led to loss of expertise and intra-party squabbles.
John Adams, the first Vice President of the United States, believed the office of Vice President to be insignificant, as its powers were limited. However, he recognized its potential importance, as the Vice President assumes the presidency if the president dies or resigns. This has occurred nine times in U.S. history. While the Vice President has few defined powers, the office has taken on increasing significance over time, with more responsibilities delegated by presidents and a role as an advisor and spokesperson for the administration.
This document defines and explains several key terms related to presidential powers:
1) Executive orders allow presidents to manage operations within the federal government by directing executive branch agencies and officers. While not explicitly authorized, they are supported by the president's executive power.
2) Signing statements are written by presidents upon signing bills and can be controversial if used to modify laws' meanings instead of just clarifying implementation.
3) Executive agreements are international agreements made by the president without Senate ratification, though some are authorized by Congress in advance. They have the force of treaties according to the Supreme Court.
The document discusses the growth of presidential power in the US from the New Deal era through the Nixon presidency, which culminated in the "imperial presidency" with wide authority over foreign policy. However, in response to abuses of power during the Vietnam War and Watergate scandal, Congress took steps to increase oversight of the president and curb some executive powers through acts like the War Powers Resolution, reducing the imperial model and imperiling the presidency.
The passage discusses the evolution and powers of the American presidency. It notes that the Founders did not want a king and sought to limit presidential power through checks and balances. It then outlines the president's qualifications, terms, succession procedures, impeachment process, and path to the White House through the electoral college system. Finally, it examines the president's executive, legislative, diplomatic, military, and party powers as well as limitations on the office.
Traditional conservatism supports individualism, private property, nationalism, paternalism and traditional values and institutions while opposing radical change and believing in organic societies. One Nation conservatism is more progressive, emphasizing unity between classes and the importance of a social safety net to deal with poverty through limited redistribution and government market regulation. Thatcherism accepts the need for radical change, prioritizing free markets, privatization, reduced trade union power, lower taxes, law and order, nationalism and traditional moral values.
The document discusses the roles of the Cabinet and Executive Office of the President (EXOP) and their relative importance to the President. It notes that the Cabinet meets infrequently and the President can overrule it, while the EXOP consists of close personal aides that may have a longer-term relationship with the President and can spearhead policy initiatives. Overall, the importance of each group depends on the individual leadership style of the President.
The document provides information about the executive branch of the US government. It discusses the president's constitutional powers, notable past presidents, the increasing role of the president over time, and the president's ability to persuade rather than command. It also outlines the vice president's role and increasing responsibilities. Additionally, it examines the cabinet, federal bureaucracy, and Executive Office of the President, including key offices like the White House Office and roles like the Chief of Staff. Iron triangles and tensions between the cabinet and EOP are also mentioned.
John Rawls (1921-2002) was a hugely influential US philosopher known for attempting to reconcile liberal beliefs in freedom with the need to prevent excessive inequality in society. His best known work, A Theory of Justice (1972), proposed a thought experiment where people create a just society from behind a "veil of ignorance" without knowing their place in it. Rawls argued this would lead people to choose principles guaranteeing equal rights, respect for all, and a minimum standard of living so that the worst off are not below a certain level, even if this requires some inequalities. He called this the "difference principle."
The document summarizes the four core functions of the House of Lords: making laws, holding the government accountable, acting as a forum of independent expertise, and carrying out judicial work as the highest court in the UK. It provides details on how the House of Lords spends its time scrutinizing legislation, questioning government ministers, and debating policies. It also gives examples of how Lords committees have influenced policy areas like mental health and internet security by gathering evidence from experts.
The power of the president is limited to persuasion 30 markeraquinaspolitics
The document discusses the powers of the U.S. President and their dependence on Congress. It notes that the President feels they must "persuade people to do what they ought to have sense enough to do." It also outlines some of the tools Presidents can use to persuade or influence Congress, such as making calls/visits to build support. However, the President is still dependent on Congress for legislation and funding. Even when a party controls both branches, Congress does not always support the President's agenda.
