Sam & Erika Poster Presentation - Revised IIErika Migeon
This study examined how perceptions of resources and self-handicapping tendencies influence challenge and threat responses. 58 students completed a shuffleboard task under pressure with varying resource conditions. Those told they had sufficient resources to succeed (resource condition) reported higher threat responses if they also scored high in self-handicapping, which refers to downplaying one's abilities to protect against failure. However, challenge responses did not differ based on self-handicapping. The findings suggest that having resources is not always psychologically beneficial as predicted by models, as it can increase pressure for high self-handicappers. The dynamic between challenge, resources, and self-protection is more complex than models assume.
The document summarizes a study that constructed a rank-ordered list of the 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century. Eminence was measured using 6 variables: journal citation frequency, introductory psychology textbook citation frequency, survey responses, National Academy of Sciences membership, election as APA president or receiving the APA Distinguished Scientific Contributions Award, and having one's surname used as an eponym. Scores on the 6 variables were combined to produce a composite score that was used to rank psychologists. The study aimed to provide a more comprehensive and inclusive list than previous studies by using multiple criteria and spanning the entire 20th century.
This study examined the relationship between narcissism and performance under pressure using a slider game task. Participants completed the Narcissistic Personality Inventory to be categorized as low or high narcissists. They then played the slider game under no pressure and pressure conditions. It was hypothesized that narcissists would aim higher and overshoot more due to their risk-taking tendencies. However, results found narcissists did not significantly overshoot more than low narcissists. Further research is needed to understand how narcissism impacts performance under pressure.
1) The study explored the relationships between clothing style, personality factors, emotions, and mood using questionnaires and experiments with clothing trials.
2) The results showed that positive mood when wearing an outfit predicted higher preference for that outfit. Personality traits also moderately predicted clothing preference.
3) Certain outfits helped reflect or manage personality traits and moods. For example, a formal style outfit helped sustain conscientious personality facets and positive mood.
This document provides an overview of psychometrics, which is concerned with psychological measurement and testing. It discusses the origins and development of psychometrics from the 19th century work of Darwin, Galton, and Wundt through its establishment as a formal field in the 20th century. Key concepts in psychometrics include reliability, validity, and different types of each. Common instruments and procedures are described, such as IQ tests, educational assessments, and personality inventories. Standards of quality emphasize high reliability and validity. Item response theory is presented as an advancement over classical test theory.
- The study examined the effects of fitspiration images on body image satisfaction and inspiration levels in men and women.
- Participants who viewed fitspiration images reported lower body image satisfaction than those who viewed control images.
- Men who viewed fitspiration images reported higher levels of confidence, while women reported higher levels of self-consciousness.
- The results suggest fitspiration images may negatively impact body image satisfaction, particularly for women who engage with such images on social media.
To what extent do people usually strive for accuracy in their self-evaluations?Alexander Steinhart
People do not usually strive for accuracy in self-evaluations. While people aim to maintain positive self-views, they are often unaware of biases that lead them to overestimate themselves. There are several motives for self-evaluation, including self-enhancement, self-verification, and self-improvement, but research shows self-enhancement is the strongest driver and people lack awareness of its influence on their self-judgments.
Sam & Erika Poster Presentation - Revised IIErika Migeon
This study examined how perceptions of resources and self-handicapping tendencies influence challenge and threat responses. 58 students completed a shuffleboard task under pressure with varying resource conditions. Those told they had sufficient resources to succeed (resource condition) reported higher threat responses if they also scored high in self-handicapping, which refers to downplaying one's abilities to protect against failure. However, challenge responses did not differ based on self-handicapping. The findings suggest that having resources is not always psychologically beneficial as predicted by models, as it can increase pressure for high self-handicappers. The dynamic between challenge, resources, and self-protection is more complex than models assume.
The document summarizes a study that constructed a rank-ordered list of the 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century. Eminence was measured using 6 variables: journal citation frequency, introductory psychology textbook citation frequency, survey responses, National Academy of Sciences membership, election as APA president or receiving the APA Distinguished Scientific Contributions Award, and having one's surname used as an eponym. Scores on the 6 variables were combined to produce a composite score that was used to rank psychologists. The study aimed to provide a more comprehensive and inclusive list than previous studies by using multiple criteria and spanning the entire 20th century.
This study examined the relationship between narcissism and performance under pressure using a slider game task. Participants completed the Narcissistic Personality Inventory to be categorized as low or high narcissists. They then played the slider game under no pressure and pressure conditions. It was hypothesized that narcissists would aim higher and overshoot more due to their risk-taking tendencies. However, results found narcissists did not significantly overshoot more than low narcissists. Further research is needed to understand how narcissism impacts performance under pressure.
1) The study explored the relationships between clothing style, personality factors, emotions, and mood using questionnaires and experiments with clothing trials.
2) The results showed that positive mood when wearing an outfit predicted higher preference for that outfit. Personality traits also moderately predicted clothing preference.
3) Certain outfits helped reflect or manage personality traits and moods. For example, a formal style outfit helped sustain conscientious personality facets and positive mood.
This document provides an overview of psychometrics, which is concerned with psychological measurement and testing. It discusses the origins and development of psychometrics from the 19th century work of Darwin, Galton, and Wundt through its establishment as a formal field in the 20th century. Key concepts in psychometrics include reliability, validity, and different types of each. Common instruments and procedures are described, such as IQ tests, educational assessments, and personality inventories. Standards of quality emphasize high reliability and validity. Item response theory is presented as an advancement over classical test theory.
- The study examined the effects of fitspiration images on body image satisfaction and inspiration levels in men and women.
- Participants who viewed fitspiration images reported lower body image satisfaction than those who viewed control images.
- Men who viewed fitspiration images reported higher levels of confidence, while women reported higher levels of self-consciousness.
- The results suggest fitspiration images may negatively impact body image satisfaction, particularly for women who engage with such images on social media.
To what extent do people usually strive for accuracy in their self-evaluations?Alexander Steinhart
People do not usually strive for accuracy in self-evaluations. While people aim to maintain positive self-views, they are often unaware of biases that lead them to overestimate themselves. There are several motives for self-evaluation, including self-enhancement, self-verification, and self-improvement, but research shows self-enhancement is the strongest driver and people lack awareness of its influence on their self-judgments.
