This document discusses the "Great Leap" theory of technological advancement in geotechnical construction techniques. It uses cutoff walls for dams as a case study to illustrate this theory. The theory states that a breakthrough, or "Great Leap" requires: 1) an exceptionally large and complex project, 2) availability of specialized contractors and equipment, 3) an owner willing to take risks, 4) project success, 5) widespread publication, and 6) standardization. The construction of cutoff walls at Wolf Creek Dam is analyzed in detail, showing how it satisfied these criteria and represented a "Great Leap" from previous techniques. The success of this project led to further advancement and standardization of cutoff wall technologies for dams.
The construction site for the project will be a multi-story commercial dwelling with deep basement car park located in city centre at Smithfield where there is a high level of water content as it is in close proximity to the river Liffey, lack of space due to other buildings, traffic level are high and one way system is the only option. The design team have proposed ‘type C drained cavity’ basement that will consist of ‘secant piling system that has to be delivered in accordance with the project schedule.
2015 Recent Developments in ACIP and DD Piling (NeSmith)Ryan Coggins, P.E.
2015 Recent Developments in ACIP and DD Piling (NeSmith)
http://www.berkelandcompany.com/technical-resources/technical-papers
Please visit Berkel & Company at www.berkelandcompany.com for additional information about the construction and engineering services we offer for your next project. Contact your regional Berkel office ( http://www.berkelandcompany.com/locations ) or you may contact me directly to facilitate your request.
Ryan Coggins, P.E.
rcoggins@berkelapg.com
Shortcreting has proved to be the best method for construction of curved surfaces. Domes are now much easier to construct with the advent of shotcrete technology. Tunnel linings are also becoming easy with this technology. Not only are these but there a wide range of applications where this technology has been a leading one. This technical paper includes the concept of shotcrete and how it differs from conventional concrete. It also enumerates the different types of process involved in shotcreting i.e. dry mix process and wet mix process. Advantages of shotcrete and its applications in various fields like tunneling, canals, buildings etc. are specified in detail. This paper presents an overview of shotcreting technology along with its applications.
DEFINITION OF SHOTCRETE:-
Shotcrete is a mortar or high performance concrete conveyed through a hose and pneumatically projected at high velocity onto a backing surface. It is the force of this spraying action that leads to compaction of the concrete or mortar which then forms layers of concrete to the required thickness. Shotcreting has been an acceptable way of placing cementitious material in a variety of applications.
Usually patented polypropylene fibers are included in the shotcrete which increases the cohesive nature of the shotcrete through mechanically binding the cementitious materials together. This mechanism reduces the rebound waste that occurs through the shotcreting process and these fibers also resist plastic shrinkage and cracking through their ability to enhance the early stage tensile strength of concrete.
Shotcrete also gives better surface finishes and reduces surface tearing on non- linear sections. Cementitious material containing the poly propylene fibers resist cycles of freezing and thawing and also reduces the chances of water and chemical penetrations.
Thanks to Tensar's SierraScape System, the owners of a Canadian Tire store in Ontario were able to build the new store they wanted – where they wanted – and still save more than $1 million (CDN).
St. Louis Council of Construction Consumers - Best Practices Submission for t...wesleyvillhard
Award Winning Journalism School Project at the University of Misssouri-Columbia.
Award write-up with photos from the beginning of construction to occupancy.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
The construction site for the project will be a multi-story commercial dwelling with deep basement car park located in city centre at Smithfield where there is a high level of water content as it is in close proximity to the river Liffey, lack of space due to other buildings, traffic level are high and one way system is the only option. The design team have proposed ‘type C drained cavity’ basement that will consist of ‘secant piling system that has to be delivered in accordance with the project schedule.
2015 Recent Developments in ACIP and DD Piling (NeSmith)Ryan Coggins, P.E.
2015 Recent Developments in ACIP and DD Piling (NeSmith)
http://www.berkelandcompany.com/technical-resources/technical-papers
Please visit Berkel & Company at www.berkelandcompany.com for additional information about the construction and engineering services we offer for your next project. Contact your regional Berkel office ( http://www.berkelandcompany.com/locations ) or you may contact me directly to facilitate your request.
Ryan Coggins, P.E.
rcoggins@berkelapg.com
Shortcreting has proved to be the best method for construction of curved surfaces. Domes are now much easier to construct with the advent of shotcrete technology. Tunnel linings are also becoming easy with this technology. Not only are these but there a wide range of applications where this technology has been a leading one. This technical paper includes the concept of shotcrete and how it differs from conventional concrete. It also enumerates the different types of process involved in shotcreting i.e. dry mix process and wet mix process. Advantages of shotcrete and its applications in various fields like tunneling, canals, buildings etc. are specified in detail. This paper presents an overview of shotcreting technology along with its applications.
