Presentation for the text "The Galileo affair", by Mariano Artigas and William Shea, originally published in internet in january 2006 in the address http://www.unav.edu/web/ciencia-razon-y-fe/the-galileo-affair
The authors have published Galileo in Rome. The Rise and Fall of an Uneasy Genius (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), where they tell the story of the Galileo Affair following Galileo’s six trips to Rome. Here they follow the same scheme. They stick to the well documented facts, and they also provide illustrations.
Galileo Galilei was an Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher born in 1564 in Pisa, Italy. He taught mathematics and astronomy at universities in Pisa and Padua and made several scientific discoveries that contributed to the Scientific Revolution. Galileo supported Copernicus' theory that the Earth and planets revolve around the sun, which he defended despite facing opposition from the Catholic Church. He was tried for heresy by the Inquisition in 1633 and spent the rest of his life under house arrest, where he continued his scientific work until his death in 1642.
The play "The Life of Galileo" by Brecht captures the life and work of Galileo Galilei, a scientist who challenged the Catholic Church's geocentric view of the universe. Using a telescope, Galileo observed that the Earth revolves around the sun, contradicting Church doctrine. He was brought before the Inquisition and forced to recant his theory. Though physically broken, Galileo continued his scientific work under house arrest, passing his discoveries to his pupils to disseminate abroad. The play examines the conflict between Galileo's scientific discoveries and the Church's resistance to questioning established beliefs, raising questions about heroism and integrity in standing up for truth and reason.
The document discusses developments in literature, art, and architecture during the Renaissance period. It introduces how humanists studied ancient Greek and Roman culture, influencing scholars, artists, and architects. Artists used techniques like oil painting and perspective to create more realistic works. Major artists discussed include Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, and Titian. Literature flourished as well, with works by authors like Shakespeare, Cervantes, and More.
A brief journey through the life and work of the father of modern observational astronomy.
Register to explore the whole course here: https://school.bighistoryproject.com/bhplive?WT.mc_id=Slideshare12202017
Galileo Galilei was born in Pisa, Italy in 1564. Although his father wanted him to study medicine, Galileo pursued mathematics and began teaching privately after abandoning his medical studies. In 1609, Galileo significantly improved the telescope and began making astronomical observations, discovering the moons of Jupiter, sunspots, and that the earth revolves around the sun. This contradicted the Catholic Church's view, and in 1633 Galileo was tried and sentenced to house arrest for defending the Copernican system, where he remained until his death in 1642.
The document discusses the Enlightenment period in France. It covers several topics from this time including the medieval worldview, the scientific revolution sparked by figures like Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, Descartes, and Newton. It also discusses Enlightenment philosophers like John Locke and the growing emphasis on rational thought and empirical evidence over religious authority. Salons and societies for intellectual discussion became popular during the French Enlightenment.
French Revolution; session ii EnlightenmentJim Powers
This session takes the story from medieval scholasticism to the eve of the French Revolution. It looks at how the revolutionary political thought emerged from the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.
The Age of Reason, Thomas Paine, Free eBookChuck Thompson
The Age of Reason, Thomas Paine. The book that destroyed Thomas Paine from preeminence in American History as it revealed his Anti Christian views to the world. Gloucester, Virginia Links and News website. http://www.gloucestercounty-va.com Visit us.
Galileo Galilei was an Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher born in 1564 in Pisa, Italy. He taught mathematics and astronomy at universities in Pisa and Padua and made several scientific discoveries that contributed to the Scientific Revolution. Galileo supported Copernicus' theory that the Earth and planets revolve around the sun, which he defended despite facing opposition from the Catholic Church. He was tried for heresy by the Inquisition in 1633 and spent the rest of his life under house arrest, where he continued his scientific work until his death in 1642.
The play "The Life of Galileo" by Brecht captures the life and work of Galileo Galilei, a scientist who challenged the Catholic Church's geocentric view of the universe. Using a telescope, Galileo observed that the Earth revolves around the sun, contradicting Church doctrine. He was brought before the Inquisition and forced to recant his theory. Though physically broken, Galileo continued his scientific work under house arrest, passing his discoveries to his pupils to disseminate abroad. The play examines the conflict between Galileo's scientific discoveries and the Church's resistance to questioning established beliefs, raising questions about heroism and integrity in standing up for truth and reason.