The document compares the Cabinet and the Executive Office of the President (EXOP) in terms of their importance to the President. The Cabinet tends to ensure the work of the executive branch is coordinated, but plays a limited role by meeting infrequently and members may not be close to the President. The EXOP consists of the President's personal aides in components like the NSC and OMB. EXOP members can play a more significant role through closer proximity and longer-term relationships with the President. However, some Cabinet members have also significantly shaped policy. The importance of each depends on the individual President's leadership style.
The document discusses the powers and responsibilities of the US Presidency. It outlines the President's role in proposing and signing legislation, submitting budgets, making nominations, and negotiating treaties. It also examines factors that influence a President's ability to pass proposals, such as popularity, whether the government is divided or united, crises, and relationships with Congress. Overall, the President must use a variety of formal and informal tactics to lead effectively, including bargaining, compromise and persuasion.
The document discusses the presidential veto power granted by the Constitution. It allows the president to return unsigned bills to Congress with objections. Congress can override a veto with a two-thirds majority vote in both the House and Senate. The document provides examples of past presidents' veto records, showing Bill Clinton had the highest success rate at blocking legislation, while George W. Bush had the lowest due to multiple overrides by Congress.
Executive orders allow presidents to manage operations within the federal government without congressional approval. However, the Supreme Court ruled that presidents cannot use executive orders to make new laws. Presidents since the 1950s generally cite which existing laws their executive orders are based on. Signing statements are issued when a president signs a bill into law and can be used to interpret statutes, though some argue this modifies laws without congressional approval. Executive agreements are international agreements made by the president without senate ratification and have the force of treaties despite questions over their constitutionality.
The term "Imperial Presidency" originated in the 1970s to describe the perceived abuse of power by presidents Lyndon Johnson and Richard Nixon during the Vietnam War and Watergate scandal. Historian Arthur Schlesinger Jr. argued that the presidency had become dominant over Congress, with the executive branch resembling a royal court. Subsequent presidents, including Reagan with the Iran-Contra affair and Clinton with treaties and wars not authorized by Congress, were also said to expand presidential power beyond what the Founding Fathers intended in the Constitution by taking war-making authority for themselves. Whether modern presidencies should truly be considered "imperial" is still debated.
The document outlines the various powers of the US President, including powers they wield alone such as serving as commander-in-chief of the armed forces, receiving ambassadors, and granting pardons. Some powers are shared with the Senate, like making treaties and appointing ambassadors and judges. Other powers are shared with Congress, such as approving legislation. The President also acts as the head of their party and uses the bully pulpit to push their agenda.
The British constitution is not set out in a single document but rather has evolved over many years through a combination of written laws, court rulings, conventions and traditions. It serves several functions including distributing power, protecting freedoms, defining limits on government, and providing stability. Unlike other nations like the US, the British constitution is partly written and uncodified, with sources scattered across documents, and can be amended through regular acts of parliament rather than a special process. Recent constitutional reforms under New Labour focused on areas like the House of Lords, devolution, freedom of information and human rights.
The civil service originated in the East India Company and was formalized in the 19th century. A 1954 report recommended professionalizing the civil service by implementing examinations, merit-based promotions, and generalist roles rather than technical specialists. Civil servants are divided into service-wide administrators and specialists, and departmental groups. Reforms since the 1960s have aimed to increase efficiency and introduce private sector practices through initiatives like Next Steps agencies, the Citizen's Charter, and New Labour's Modernising Government white paper. However, critics argue reforms have overly politicized and businessized the civil service at the expense of its traditional impartiality and public service ethos.