The present study has been designated “A comparative study of aggression and self control on
Gender (i.e. Boys and Girls) in Mizo population”. The objectives of the present study is: “to study the
correlational analysis of aggression and self-control between boys and girls included in the study;
This document describes the development of a Self-Interest Scale to measure an individual's pursuit of personal gain. It discusses how the scale was developed based on literature about self-interest and motivation theories. An initial 20 item scale was created and analyzed, resulting in 10 final items. Factor analysis identified three factors accounting for variance. Reliability was established through item analysis and a Cronbach's alpha of 0.769. Validity was assessed by comparing the scale to other similar measures and through theoretical frameworks. The scale seeks to understand self-interest in a healthcare project management division but may generalize to other organizations.
Twenty female undergraduate students participated in a study with a 2x2 between-subjects design manipulating positive vs negative essay prompts and articles about control vs no control over body image. Participants ranked domains of importance and completed self-efficacy measures. Those who wrote negatively about body image had higher self-efficacy for unimportant domains compared to those who wrote positively. There was a positive correlation between time spent on a Rubik's Cube task and self-efficacy for important domains. Non-significant trends suggested those who wrote negatively had similar self-efficacy for important and unimportant domains, and lower task persistence, compared to other groups. The study provides preliminary evidence that negative body image primes can influence motivation across domains of varying importance. However
Motivational theories can help explain human motivation. The document lists several theories including: Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Herzberg's theory, McClelland's theory, Taylor's theory, Alderfer's theory, McGregor's theory X and Y, content theory, equity theory, expectancy theory, and cognitive dissonance theory. Understanding the key ideas behind each theory can provide a better overall understanding of motivation.
Level of self esteem in men and women north zone Badminton playersIOSR Journals
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to find out self- esteem levels of north zone men and women badminton
players. The tournament was held at Jamia Millia Islamia University 2013-2014. The sample of the present
study comprised of 50 (25 men and 25 Women) badminton players. The questionnaire of self esteem by
Rosenberg (1965) was used in this study. The result of the study showed that men players had much more high
self esteem than their counter part.
This document discusses research methods and ethics in psychology. It begins by defining key concepts like research questions and hypotheses. It then discusses experimental research methodology and factors to consider like independent and dependent variables. The document outlines important ethical considerations for experimental research, such as informed consent and protecting participants from harm. It emphasizes the importance of internal validity and unbiased measurement for drawing valid scientific conclusions from experimental research. The document concludes by discussing how the author would use a case study approach to investigate why serial killers commit their crimes.
1) The document discusses facilitating group discussions and problem-based learning. It addresses concerns about leading discussions and strategies to improve discussions.
2) Key requirements for problem solving are discussed, including resources, metacognition, and belief systems. Different types of knowledge and how they influence problem solving and learning are also covered.
3) The document provides questions faculty can ask students to address concerns, improve metacognition and understanding of epistemology to enhance group discussions.
This document is a thesis presented by Sarah Kenehan to fulfill requirements for a BA Honours degree in psychology from Maynooth University. The thesis explores the effect of rule order manipulation on implicit self-esteem as measured by the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP). Forty-one undergraduate students participated in the study and were split into two groups where the order of rules presented in the IRAP was varied. Preliminary results showed some differences between groups, especially for self-positive and other-positive trial types, but these differences were not statistically significant. The findings suggest that implicit responding on the IRAP may be influenced by rule order effects.
Testing for conscientiousness. Programming Personality Factors Jacob Stotler
The document describes a study that developed and tested a 23-item inventory to measure the personality trait of conscientiousness. 62 college students completed the inventory, which assessed conscientiousness using four facets: achievement, deliberation, order, and self-discipline. Cronbach's alpha reliability was .77 and test-retest reliability over one week was .966, indicating good reliability. Validity analyses found moderate correlations between conscientiousness scores and GPA/life satisfaction but no correlation with extroversion. While reliability was good, validity analyses suggested the measure may not be suitable for clinical use. The study provided statistical information that could help improve measures of conscientiousness.
1. The document explores how social identity processes may play an important role in cognitive appraisal of stress. A survey was administered to 163 students measuring personality, coping strategies, social support, and gender. Students rated scenarios as more stressful if they were student-specific versus general.
2. Females and those reporting higher levels of emotion-focused coping rated scenarios as more stressful, regardless of whether the scenarios were student-specific or general. No other relationships were found between the predictor variables and ratings of stressfulness.
3. The findings suggest that social identity may not impact cognitive appraisal of stress as expected based on self-categorization theory. Gender and emotion-focused coping were the only significant predictors of perceived
VERIFYING THE ROLE OF SOCIAL DESIRABILITY PREDICTOR AND SELF EFFICACY IN WELFAREmajid jamal
This document discusses factors that contribute to happiness. It examines research that has identified three main components of happiness: positive emotion, life satisfaction, and lack of negative feelings like depression and anxiety. Additional factors found to be associated with happiness are positive relationships, purpose in life, personal growth, intimacy, and connection to nature. The document then analyzes data from a study examining the relationship between social desirability, self-efficacy, and happiness in female high school students in Bandar Abbas, Iran. The study found a significant relationship between social desirability and happiness but no significant relationship between self-efficacy and happiness.
This document provides an overview of motivation theories in industrial-organizational psychology. It discusses early theories that viewed motivation through metaphors like "person as machine" and more modern theories that emphasize cognition and emotions. The document also explores the relationship between motivation and workplace factors like performance, work-life balance, and personality. A key theory discussed is Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which proposes that humans are motivated to fulfill a set of innate needs from physiological to self-actualization.
How bandura would increase self efficacyGerd Naydock
This document discusses social cognitive theory and self-efficacy. It provides information on the four main sources of self-efficacy: enactive mastery experiences, vicarious experiences, verbal persuasion, and physiological states. High self-efficacy can improve motivation and performance, while low self-efficacy has negative effects. The document also examines social phobia and provides strategies for helping a client manage anxiety around a high-stakes work presentation.
This study examined whether physiological arousal transfers to sexual attraction in male college athletes, as suggested by excitation transfer theory. Researchers took heart rates as a measure of arousal in 67 football and soccer players, then had them rate attractiveness of women's photos after a 5-minute wait. No significant differences were found between high and low arousal groups' ratings. The results did not support the theory in athletes, though limitations like polarized photo choices were noted for future research.