The document discusses developments in literature, art, and architecture during the Renaissance period. It introduces how humanists studied ancient Greek and Roman culture, influencing scholars, artists, and architects. Artists used techniques like oil painting and perspective to create more realistic works. Major artists discussed include Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, and Titian. Literature flourished as well, with works by authors like Shakespeare, Cervantes, and More.
A brief journey through the life and work of the father of modern observational astronomy.
Register to explore the whole course here: https://school.bighistoryproject.com/bhplive?WT.mc_id=Slideshare12202017
Galileo Galilei was born in Pisa, Italy in 1564. Although his father wanted him to study medicine, Galileo pursued mathematics and began teaching privately after abandoning his medical studies. In 1609, Galileo significantly improved the telescope and began making astronomical observations, discovering the moons of Jupiter, sunspots, and that the earth revolves around the sun. This contradicted the Catholic Church's view, and in 1633 Galileo was tried and sentenced to house arrest for defending the Copernican system, where he remained until his death in 1642.
The document discusses the Enlightenment period in France. It covers several topics from this time including the medieval worldview, the scientific revolution sparked by figures like Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, Descartes, and Newton. It also discusses Enlightenment philosophers like John Locke and the growing emphasis on rational thought and empirical evidence over religious authority. Salons and societies for intellectual discussion became popular during the French Enlightenment.
French Revolution; session ii EnlightenmentJim Powers
This session takes the story from medieval scholasticism to the eve of the French Revolution. It looks at how the revolutionary political thought emerged from the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.
The Age of Reason, Thomas Paine, Free eBookChuck Thompson
The Age of Reason, Thomas Paine. The book that destroyed Thomas Paine from preeminence in American History as it revealed his Anti Christian views to the world. Gloucester, Virginia Links and News website. http://www.gloucestercounty-va.com Visit us.
Galileo made several astronomical discoveries using his improved telescope, including mountains on the moon and Jupiter's moons. He was later accused of heresy for supporting Copernicus' theory that the Earth revolves around the sun, rather than being the center of the universe. The Church forbid Galileo from teaching his theories and eventually tried and sentenced him to house arrest for publishing a book describing the Copernican theory. Galileo's arguments with the Church established him as a famous scientist but also resulted in his condemnation and punishment for his scientific beliefs.
Galileo Galilei was an Italian astronomer, physicist, and engineer who made fundamental contributions to the sciences of motion, astronomy, and strength of materials. Through his telescopic observations, Galileo discovered that Jupiter has four large moons, that the sun has sunspots, and that Venus exhibits phases just as the Moon does, providing evidence that it orbits the sun rather than the Earth. Galileo promoted the heliocentric model of Copernicus, which was controversial at the time and led to Galileo facing opposition and being tried by the Inquisition.
The document provides context and concepts related to the Baroque age. It discusses the key events and figures of the Catholic Reformation/Counter-Reformation including the Council of Trent and the Index and Inquisition. It also summarizes the major religious wars in Europe during this period and the rise of skepticism. Scientifically, it outlines the works of thinkers like Francis Bacon, Galileo, Kepler, Newton and Descartes who helped establish the scientific revolution. Philosophically, it discusses concepts like academicism, scientific rationalism, and social contract theory proposed by thinkers such as Hobbes and Locke. Politically, it describes the rise of absolutism across Europe. In art, it highlights painters of the Baroque era such as Caravaggio
Presentation for the written version of the lecture "New light in the Galileo affair" delivered at the Metanexus Institute (Philadelphia), on Monday, February 4, 2002, and at Columbia University (New York), on Wednesday, February 6, 2002, about a document related to the Galileo affair, discovered by the author in 1999 in the archives of the Holy Office in Rome.
Art and Culture - Module 11 - EnlightenmentRandy Connolly
Eleventh and final module for GNED 1201 (Aesthetic Experience and Ideas). This one ever so briefly covers the aesthetics of the Enlightenment. I only had a single lecture available to me so it only really covers the topic in a very cursory way.
