This article aims to demonstrate that wealth and poverty cannot be treated in isolation, since they are the sides of the same coin forming an irreducible set. The analysis of wealth cannot be dissociated from poverty, as the concentration of wealth generates exploitation, which is a founding element of poverty. This means saying that the dogma that promoting the concentration of wealth and income would be the means for economic development and overcoming poverty is a capitalist fallacy. There is a general thought that the causes of misery and poverty are linked to family maladjustments, the individual's educational unpreparedness for the world of work and the individual's lack of capacity to undertake. The causes of poverty are related to social inequalities resulting from the concentration of wealth in capitalism. Is there a solution that leads to the reduction of social inequality? The answer is that the end of social inequality will only be achieved when the Welfare State is implemented along the lines of that practiced in Scandinavian countries with the necessary adaptation to each country, because it is the most successful social system ever implemented in the world because embodies the most positive elements of both socialism and capitalism.
Thomas Piketty has gone around the world with his book “The capital in the XXI century”. The diagnosis that he makes about capitalism is controversial and surprising. A senior government official discusses in this interview how this publication can be interpreted in the context of the Citizen Revolution.
Combating the social inequalities in capitalism according to marx and piketty...Fernando Alcoforado
The solution proposed by Karl Marx of overcoming inequalities should lead to the end of capitalism with the establishment of socialism and later communism which is considered utopian by many analysts in view of the failure of socialism implemented in the Soviet Union and other countries. The solution proposed by Piketty to repair the capitalist system and keep it running is also considered utopian at the power of capital because he suggests, among other measures, taxation of large fortunes, the fight against economic inequality and concentration of wealth in the hands of a few. In short, both proposed solutions would be politically unfeasible and therefore utopian by many analysts.
In defense of a new enlightenment project to end the human calvary in the worldFernando Alcoforado
This article aims to demonstrate the need for a new Enlightenment project to end the calvary in which humanity is subjected throughout history that reached its highest level during the existence of capitalism in the contemporary era, striving for the construction of a new model of society that provides benefits for all human beings. Calvary means martyrdom, suffering. An observer attentive to what happens in the world realizes the calvary suffered by humanity throughout history. This calvary is characterized by the exploitation of man by man with slavery during Antiquity, serfdom during feudalism in the Middle Ages and wage labor during capitalism from the 12th century to the contemporary era that contributes to the growth of social inequalities, the increase in crime and violence among human beings, the restriction of political freedoms in many countries and the escalation of international conflicts and terrorism.
Capitalism has contributed in its evolution throughout history to the advance of unemployment and extreme poverty. In 2018 the planet had 172 million unemployed. In 2019, there are 1.3 billion poor people in 101 low- and middle-income countries. This article shows the solutions that would alleviate unemployment and extreme poverty in the world within the framework of capitalism.
the relationship between Poverty, equality &; inequalityMohamud Maybe
Objectives
The correct indexes to measure poverty and inequality;
Different theoretical perspectives on poverty and inequality; and
The complexity and diversity of inequality.
Thomas Piketty has gone around the world with his book “The capital in the XXI century”. The diagnosis that he makes about capitalism is controversial and surprising. A senior government official discusses in this interview how this publication can be interpreted in the context of the Citizen Revolution.
Combating the social inequalities in capitalism according to marx and piketty...Fernando Alcoforado
The solution proposed by Karl Marx of overcoming inequalities should lead to the end of capitalism with the establishment of socialism and later communism which is considered utopian by many analysts in view of the failure of socialism implemented in the Soviet Union and other countries. The solution proposed by Piketty to repair the capitalist system and keep it running is also considered utopian at the power of capital because he suggests, among other measures, taxation of large fortunes, the fight against economic inequality and concentration of wealth in the hands of a few. In short, both proposed solutions would be politically unfeasible and therefore utopian by many analysts.
In defense of a new enlightenment project to end the human calvary in the worldFernando Alcoforado
This article aims to demonstrate the need for a new Enlightenment project to end the calvary in which humanity is subjected throughout history that reached its highest level during the existence of capitalism in the contemporary era, striving for the construction of a new model of society that provides benefits for all human beings. Calvary means martyrdom, suffering. An observer attentive to what happens in the world realizes the calvary suffered by humanity throughout history. This calvary is characterized by the exploitation of man by man with slavery during Antiquity, serfdom during feudalism in the Middle Ages and wage labor during capitalism from the 12th century to the contemporary era that contributes to the growth of social inequalities, the increase in crime and violence among human beings, the restriction of political freedoms in many countries and the escalation of international conflicts and terrorism.
Capitalism has contributed in its evolution throughout history to the advance of unemployment and extreme poverty. In 2018 the planet had 172 million unemployed. In 2019, there are 1.3 billion poor people in 101 low- and middle-income countries. This article shows the solutions that would alleviate unemployment and extreme poverty in the world within the framework of capitalism.
the relationship between Poverty, equality &; inequalityMohamud Maybe
Objectives
The correct indexes to measure poverty and inequality;
Different theoretical perspectives on poverty and inequality; and
The complexity and diversity of inequality.
The ending of capitalism have been subject to predictions that anticipated an end, but it has prevailed and has strengthened; apparently has more strength and staying power now than before
Utopia and dystopia in confrontation troughout the historyFernando Alcoforado
Faced with the failure of the Enlightenment, Marxism and Modernity in the construction of human happiness, it is an immense challenge for contemporary thinkers to establish new paradigms and new values of rational behavior to be formulated for society in the present era. Contemporary thinkers need to mobilize in the reinvention of a new Enlightenment project of society as did eighteenth-century thinkers in order to construct the utopia of a new world that will bring to an end the ordeal of humanity.
Poverty is a matter of great concern across the societies in the world, and there have been several efforts to eradicate this menace at individual, community, national and international levels especially in the developing nations, where absolute poverty is at high stakes. Various sociological ideologies have been developed to explain the issue of poverty in society, with the objective of improving our understanding on it.
This post will take a deeper look at this unfortunate occurrence.
- See original at: http://www.customwritingservice.org/blog/poverty-in-society/
SOCIAL JUSTICE AND SOCIOLOGYAGENDAS FOR THETWENTY-FIR.docxpbilly1
SOCIAL JUSTICE AND SOCIOLOGY:
AGENDAS FOR THE
TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY
JOE R, FEAGIN
University of Florida
The world's peoples face daunting challenges in the
twenty-first century. While apologists herald the globaliza-
tion of capitalism, many people on our planet experience
recurring economic exploitation, immiseration, and envi-
ronmental crises linked to capitalism's spread. Across the
globe social movements continue to raise the issues of
social justice and democracy. Given the new century's
serious challenges, sociologists need to rediscover their
roots in a sociology committed to social justice, to cultivate and extend the long-
standing "countersystem" approach to research, to encourage greater self-reflection
in sociological analysis, and to re-emphasize the importance ofthe teaching of soci-
ology. Finally, more sociologists should examine the big social questions of this
century, including the issues of economic exploitation, social oppression, and the
looming environmental crises. And, clearly, more sociologists should engage in the
study of alternative social futures, including those of more just and egalitarian soci-
eties. Sociologists need to think deeply and imaginatively about sustainable social
futures and to aid in building better human societies.
WE STAND today at the beginning ofa challenging new century. Like
ASA Presidents before me, I am conscious
of the honor and the responsibility that this
address carries with it, and I feel a special
obligation to speak about the role of sociol-
ogy and sociologists in the twenty-first cen-
tury. As we look forward, let me quote W. E.