Kaitlyn Clare McPhillips is seeking a career in clinical psychology. She has a 3.205 GPA in psychology from Tulane University and has taken courses relevant to the field. Her research experience includes over 2 years working with Dr. Franklin at the Southeast Louisiana Veteran Health Care System, conducting literature reviews, data analysis, and observance of therapy groups. She has contributed to over 15 research projects and presentations regarding PTSD and other issues in veterans. She also has volunteer and work experience providing assistance in medical, legal, and educational settings.
The document summarizes a pilot study that explored the concurrent validity of a battery of theory of mind measures in adults with Asperger's syndrome compared to a control group. It found that measures involving understanding intentions, like hints tasks and jokes with a theory of mind component, differentiated the Asperger's group from controls. Few significant correlations were found between measures overall. The study aims to replicate these findings on a larger scale to draw firmer conclusions about relationships between performance on different theory of mind tasks.
This study examined differences in stress and anxiety levels between male and female undergraduate students during exam times. An online survey was distributed to 48 students, with equal numbers of males and females. Results showed that females reported significantly higher levels of visible signs of nervousness and panic before exams compared to males. Females also tended to experience more overall anxiety, though this was only a trend. Both genders reported anxiety levels between "seldom" and "sometimes" in test situations. The study provides some evidence that female undergraduates experience greater stress and anxiety than males during exams.
The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) personality test was developed during World War II to help assign women jobs suited to their personalities. While widely used, the MBTI has been questioned regarding its scientific validity and reliability. The document discusses issues like whether the MBTI accurately predicts personality types and job performance. It notes the test forces people into categories and may not account for situational changes. While possibly useful for self-awareness, the document concludes the MBTI is not a scientifically valid or reliable instrument for accurately determining personality types or job placement. Companies also struggle to measure how well the MBTI maps to actual job tasks and performance. The test is sometimes misused by overreliance on its results without
The exploring nature of the assessment instrument of five factors of personal...Dr. Seyed Hossein Fazeli
This document summarizes research on assessing the five factors of personality traits. It discusses four dominant models of personality (Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, Eysenck's model, Cattell's Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire, and the Big Five Theory). The Big Five Theory, which includes Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness, has received the most research attention. Instruments like the NEO-PI-R are widely used to assess the five factors. While useful, critics argue the Big Five does not capture all aspects of personality.
Annotated BibliographyLeierer, S. J., Blackwell, T. L., Strohmer.docxrossskuddershamus
Annotated Bibliography
Leierer, S. J., Blackwell, T. L., Strohmer, D. C., Thompson, R. C., & Donnay, D. C. (2008). The Newly Revised Strong Interest Inventory: A Profile Interpretation for Rehabilitation Counselors. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 51(2), 76-84
The Newly Revised Strong Interest Inventory: A Profile Interpretation for Rehabilitation Counselors
This peer reviewed scholarly journal article seeks to examine the interest patterns that are predictive of success and satisfaction as a rehabilitation counselor using the Strong Interests Inventory. The strength of the SII lies in the variety of which is useful in counseling and provide information that is usually not found with other interest inventories. Interpreting the SII profile begins by looking at the individual's GOT scores. The data and ideas from this interpretation can be used to improve the selection and recruitment of rehabilitation counselors. These findings can help career counselors predict which students and workers will be interested in a particular field.
Abstract from the author:
Using aggregate scores from 281 female and 133 male rehabilitation counselors, the researchers developed prototypical "Strong Interest Inventory" (SII) profiles. They used these profiles to explore the interests, preferences, and professional identity of rehabilitation counselors. Using the General Occupational Themes (GOTs), Basic Interest Scales (BISs), Occupational Scales (OSs), and Personal Style Scales (PSSs), which make up the newly revised SII, the authors obtained empirically defined prototypical profiles for female and male rehabilitation counselors. The Social-Artistic Holland-code dyad was a reoccurring theme across the each profile. Although there are differences in each of the SII scales across genders, the authors found congruence not only within the scales of a particular gender but also across genders. Consistencies and inconsistencies among the GOTs, BISs, OSs, and PSSs are discussed. Implications for counselor recruitment and practice are also discussed.
Day, M. A., & Luzzo, D. A. (1997). Effects of Strong Interest Inventory Feedback on Career Beliefs.
Effects of Strong Interest Inventory Feedback on Career Beliefs
This scholarly article explored the most frequently used career interest inventory SSI. The purpose of the investigation was to evaluate the effects of SII completion and participation an feedback and interpretation on the social cognitive career beliefs of first-year college students. Application of self-efficacy theory to the career decision- tasks and behaviors, whereas high levels of CDMSE lead to increased participation in career decision-making activities. The use of a group interpretation strategy that incorporated sources of performance accomplishments and verbal persuasion as means of providing SI feedback increased participants' CDMSE.
Abstract from the author:
A study evaluated the effects of Strong Interest Inventory (SII) completion and particip.
This document describes a study that developed a test called the Test for Extraversion Survey (TES) to measure the personality trait of extraversion. The study administered the 20-item TES to a sample of 25 female African American college students. Item analysis was used to select the best items for the final test. Reliability analysis found the test had high internal consistency, with a coefficient alpha of 0.92. Discriminant validity was established between extraversion and measures of shyness and antisocial behavior. Further research is still needed to validate the psychometric properties of the TES.
The present study has been designated “A comparative study of aggression and self control on
Gender (i.e. Boys and Girls) in Mizo population”. The objectives of the present study is: “to study the
correlational analysis of aggression and self-control between boys and girls included in the study;
This document describes the development of a Self-Interest Scale to measure an individual's pursuit of personal gain. It discusses how the scale was developed based on literature about self-interest and motivation theories. An initial 20 item scale was created and analyzed, resulting in 10 final items. Factor analysis identified three factors accounting for variance. Reliability was established through item analysis and a Cronbach's alpha of 0.769. Validity was assessed by comparing the scale to other similar measures and through theoretical frameworks. The scale seeks to understand self-interest in a healthcare project management division but may generalize to other organizations.