This course is a required general education course for all first-year students at Mount Royal University in Calgary, Canada. My version of the course is structured as a kind of Art History and Culture course. Some of the content overlaps with my other Gen Ed course.
Galileo Galilei was an influential Italian astronomer, physicist and philosopher born in 1564 near Pisa. Through his experiments with falling objects, he refuted Aristotle's teachings about gravity. He went on to make important astronomical discoveries using his improved telescope, including mountains on the moon and Jupiter's moons. However, Galileo's support of Copernicus' theory that the Earth revolves around the sun led the Catholic Church to condemn him for heresy. He spent the rest of his life under house arrest, though he continued writing scientific works until his death in 1642.
This document summarizes major ideas, events, and developments in Europe between 1300-1700, including:
1. The Italian Renaissance, Reformation, growth of nation-states and absolutism, and development of secular philosophy transformed politics, religion and society.
2. Scientific advances like Galileo's use of the scientific method and Newton's theory of gravity revolutionized understandings of the physical world.
3. The printing press spread knowledge while new views of the universe emerged from Copernicus, Kepler, and others challenging ancient models.
Sir Francis Bacon was an English philosopher, statesman, scientist, and lawyer born in 1561 who made important contributions to the scientific revolution. He served as Attorney General and Lord Chancellor of England but was later convicted of bribery. Bacon rejected standard academic philosophy and authored works such as The Advancement of Learning and Novum Organum that argued for empirical inquiry and the scientific method. He is considered a founding father of the scientific revolution and the modern scientific method.
Science in the 16th Century- Interactive LectureCaitlin Pala
This document discusses science in early modern Europe, including:
1) There was debate around whether there was a "Scientific Revolution" and how science related to religion. Science was created by communities of scholars, not just individuals.
2) The term "science" comes from the Latin scientia, meaning knowledge. Natural philosophy and history created knowledge about the natural world and were part of the medieval university.
3) Early modern science included organizations like the Accademia dei Lincei that brought together natural historians, as well as figures like Tycho Brahe who made important astronomical observations.
Galileo was born in Pisa, Italy in 1564 to a noble but impoverished family. From a young age, he was drawn to art and learning. He received his primary education at a nearby monastery and showed great aptitude for academics. Though his father wanted him to become a priest, Galileo had a passion for science and discovery. He went on to make important contributions in mechanics, invention, and astronomy through his development of improved telescopes and microscopic observation techniques. His astronomical observations of the moon, sun, and Jupiter's moons strengthened the heliocentric model of the solar system put forth by Copernicus.
Galileo Galilei was an Italian astronomer, physicist and engineer born in 1564 who made several important scientific discoveries. He improved the telescope and used it to observe the moon, discover four moons of Jupiter, and support the heliocentric model of the solar system. However, the Catholic Church condemned his scientific findings as heresy and placed him under house arrest for the final years of his life. Galileo made seminal contributions to the fields of physics, astronomy and the scientific method through careful observation and mathematical analysis.
Nicolaus Copernicus was a Polish astronomer who developed the heliocentric model of the solar system, placing the Sun at the center with Earth and other planets revolving around it. This contradicted the geocentric Ptolemaic system that was accepted for over 1,000 years. Copernicus published his theory in 1543 just before his death in On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, which established the basis of modern astronomy by placing the Sun instead of Earth at the center of the universe. Despite initial controversy, Copernicus' heliocentric model was eventually accepted by the scientific community and revolutionized people's understanding of their place in the universe.
Nicolaus Copernicus was a Polish astronomer who developed the heliocentric model of the solar system, which placed the Sun at the center rather than the Earth. He published his theory in 1543 just before his death in On the Revolutions, which established that the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun. Copernicus' model revolutionized astronomy and helped launch the Scientific Revolution by contradicting the geocentric model that had been accepted for over 1,000 years. Despite initial controversy, his heliocentric theory became widely accepted within the scientific community by the 1700s.
Galileo Galilei was an Italian astronomer born in 1565 who made several important scientific discoveries using the telescope he invented. He was the first to use a telescope to make astronomical observations, discovering that the Milky Way is made of stars, that the Moon has mountains, and that Jupiter has four moons. He also supported Copernicus' theory that the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun, in contrast to the geocentric model supported by the Catholic Church. In 1633, Galileo was tried by the Inquisition and found "vehemently suspect of heresy" for his scientific views, which supported heliocentrism over geocentrism.