B. Du Bois, a pathbreaking U.S. sociologist.
In his last autobiographical statement, Du
Bois (1968) wrote:
Direct correspondence to Joe R. Feagin, De-
partment of Sociology, Box 117330, University
of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, (feagin®
ufl.edu). I would like to thank the numerous col-
leagues who made helpful comments on various
drafts of this presidential address. Among these
were Hernan Vera, Sidney Willhelm, Bernice
McNair Barnett, Gideon Sjoherg, Anne Rawls,
Mary Jo Deegan, Michael R. Hill, Patricia
Lengermann, Jill Niebrugge-Brantley, Tony
Orum, William A. Smith, Ben Agger, Karen
Pyke, and Leslie Houts.
[TJoday the contradictions of American civi-
lization are tremendous. Freedom of politi-
cal discussion is difficult; elections are not
free and fair. . . . The greatest power in the
land is not thought or ethics, but wealth. . . .
Present profit is valued higher than future
need. . . . I know the United States. It is my
country and the land of my fathers. It is still
a land of magnificent possibilities. It is still
the home of noble souls and generous
people. But it is selling its birthright. It is
betraying its mighty destiny. (Pp. 418-19)
Today the social contradictions of Ameri-
can and global civilizations are still im-
mense. Many prominent voices tell us that it
is the best of times; other voices insist that it
is the worst of t.
Globalisation and Poverty. Political Economic Digest Series - 11Akash Shrestha
In this series, we’ll be discussing about globalization and poverty. As we discussed in our earlier series, globalization and free trade are among the most prominent issues of discussion in the policy discousrse countries out of dire poverty. However, globalization isn’t free from criticisms or opponents. Critics of today. Globalization has contributed significantly in lifting millions of citizens of the Third World globalization hold globalization responsible for the increasing environmental degradation, consumerism and most of all increasing the gap between rich and the poor. In popular words, “rich are getting richer poor are getting poorer”.
LES GRANDES INVENTIONS DU TRANSPORT PAR EAU À TRAVERS L'HISTOIRE ET LEUR ÉVOL...Fernando Alcoforado
Cet article vise à présenter les grandes inventions qui se sont produites avec les moyens de transport fluvial, lacustre et maritime, visant le transport de personnes et de marchandises à travers l'histoire et son évolution future. L'utilisation des bateaux a constitué l'un des premiers moyens de locomotion inventés par l'homme et a été cruciale pour le développement de l'humanité. Depuis l'Antiquité, les bateaux ont été utilisés comme moyen de transport. Au début, les canots étaient utilisés pour les activités de pêche et le transport à courte distance. Les canots sont considérés comme les premiers navires utilisés pour transporter des personnes et des marchandises. Profitant du courant de l'eau ou utilisant des avirons, les navigateurs déplaçaient les canots, parcourant de petites distances. Au fil du temps, des voiliers ont été inventés, qui se déplaçaient entraînés par la force du vent. Le développement des navires et la découverte de nouvelles techniques de navigation ont permis aux êtres humains de traverser les rivières, les mers et les océans, surmontant de longues distances dans le transport de passagers et de marchandises, en plus de les utiliser comme armes de guerre. Des canoës en bois aux grands navires tels que les paquebots modernes, il y a eu beaucoup de progrès. À l'avenir, les navires bénéficieront de technologies de plus en plus sophistiquées. Les navires intelligents feront partie intégrante de la réalité qui nous entoure.
THE GREAT INVENTIONS IN WATERWAY TRANSPORT THROUGHOUT HISTORY AND THEIR FUTUR...Fernando Alcoforado
This article aims to present the great inventions that occurred with the means of river, lake and maritime transport, aiming at the transport of people and cargo throughout history and its future evolution. The use of boats constituted one of the first means of locomotion invented by man and was crucial for the development of humanity. Since ancient times, boats have been used as a means of transport. In the beginning, canoes were used for fishing activities and short-distance transport. Canoes are considered the first vessels used to transport people and cargo. Taking advantage of the current of the water or using oars, the navigators moved the canoes, covering small distances. Over time, sailing boats were invented, which moved driven by the force of the wind. The development of ships and the discovery of new navigation techniques made it possible for human beings to cross rivers, seas and oceans, overcoming long distances in the transport of passengers and cargo, in addition to using them as weapons of war. From wooden canoes to large vessels such as modern ocean liners, there has been a lot of progress. In the future, vessels will benefit from increasingly sophisticated technologies. Smart ships will become an integral part of the reality that surrounds us.
AS GRANDES INVENÇÕES NO TRANSPORTE HIDROVIÁRIO AO LONGO DA HISTÓRIA E SUA FUT...Fernando Alcoforado
Este artigo tem o objetivo de apresentar as grandes invenções que ocorreram com os meios de transporte fluvial, lacustre e marítimo visando o transporte de pessoas e cargas ao longo da história e sua evolução futura. O uso de embarcações se constituíram em um dos primeiros meios de locomoção inventados pelo homem e foi crucial para o desenvolvimento da humanidade. Desde os tempos mais remotos, os barcos têm sido usados como meio de transporte. No início, eram utilizadas canoas para atividades de pesca e transporte de curta distância. As canoas são consideradas as primeiras embarcações utilizadas para o transporte de pessoas e de carga. Aproveitando a correnteza da água ou usando remos, os navegadores moviam as canoas, percorrendo pequenas distâncias. Com o tempo, foram inventados os barcos a vela, que se moviam impulsionados pela força do vento. O desenvolvimento das embarcações e a descoberta de novas técnicas de navegação tornaram possível aos seres humanos atravessar rios, mares e oceanos, vencendo longas distâncias no transporte de passageiros e de cargas, além de utilizá-las como armas de guerra. Das canoas de madeira às grandes embarcações, como os modernos transatlânticos, houve muitos progressos. No futuro, embarcações se beneficiarão de tecnologias cada vez mais sofisticadas. Navios inteligentes se tornarão parte integrante da realidade que nos cerca.
LA GUERRE EN UKRAINE ET LA FIN DE LA MONDIALISATION CONTEMPORAINEFernando Alcoforado
Cet article vise à démontrer que la guerre en Ukraine peut conduire à la fin de la mondialisation contemporaine et à l'avènement d'un nouvel ordre international. L'adoption par les États-Unis, l'Union européenne, le Royaume-Uni et d'autres pays de sanctions économiques et financières contre la Russie dans le but d'étouffer l'économie russe signale que tout pays au monde qui ne se soumet pas aux impositions des grands les puissances mondiales capitalistes pourraient encourir les mêmes peines que celles infligées pour la première fois de l'histoire à la Russie. Cet épisode peut amener chaque nation à réduire ses échanges économiques et financiers avec l'extérieur et rechercher son autonomie économique pour éviter de subir les conséquences néfastes de l'action concertée des grandes puissances occidentales si le pays ne se subordonne pas à ses intérêts. L'autosuffisance économique est la condition pour qu'aucune nation ne soit asphyxiée par la puissance des grandes puissances occidentales comme ce fut le cas de la Russie. Dans ces circonstances, tous les pays chercheraient à commercer avec le reste du monde sans devenir extrêmement dépendants de l'étranger, comme c'est actuellement le cas avec le processus de mondialisation économique et financière. Cela remet en cause le processus de mondialisation contemporain amorcé dans les années 1990, qui a été adopté pour intégrer les marchés mondiaux et a reçu le soutien de la plupart des pays du monde, dont la Russie et la Chine.