Twenty female undergraduate students participated in a study with a 2x2 between-subjects design manipulating positive vs negative essay prompts and articles about control vs no control over body image. Participants ranked domains of importance and completed self-efficacy measures. Those who wrote negatively about body image had higher self-efficacy for unimportant domains compared to those who wrote positively. There was a positive correlation between time spent on a Rubik's Cube task and self-efficacy for important domains. Non-significant trends suggested those who wrote negatively had similar self-efficacy for important and unimportant domains, and lower task persistence, compared to other groups. The study provides preliminary evidence that negative body image primes can influence motivation across domains of varying importance. However
Motivational theories can help explain human motivation. The document lists several theories including: Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Herzberg's theory, McClelland's theory, Taylor's theory, Alderfer's theory, McGregor's theory X and Y, content theory, equity theory, expectancy theory, and cognitive dissonance theory. Understanding the key ideas behind each theory can provide a better overall understanding of motivation.
Level of self esteem in men and women north zone Badminton playersIOSR Journals
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to find out self- esteem levels of north zone men and women badminton
players. The tournament was held at Jamia Millia Islamia University 2013-2014. The sample of the present
study comprised of 50 (25 men and 25 Women) badminton players. The questionnaire of self esteem by
Rosenberg (1965) was used in this study. The result of the study showed that men players had much more high
self esteem than their counter part.
This document discusses research methods and ethics in psychology. It begins by defining key concepts like research questions and hypotheses. It then discusses experimental research methodology and factors to consider like independent and dependent variables. The document outlines important ethical considerations for experimental research, such as informed consent and protecting participants from harm. It emphasizes the importance of internal validity and unbiased measurement for drawing valid scientific conclusions from experimental research. The document concludes by discussing how the author would use a case study approach to investigate why serial killers commit their crimes.
1) The document discusses facilitating group discussions and problem-based learning. It addresses concerns about leading discussions and strategies to improve discussions.
2) Key requirements for problem solving are discussed, including resources, metacognition, and belief systems. Different types of knowledge and how they influence problem solving and learning are also covered.
3) The document provides questions faculty can ask students to address concerns, improve metacognition and understanding of epistemology to enhance group discussions.
This document is a thesis presented by Sarah Kenehan to fulfill requirements for a BA Honours degree in psychology from Maynooth University. The thesis explores the effect of rule order manipulation on implicit self-esteem as measured by the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP). Forty-one undergraduate students participated in the study and were split into two groups where the order of rules presented in the IRAP was varied. Preliminary results showed some differences between groups, especially for self-positive and other-positive trial types, but these differences were not statistically significant. The findings suggest that implicit responding on the IRAP may be influenced by rule order effects.
Testing for conscientiousness. Programming Personality Factors Jacob Stotler
The document describes a study that developed and tested a 23-item inventory to measure the personality trait of conscientiousness. 62 college students completed the inventory, which assessed conscientiousness using four facets: achievement, deliberation, order, and self-discipline. Cronbach's alpha reliability was .77 and test-retest reliability over one week was .966, indicating good reliability. Validity analyses found moderate correlations between conscientiousness scores and GPA/life satisfaction but no correlation with extroversion. While reliability was good, validity analyses suggested the measure may not be suitable for clinical use. The study provided statistical information that could help improve measures of conscientiousness.
1. The document explores how social identity processes may play an important role in cognitive appraisal of stress. A survey was administered to 163 students measuring personality, coping strategies, social support, and gender. Students rated scenarios as more stressful if they were student-specific versus general.
2. Females and those reporting higher levels of emotion-focused coping rated scenarios as more stressful, regardless of whether the scenarios were student-specific or general. No other relationships were found between the predictor variables and ratings of stressfulness.
3. The findings suggest that social identity may not impact cognitive appraisal of stress as expected based on self-categorization theory. Gender and emotion-focused coping were the only significant predictors of perceived
VERIFYING THE ROLE OF SOCIAL DESIRABILITY PREDICTOR AND SELF EFFICACY IN WELFAREmajid jamal
This document discusses factors that contribute to happiness. It examines research that has identified three main components of happiness: positive emotion, life satisfaction, and lack of negative feelings like depression and anxiety. Additional factors found to be associated with happiness are positive relationships, purpose in life, personal growth, intimacy, and connection to nature. The document then analyzes data from a study examining the relationship between social desirability, self-efficacy, and happiness in female high school students in Bandar Abbas, Iran. The study found a significant relationship between social desirability and happiness but no significant relationship between self-efficacy and happiness.
This document provides an overview of motivation theories in industrial-organizational psychology. It discusses early theories that viewed motivation through metaphors like "person as machine" and more modern theories that emphasize cognition and emotions. The document also explores the relationship between motivation and workplace factors like performance, work-life balance, and personality. A key theory discussed is Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which proposes that humans are motivated to fulfill a set of innate needs from physiological to self-actualization.
How bandura would increase self efficacyGerd Naydock
This document discusses social cognitive theory and self-efficacy. It provides information on the four main sources of self-efficacy: enactive mastery experiences, vicarious experiences, verbal persuasion, and physiological states. High self-efficacy can improve motivation and performance, while low self-efficacy has negative effects. The document also examines social phobia and provides strategies for helping a client manage anxiety around a high-stakes work presentation.
This study examined whether physiological arousal transfers to sexual attraction in male college athletes, as suggested by excitation transfer theory. Researchers took heart rates as a measure of arousal in 67 football and soccer players, then had them rate attractiveness of women's photos after a 5-minute wait. No significant differences were found between high and low arousal groups' ratings. The results did not support the theory in athletes, though limitations like polarized photo choices were noted for future research.
Kaitlyn Clare McPhillips is seeking a career in clinical psychology. She has a 3.205 GPA in psychology from Tulane University and has taken courses relevant to the field. Her research experience includes over 2 years working with Dr. Franklin at the Southeast Louisiana Veteran Health Care System, conducting literature reviews, data analysis, and observance of therapy groups. She has contributed to over 15 research projects and presentations regarding PTSD and other issues in veterans. She also has volunteer and work experience providing assistance in medical, legal, and educational settings.
The document summarizes a pilot study that explored the concurrent validity of a battery of theory of mind measures in adults with Asperger's syndrome compared to a control group. It found that measures involving understanding intentions, like hints tasks and jokes with a theory of mind component, differentiated the Asperger's group from controls. Few significant correlations were found between measures overall. The study aims to replicate these findings on a larger scale to draw firmer conclusions about relationships between performance on different theory of mind tasks.