DEFINITION OF SHOTCRETE:-
Shotcrete is a mortar or high performance concrete conveyed through a hose and pneumatically projected at high velocity onto a backing surface. It is the force of this spraying action that leads to compaction of the concrete or mortar which then forms layers of concrete to the required thickness. Shotcreting has been an acceptable way of placing cementitious material in a variety of applications.
Usually patented polypropylene fibers are included in the shotcrete which increases the cohesive nature of the shotcrete through mechanically binding the cementitious materials together. This mechanism reduces the rebound waste that occurs through the shotcreting process and these fibers also resist plastic shrinkage and cracking through their ability to enhance the early stage tensile strength of concrete.
Shotcrete also gives better surface finishes and reduces surface tearing on non- linear sections. Cementitious material containing the poly propylene fibers resist cycles of freezing and thawing and also reduces the chances of water and chemical penetrations.
Thanks to Tensar's SierraScape System, the owners of a Canadian Tire store in Ontario were able to build the new store they wanted – where they wanted – and still save more than $1 million (CDN).
St. Louis Council of Construction Consumers - Best Practices Submission for t...wesleyvillhard
Award Winning Journalism School Project at the University of Misssouri-Columbia.
Award write-up with photos from the beginning of construction to occupancy.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
1. THE EVOLUTION OF SPECIALTY
GEOTECHNICAL CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES:
THE “GREAT LEAP” THEORY
Donald A. Bruce - Geosystems, L.P.
Terzaghi Lecture
September, 2015
2. 1. DEVELOPMENT OF THE BASIC THESIS
• Carlyle’s “Great Man” Theory of History
• “Great Men” in Geotechnical Engineering Practice:
The Terzaghi-Goodman-Peck Triangle, and Others
• “Great Leap” Theory Applies for Geotechnical Construction
Techniques
3. • “Great Leap” Theory demands the
satisfaction of six successive criteria:
1. The project or group of projects must be of exceptional and/or
unprecedented scope, complexity, and construction risk.
2. A Specialty Contractor with ingenuity, resolve, and resources, and
an equipment manufacturer must both exist.
3. A responsible individual/agency for the Owner must be prepared to
take the perceived risk of deploying a new technology or technique.
4. The project(s) must be successful!
5. Details must have been published widely in the scientific press.
6. Within a few years of completion, there must
be some type of codification/standards
document, permitting wider use by industry.
4. • The theory can be demonstrated by analyzing progress in
3 processes in particular:
− Remedial grout curtains in rock
− Cutoff walls for dams
− Deep Mixing Methods
• Other processes could be used for illustration (e.g., rock
anchors, micropiles, large diameter piling, soil treatment).
• Time restraints mean only cutoff walls for
dams will be considered in detail this
morning.
5. 3. CUTOFF WALLS FOR DAMS
3.1 The Exceptional Nature of the Project
• Wolf Creek Dam, KY – a 3,940-foot-long homogeneous fill
and contiguous 1,796-foot-long gated overflow section.
Founded on Ordovician carbonates with major kastification.
Retains Lake Cumberland and protects Tennessee.
6. • Designed in the 1930’s, built from 1941-1943 and 1945-1952.
• Severe hydraulic distress observed after impoundment leading to
emergency grouting by USACE in 1968-1970 and 1973-1975.
Wet Areas
Sinkholes
Muddy Flow
7. • Primary Failure Mode related to erosion and piping of natural soft
karstic infill materials and clay backfill in the core trench.
• Need for “definitive solution” led to international competition, won
by ICOS Corporation of America in 1975. This successful solution
for an existing dam featured a concrete diaphragm wall built by a
unique combination of rotary drilling and clamshell excavation,
both by then well established techniques.
9. ICOS’ barrier wall was installed along the centerline of the Embankment
Approximately 990 Concrete to Steel Joints
First Solution – Cutoff Wall and Extensive Grouting Campaigns
10. • The main wall was 24 inches thick, 2,237 feet long, and a
maximum of 280 feet deep. A secondary wall was built in the
downstream switchyard.
• Built from 1975-1979 at a cost of 97 million dollars.
11. HOWEVER…
…and of course he was correct.
• During this original project, at least one member of the Board of
Consultants (Dr. Peck) opined that the wall was neither deep
enough nor long enough.
• By January, 2007, Wolf Creek Dam was judged to merit a DSAC-1
rating – therefore requiring urgent and compelling action. The
justification was a return of the classic distress symptoms.
13. • Emergency grouting operation conducted as Phase 1 of the
remediation in 2007-2008 by Advanced and Gannett Fleming as
Phase 1 of a “Composite Wall” solution.