The Royal Society of London was founded in 1662 to improve scientific knowledge in England. It emerged from earlier informal groups known as the Invisible Colleges. The French Royal Academy of Sciences was established in 1666 in Paris to serve as a center for research and scientific experiments. Both organizations played important roles in advancing scientific knowledge and establishing scientific academies in other European countries in the 17th and 18th centuries. They invited distinguished foreign scientists and began awarding prizes to recognize scientific achievements.
Robert Bellarmine was a Jesuit cardinal, theologian, and Doctor of the Church born in 1542 in Italy. He taught at the Roman College and became famous as a teacher and preacher. In 1599 he was appointed cardinal and later became Archbishop of Capua. As a theologian he wrote works defending Catholic doctrine against Protestantism and engaged in theological disputes including with Galileo. He died in 1621 and was canonized as a saint in 1930, later being named a Doctor of the Church for his writings and contributions to theology.
Artemisia Gentileschi S Susanna And The Elders (1610) In The Context Of Count...Renee Lewis
This document discusses Artemisia Gentileschi's painting Susanna and the Elders from 1610 in the context of Counter-Reformation Rome. It notes that the painting was a bold statement by a young female artist and examines the themes of chastity, virtue, and triumph over temptation that were emphasized in depictions of Susanna during this period. Specifically, Susanna was often allegorized as representing the Catholic Church and its victory over non-Christian opponents like Jews and Muslims. Gentileschi's painting declares her skill through a daring depiction of these themes of feminine heroism that were of interest in Counter-Reformation Rome.
William Shakespeare was an English playwright, poet and actor born in 1564 in Stratford-upon-Avon. He is considered the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. Some key facts are that he wrote 37 plays and 154 sonnets throughout his life and invented words like "watchdog". The Renaissance period influenced Shakespeare's works by sparking new ideas and allowing for more unconventional stories in plays, inspiring works like Othello that reflected Renaissance themes.
Presentación del Seminario "Investigación y verdad: la ciencia frente al reto de la 'razón ampliada'”. Luis Montuenga. Pamplona, 4 de junio de 2024.
Luis Montuenga Badía es Catedrático de Biología Celular de la Universidad de Navarra e Investigador Senior del Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), donde dirige el Laboratorio LUNGSEARCH de Biomarcadores y Nuevas Terapias. El Dr. Montuenga es autor de más de 230 publicaciones en los ámbitos de Oncología y Biología Celular, ha dirigido 23 tesis doctorales y ha impartido numerosas conferencias y seminarios a nivel internacional. Entre 2007 y 2011 fue Vicerrector de Investigación de la Universidad de Navarra y entre 2014 y 2023 ha sido Decano de la Facultad de Ciencias. Su actividad investigadora se centra exclusivamente en el cáncer de pulmón, con especial interés en biomarcadores de detección precoz y pronóstico, modelos animales y celulares de carcinogénesis pulmonar y nuevas estrategias terapéuticas basadas en el perfil molecular de pacientes con cáncer de pulmón. Durante su carrera docente ha estado a cargo de cursos de pregrado y posgrado en las áreas de Biología Celular, Histología, Biología del Desarrollo, Oncología Molecular y Ética de la Ciencia. Siempre ha mantenido activo su interés por el diálogo multidisciplinar.