More Related Content
Similar to THE GENESIS OF WEALTH AND POVERTY IN THE CONTEMPORARY AGE
The ending of capitalism have been subject to predictions that anticipated an end, but it has prevailed and has strengthened; apparently has more strength and staying power now than before
Utopia and dystopia in confrontation troughout the historyFernando Alcoforado
Faced with the failure of the Enlightenment, Marxism and Modernity in the construction of human happiness, it is an immense challenge for contemporary thinkers to establish new paradigms and new values of rational behavior to be formulated for society in the present era. Contemporary thinkers need to mobilize in the reinvention of a new Enlightenment project of society as did eighteenth-century thinkers in order to construct the utopia of a new world that will bring to an end the ordeal of humanity.
Poverty is a matter of great concern across the societies in the world, and there have been several efforts to eradicate this menace at individual, community, national and international levels especially in the developing nations, where absolute poverty is at high stakes. Various sociological ideologies have been developed to explain the issue of poverty in society, with the objective of improving our understanding on it.
This post will take a deeper look at this unfortunate occurrence.
- See original at: http://www.customwritingservice.org/blog/poverty-in-society/
SOCIAL JUSTICE AND SOCIOLOGYAGENDAS FOR THETWENTY-FIR.docxpbilly1
SOCIAL JUSTICE AND SOCIOLOGY:
AGENDAS FOR THE
TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY
JOE R, FEAGIN
University of Florida
The world's peoples face daunting challenges in the
twenty-first century. While apologists herald the globaliza-
tion of capitalism, many people on our planet experience
recurring economic exploitation, immiseration, and envi-
ronmental crises linked to capitalism's spread. Across the
globe social movements continue to raise the issues of
social justice and democracy. Given the new century's
serious challenges, sociologists need to rediscover their
roots in a sociology committed to social justice, to cultivate and extend the long-
standing "countersystem" approach to research, to encourage greater self-reflection
in sociological analysis, and to re-emphasize the importance ofthe teaching of soci-
ology. Finally, more sociologists should examine the big social questions of this
century, including the issues of economic exploitation, social oppression, and the
looming environmental crises. And, clearly, more sociologists should engage in the
study of alternative social futures, including those of more just and egalitarian soci-
eties. Sociologists need to think deeply and imaginatively about sustainable social
futures and to aid in building better human societies.
WE STAND today at the beginning ofa challenging new century. Like
ASA Presidents before me, I am conscious
of the honor and the responsibility that this
address carries with it, and I feel a special
obligation to speak about the role of sociol-
ogy and sociologists in the twenty-first cen-
tury. As we look forward, let me quote W. E.
B. Du Bois, a pathbreaking U.S. sociologist.
In his last autobiographical statement, Du
Bois (1968) wrote:
Direct correspondence to Joe R. Feagin, De-
partment of Sociology, Box 117330, University
of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, (feagin®
ufl.edu). I would like to thank the numerous col-
leagues who made helpful comments on various
drafts of this presidential address. Among these
were Hernan Vera, Sidney Willhelm, Bernice
McNair Barnett, Gideon Sjoherg, Anne Rawls,
Mary Jo Deegan, Michael R. Hill, Patricia
Lengermann, Jill Niebrugge-Brantley, Tony
Orum, William A. Smith, Ben Agger, Karen
Pyke, and Leslie Houts.
[TJoday the contradictions of American civi-
lization are tremendous. Freedom of politi-
cal discussion is difficult; elections are not
free and fair. . . . The greatest power in the
land is not thought or ethics, but wealth. . . .
Present profit is valued higher than future
need. . . . I know the United States. It is my
country and the land of my fathers. It is still
a land of magnificent possibilities. It is still
the home of noble souls and generous
people. But it is selling its birthright. It is
betraying its mighty destiny. (Pp. 418-19)
Today the social contradictions of Ameri-
can and global civilizations are still im-
mense. Many prominent voices tell us that it
is the best of times; other voices insist that it
is the worst of t.
Globalisation and Poverty. Political Economic Digest Series - 11Akash Shrestha
In this series, we’ll be discussing about globalization and poverty. As we discussed in our earlier series, globalization and free trade are among the most prominent issues of discussion in the policy discousrse countries out of dire poverty. However, globalization isn’t free from criticisms or opponents. Critics of today. Globalization has contributed significantly in lifting millions of citizens of the Third World globalization hold globalization responsible for the increasing environmental degradation, consumerism and most of all increasing the gap between rich and the poor. In popular words, “rich are getting richer poor are getting poorer”.
LES GRANDES INVENTIONS DU TRANSPORT PAR EAU À TRAVERS L'HISTOIRE ET LEUR ÉVOL...Fernando Alcoforado
Cet article vise à présenter les grandes inventions qui se sont produites avec les moyens de transport fluvial, lacustre et maritime, visant le transport de personnes et de marchandises à travers l'histoire et son évolution future. L'utilisation des bateaux a constitué l'un des premiers moyens de locomotion inventés par l'homme et a été cruciale pour le développement de l'humanité. Depuis l'Antiquité, les bateaux ont été utilisés comme moyen de transport. Au début, les canots étaient utilisés pour les activités de pêche et le transport à courte distance. Les canots sont considérés comme les premiers navires utilisés pour transporter des personnes et des marchandises. Profitant du courant de l'eau ou utilisant des avirons, les navigateurs déplaçaient les canots, parcourant de petites distances. Au fil du temps, des voiliers ont été inventés, qui se déplaçaient entraînés par la force du vent. Le développement des navires et la découverte de nouvelles techniques de navigation ont permis aux êtres humains de traverser les rivières, les mers et les océans, surmontant de longues distances dans le transport de passagers et de marchandises, en plus de les utiliser comme armes de guerre. Des canoës en bois aux grands navires tels que les paquebots modernes, il y a eu beaucoup de progrès. À l'avenir, les navires bénéficieront de technologies de plus en plus sophistiquées. Les navires intelligents feront partie intégrante de la réalité qui nous entoure.
THE GREAT INVENTIONS IN WATERWAY TRANSPORT THROUGHOUT HISTORY AND THEIR FUTUR...Fernando Alcoforado
This article aims to present the great inventions that occurred with the means of river, lake and maritime transport, aiming at the transport of people and cargo throughout history and its future evolution. The use of boats constituted one of the first means of locomotion invented by man and was crucial for the development of humanity. Since ancient times, boats have been used as a means of transport. In the beginning, canoes were used for fishing activities and short-distance transport. Canoes are considered the first vessels used to transport people and cargo. Taking advantage of the current of the water or using oars, the navigators moved the canoes, covering small distances. Over time, sailing boats were invented, which moved driven by the force of the wind. The development of ships and the discovery of new navigation techniques made it possible for human beings to cross rivers, seas and oceans, overcoming long distances in the transport of passengers and cargo, in addition to using them as weapons of war. From wooden canoes to large vessels such as modern ocean liners, there has been a lot of progress. In the future, vessels will benefit from increasingly sophisticated technologies. Smart ships will become an integral part of the reality that surrounds us.