• Phase 2 involved the construction of a new cutoff upstream of the
original, and longer and deeper, for an area of about 980,000
square feet – almost twice the original.
• Bid documents and specifications were Performance-based and
emphasized Dam Safety in every process of the work, and
urgency.
• It was obvious to all bidders that the technology of the 1970’s
could not safely, reliably, or competitively satisfy the requirements
of the 2008 project.
• The size, complexity and profile of the job attracted international
attention from major prospective bidders.
14. Cutoff Trench
Grout Curtain
Limestone Rc> 20000
psi
Elev. 550±
Elev. 475±
Soil Foundation
Lake
Cutoff Trench
Grout Curtain
Limestone Rc> 30,000 psi
Elev. 749 ft
Elev. 550±
Existing Wall
TSJV Wall = 980,000 ft2
Elev. 475±
Pool Elev. 680 ft
Foundation Drilling and Grouting
The Solution by USACE
15. 3.2 Availability of the Technology
• Begins with 2-row grout curtain into rock (Advanced/Gannett Fleming)
• In late January 2007 the USACE launches a $584 M remediation program
• In late 2008 TSJV is awarded the main remediation contract for $341 M
• In the meantime USACE maintains the pool elevation 80 ft below its maximum capacity
Wet Areas
Sinkholes
Muddy Flow
Existing Wall (70’)
New Wall - Treviicos-Soletanche JV
The Solution by the USACE
16. • The Trevi Group had acquired the ICOS Corporation of America in
1997, and had merged these assets with RODIO.
• TreviICOS had successfully conducted the cutoff at Walter F.
George Dam, AL, from 2001-2003, principally leveraging expertise
in large diameter secant pile technology (also used at Beaver
Dam, AR, in 1992-1994).
• The Trevi Group also had particular expertise in directional drilling
– essential for creating pilot holes with the specified 0.25%
tolerance – and in Water-Powered, Down-the-Hole Hammer
(Wassara).
• Soletanche – a pre-war French subsidiary of RODIO – now part of
the Soletanche-Bachy Group, had patented in 1972 the
hydrofraise (also known as a cutter or mill, by subsequent
competitors).
17.
18. • Initially deployed in Paris in 1973, a hydrofraise was first used for
a dam remediation by Soletanche, Inc. at St. Stephen Dam, SC, in
1984 (110,000 square feet).
• Thereafter, it had been used
(by other contractors also) on 8
other major dam remediations
in the U.S. prior to 2008,
totaling about 2.4 million square
feet.
20. • Hydrofraises had been used in remedial works to a maximum
depth of over 400 feet (Mud Mountain Dam, WA) and have
recently been tested to over 800 feet in a test at Gualdo, Italy, to
within 0.13% verticality.
21. • Recent technological developments have focused on reliability,
productivity, and verticality monitoring and control.
• The experience of the partners in Wolf Creek 2 was combined to
provide the successful solution:
− A 6-foot-wide, 535,000 sf “disposable” diaphragm wall
constructed by hydromill through the embankment and just
into the bedrock: the “Protective Concrete Embankment Wall”
(PCEW), and
− The actual cutoff created in the underlying karst by drilling
1,197 guided 50-inch diameter secant elements through the
PCEW.
22. 12 ft
Embankment
Rock
Strength between 10,000
and 36,000 psi
Festures up to 40 ft in
height
Mixed rock/soil conditions
HMG HMG
Alluvium &
Weathered Rock
Wall C/L
12 ft
8 ft 8 ft
3 ft 3 ft
LMG LMG
Protective
Concrete
Embankment
Wall
Directional
Drilling
Secant
Pile
The Solution by TSJV
23. • Hayward Baker were engaged to explore and pretreat the
potentially vulnerable embankment/rock contact with a LMG
operation, and to thereafter extend the Advanced/Gannett Fleming
grout curtain.
26. • Following the directional drilling pilot hole. 50” piles installed at 31.5” or 35” centers
• Ensuring the required overlap and minimum thickness. – Max target depth 277-ft
Secant Piles
27. • USACE and the original Board of Consultants made an
extraordinarily courageous decision to accept ICOS’ proposal in
1975, and in effect bought 30 years of dam safety.
• USACE and the 2007 Board of Consultants were no less
courageous in designing the second wall, given their superior
insight about the fragility of the system.
• Risk mitigation measures were emplaced by the USACE:
− “Best Value” award basis, with a focus on the Technical
Proposal.
− Successful execution of “Technique Demonstration Areas.”
− Very high levels of QA/QC and Verification.
− Implementation of an intense Instrument Monitoring Plan.
− Effective and efficient Partnering, and use of Board of
Consultants, and Internal Advisory Panel (Contractor).
3.3 Owner Risk Acceptance
28.