Resumen: Al describir la cultura dominante del siglo XXI, pocos discutirán que tiene un enorme componente tecnológico. La ciencia y la tecnología influyen decisivamente en nuestro día a día, nuestra capacidad de conocimiento y nuestra toma de decisiones. La investigación científica, definida por el profesor José María Albareda como “la vida interior de la ciencia”, ha sido un motor tremendamente eficaz en el cambio cultural y en el progreso tecnológico, desde el siglo XVII hasta nuestros días; y promete seguir influyendo en el futuro. En mi presentación, siempre desde la perspectiva de un investigador científico en activo, me referiré inicialmente a la paradójica combinación de deslumbramiento y de cierta desconfianza que suscita la investigación en algunos ambientes. Trataré, asimismo, algunas cuestiones clave que también nos planteamos los científicos sobre la investigación y su relación con la verdad: ¿se puede llegar a la verdad en el contexto de la investigación científica? ¿la verdad de la ciencia es toda la verdad? E, incluso, ¿es verdad que el investigador solo busca la verdad? Por último, me centraré en qué puede aportar la investigación científica a la construcción de la “razón ampliada” descrita por Benedicto XVI en diversas intervenciones, antes y después de ser elegido Papa, y en concreto en su discurso del 12 de septiembre de 2006 en la Universidad de Ratisbona. En esa intervención, el Santo Padre invita a “ampliar nuestro concepto de razón y de su uso”, a superar “la limitación que la razón se impone a sí misma” y a “abrir su horizonte en toda su amplitud”.
Presentación del Seminario “La teología oculta en los nuevos naturalismos”. Alfredo Marcos. Pamplona, 6 de mayo de 2024.
Alfredo Marcos es catedrático de Filosofía de la Ciencia en la Universidad de Valladolid. Su docencia e investigación se centran en la filosofía de la ciencia, historia y comunicación de la ciencia, filosofía de la biología, ética ambiental, bioética y estudios aristotélicos. En la UVa ha sido director del Departamento de Filosofía y coordinador del Doctorado en Lógica y Filosofía de la Ciencia. Ha pertenecido a diversos comités hospitalarios de bioética. Ha impartido clases y conferencias en numerosas universidades europeas y americanas. Ha dirigido diecisiete tesis doctorales. Ha publicado una veintena de libros y cerca de doscientos artículos y capítulos.
Resumen: El actual naturalismo cientificista apenas aporta ideas originales de carácter positivo. Sus variantes solo presentan un elemento distintivo común, a saber, la negación del teísmo. Por su parte, el naturalismo ecologista, a medida que se radicaliza, va tendiendo también hacia posiciones teológicas, o bien panteístas o bien animistas. La presente aportación se propone, no tanto discutir las posiciones naturalistas, como ubicarlas en el terreno de investigación al que pertenecen. No pertenecen al dominio de las ciencias y, dentro de lo filosófico, aportan muy poco en ontología, epistemología o ética. Se trata de ideas que deberían ser debatidas en el campo de la teología natural, pues tienen que ver principalmente con la cuestión de la realidad de Dios, con la posibilidad de conocerle y con la relación que pueda Éste tener con el ser humano y con el mundo. Hasta tal punto es así, que se podría sugerir una clasificación de los naturalismos en función de sus respectivas posiciones teológicas, desde el ateísmo, hasta el animismo, pasando por el agnosticismo y el panteísmo.
Galileo made several astronomical discoveries using his improved telescope, including mountains on the moon and Jupiter's moons. He was later accused of heresy for supporting Copernicus' theory that the Earth revolves around the sun, rather than being the center of the universe. The Church forbid Galileo from teaching his theories and eventually tried and sentenced him to house arrest for publishing a book describing the Copernican theory. Galileo's arguments with the Church established him as a famous scientist but also resulted in his condemnation and punishment for his scientific beliefs.
Galileo Galilei was an Italian astronomer, physicist, and engineer who made fundamental contributions to the sciences of motion, astronomy, and strength of materials. Through his telescopic observations, Galileo discovered that Jupiter has four large moons, that the sun has sunspots, and that Venus exhibits phases just as the Moon does, providing evidence that it orbits the sun rather than the Earth. Galileo promoted the heliocentric model of Copernicus, which was controversial at the time and led to Galileo facing opposition and being tried by the Inquisition.
The document provides context and concepts related to the Baroque age. It discusses the key events and figures of the Catholic Reformation/Counter-Reformation including the Council of Trent and the Index and Inquisition. It also summarizes the major religious wars in Europe during this period and the rise of skepticism. Scientifically, it outlines the works of thinkers like Francis Bacon, Galileo, Kepler, Newton and Descartes who helped establish the scientific revolution. Philosophically, it discusses concepts like academicism, scientific rationalism, and social contract theory proposed by thinkers such as Hobbes and Locke. Politically, it describes the rise of absolutism across Europe. In art, it highlights painters of the Baroque era such as Caravaggio
Presentation for the written version of the lecture "New light in the Galileo affair" delivered at the Metanexus Institute (Philadelphia), on Monday, February 4, 2002, and at Columbia University (New York), on Wednesday, February 6, 2002, about a document related to the Galileo affair, discovered by the author in 1999 in the archives of the Holy Office in Rome.