AS GRANDES INVENÇÕES NO TRANSPORTE HIDROVIÁRIO AO LONGO DA HISTÓRIA E SUA FUT...Fernando Alcoforado
Este artigo tem o objetivo de apresentar as grandes invenções que ocorreram com os meios de transporte fluvial, lacustre e marítimo visando o transporte de pessoas e cargas ao longo da história e sua evolução futura. O uso de embarcações se constituíram em um dos primeiros meios de locomoção inventados pelo homem e foi crucial para o desenvolvimento da humanidade. Desde os tempos mais remotos, os barcos têm sido usados como meio de transporte. No início, eram utilizadas canoas para atividades de pesca e transporte de curta distância. As canoas são consideradas as primeiras embarcações utilizadas para o transporte de pessoas e de carga. Aproveitando a correnteza da água ou usando remos, os navegadores moviam as canoas, percorrendo pequenas distâncias. Com o tempo, foram inventados os barcos a vela, que se moviam impulsionados pela força do vento. O desenvolvimento das embarcações e a descoberta de novas técnicas de navegação tornaram possível aos seres humanos atravessar rios, mares e oceanos, vencendo longas distâncias no transporte de passageiros e de cargas, além de utilizá-las como armas de guerra. Das canoas de madeira às grandes embarcações, como os modernos transatlânticos, houve muitos progressos. No futuro, embarcações se beneficiarão de tecnologias cada vez mais sofisticadas. Navios inteligentes se tornarão parte integrante da realidade que nos cerca.
LA GUERRE EN UKRAINE ET LA FIN DE LA MONDIALISATION CONTEMPORAINEFernando Alcoforado
Cet article vise à démontrer que la guerre en Ukraine peut conduire à la fin de la mondialisation contemporaine et à l'avènement d'un nouvel ordre international. L'adoption par les États-Unis, l'Union européenne, le Royaume-Uni et d'autres pays de sanctions économiques et financières contre la Russie dans le but d'étouffer l'économie russe signale que tout pays au monde qui ne se soumet pas aux impositions des grands les puissances mondiales capitalistes pourraient encourir les mêmes peines que celles infligées pour la première fois de l'histoire à la Russie. Cet épisode peut amener chaque nation à réduire ses échanges économiques et financiers avec l'extérieur et rechercher son autonomie économique pour éviter de subir les conséquences néfastes de l'action concertée des grandes puissances occidentales si le pays ne se subordonne pas à ses intérêts. L'autosuffisance économique est la condition pour qu'aucune nation ne soit asphyxiée par la puissance des grandes puissances occidentales comme ce fut le cas de la Russie. Dans ces circonstances, tous les pays chercheraient à commercer avec le reste du monde sans devenir extrêmement dépendants de l'étranger, comme c'est actuellement le cas avec le processus de mondialisation économique et financière. Cela remet en cause le processus de mondialisation contemporain amorcé dans les années 1990, qui a été adopté pour intégrer les marchés mondiaux et a reçu le soutien de la plupart des pays du monde, dont la Russie et la Chine.
THE WAR IN UKRAINE AND THE END OF CONTEMPORARY GLOBALIZATIONFernando Alcoforado
This article aims to demonstrate that the war in Ukraine can lead to the end of contemporary globalization and the advent of a new international order. The adoption by the United States, the European Union, the United Kingdom and other countries of economic and financial sanctions against Russia with the purpose of suffocating the Russian economy signals that any country in the world that does not subordinate itself to the impositions of the great capitalist world powers could face the same penalties as those carried out for the first time in history against Russia. This episode can make each nation reduce its economic and financial exchange with the outside and seek its economic self-sufficiency to avoid suffering the harmful consequences of the concerted action of the great Western powers if the country does not subordinate to its interests. Economic self-sufficiency is the condition for no nation to be asphyxiated by the power of the great Western powers as was the Russia case. Under these circumstances, all countries would seek to trade with the rest of the world without becoming extremely dependent on foreign countries, as is currently the case with the process of economic and financial globalization. This calls into question the contemporary globalization process that began in the 1990s, which was adopted to integrate world markets and received the support of most countries in the world, including Russia and China.
COMO PROMOVER O DESENVOLVIMENTO DO SISTEMA DE EDUCAÇÃO DA BAHIA Fernando Alcoforado
Este é um resumo do trabalho que realizamos como um dos integrantes da comissão constituída pela Academia Baiana de Educação para propor as estratégias mais recomendáveis para promover o desenvolvimento do sistema de educação da Bahia. Para propor estratégias de desenvolvimento do sistema de educação da Bahia, cumprimos as etapas seguintes: 1) Diagnóstico do sistema de educação da Bahia; 2) Análise da política educacional do governo federal e suas consequências sobre o Brasil e a Bahia; 3) Análise dos fatores de sucesso dos melhores sistemas de educação do mundo; 4) Requisitos da educação do futuro na Bahia para lidar com as mudanças na sociedade brasileira; e, 5) Proposta de estratégias para superar as fragilidades do sistema de educação da Bahia, lidar com as políticas educacionais do governo federal, alcançar o mesmo sucesso dos melhores sistemas de educação do mundo e adequar o sistema de educação da Bahia às mudanças na sociedade brasileira impactada pelas mudanças tecnológicas em curso. Foram propostas 9 estratégias para superar as fragilidades atuais do sistema de educação da Bahia, 11 estratégias para lidar com as políticas educacionais do governo federal, 18 estratégias para alcançar o mesmo sucesso dos melhores sistemas de educação do mundo e 13 estratégias para adequar o sistema de educação da Bahia às mudanças na sociedade brasileira impactada pelas mudanças tecnológicas em curso.
COMMENT LA GUERRE EN UKRAINE PEUT TERMINER ET COMMENT METTRE UN TERME DEFINIT...Fernando Alcoforado
Cet article vise à indiquer quoi et comment faire pour célébrer la paix dans la guerre entre la Russie et l'Ukraine et mettre un terme définitif aux guerres sur notre planète, réalisant le rêve d'Emmanuel Kant exprimé dans son ouvrage "La paix perpétuelle" et le rêve de tous amoureux de la paix pour la perpétuer dans le monde où nous vivons. La guerre entre la Russie et l'Ukraine ne prendra fin que si ses causes sont éliminées. Il y a deux causes à la guerre : 1) l'expansion de l'OTAN, une alliance militaire occidentale, vers les frontières de la Russie, favorisant le siège de ce pays ; et, 2) le désir du gouvernement ukrainien de rejoindre l'OTAN, ce qui achèverait le siège de la Russie rendant ce pays vulnérable. Les tentatives de célébrer la paix entre les gouvernements de la Russie et de l'Ukraine n'ont pas produit de progrès car les gouvernements des États-Unis et de la Russie devraient la négocier car seuls ces gouvernements seraient en mesure d'éliminer les causes de la guerre. Pour conjurer définitivement de nouveaux risques d'une nouvelle guerre mondiale et instaurer une paix perpétuelle sur notre planète, il faudrait réformer le système international actuel, incapable de garantir la paix mondiale. Le nouveau système international était censé fonctionner sur la base d'un Contrat Social Planétaire qui serait la Constitution de la planète Terre. Pour assurer la pratique démocratique et la gouvernance sur la planète Terre, le pouvoir mondial devrait être exercé par le Parlement mondial qui, en plus d'élire le Président du Gouvernement mondial, devrait rédiger et approuver les lois internationales basées sur le Contrat Social Planétaire.