As constitutional, parliamentary and electoral reformaquinaspolitics
The document discusses various electoral systems used in the UK, including majoritarian systems like FPTP and alternative vote (AV), proportional representation systems like party list and single transferable vote (STV), and hybrid systems like additional member system (AMS). It also examines the impact that electoral reform has had on different political parties in the UK and prospects for further reform.
The document provides an overview of the UK constitution, including what a constitution is, the sources of the UK constitution (both written and unwritten), the history and changes over time, key concepts like sovereignty and the unitary system, arguments for and against an uncodified constitution, and the branches of government and separation/fusion of powers. It covers the core structures and concepts that make up the UK's unwritten constitution.
This document presents information about the court system and human rights in the UK in a slideshow format. It discusses the different levels of courts, including magistrates courts, crown courts, appeal courts, and the Law Lords. It also addresses civil courts like county courts and the high court. Additionally, it covers ways that human rights are protected, such as through judicial review, administrative tribunals, and political processes. Finally, it discusses police accountability to the public, MPs, and authorities like the Complaints Authority and Police Authority.
Judges in many countries are intended to be independent and impartial arbiters of the law who are not influenced by political pressures or personal biases. They aim to decide cases fairly based solely on the facts and law, and avoid any conflicts of interest, in order to uphold the principle that everyone is equal before the law. However, it can be difficult to be completely unaffected by one's own background or experience.
John Adams, the first Vice President of the United States, believed the office of Vice President to be insignificant, as its powers were limited. However, he recognized its potential importance, as the Vice President assumes the presidency if the president dies or resigns. This has occurred nine times in U.S. history. While the Vice President has few defined powers, the office has taken on increasing significance over time, with more responsibilities delegated by presidents and a role as an advisor and spokesperson for the administration.
This document defines and explains several key terms related to presidential powers:
1) Executive orders allow presidents to manage operations within the federal government by directing executive branch agencies and officers. While not explicitly authorized, they are supported by the president's executive power.
2) Signing statements are written by presidents upon signing bills and can be controversial if used to modify laws' meanings instead of just clarifying implementation.
3) Executive agreements are international agreements made by the president without Senate ratification, though some are authorized by Congress in advance. They have the force of treaties according to the Supreme Court.
The document discusses the growth of presidential power in the US from the New Deal era through the Nixon presidency, which culminated in the "imperial presidency" with wide authority over foreign policy. However, in response to abuses of power during the Vietnam War and Watergate scandal, Congress took steps to increase oversight of the president and curb some executive powers through acts like the War Powers Resolution, reducing the imperial model and imperiling the presidency.
The passage discusses the evolution and powers of the American presidency. It notes that the Founders did not want a king and sought to limit presidential power through checks and balances. It then outlines the president's qualifications, terms, succession procedures, impeachment process, and path to the White House through the electoral college system. Finally, it examines the president's executive, legislative, diplomatic, military, and party powers as well as limitations on the office.
Traditional conservatism supports individualism, private property, nationalism, paternalism and traditional values and institutions while opposing radical change and believing in organic societies. One Nation conservatism is more progressive, emphasizing unity between classes and the importance of a social safety net to deal with poverty through limited redistribution and government market regulation. Thatcherism accepts the need for radical change, prioritizing free markets, privatization, reduced trade union power, lower taxes, law and order, nationalism and traditional moral values.
The document discusses the roles of the Cabinet and Executive Office of the President (EXOP) and their relative importance to the President. It notes that the Cabinet meets infrequently and the President can overrule it, while the EXOP consists of close personal aides that may have a longer-term relationship with the President and can spearhead policy initiatives. Overall, the importance of each group depends on the individual leadership style of the President.
The document provides information about the executive branch of the US government. It discusses the president's constitutional powers, notable past presidents, the increasing role of the president over time, and the president's ability to persuade rather than command. It also outlines the vice president's role and increasing responsibilities. Additionally, it examines the cabinet, federal bureaucracy, and Executive Office of the President, including key offices like the White House Office and roles like the Chief of Staff. Iron triangles and tensions between the cabinet and EOP are also mentioned.