This study examined differences in stress and anxiety levels between male and female undergraduate students during exam times. An online survey was distributed to 48 students, with equal numbers of males and females. Results showed that females reported significantly higher levels of visible signs of nervousness and panic before exams compared to males. Females also tended to experience more overall anxiety, though this was only a trend. Both genders reported anxiety levels between "seldom" and "sometimes" in test situations. The study provides some evidence that female undergraduates experience greater stress and anxiety than males during exams.
The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) personality test was developed during World War II to help assign women jobs suited to their personalities. While widely used, the MBTI has been questioned regarding its scientific validity and reliability. The document discusses issues like whether the MBTI accurately predicts personality types and job performance. It notes the test forces people into categories and may not account for situational changes. While possibly useful for self-awareness, the document concludes the MBTI is not a scientifically valid or reliable instrument for accurately determining personality types or job placement. Companies also struggle to measure how well the MBTI maps to actual job tasks and performance. The test is sometimes misused by overreliance on its results without
The exploring nature of the assessment instrument of five factors of personal...Dr. Seyed Hossein Fazeli
This document summarizes research on assessing the five factors of personality traits. It discusses four dominant models of personality (Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, Eysenck's model, Cattell's Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire, and the Big Five Theory). The Big Five Theory, which includes Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness, has received the most research attention. Instruments like the NEO-PI-R are widely used to assess the five factors. While useful, critics argue the Big Five does not capture all aspects of personality.
Annotated BibliographyLeierer, S. J., Blackwell, T. L., Strohmer.docxrossskuddershamus
Annotated Bibliography
Leierer, S. J., Blackwell, T. L., Strohmer, D. C., Thompson, R. C., & Donnay, D. C. (2008). The Newly Revised Strong Interest Inventory: A Profile Interpretation for Rehabilitation Counselors. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 51(2), 76-84
The Newly Revised Strong Interest Inventory: A Profile Interpretation for Rehabilitation Counselors
This peer reviewed scholarly journal article seeks to examine the interest patterns that are predictive of success and satisfaction as a rehabilitation counselor using the Strong Interests Inventory. The strength of the SII lies in the variety of which is useful in counseling and provide information that is usually not found with other interest inventories. Interpreting the SII profile begins by looking at the individual's GOT scores. The data and ideas from this interpretation can be used to improve the selection and recruitment of rehabilitation counselors. These findings can help career counselors predict which students and workers will be interested in a particular field.
Abstract from the author:
Using aggregate scores from 281 female and 133 male rehabilitation counselors, the researchers developed prototypical "Strong Interest Inventory" (SII) profiles. They used these profiles to explore the interests, preferences, and professional identity of rehabilitation counselors. Using the General Occupational Themes (GOTs), Basic Interest Scales (BISs), Occupational Scales (OSs), and Personal Style Scales (PSSs), which make up the newly revised SII, the authors obtained empirically defined prototypical profiles for female and male rehabilitation counselors. The Social-Artistic Holland-code dyad was a reoccurring theme across the each profile. Although there are differences in each of the SII scales across genders, the authors found congruence not only within the scales of a particular gender but also across genders. Consistencies and inconsistencies among the GOTs, BISs, OSs, and PSSs are discussed. Implications for counselor recruitment and practice are also discussed.
Day, M. A., & Luzzo, D. A. (1997). Effects of Strong Interest Inventory Feedback on Career Beliefs.
Effects of Strong Interest Inventory Feedback on Career Beliefs
This scholarly article explored the most frequently used career interest inventory SSI. The purpose of the investigation was to evaluate the effects of SII completion and participation an feedback and interpretation on the social cognitive career beliefs of first-year college students. Application of self-efficacy theory to the career decision- tasks and behaviors, whereas high levels of CDMSE lead to increased participation in career decision-making activities. The use of a group interpretation strategy that incorporated sources of performance accomplishments and verbal persuasion as means of providing SI feedback increased participants' CDMSE.
Abstract from the author:
A study evaluated the effects of Strong Interest Inventory (SII) completion and particip.
This document describes a study that developed a test called the Test for Extraversion Survey (TES) to measure the personality trait of extraversion. The study administered the 20-item TES to a sample of 25 female African American college students. Item analysis was used to select the best items for the final test. Reliability analysis found the test had high internal consistency, with a coefficient alpha of 0.92. Discriminant validity was established between extraversion and measures of shyness and antisocial behavior. Further research is still needed to validate the psychometric properties of the TES.
Exposing Gender Bias When Considering Male and Female AuthorsPatti Cottonaro
This study investigated potential gender bias in evaluating identical academic articles. Participants read one of two versions of an article that differed only in gendered names - one with all male names and one with all female names. Those who read the male-centric version gave it a statistically significantly higher score than those who read the female-centric version, suggesting the presence of unconscious gender bias favoring male authors. The results supported the hypothesis that identical work would be judged more favorably if authored by a man rather than a woman.
The document describes Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited (PTCL), the largest telecommunications company in Pakistan. It provides a brief history of PTCL from its origins in 1947 as the Posts & Telegraph Department to its current structure and operations. PTCL was privatized in the 1990s and now faces competition from new telecom companies, but still dominates the landline market as the sole provider. The document discusses PTCL's organizational structure, technical network, services, finances, and competitors.
Write a two-page double spaced, 12 pt font paper on critical contr.docxnealralix138661
Write a two-page double spaced, 12 pt font paper on critical contractual concerns. That is what are the basics of any contract that should be included to protect, you, your business and the other party.
You will enter into many contracts over the course of your personal and professional life. What are the important concerns that will keep you and your assets safe?
Why are contracts important?
Name three (3) possible contracts that a restaurant company may enter into with another organization. Name two issues important for each contract. (Not the same issues)
Self-Doubt During Emerging Adulthood:
The Conditional Mediating Influence
of Mindfulness
Justin W. Peer
1
and Pamela McAuslan
1
Abstract
Emerging adulthood (EA) is a critical time for identity exploration and making decisions regarding the future. Although most
thrive, some emerging adults struggle with the prominent developmental features of this time. Little is known about factors that
may positively influence development during EA. This study examined the mediating impact of mindfulness on the relationship
between normative emerging adult processes (identity exploration, experimentation/possibilities, negativity/instability, self-focus,
and feeling in-between) and self-doubt, while simultaneously considering the moderating effect of age and gender. Using data from
the EA Measured at Multiple Institutions project, reports from 1,293 participants were utilized. Mindfulness mediated the
relationship between various aspects of development (negativity/instability, self-focus, and feeling in-between) and self-doubt with
age and gender moderating aspects of these relationships. The findings highlight the importance of mindfulness during this
important developmental period.