FOUS ET AVEUGLES CONDUISENT LE MONDE VERS LA NOUVELLE GUERRE MONDIALEFernando Alcoforado
Cet article vise à démontrer que le monde dans lequel nous vivons est gouverné par des fous qui, dominés par l'aveuglement, conduisent le monde vers une nouvelle guerre mondiale. Les dirigeants fous de la Russie, Wladimir Poutine, et de l'Ukraine, Volodymyr Zelensky, ont radicalisé leurs positions, ce qui a conduit au déclenchement de la guerre et à la dévastation subie par l'Ukraine. Les dirigeants fous des États-Unis et des pays de l'Union européenne se sont radicalisés en déclenchant une guerre économique contre la Russie qui peut contribuer à la radicalisation de Poutine pour tenter de se maintenir au pouvoir et de s'imposer contre les grandes puissances occidentales. La folie et l'aveuglement ont également atteint les dirigeants de la plupart des pays du monde qui, en tant que troupeau, ont pris des décisions presque unanimes pour condamner la Russie pour l'invasion de l'Ukraine lors de l'Assemblée générale des Nations Unies au lieu d'agir dans le sens de rechercher une solution négociée au conflit. L'ONU, censée servir de médiateur dans le conflit, a également été dominée par la folie et l'aveuglement car elle a cessé d'être un instrument de construction de la paix mondiale pour devenir un instrument de promotion de la guerre. Le monde n'est pas seulement composé de dirigeants fous et aveugles. La folie et l'aveuglement ont frappé les dirigeants d'entreprises qui ont cessé d'établir des relations commerciales avec la Russie, comme Apple, Samsung, Microsoft, Facebook, Twitter, Google, Spotfy, YouTube, Boeing, Airbus, Ford, General Motors, Toyota, Shell, British Petroleum, Mastercard, Visa, Amex et McDonald's, entre autres, alimentent le processus de radicalisation contre la Russie. Fous et aveugles sont aussi les fabricants d'armements, c'est-à-dire l'industrie de guerre dans le monde, notamment aux États-Unis, qui fomentent des guerres pour gagner de l'argent. Le déclenchement d'une nouvelle guerre mondiale pourrait se produire si la suffocation économique et financière de la Russie menace de déstabiliser le pouvoir de Poutine dans son pays. Poutine considère déjà les sanctions économiques et financières que lui imposent les États-Unis et l'Union européenne comme une déclaration de guerre. Il convient de noter que la Russie et les États-Unis possèdent conjointement plus de 8 000 ogives nucléaires. Les enjeux sont extrêmement élevés pour l'humanité. L'existence future des êtres humains est entre les mains de ces fous.
LOUCOS E CEGOS CONDUZEM O MUNDO RUMO A NOVA GUERRA MUNDIALFernando Alcoforado
Este artigo tem por objetivo demonstrar que o mundo em que vivemos é governado por loucos que dominados pela cegueira conduzem o mundo rumo a uma nova guerra mundial. Os loucos governantes da Rússia, Wladimir Putin, e da Ucrânia, Volodymyr Zelensky, radicalizaram suas posições que levaram à eclosão da guerra e à devastação a que foi submetida a Ucrânia. Os loucos governantes dos Estados Unidos e dos países da União Europeia radicalizaram ao desencadear uma guerra econômica contra a Rússia que pode contribuir para que Putin radicalize como tentativa de se manter no poder e se impor diante do poder das grandes potências ocidentais. A loucura e a cegueira alcançaram, também, os governantes da maioria dos países do mundo que, como manada, tomaram decisões quase unânimes de condenação da Rússia pela invasão à Ucrânia na Assembleia Geral da ONU ao invés de atuarem no sentido de buscarem uma solução negociada para o conflito. A ONU, que deveria mediar o conflito, foi dominada, também, pela loucura e pela cegueira ao deixar de ser instrumento de construção da paz mundial e passar a ser instrumento de promoção da guerra. O mundo não é composto apenas por governantes loucos e cegos. A loucura e a cegueira atingiram os dirigentes das empresas que deixaram de estabelecer relações comerciais com a Rússia, como a Apple, Samsung, Microsoft, Facebook, Twitter, Google, Spotfy, YouTube, Boeing, Airbus, Ford, General Motors, Toyota, Shell, British Petroleum, Mastercard, Visa, Amex e McDonald´s, entre outras, alimentando o processo de radicalização contra a Rússia. Loucos e cegos são, também, os fabricantes de armamentos, isto é, a indústria bélica do mundo, especialmente dos Estados Unidos, que fomentam guerras para ganhar dinheiro. A eclosão de uma nova guerra mundial poderá ocorrer se a asfixia econômica e financeira da Rússia ameaçar desestabilizar o poder de Putin internamente. Putin já está considerando as sanções econômicas e financeiras a ela impostas pelos Estados Unidos e União Europeia como uma declaração de guerra. Cabe observar que a Rússia e os Estados Unidos têm conjuntamente mais de 8 mil ogivas nucleares. Os riscos são extremamente elevados para a humanidade. Está nas mãos desses loucos a existência futura dos seres humanos.
THE REAL CAUSE OF THE WAR IN UKRAINE AND THE CURRENT WARS IN THE WORLD Fernando Alcoforado
This article aims to show the real responsible for the outbreak of wars in the world such as the one involving Russia and Ukraine at the present time and the wars that occurred from the beginning of the 20th century to the contemporary era. The real cause of the war between Russia and Ukraine is not being considered by many international policy analysts. Out of ignorance or because they are at the service of those who foment this war among so many that took place from the 20th century onwards, these analysts do not reveal that the arms industry is the real cause of wars in the world. It was the war industry, especially in the United States, which, after the end of the Soviet Union, encouraged the maintenance of NATO, a military alliance created to face the Soviet Union and its allies after the 2nd World War. The logical and rational decision would be the dissolution of NATO after the end of the Soviet Union, as happened with the Warsaw Pact, a military alliance of European socialist countries.
Este artigo analisa os desdobramentos futuros da guerra entre a Rússia e a Ucrânia e a necessidade de uma governança mundial para evitar novos conflitos internacionais e preservar a paz mundial.
Cet article vise à présenter quoi et comment faire face aux inondations au Brésil. À l'heure actuelle, plusieurs régions du Brésil sont touchées par des pluies intenses et des inondations qui ont fait des morts et détruit des bâtiments et des infrastructures. Les gouvernants expliquent l'existence de ce problème par l'excès de pluies ou le débordement des rivières, essayant de s'exonérer de la culpabilité de ne rien faire pour éviter son apparition et ses conséquences. Tout le monde s'accorde à dire que les inondations sont des calamités naturelles qui se produisent lorsqu'un lit naturel reçoit un volume d'eau supérieur à ce qu'il peut contenir, entraînant des débordements. Cette situation peut se produire dans les lacs, les rivières et les ruisseaux en raison de pluies abondantes et continues. Les inondations sont considérées, parmi les catastrophes naturelles, comme celles qui causent le plus de dommages aux biens et à la santé de la population en raison de l'effet direct des inondations, des maladies infectieuses secondaires et des perturbations des systèmes d'eau et d'assainissement.
This article aims to present what and how to do to deal with floods in Brazil. Now, several regions of Brazil are affected by intense rains and floods that have brought deaths and destruction of buildings and infrastructure. The rulers explain the existence of this problem by the excess of rains or the overflowing of rivers, trying to exonerate themselves of the guilt of doing nothing to avoid its occurrence and its consequences. Everyone agrees that floods are natural calamities that occur when a natural bed receives a volume of water greater than it can hold, resulting in overflows. This situation can occur in lakes, rivers and streams due to heavy and continuous rainfall. Floods are considered, among the natural disasters, the ones that cause the most damage to property and the health of the population because of the direct effect of floods, secondary infectious diseases and disruptions to water and sanitation systems.
Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar o que e como fazer para lidar com inundações no Brasil. No momento atual, várias regiões do Brasil são afetadas por chuvas intensas e inundações que têm trazido mortes e destruição de edificações e infraestruturas. Os governantes explicam a existência deste problema pelo excesso de chuvas ou pelo transbordamento de rios tentando se eximir da culpa de nada fazer para evitar sua ocorrência e suas consequências. Todos concordam que as enchentes são calamidades naturais que ocorrem quando um leito natural recebe um volume de água superior ao que pode comportar resultando em transbordamentos. Esta situação pode ocorrer em lagos, rios e córregos devido a chuvas fortes e contínuas. As enchentes são consideradas, entre as catástrofes naturais, as que mais danos causam ao patrimônio e à saúde da população em decorrência do efeito direto das inundações, das doenças infecciosas secundárias e aos transtornos nos sistemas de água e saneamento.
Este artigo tem por objetivo analisar a gênese da riqueza e da pobreza das nações e apontar soluções para que as nações pobres se desenvolvam. O mundo passou a se defrontar há muitos anos com a existência de pouquíssimos países ricos que apresentam desenvolvimento econômico e social avançado ao lado da grande maioria de países pobres com precário desenvolvimento econômico e social. Muitos perguntam: qual a explicação para os países capitalistas centrais terem alcançado nível elevado de desenvolvimento econômico e social e os demais países não? Há várias respostas para esta pergunta. Uma delas é a de que os países capitalistas centrais desenvolveram competências essenciais para promover o desenvolvimento econômico, científico e tecnológico. Mas, a principal resposta é a de que os países capitalistas centrais acumularam grande volume de capital durante o colonialismo dos séculos XIV a XVII e o imperialismo dos séculos XVIII ao século XX com a o saque que realizaram nos países por eles dominados e, também, na etapa atual de globalização neoliberal. A relação de dependência dos países pobres, periféricos e semiperiféricos do capitalismo mundial, só chegará ao fim com o desaparecimento do sistema mundo capitalista e a adoção em todo o mundo de um novo modelo de sociedade que assegure o progresso econômico e social para todos os países e não apenas para pouquíssimos países. Este novo modelo requereria a existência de um governo mundial para assegurar o funcionamento de uma nova ordem mundial que garanta a equidade no processo de desenvolvimento das nações e a implantação do Estado de Bem Estar Social nos moldes do praticado nos países escandinavos com a necessária adaptação a cada país porque é o mais bem sucedido sistema social já implantado no mundo.
This article aims to analyze the genesis of the wealth and poverty of nations and to point out solutions for poor nations to develop. The world began to face many years ago with the existence of very few rich countries that present advanced economic and social development alongside the vast majority of poor countries with precarious economic and social development. Many ask: what is the explanation for the central capitalist countries having reached a high level of economic and social development and the other countries not? There are several answers to this question. One of them is that the core capitalist countries have developed essential competences to promote economic, scientific and technological development. But the main answer is that the central capitalist countries accumulated a large volume of capital during colonialism from the 14th to the 17th centuries and imperialism from the 18th to the 20th centuries with the looting they carried out in the countries they dominated and also in the current stage of neoliberal globalization. The relationship of dependence of poor, peripheral and semi-peripheral countries on world capitalism will only come to an end with the disappearance of the capitalist world system and the adoption throughout the world of a new model of society that ensures economic and social progress for all countries and not just for a very few countries. This new model would require the existence of a world government to ensure the functioning of a new world order that guarantees equity in the development process of nations and the implementation of the Welfare State along the lines of that practiced in Scandinavian countries with the necessary adaptation to each country because it is the most successful social system ever implemented in the world..
Cet article vise à analyser la genèse de la richesse et de la pauvreté des nations et à proposer des solutions pour que les nations pauvres se développent. Le monde a commencé à faire face il y a de nombreuses années à l'existence de très peu de pays riches qui présentent un développement économique et social avancé aux côtés de la grande majorité de pays pauvres au développement économique et social précaire. Beaucoup demandent : quelle est l'explication pour que les pays capitalistes centraux aient atteint un haut niveau de développement économique et social et que les autres pays ne le fassent pas ? Il y a plusieurs réponses à cette question. L'une d'entre elles est que les pays du noyau capitaliste ont développé des compétences essentielles pour promouvoir le développement économique, scientifique et technologique. Mais la principale réponse est que les pays capitalistes centraux ont accumulé un grand volume de capital pendant le colonialisme du XIVe au XVIIe siècle et l'impérialisme du XVIIIe au XXe siècle avec le pillage qu'ils ont effectué dans les pays qu'ils dominaient et aussi dans l'actuel stade de la mondialisation néolibérale. La relation de dépendance des pays pauvres, périphériques et semi-périphériques vis-à-vis du capitalisme mondial ne prendra fin qu'avec la disparition du système mondial capitaliste et l'adoption à travers le monde d'un nouveau modèle de société qui assure le progrès économique et social pour tous les pays, et pas seulement pour très peu de pays. Ce nouveau modèle nécessiterait l'existence d'un gouvernement mondial pour assurer le fonctionnement d'un nouvel ordre mondial qui garantisse l'équité dans le processus de développement des nations et la mise en place de l'État providence sur le modèle de celui pratiqué dans les pays scandinaves avec l'adaptation nécessaire aux chaque pays parce que c'est le système social le plus performant jamais mis en place dans le monde.
Este artigo tem por objetivo demonstrar que que riqueza e pobreza não podem ser tratados de forma isolada, uma vez que são as faces de uma mesma moeda formando um conjunto irredutível. A análise da riqueza não pode ser dissociada da pobreza, pois a concentração da riqueza gera a exploração que se constitui elemento fundante da pobreza. Isto significa dizer que se trata de uma falácia capitalista o dogma de que a promoção da concentração da riqueza e da renda seria o meio para o desenvolvimento econômico e a superação da pobreza. Há um pensamento generalizado de que as causas da miséria e da pobreza estariam vinculadas a desajustes familiares, ao despreparo educacional do indivíduo para o mundo do trabalho e à falta de capacidade do indivíduo para empreender. As causas da pobreza estão relacionadas com as desigualdades sociais resultantes da concentração da riqueza no capitalismo. Será que existe solução que leve â redução da desigualdade social? A resposta é a de que o fim da desigualdade social só será alcançada quando for implantado o Estado de Bem Estar social nos moldes do praticado nos países escandinavos com a necessária adaptação a cada país porque é o mais bem sucedido sistema social já implantado no mundo porque incorpora os elementos mais positivos tanto do socialismo como do capitalismo.
LA GENÈSE DE LA RICHESSE ET DE LA PAUVRETÉ À L'ÉPOQUE CONTEMPORAINEFernando Alcoforado
Cet article vise à démontrer que la richesse et la pauvreté ne peuvent être traitées isolément, puisqu'elles sont les faces d'une même médaille formant un ensemble irréductible.L'analyse de la richesse est indissociable de la pauvreté, car la concentration de la richesse engendre l'exploitation, qui constitue un élément générateur de la pauvreté. Cela revient à dire que le dogme selon lequel la promotion de la concentration des richesses et des revenus serait le moyen du développement économique et de la lutte contre la pauvreté est une sophisme capitaliste. On pense généralement que les causes de la misère et de la pauvreté sont liées aux inadaptations familiales, à l'impréparation scolaire de l'individu au monde du travail et à son incapacité à entreprendre. Les causes de la pauvreté sont liées aux inégalités sociales résultant de la concentration des richesses dans le capitalisme. Existe-t-il une solution qui mène à la réduction des inégalités sociales ? La réponse est que la fin des inégalités sociales ne sera atteinte que lorsque l'État providence sera mis en place sur le modèle de celui pratiqué dans les pays scandinaves avec l'adaptation nécessaire à chaque pays, car c'est le système social le plus abouti jamais mis en place dans le monde car incarne les éléments les plus positifs du socialisme et du capitalisme.