John Rawls (1921-2002) was a hugely influential US philosopher known for attempting to reconcile liberal beliefs in freedom with the need to prevent excessive inequality in society. His best known work, A Theory of Justice (1972), proposed a thought experiment where people create a just society from behind a "veil of ignorance" without knowing their place in it. Rawls argued this would lead people to choose principles guaranteeing equal rights, respect for all, and a minimum standard of living so that the worst off are not below a certain level, even if this requires some inequalities. He called this the "difference principle."
The document summarizes the four core functions of the House of Lords: making laws, holding the government accountable, acting as a forum of independent expertise, and carrying out judicial work as the highest court in the UK. It provides details on how the House of Lords spends its time scrutinizing legislation, questioning government ministers, and debating policies. It also gives examples of how Lords committees have influenced policy areas like mental health and internet security by gathering evidence from experts.
The power of the president is limited to persuasion 30 markeraquinaspolitics
The document discusses the powers of the U.S. President and their dependence on Congress. It notes that the President feels they must "persuade people to do what they ought to have sense enough to do." It also outlines some of the tools Presidents can use to persuade or influence Congress, such as making calls/visits to build support. However, the President is still dependent on Congress for legislation and funding. Even when a party controls both branches, Congress does not always support the President's agenda.
The document compares the Cabinet and the Executive Office of the President (EXOP) in terms of their importance to the President. The Cabinet tends to ensure the work of the executive branch is coordinated, but plays a limited role by meeting infrequently and members may not be close to the President. The EXOP consists of the President's personal aides in components like the NSC and OMB. EXOP members can play a more significant role through closer proximity and longer-term relationships with the President. However, some Cabinet members have also significantly shaped policy. The importance of each depends on the individual President's leadership style.
The document discusses the powers and responsibilities of the US Presidency. It outlines the President's role in proposing and signing legislation, submitting budgets, making nominations, and negotiating treaties. It also examines factors that influence a President's ability to pass proposals, such as popularity, whether the government is divided or united, crises, and relationships with Congress. Overall, the President must use a variety of formal and informal tactics to lead effectively, including bargaining, compromise and persuasion.
The document discusses the presidential veto power granted by the Constitution. It allows the president to return unsigned bills to Congress with objections. Congress can override a veto with a two-thirds majority vote in both the House and Senate. The document provides examples of past presidents' veto records, showing Bill Clinton had the highest success rate at blocking legislation, while George W. Bush had the lowest due to multiple overrides by Congress.
Executive orders allow presidents to manage operations within the federal government without congressional approval. However, the Supreme Court ruled that presidents cannot use executive orders to make new laws. Presidents since the 1950s generally cite which existing laws their executive orders are based on. Signing statements are issued when a president signs a bill into law and can be used to interpret statutes, though some argue this modifies laws without congressional approval. Executive agreements are international agreements made by the president without senate ratification and have the force of treaties despite questions over their constitutionality.
The term "Imperial Presidency" originated in the 1970s to describe the perceived abuse of power by presidents Lyndon Johnson and Richard Nixon during the Vietnam War and Watergate scandal. Historian Arthur Schlesinger Jr. argued that the presidency had become dominant over Congress, with the executive branch resembling a royal court. Subsequent presidents, including Reagan with the Iran-Contra affair and Clinton with treaties and wars not authorized by Congress, were also said to expand presidential power beyond what the Founding Fathers intended in the Constitution by taking war-making authority for themselves. Whether modern presidencies should truly be considered "imperial" is still debated.
The document outlines the various powers of the US President, including powers they wield alone such as serving as commander-in-chief of the armed forces, receiving ambassadors, and granting pardons. Some powers are shared with the Senate, like making treaties and appointing ambassadors and judges. Other powers are shared with Congress, such as approving legislation. The President also acts as the head of their party and uses the bully pulpit to push their agenda.