29. • Only 1 of the 1,197 secant piles fell outside the verticality criterion
(installed early in a Technique Demonstration Area).
• All other criteria (strength, permeability, continuity, homogeneity)
were satisfied.
• Project completed 9.5 months ahead of the revised construction
schedule.
• No dam safety incidents were recorded (although pressure
“transients” were noted during predrilling).
3.4 The Success of the Project
• Dam and foundation are functioning
efficiently, predictably and stably.
30. • At least 12 technical publications from 2010 to May, 2014, in
USSD, ASDSO and ICOLD Conferences.
• Further papers in international conferences in the U.S. and
Europe.
3.5 Technical Publications
• Numerous internal
reports for the USACE
and the Contractors.
31. • RMC of the USACE (David Paul) producing an Engineering
Manual on cutoff walls for dams and levees, to enhance EM 1110-
2-1901. To be published September, 2015.
• Bureau of Reclamation (Mark Bliss) finalizing new Design
Standard on cutoff walls. To be published in August, 2015.
• DFI Slurry Walls Committee (Gianfranco DiCicco) developing a
similar guideline on the application of specialty techniques for dam
and levee remediation. Scheduled for 2016.
• All of these will provide “new blood” for the existing ICOLD Bulletin
150, and the European Standard EN1538.
3.6 Codification
32. • Also noteworthy that the “lessons learned” from Wolf Creek 2
have been incorporated into subsequent USACE documents for
cutoffs at Center Hill Dam, TN; East Branch Dam, PA; and Bolivar
Dam, OH. These specifications have therefore become more
Prescriptive.
33. 5. FINAL REMARKS
• For each of the three techniques/applications detailed in the
paper, satisfaction of each of the six defining criteria is
proved:
− For Drilling and Grouting: The “Great Leap” comprised a
group of major developments in processes, materials,
technology platforms and design concepts. Implemented
under the vision of one contractor/consultant team in
response to a major market need.
34. − For Concrete Cutoffs: The “Great Leap” had 3 steps:
the initial acceptance that a diaphragm wall was a
safe and feasible solution for dam remediation (Wolf
Creek 1);
the development of the hydromill; and
the technological advances made in response to
extraordinary technical and dam safety challenges
(Wolf Creek 2).
35. − For Deep Mixing: The “Great Leap” of 2008 comprised
two parallel strides in huge, concurrent projects for
USACE:
• The implementation of a newly imported technology
(TRD) at Herbert Hoover Dike, FL;
• A group of major enhancements to a traditional
technology (TTM) at LPV 111, New Orleans, LA.
36. • Each “Great Leap” was engineered to satisfy the
demands of a specific project (or group of related
projects) of unprecedented scale and urgency, and each
was facilitated by the use of innovative procurement
vehicles by the Federal Government.
• Each “Great Leap” has
been widely published and
the outcome incorporated
in new Design and
Practice Manuals and
Guidelines, and has been
adopted (as far as Patents
permit) by industry at
large.
37. This image is taken from the seminal textbook “Foundation
Engineering” by Peck, Hanson and Thornburn (1974).
“Karl Terzaghi (1883-1963)
Founder and guiding spirit of soil mechanics,
outstanding engineering geologist, and
preeminent foundation engineer. He was the
first to make a comprehensive investigation
of the engineering properties of soils: he
created or adapted most of the theoretical
concepts needed for understanding and
predicting the behavior of masses of soil,
and he devised the principal techniques for
applying scientific methods to the design and
construction of foundations and earth
structures.”
38. • The image was not taken from the Goodman textbook, but
was sent at my request by Rick Robertson of CH2M Hill
International – Panama (Leader of Locks Dispute Team for
the Third Locks Project).
“Pinned up, watching over us in our
day-to-day activities and reminding us
of the observational method. Bringing
a smile to my face.”
• He sent this photo of a photo of a
drawing he had tacked to his office
wall under the following cover:
39. An educator, but more an
inspiration.
A scientist, but equally a
communicator.
A genius, but in reality the
ultimate role model for all,
despite – or because of! – his
well-documented love of wine,
women and song.
• So, the real legacy of Prof. Terzaghi?
40. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The following friends and engineers contributed
material and reviews to this presentation
Pete Cali
Jim Cockburn
Trent Dreese
Jim Hussin
Thomas Joussellin
Mary Ellen Large
Tom Richards
41. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
• The wonderful work on the graphics was undertaken
by my Personal Assistant, Mrs. Terri Metz.
• The time to prepare this presentation was donated
by my family.
• My thanks to all of you who chose to attend this
presentation, and to the AEG for extending the
invitation to give it.
• The wonderful efforts of Dr. Brian Greene of Gannett
Fleming on behalf of AEG, and all his growing army
of helpers.
Thank You!