Keywords
emerging adulthood, self-doubt, mindfulness, mental health, well-being
Emerging adulthood (EA) is a critical time for exploring vari-
ous life directions (Arnett, 2000; Reifman & Grahe, 2015) and
forming a coherent sense of identity (Schwartz et al., 2010).
During this time, the ability to consider life’s possibilities is
greater than it will be at any other point (Arnett, 2000), making
this a unique and important point in life span development. EA
is a time that has been reflected upon by adults ‘‘as the most
impactful and impressionable of their lives’’ (Gottlieb, Still, &
Newby-Clark, 2007, p. 132). Arnett (2007) stresses that EA is
a distinct period of development and not merely a transitional
period in life.
Various features related to the developmental challenges
associated with EA exist (Arnett, 2004). These features, includ-
ing identity exploration and possessing feelings of instability,
distinguish this period of life from others. Although these fea-
tures are prominent during EA, Arnett (2004, 2006) suggests
that they are not necessarily universal due to the heterogeneity
of individuals within this group. However, he believes that
these features are what makes EA a distinct p.
The document discusses three articles that examine workplace bullying from different perspectives. All three articles define bullying and measure it using self-report questionnaires or assessments of negative acts. The articles focus on similar topics like predictors of bullying behavior and the role of traits like anger and anxiety. However, they differ in their sample populations, which include Norwegian workers, employees in various positions, and students. The limitations of self-report methods are also compared. Overall, the articles provide complementary perspectives on understanding and addressing bullying in employment and educational settings.
Counselling Psychology QuarterlyVol. 24, No. 1, March 2011, .docxvoversbyobersby
Counselling Psychology Quarterly
Vol. 24, No. 1, March 2011, 43–53
How special are the specialties? Workplace settings in counseling
and clinical psychology in the United States
Greg J. Neimeyer
a*, Jennifer M. Taylor
a
, Douglas M. Wear
b
and
Aysenur Buyukgoze-Kavas
c
a
Department of Psychology, University of Florida, P.O. Box 112250, Gainesville, FL
32611, USA;
b
Psychology and Community Counseling Clinic, Antioch University Seattle,
Seattle, WA 98121, USA;
c
Department of Educational Sciences, Division of Psychological
Counseling and Guidance, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
(Received 1 February 2010; final version received 18 February 2011)
How special are the specialties? Although clinical and counseling psychol-
ogy each have distinctive origins, past research suggests their potential
convergence across time. In a survey of 5666 clinical and counseling
psychologists, the similarities and differences between their workplace
settings were examined during early-, mid-, and late-career phases to
explore the distinctiveness of the two specialties. Overall, clinical and
counseling psychologists reported markedly similar workplace settings.
However, some significant differences remained; a greater proportion of
counseling psychologists reported working in counseling centers, while a
greater proportion of clinical psychologists reported working in medical
settings. In addition, during late-career, substantially more counseling and
clinical psychologists worked in independent practice contexts than in
community mental health centers, medical settings, academia, or university
counseling centers. Findings are discussed in relation to the ongoing
distinctiveness of the two specialties and the implications of this for training
and service in the field of professional psychology.
Keywords: clinical psychology; counseling psychology; workplace settings
Introduction
Recognized as distinct specialties by the American Psychological Association,
clinical and counseling psychology each have distinct histories, intersecting appli-
cations, and longstanding concerns regarding their continuing, or diminishing,
differences. This article explores these issues and examines the contemporary
similarities and differences between these two specialties as reflected in their
workplace settings. Workplace settings are examined at early, mid, and late career
in order to determine whether differences vary by cohort in a way that might reflect
either on their enduring or diminishing differences over time.
Enduring or diminishing differences?
Historically, the specialties of clinical and counseling psychology have developed
from different origins and formed distinctly different trajectories as a result
*Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]
ISSN 0951–5070 print/ISSN 1469–3674 online
� 2011 Taylor & Francis
DOI: 10.1080/09515070.2011.558343
http://www.informaworld.com
(Munley, Duncan, McDonnell, & Sauer, 2004). Clinical psych.
This qualitative study explored the attitudes, beliefs, and practices of 40 undergraduate smokers through interviews. The researchers identified several themes: many students viewed smoking as social and a stress reliever; most wanted to quit but found it difficult; and many were aware of health risks but felt invincible as young adults. The study provided insights into the perspectives and behaviors of college-age smokers to help inform future smoking prevention and cessation programs.
Ageism In The Workplace A Review Of The Literature Ageism In The Workplace ...Martha Brown
This literature review examines ageism in the workplace based on 12 empirical studies published between 2009-2018. Four key findings are identified:
1) Ageism is attributed both to self-imposed views of older workers and discrimination by others based on ageist stereotypes.
2) Two types of ageism exist - social (e.g. assumptions of less productivity) and legal/policy (e.g. unequal access to training).
3) Ageism decreases older workers' affective commitment shown by lower engagement, satisfaction and increased thoughts of leaving.
4) Ageism inhibits career development opportunities for older workers through limited access to learning, training, promotion and employment.
Discussion 1: Group Research Designs
(Due on 6/30/21)
There are several different types of research designs. Each design is intended to respond to a particular type of research question. The type of research design depends on the type of research questions asked. For this Discussion, select one of the articles from the reading list and consider several classifications of group research designs.
Post your response to the following: Describe which groups are compared in the research. Then, classify the research design as follows:
1. By explaining whether the study is pre-experimental (cross-sectional, one-shot case study, and longitudinal), experimental (control group with pretest and posttest, posttest only, or four-group design), or quasi-experimental (comparing one group to itself at different times or comparing two different groups)
2. By indicating what the researchers report about limitations of the study
3. By explaining concerns you have regarding internal validity and the ability of the study to draw conclusions about causality
4. By explaining any concerns you have about the generalizability of the study (external validity) and what aspect of the research design might limit generalizability
TRANSCRIPT:
Hernandez Family Episode 5 Program Transcript
FEMALE SPEAKER: They've missed four of their parenting classes so far.
FEMALE SPEAKER: So they haven't completed their parenting group?