Art and Culture - Module 11 - EnlightenmentRandy Connolly
Eleventh and final module for GNED 1201 (Aesthetic Experience and Ideas). This one ever so briefly covers the aesthetics of the Enlightenment. I only had a single lecture available to me so it only really covers the topic in a very cursory way.
This course is a required general education course for all first-year students at Mount Royal University in Calgary, Canada. My version of the course is structured as a kind of Art History and Culture course. Some of the content overlaps with my other Gen Ed course.
Galileo Galilei was an influential Italian astronomer, physicist and philosopher born in 1564 near Pisa. Through his experiments with falling objects, he refuted Aristotle's teachings about gravity. He went on to make important astronomical discoveries using his improved telescope, including mountains on the moon and Jupiter's moons. However, Galileo's support of Copernicus' theory that the Earth revolves around the sun led the Catholic Church to condemn him for heresy. He spent the rest of his life under house arrest, though he continued writing scientific works until his death in 1642.
This document summarizes major ideas, events, and developments in Europe between 1300-1700, including:
1. The Italian Renaissance, Reformation, growth of nation-states and absolutism, and development of secular philosophy transformed politics, religion and society.
2. Scientific advances like Galileo's use of the scientific method and Newton's theory of gravity revolutionized understandings of the physical world.
3. The printing press spread knowledge while new views of the universe emerged from Copernicus, Kepler, and others challenging ancient models.
Sir Francis Bacon was an English philosopher, statesman, scientist, and lawyer born in 1561 who made important contributions to the scientific revolution. He served as Attorney General and Lord Chancellor of England but was later convicted of bribery. Bacon rejected standard academic philosophy and authored works such as The Advancement of Learning and Novum Organum that argued for empirical inquiry and the scientific method. He is considered a founding father of the scientific revolution and the modern scientific method.
Science in the 16th Century- Interactive LectureCaitlin Pala
This document discusses science in early modern Europe, including:
1) There was debate around whether there was a "Scientific Revolution" and how science related to religion. Science was created by communities of scholars, not just individuals.
2) The term "science" comes from the Latin scientia, meaning knowledge. Natural philosophy and history created knowledge about the natural world and were part of the medieval university.
3) Early modern science included organizations like the Accademia dei Lincei that brought together natural historians, as well as figures like Tycho Brahe who made important astronomical observations.
Galileo was born in Pisa, Italy in 1564 to a noble but impoverished family. From a young age, he was drawn to art and learning. He received his primary education at a nearby monastery and showed great aptitude for academics. Though his father wanted him to become a priest, Galileo had a passion for science and discovery. He went on to make important contributions in mechanics, invention, and astronomy through his development of improved telescopes and microscopic observation techniques. His astronomical observations of the moon, sun, and Jupiter's moons strengthened the heliocentric model of the solar system put forth by Copernicus.
Galileo Galilei was an Italian astronomer, physicist and engineer born in 1564 who made several important scientific discoveries. He improved the telescope and used it to observe the moon, discover four moons of Jupiter, and support the heliocentric model of the solar system. However, the Catholic Church condemned his scientific findings as heresy and placed him under house arrest for the final years of his life. Galileo made seminal contributions to the fields of physics, astronomy and the scientific method through careful observation and mathematical analysis.
Nicolaus Copernicus was a Polish astronomer who developed the heliocentric model of the solar system, placing the Sun at the center with Earth and other planets revolving around it. This contradicted the geocentric Ptolemaic system that was accepted for over 1,000 years. Copernicus published his theory in 1543 just before his death in On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, which established the basis of modern astronomy by placing the Sun instead of Earth at the center of the universe. Despite initial controversy, Copernicus' heliocentric model was eventually accepted by the scientific community and revolutionized people's understanding of their place in the universe.