THE GREAT INVENTIONS OF LAND AND PIPELINE TRANSPORT IN HISTORY AND ITS FUTURE...Fernando Alcoforado
This article aims to present the great inventions that contributed to the development of land and pipeline transport throughout history, as well as to show their probable future evolution. The means of land transport operate in the transport of people and cargo within cities and in the exchange between cities, states and surrounding countries, contributing to the economic and social development of a country or a region [3, 4. 5 and 6]. Land transport means are classified as rail, which use trains, electric trams and inclined planes, road transport, which use buses, cars, trucks, bicycles and motorcycles, subways that use the subway, as well as other means of transport such as urban elevators and cable cars. Pipeline or tubular means of transport are those made by means of tubes (gas pipelines, oil pipelines, alcohol pipelines, ore pipelines) to transport gases and fluids. This article presents in detail how the invention of the railway, the subway, the electric tram, the motor vehicle (internal combustion car, electric car and autonomous vehicle), the truck, the bicycle, the motorcycle, the elevator and ducts. In addition, it presents in detail what the land transport of the future will look like in urban centers, on railway lines and on highways
In a May 9, 2024 paper, Juri Opitz from the University of Zurich, along with Shira Wein and Nathan Schneider form Georgetown University, discussed the importance of linguistic expertise in natural language processing (NLP) in an era dominated by large language models (LLMs).
The authors explained that while machine translation (MT) previously relied heavily on linguists, the landscape has shifted. “Linguistics is no longer front and center in the way we build NLP systems,” they said. With the emergence of LLMs, which can generate fluent text without the need for specialized modules to handle grammar or semantic coherence, the need for linguistic expertise in NLP is being questioned.
01062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
role of women and girls in various terror groupssadiakorobi2
Women have three distinct types of involvement: direct involvement in terrorist acts; enabling of others to commit such acts; and facilitating the disengagement of others from violent or extremist groups.
हम आग्रह करते हैं कि जो भी सत्ता में आए, वह संविधान का पालन करे, उसकी रक्षा करे और उसे बनाए रखे।" प्रस्ताव में कुल तीन प्रमुख हस्तक्षेप और उनके तंत्र भी प्रस्तुत किए गए। पहला हस्तक्षेप स्वतंत्र मीडिया को प्रोत्साहित करके, वास्तविकता पर आधारित काउंटर नैरेटिव का निर्माण करके और सत्तारूढ़ सरकार द्वारा नियोजित मनोवैज्ञानिक हेरफेर की रणनीति का मुकाबला करके लोगों द्वारा निर्धारित कथा को बनाए रखना और उस पर कार्यकरना था।
31052024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
‘वोटर्स विल मस्ट प्रीवेल’ (मतदाताओं को जीतना होगा) अभियान द्वारा जारी हेल्पलाइन नंबर, 4 जून को सुबह 7 बजे से दोपहर 12 बजे तक मतगणना प्रक्रिया में कहीं भी किसी भी तरह के उल्लंघन की रिपोर्ट करने के लिए खुला रहेगा।
03062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
THE GENESIS OF WEALTH AND POVERTY IN THE CONTEMPORARY AGE
1. 1
THE GENESIS OF WEALTH AND POVERTY IN THE CONTEMPORARY AGE
Fernando Alcoforado*
This article aims to demonstrate that wealth and poverty cannot be treated in isolation,
since they are the sides of the same coin forming an irreducible set. The analysis of wealth
cannot be dissociated from poverty, as the concentration of wealth generates exploitation,
which is a founding element of poverty. This means saying that the dogma that promoting
the concentration of wealth and income would be the means for economic development
and overcoming poverty is a capitalist fallacy. There is a general thought that the causes
of misery and poverty are linked to family maladjustments, the individual's educational
unpreparedness for the world of work and the individual's lack of capacity to undertake.
As will be shown in the following paragraphs, the causes of poverty are related to social
inequalities resulting from the concentration of wealth in capitalism.
However, why associate poverty with capitalist society, if there has always been poverty
and inequality throughout human history since society was divided into social classes at
the dawn of humanity? Does this phenomenon, always present in the various social
organizations throughout the history of humanity, present some central characteristic in
the capitalist mode of production, different from other social systems? Does capitalism
generate a poverty that is founded on different bases from other societies? The answer is
that, in capitalist society, poverty is the result of the private accumulation of capital,
through the exploitation (of surplus value, that is, the part of the work not paid by the
employer to the worker), of the relationship between capital and work, the relationship
between the owners of the means of production and the owners of the workforce, the
relationship between exploiters and the exploited, the relationship between the direct
producers of wealth and the usurpers of other people's work.
In capitalist society, it is not precarious development that generates social inequality and
poverty, as many people think, but development itself. In capitalism, the greater the
accumulation of capital, the greater the wealth and the greater the poverty. The more
wealth the worker produces, the greater the exploitation, the more wealth is expropriated
(from the worker) and appropriated (by the capitalist). Thus, it is not scarcity that
generates poverty, but abundance (with the concentration of wealth in a few hands) that
generates inequality and absolute and relative impoverishment. Thomas Piketty, French
economist, wrote a book called Capital in the Twenty-First Century published by The
Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2014, in which
he advocates progressive taxation and taxation of wealth as the only way to stop the trend
of growing inequality of wealth and income in the capitalist system. To reduce social
inequalities, Thomas Piketty proposes, therefore, a measure that is considered utopian,
which is the taxation of large fortunes.
Piketty suggests, among other things, the fight against economic inequality and the
concentration of wealth in the hands of a few. With about 500 pages, Capital in the 21st
Century is divided into four parts in which it deals with the question of income,
production, capital and its transformations throughout history, mainly from the Industrial
Revolution in the 18th century, and makes a true genealogy of the question of income,
above all, with an extensive survey on wage policies with a focus on France, the United
Kingdom and the United States, which were very useful for a reading about the history
of global capitalism and its problems. Thomas Piketty also analyzes inequality, income
concentration, the rentier as an enemy of democracy, the global inequality of wealth in
2. 2
the 21st century, the issue of families holding global wealth and, finally, the taxation and
regulation of global wealth.
Piketty challenges the widely held view that free-market capitalism distributes wealth.
What Piketty shows statistically is that capital has tended, throughout history, to produce
increasing levels of social inequality. This is exactly Marx's theoretical conclusion, in the
first volume of his version of O Capital (Boitempo Editorial, São Paulo, 2013). In Marx's
Capital, inequality is seen not as the result of the distribution of wealth as Piketty's Capital
in the 21st Century presents, but as an inevitable result of the production of wealth under
capitalism. Today we have fewer and fewer families owning almost half of global wealth.
The disparity between the average pay of workers and chief executives was about thirty
to one in 1970. Today it is well above three hundred to one and, in the case of
MacDonalds, about 1200 to one [OUTRAS PALAVRAS (OTHER WORDS). David
Harvey: leia Piketty, mas não se esqueça de Marx (David Harvey: read Piketty, but don't
forget about Marx). Available on the website <http://outraspalavras.net/posts/david-
harvey-leia-piketty-mas-nao-se-esqueca-de-marx/>].