FEMALE SPEAKER: I have to call the ACS worker and let her know. They're probably going to have to take the classes over again, and that's going to be tough. The classes caused the father to miss overtime at work, and they really rely on that money to make ends meet.
FEMALE SPEAKER: But they have to finish the program. They're only allowed three missed classes. There's another problem. You know the agency's been conducting a study of our performance. Well, it lowers our completion numbers. Lower numbers put our funding at risk. Our bosses start questioning the credibility of what we're trying to do here.
FEMALE SPEAKER: But I can't give the Hernandez family the post test. They won't be able to complete it.
FEMALE SPEAKER: No, that's not why I brought this up. The agency needs data to determine how effective these parenting classes are. The more attrition we have when parents don't finish the program, there's no data. No data means no support for what we're teaching or how it might benefit other populations.
FEMALE SPEAKER: Maybe we should account for the attrition then. Maybe there's something we can learn from it?
Hernandez Family Episode 5 Additional Content Attribution
References:
Yegidis, B. L., Weinbach, R. W., & Myers, L. L. (2018). Research methods for social workers (8th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson.
· Chapter 5, “Quantitative Research” (pp. 100-125)
Plummer, S.-B., Makris, S., & Brocksen S. M. (Eds.). (2014). Sessions: Case histories. Baltimore, MD: Laureate International Universities Publishing. [Vital Sourc ...
This document discusses the relationship between personality and career choice. It uses the five-factor model (FFM) of personality, which describes the five main dimensions of personality: Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness. Research has found correlations between these personality traits and success in different career fields. For example, Extraversion is linked to careers involving social interaction like management and sales. The paper also suggests which traits may be best suited to certain common career paths such as management, entrepreneurship, social work, public sector, and science/research.
A Grounded Theory Approach Into The Development Of Career...Tiffany Sandoval
This document discusses a study that used a grounded theory approach to investigate how career goals change from childhood to adulthood, and what influences those changes. The study interviewed three participants ages 20-21 about their career goals over time. Four main themes emerged: 1) changes in job/occupation goals, 2) impacts on career goals, 3) career preparation, and 4) certainty and attitudes toward goals. The document also reviews previous research showing that career goals can be influenced by interests, abilities, academics, social support, role models, friends, and parents. Qualitative studies suggest career preparation and planning also impact goal development over time from adolescence to late adulthood.
Going All the Way: Gender Integration Beyond Sex DisaggregationMEASURE Evaluation
This document discusses integrating gender considerations into health research and evaluation. It presents five "puzzles" that represent real issues addressed by MEASURE Evaluation staff. Each puzzle outlines a gender norm, its implications for research, and MEASURE's response. The puzzles cover topics like gender disaggregation in health information systems, ensuring gender sensitivity in data collection methods and field teams, understanding how gender impacts key populations like sex workers, addressing gender norms that could increase vulnerability in orphan programs, and visualizing HIV transmission data by gender. The goal is to think of gender integration as a puzzle and find ways to harmonize data and address gender norms to improve health research and evaluations.
The document provides an overview of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) personality test. It describes how Isabel Briggs Myers and Katharine Cook Briggs developed the test based on Carl Jung's work to help people better understand their personality types and differences. The MBTI uses four dichotomies - extraversion/introversion, sensing/intuition, thinking/feeling, judging/perceiving - to assign one of 16 personality types. It aims to help individuals recognize their strengths and weaknesses and appreciate differences in others.
“Exploring the Relationship between Personality and Job Performance” "New App...inventionjournals
This document explores the relationship between personality and job performance. It begins by reviewing previous studies that have investigated this relationship. Conscientiousness and extraversion are generally found to be positively correlated with job performance factors like productivity, while neuroticism and agreeableness are negatively correlated with leadership capabilities. The document then outlines the objectives and methodology of the study. The study aims to identify the meaning of personality and its relationship to job performance, discuss the Big Five personality theory, and investigate problems organizations face with personality testing. It reviews literature on the Big Five personality traits of neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness and their relationships with job performance dimensions like task performance and contextual performance.
An Empirical Investigation into Employees Personality Characteristics on Orga...YogeshIJTSRD
The current conceptual study aims to add to the established personality literature by the organization. Recommendations were also made on how to ensure that employees have positive characteristics not just in the workplace, but also in the community, in order to increase the organizations productivity and success by ensuring that employees always deliver good conduct and personality. In addition, the impact of personality traits the big five model and job attitudes, as well as their interrelationships, was investigated in greater depth. Any organization that recruits employees comes from a diverse background with the common aim of achieving the organizations goals and also committing themselves to working towards achieving the organizations goals. Dr. G. Balamurugan | A. Padmavathi "An Empirical Investigation into Employees Personality Characteristics on Organizational Effectiveness" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39915.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/organizational-behaviour/39915/an-empirical-investigation-into-employees-personality-characteristics-on-organizational-effectiveness/dr-g-balamurugan
PSY 294 RESEARCH DESIGN &ANALYSIS IILECTURE 4Research Pr.docxwoodruffeloisa
PSY 294: RESEARCH DESIGN &
ANALYSIS II
LECTURE 4:
Research Process and Introduction Writing
2
Variables in Experiments
Independent variables
Dependent variables
Continuous
Measured
Confounding variables
Control variables
Random variables
Discrete/ categorical variables
Manipulated (Quasi= measured)
Between or within-subjects
Overview of
The Research Process
3
The Research Process
Research topic & literature review
Research question
Hypothesis
Design selection & method preparation
Data collection
Data analysis
Data interpretation
4
How are results published?
Academic journals
Research talks & posters at conferences
Talks at own department/university
Talks at other universities
5
AN Introduction to
scientific writing
in psychology:
APA style
6
What is apa style?
