The History Of The Internet
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The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) was created by the United States Department of Defense during the Cold War to connect research computers. The first email was sent in 1971 between two connected machines through ARPANET. Modern computers are millions to billions of times more capable than early machines due to integrated circuits allowing them to be much smaller in size.
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Samuel Morse developed Morse code in the 1830s to transmit messages over the telegraph. In 1843, he built the first successful telegraph system between Washington D.C. and Baltimore. In 1957, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1, the world's first artificial satellite, ushering in new technological developments. In 1976, Queen Elizabeth sent the first royal email during a demonstration of ARPANET network technology at the UK's Royal Signals and Radar Establishment. TCP/IP was developed in the 1980s as the standard protocol for data communication over networks like the Internet.
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The document outlines the history and development of the Internet and telecommunications from 1836 to 1997. Some of the key events include the invention of the telegraph in 1836, the laying of the first transatlantic cable in 1858 allowing direct communication across the Atlantic, the introduction of telephones in 1876, the development of packet switching networks in the 1960s which helped enable ARPANET and the birth of the Internet in 1969, and the introduction of technologies like email, Ethernet, TCP/IP, and browsers which helped the Internet grow and become commercialized in the 1990s.
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The document outlines the history of the Internet from 1957 to present day in a timeline format. It describes several important early developments including the creation of ARPA in 1957 to advance US science and technology, the concept of the Internet being first written about in 1962, and the first network experiment being conducted in 1965. Major milestones are highlighted such as the installation of the first nodes in 1969, the creation of email in 1971, and the standardization of TCP/IP protocols in 1983-1984 which allowed the Internet to grow exponentially. The timeline concludes with important events in recent decades like the creation of the World Wide Web in the 1990s which enabled easy access for all users and the launch of popular websites and platforms in the 2000s that
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1) First generation (1940-1956) used vacuum tubes, took up entire rooms, and were inefficient. Notable machines were UNIVAC and ENIAC.
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Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
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2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
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