The British constitution is not set out in a single document but rather has evolved over many years through a combination of written laws, court rulings, conventions and traditions. It serves several functions including distributing power, protecting freedoms, defining limits on government, and providing stability. Unlike other nations like the US, the British constitution is partly written and uncodified, with sources scattered across documents, and can be amended through regular acts of parliament rather than a special process. Recent constitutional reforms under New Labour focused on areas like the House of Lords, devolution, freedom of information and human rights.
The civil service originated in the East India Company and was formalized in the 19th century. A 1954 report recommended professionalizing the civil service by implementing examinations, merit-based promotions, and generalist roles rather than technical specialists. Civil servants are divided into service-wide administrators and specialists, and departmental groups. Reforms since the 1960s have aimed to increase efficiency and introduce private sector practices through initiatives like Next Steps agencies, the Citizen's Charter, and New Labour's Modernising Government white paper. However, critics argue reforms have overly politicized and businessized the civil service at the expense of its traditional impartiality and public service ethos.
As constitutional, parliamentary and electoral reformaquinaspolitics
The document discusses various electoral systems used in the UK, including majoritarian systems like FPTP and alternative vote (AV), proportional representation systems like party list and single transferable vote (STV), and hybrid systems like additional member system (AMS). It also examines the impact that electoral reform has had on different political parties in the UK and prospects for further reform.
The document provides an overview of the UK constitution, including what a constitution is, the sources of the UK constitution (both written and unwritten), the history and changes over time, key concepts like sovereignty and the unitary system, arguments for and against an uncodified constitution, and the branches of government and separation/fusion of powers. It covers the core structures and concepts that make up the UK's unwritten constitution.
This document presents information about the court system and human rights in the UK in a slideshow format. It discusses the different levels of courts, including magistrates courts, crown courts, appeal courts, and the Law Lords. It also addresses civil courts like county courts and the high court. Additionally, it covers ways that human rights are protected, such as through judicial review, administrative tribunals, and political processes. Finally, it discusses police accountability to the public, MPs, and authorities like the Complaints Authority and Police Authority.
Judges in many countries are intended to be independent and impartial arbiters of the law who are not influenced by political pressures or personal biases. They aim to decide cases fairly based solely on the facts and law, and avoid any conflicts of interest, in order to uphold the principle that everyone is equal before the law. However, it can be difficult to be completely unaffected by one's own background or experience.
Judicial review refers to the process by which courts scrutinize actions by the legislature, executive, and other government bodies. Courts have the power to interpret statutes and review administrative actions for legal authority. While UK courts cannot strike down legislation due to parliamentary sovereignty, they can review statutes for compliance with EU law or human rights and determine whether executive actions exceed legal powers. Courts balance interpreting the letter and intention of the law, and their scrutiny of government has increased in recent decades in the UK.
The judiciary upholds and interprets the law, and is intended to perform these functions independently and neutrally. Judicial independence means judges can resist political pressure, as they cannot be easily removed and are appointed based on ability rather than politics. However, critics argue judges may still be influenced by their social backgrounds or political considerations in some cases. The judiciary can defend civil liberties through judicial review and interpreting laws, but is ultimately constrained by the law and parliament.
The document discusses the balance of power between the Prime Minister and the Cabinet in the British government. It presents different views on whether the Prime Minister or Cabinet wields more influence over policy decisions and the direction of the government. It also outlines some of the formal powers held by both the Prime Minister and Cabinet Ministers, as well as factors like party support, public opinion, and unfolding events that can impact the balance of power between the two.
This document outlines 7 types of ministers in government: 1) Team Players who work collectively, 2) Self-Driven Commanders who are ambitious and link ideas to personal goals, 3) Ideological Commanders who have grand designs based on philosophy/ideology, 4) Managers who are pragmatic, 5) Agents of the Prime Minister who are loyal to the PM, 6) Civil Service Agents who are guided by civil servants, and 7) EU Agents who are motivated to fulfill EU treaty obligations.