The United Nations has published a report on the situation of poverty in the world. The
UNDP survey was carried out in 109 countries, bringing together a total contingent of six
billion people. Of this total, what was found is that 1.3 billion human beings – that is, a
quarter of the investigated population – live in poverty, which is a very startling fact. In
Brazil, data from the IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) show that the
monthly income of the richest 1% of the country is almost 34 times higher than the income
of the poorest half of the population. These data show that the income of the poorest 5%
fell by 3%, while the income of the richest 1% increased by 8%. About 889 thousand
people are considered rich in Brazil. This number represents only 0.42% of the Brazilian
population. Approximately 45 million Brazilians live on a monthly income that is less
than the minimum wage. The population living in poverty in Brazil, according to the most
recent data from the IBGE, corresponds to 52 million inhabitants, of which 15 million
people are in extreme poverty. Among those who live in extreme poverty and are
homeless in Brazil, there are approximately 221,869 people according to the Institute of
Applied Economic Research (IPEA). Poor are also those who do not have housing, who
do not enjoy the right to housing, which totaled 5.8 million homes in 2019, of which 79%
were concentrated in low-income families.
According to Marx, all wealth in society is the product of work, created by the physical
and mental efforts of the working class. Profits, which mean the return on capital, are as
Marx explained in O Capital (Boitempo Editorial, São Paulo, 2013) nothing more than
the unpaid work of the working class, that is, the difference between the value that is
produced of good or service and the value that reverts to workers in the form of wages.
An increasing rate of profit, therefore, only implies an increasing exploitation of the
working class, which necessarily means more of the wealth in society accumulating in
the hands of capitalists. Marx demonstrated in his three volumes of Capital how, by
various means, capitalism can exploit the working class for greater profits: 1) by
extending the working day, through an intensification of work within a given time; and,
2) increasing workers' efficiency and productivity, by replacing labor with machines, etc.
All this is reflected in the increase in the proportion of unpaid work in relation to the value
of what is produced by workers.
The stark contrast between the colossal economic, scientific and technological
development achieved by humanity and the presence of immense population contingents
subjected to hunger, poverty and misery is proof of the absolute failure of capitalism as a
3. 3
civilizing project. After two and a half centuries of the Industrial Revolution, which
consolidated the material bases of the capitalist mode of production, triggering an
exponential rise in labor productivity, more than 1/4 of humanity still experiences the
scourge of hunger daily of poverty and misery. The problem lies in the extreme
concentration of income and wealth. In a fully commodified society, those who are
deprived of money have no means of accessing food. The growing mismatch between the
unbridled expansion of wealth and the perpetuation of poverty with gigantic social needs
is a reality inherent to the capital-labor relationship. Hunger, poverty and misery of a large
part of the population are the maximum expression of the social inequality inherent to the
capitalist mode of production. The presence of a large mass of impoverished workers who
live on the threshold of biological survival lowers the traditional standard of living of the
workers as a whole. Poverty and misery on a large scale thus work as an anchor that
reduces the cost of reproducing the workforce, enhancing the extraction of surplus value
and raising the rate of profit. The relationship between accumulation of wealth and
accumulation of poverty is direct and inexorable.
The current neoliberal strategy of "confronting" poverty with the adoption of state
policies of income transfer is different from the classical liberal conception until the 18th
century, when the individual-personal problem of lack was thought of as the cause of
poverty, and which responded to with the organization and encouragement of
philanthropy, is different from the policy put into practice by governments after 1835 in
Europe, when there were the struggles developed by the proletariat between 1830-48,
which considered poverty as begging and as a crime, thus treating it with repression and
reclusion, and it is different from the Keynesian orientation (20th century until the 1973
crisis) that considered the "social question" as a problem produced by the development
of capitalism (or as an insufficient development), internalizing the "social question" and
dealing with -a systematically through the adoption of state social policies with the
concession of rights and through the provision of goods and services.
Is there a solution that leads to the reduction of social inequality? The answer is that the
end of social inequality will only be achieved when the Welfare State is implemented
along the lines of that practiced in Scandinavian countries with the necessary adaptation
to each country, because it is the most successful social system ever implemented in the
world because embodies the most positive elements of both socialism and capitalism. In
2013, The Economist magazine shows that the Nordic countries are the best governed in
the world. The UN World Happiness Report 2020 shows that the happiest nations in the
world are concentrated in Northern Europe. Nordics have the highest ranking in real GDP
per capita, the longest healthy life expectancy, the greatest freedom to make choices in
life, and the greatest generosity. This model of society should be adopted because
throughout the history of humanity, liberal capitalism, socialism and neoliberal capitalism
have failed to build an economically, socially and politically just and humane society in
several countries of the world, leaving as a legacy the barbarism that characterizes the
world we live in.
Scandinavia is therefore the birthplace of the most egalitarian model that capitalism has
ever known. Its origins date back to Sweden in the 1930s, when the social democratic
hegemony in the government of the Nordic country took hold, initiating a series of social
and economic reforms that would usher in a new type of capitalism, in opposition to the
failed liberalism of previous decades. Thus, the so-called Scandinavian model was born,
which would quickly go beyond the Swedish borders to become influential in Northern
Europe, but also an important reference in the formulation of heterodox (progressive)
economic policies across the planet. The success of the Scandinavian countries' model of
4. 4
society was due to the combination of a broad Welfare State with rigid mechanisms of
regulation of market forces, capable of putting the economy on a dynamic trajectory,
while achieving the best social welfare indicators among capitalist countries. To end
barbarism, promote economic and social progress and establish civilized coexistence
among all human beings, it is urgent to build a new model of society in the world, which
is, therefore, the Welfare State in the Scandinavian molds adapted to the conditions from
each country.
* Fernando Alcoforado, 82, awarded the medal of Engineering Merit of the CONFEA / CREA System,
member of the Bahia Academy of Education, engineer and doctor in Territorial Planning and Regional
Development by the University of Barcelona, university professor and consultant in the areas of
strategic planning, business planning, regional planning and planning of energy systems, is author of the
books Globalização (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 1997), De Collor a FHC- O Brasil e a Nova (Des)ordem
Mundial (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 1998), Um Projeto para o Brasil (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 2000), Os
condicionantes do desenvolvimento do Estado da Bahia (Tese de doutorado. Universidade de
Barcelona,http://www.tesisenred.net/handle/10803/1944, 2003), Globalização e Desenvolvimento (Editora
Nobel, São Paulo, 2006), Bahia- Desenvolvimento do Século XVI ao Século XX e Objetivos Estratégicos
na Era Contemporânea (EGBA, Salvador, 2008), The Necessary Conditions of the Economic and Social
Development- The Case of the State of Bahia (VDM Verlag Dr. Müller Aktiengesellschaft & Co. KG,
Saarbrücken, Germany, 2010), Aquecimento Global e Catástrofe Planetária (Viena- Editora e Gráfica,
Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, São Paulo, 2010), Amazônia Sustentável- Para o progresso do Brasil e combate
ao aquecimento global (Viena- Editora e Gráfica, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, São Paulo, 2011), Os Fatores
Condicionantes do Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2012), Energia no
Mundo e no Brasil- Energia e Mudança Climática Catastrófica no Século XXI (Editora CRV, Curitiba,
2015), As Grandes Revoluções Científicas, Econômicas e Sociais que Mudaram o Mundo (Editora CRV,
Curitiba, 2016), A Invenção de um novo Brasil (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2017), Esquerda x Direita e a sua
convergência (Associação Baiana de Imprensa, Salvador, 2018), Como inventar o futuro para mudar o
mundo (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2019) and A humanidade ameaçada e as estratégias para sua sobrevivência
(Editora Dialética, São Paulo, 2021) .