A set of rules and guidelines
Writing style (e.g., clear communication, professional tone, reducing bias in language)
Structure of manuscript
Paraphrasing/citing sources
Mechanics of writing
Layout
Reporting design, findings
Ethical guidelines
7
Goal of scientific writing
“The main objective of scientific reporting is clear communication.” (APA Manual, p. 65)
Objectivity
Clarity
Professional tone
Minimize bias
Preciseness
Thoroughness
8
WRITING APPROACH
You are making an evidence-based, systematic argument
No common sense statements that cannot (or are not) supported by evidence
You are also telling a coherent, gradual story
Organization is key
9
WRITING STYLE
1. Don’t give life to what is inanimate
2. Use active voice & first person
3. Find the most direct ways of conveying the message
4. Use the fewest number of words without altering the content
5. Watch out for too extreme/conclusive language
10
great words to use
The extent to which
Plausible
Potential
Tend to be
Investigate
Explore
Conduct
Rather
Suggest, imply
Recent work/research
Is likely/unlikely to be
Specifically, particularly
Hence, thus, therefore
That is
Given that, as
Whereas
Although, even though
It therefore appears that
May/may not be
We believe, hypothesize, argue, predict
Important, essential, key
Nevertheless, however, regardless
Based on
11
WORDS TO AVOID
Confirm, prove, truth
Definitely, completely, absolutely, totally, always
Extremely, very
A lot
People are (instead, say “Some may be”)
Fascinating
Look at/into (instead, say “investigate”)
Throughout time, since the beginning of time
In today’s society, nowadays, today, these days
A person’s X (instead, say “people’s X”)
12
common mistakes
Participants, NOT subjects
Study vs. Experiment
“Data” is a plural noun
While = happening simultaneously (use “whereas”)
Since = only time (e.g., since 2012; use “given that” or “although”)
Effect = noun, affect = verb
They/their = plural (subject-verb agreement!)
Never use “he” “him” as default
Than = comparison, then = time sequence
Its = possessive, it’s = it is
Participant’s/author’s = singular, participa ...
Assessing Attachment In Young Adulthood A Validational StudyCassie Romero
This study aimed to validate measures of attachment in young adulthood and examine the relationship between attachment style and psychosocial adjustment. 170 college students completed questionnaires assessing attachment style and psychosocial well-being. Results showed that self-reported attachment style could reliably categorize participants as secure or insecure, supporting the validity of attachment measures. Secure individuals had more positive views of relationships and better adjustment than insecure peers. This research demonstrates that attachment characteristics influence psychosocial functioning in young adulthood, as in childhood.
Similar to The History and Significance of the Myers-Briggs Personality Test (20)
Assessing Attachment In Young Adulthood A Validational Study
The History and Significance of the Myers-Briggs Personality Test
1. The History and Significance of the Myers-Briggs
Personality Test
Introduction
The study of personality was a lifelong passion of Katharine Briggs. As early as her teenage years,
she started observing human behavior to try to understand better how personality affected one's
ability to be a good parent, teacher, or student. She and her daughter, Isabel Briggs-Myers,
documented their observations on personality, and it became a long-term fascination of Isabel's as
well. When they discovered Jung's work, they compared their findings to his theory and were excited
when they found them to be consistent (Meyers, 2006).
World War II was going on at the time, and there were many people working in jobs that did not suit
them. Isabel wanted to do something to improve performance and job satisfaction, for both civilians
and soldiers. She decided to find a way to measure people's personality traits so that she could help
them find what positions suited them better and not only increase job satisfaction, but also reduce
the stress caused by a miss-match between personality and job duties. She explained her ideas to
her mother and soon they were off and running collecting data and analyzing results to improve the
questions they designed (Meyers, 2006).
Isabel and her husband published the first copy of the MBTI themselves but were eventually
approached by Educational Testing Service, most known for publishing the SAT, and ETS took over
publishing the test (Meyers, 2006).
Construction
The MBTI is a forced choice test that is usually self-administered. There are 126 questions, not
including the two separate forms that are available to assist in the individualization of the generated
report. There are four equally valuable preference categories that could lead to 16 different type
designations. Each category has two preferences to choose from that range from one extreme to the
other: extroversion vs. introversion; sensing vs. intuition; thinking vs. feeling, and judging vs.
perceiving. Each response generates a point value that is used to determine personality type
(McCaulley, 1990).
Reliability and Validity
Although there are some differences, depending on the sample used, internal consistency has been
established for the MBTI. There is also strong support that the test adequately reflects the Jungian
personality theory it is based on (Chen Miao, 2007). Some studies have shown that the test-retest
reliability in adults is not as high as one would expect since Jung thought that personality was to
some extent a set variable once adulthood was reached (Pittinger, 2005). Other studies showed that
on average 92% of adults who retook the test received the same four letters. The percentage is
lower if there is a long gap between tests or if the test taker is younger. Younger test takers showed
66% received the same four letters and 91% had at least three of the four letters remain the same
(Chen Miao, 2007).
Significance
There are many uses for the MBTI, including educational counseling, career counseling, job
2. placement, team building, and personal development. A better understanding of personality types
can help improve relationships as it allows one to accept others as they are or at least better
understand why they act the way they do. It helps supervisors identify strengths and weaknesses in
their employees so they can do a better job with employee placement, and can reduce conflict in the
workplace allowing a more productive and positive working environment to develop. It also provides
an outline to develop training programs (Allen, 1994).
Conclusion
Although it started out as a simple idea from a mother and daughter interested in watching people,
the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator soon became one of the most used personality tests available (Chen
Miao, 2007). Many well-known companies, including Hallmark Cards, have used the MMTI for many
years not only to assist them with hiring decisions but also as a basis for developing strategies for
change and developing a strong team that can communicate effectively with employees of all
personality types (Overbo, 2010). Although not everyone involved in psychology is an enthusiastic
supporter of the MMTI, there are many who are, myself included.
References
Allen, J. (1994). Using the Myers Briggs Type Indicator -- part of the solution? British Journal
Of Nursing, 3(9), 473.
Chen, J., Miao, D. (2007). Introduction to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. US-China
Education Review, 4(3), 44-53.
McCaulley, M. H., (1990). The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator: A measure for individuals and
groups. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 22(4), 181-195.
Meyers, K., (2006). An Extended History of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator® Instrument.
Retrieved on August 13, 2012 from
http://www.mbtitoday.org/downloads/An-Extended-History-of-the-MBTI.pdf
Overbo, J. (2010). Using Myers-Briggs Personality Type to Create a Culture Adapted to the New
Century. T+D, 64(2), 70.
Paul, A. M. (2004). The Cult of Personality: How Personality the myers briggs personality test Tests
Are Leading Us to
Miseducate Our Children, Mismanage Our Companies, and Misunderstand Ourselves. New York,
New York: Free Press.
Pittinger, D. J. (2005). Cautionary comments regarding the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator.
Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 57(3), 210-221. doi:10.1037/1065-
9293.57.3.210