The Prime Minister has become increasingly powerful over time, with some arguing the role has become similar to a presidency. Prime Ministers now emphasize personal leadership over the public and distance themselves from their party when needed. The office has also become personalized with the Prime Minister representing the party and its policies. Different Prime Ministers exhibit different styles of leadership from innovators seeking goals to balancers prioritizing stability. Thatcher was a dominant conviction politician while Blair centralized power and adopted a top-down style.
Youngest c m in India- Pema Khandu BiographyVoterMood
Pema Khandu, born on August 21, 1979, is an Indian politician and the Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh. He is the son of former Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh, Dorjee Khandu. Pema Khandu assumed office as the Chief Minister in July 2016, making him one of the youngest Chief Ministers in India at that time.
13062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
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Essential Tools for Modern PR Business .pptxPragencyuk
Discover the essential tools and strategies for modern PR business success. Learn how to craft compelling news releases, leverage press release sites and news wires, stay updated with PR news, and integrate effective PR practices to enhance your brand's visibility and credibility. Elevate your PR efforts with our comprehensive guide.
Here is Gabe Whitley's response to my defamation lawsuit for him calling me a rapist and perjurer in court documents.
You have to read it to believe it, but after you read it, you won't believe it. And I included eight examples of defamatory statements/
2. Origin of the term
Term gained popularity in the early 1970s –
Schlesinger – The Imperial Presidency
He focused on what he saw as the abuse of
power by Johnson (1963-69) and Nixon
(1969-74)
Also the growth of EXOP and saw the White
House as coming to resemble a royal court
with the President as a latter day emperor
3. Background
Johnson and Nixon personified the imperial
Presidency in the crises of Vietnam and Watergate
Effective checks and balances? The executive branch
had become dominant, Congress subservient
Schlesinger – imperial Presidency was essentially the
creation of foreign policy –looked to the President
for leadership and this allowed successive Presidents
to take advantage of the ambiguities of the
Constitution in terms of war making powers.
Founding Fathers – Constitution granted Congress
the power to initiate military action (proactive);
President reactive-supervise military action
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6NcIFss56dA
4. Johnson and Nixon
Extended their war making powers from those
intended by the FFs
Before them Eisenhower sent troops to Lebanon
without Congress’s authorisation
1964 Gulf of Tonkin resolution passed by
Congress –blank cheque for Johnson for war
Nixon – Vietnam and Cambodia. Watergate –
enemies lists, bugging, wire tapping, and claims
of executive privilege
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AXmxfCvO7l
A
5. Other Presidencies
President Ford talked about an imperilled
Presidency - identified 2 reasons for the
change – erosion of party leadership in
Congress and inability to control federal
bureaucracy
Reagan’s use of Presidential power - Iran
Contra affair -selling arms to Iran and using
the funds to support rebels in Nicaragua –
both policies contravened congressional bans
6. Clinton
Clinton – Healy focused on 2 areas in which
he was imperial- treaty making power and
war making power
Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty – USA would
refrain from underground testing of nuclear
weapons - rejected by Senate, but Clinton
administration asserted that it was still in
force
Undeclared wars in Haiti, Bosnia and Serbia
7. George W. Bush
Imperial Presidency reborn? Bush claimed
that assertion of presidential authority were
only a response to the events of 9/11
Many in his administration believed that
Congress’s role was subsidiary when it comes
to matters of national defence and security
Later rebuffs –Congress refused to
permanently extend the Patriot Act
Was Bush presidential rather than imperial?
8. Conclusion
Mervin – concept is a cliche implying he is a
master of all he surveys and an emperor –is
this the case?
Definition –problematic concept and is often
a label that is stuck on virtually all modern
Presidents by their critics
Obama – imperilled or imperial Presidency?
Libya and the War
Powershttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tQ
rutKFRhxI