Nicolaus Copernicus was a Polish astronomer who developed the heliocentric model of the solar system, which placed the Sun at the center rather than the Earth. He published his theory in 1543 just before his death in On the Revolutions, which established that the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun. Copernicus' model revolutionized astronomy and helped launch the Scientific Revolution by contradicting the geocentric model that had been accepted for over 1,000 years. Despite initial controversy, his heliocentric theory became widely accepted within the scientific community by the 1700s.
Galileo Galilei was an Italian astronomer born in 1565 who made several important scientific discoveries using the telescope he invented. He was the first to use a telescope to make astronomical observations, discovering that the Milky Way is made of stars, that the Moon has mountains, and that Jupiter has four moons. He also supported Copernicus' theory that the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun, in contrast to the geocentric model supported by the Catholic Church. In 1633, Galileo was tried by the Inquisition and found "vehemently suspect of heresy" for his scientific views, which supported heliocentrism over geocentrism.
The Royal Society of London was founded in 1662 to improve scientific knowledge in England. It emerged from earlier informal groups known as the Invisible Colleges. The French Royal Academy of Sciences was established in 1666 in Paris to serve as a center for research and scientific experiments. Both organizations played important roles in advancing scientific knowledge and establishing scientific academies in other European countries in the 17th and 18th centuries. They invited distinguished foreign scientists and began awarding prizes to recognize scientific achievements.
Robert Bellarmine was a Jesuit cardinal, theologian, and Doctor of the Church born in 1542 in Italy. He taught at the Roman College and became famous as a teacher and preacher. In 1599 he was appointed cardinal and later became Archbishop of Capua. As a theologian he wrote works defending Catholic doctrine against Protestantism and engaged in theological disputes including with Galileo. He died in 1621 and was canonized as a saint in 1930, later being named a Doctor of the Church for his writings and contributions to theology.
Artemisia Gentileschi S Susanna And The Elders (1610) In The Context Of Count...Renee Lewis
This document discusses Artemisia Gentileschi's painting Susanna and the Elders from 1610 in the context of Counter-Reformation Rome. It notes that the painting was a bold statement by a young female artist and examines the themes of chastity, virtue, and triumph over temptation that were emphasized in depictions of Susanna during this period. Specifically, Susanna was often allegorized as representing the Catholic Church and its victory over non-Christian opponents like Jews and Muslims. Gentileschi's painting declares her skill through a daring depiction of these themes of feminine heroism that were of interest in Counter-Reformation Rome.
William Shakespeare was an English playwright, poet and actor born in 1564 in Stratford-upon-Avon. He is considered the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. Some key facts are that he wrote 37 plays and 154 sonnets throughout his life and invented words like "watchdog". The Renaissance period influenced Shakespeare's works by sparking new ideas and allowing for more unconventional stories in plays, inspiring works like Othello that reflected Renaissance themes.
Presentación del Seminario "Investigación y verdad: la ciencia frente al reto de la 'razón ampliada'”. Luis Montuenga. Pamplona, 4 de junio de 2024.
Luis Montuenga Badía es Catedrático de Biología Celular de la Universidad de Navarra e Investigador Senior del Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), donde dirige el Laboratorio LUNGSEARCH de Biomarcadores y Nuevas Terapias. El Dr. Montuenga es autor de más de 230 publicaciones en los ámbitos de Oncología y Biología Celular, ha dirigido 23 tesis doctorales y ha impartido numerosas conferencias y seminarios a nivel internacional. Entre 2007 y 2011 fue Vicerrector de Investigación de la Universidad de Navarra y entre 2014 y 2023 ha sido Decano de la Facultad de Ciencias. Su actividad investigadora se centra exclusivamente en el cáncer de pulmón, con especial interés en biomarcadores de detección precoz y pronóstico, modelos animales y celulares de carcinogénesis pulmonar y nuevas estrategias terapéuticas basadas en el perfil molecular de pacientes con cáncer de pulmón. Durante su carrera docente ha estado a cargo de cursos de pregrado y posgrado en las áreas de Biología Celular, Histología, Biología del Desarrollo, Oncología Molecular y Ética de la Ciencia. Siempre ha mantenido activo su interés por el diálogo multidisciplinar.
Resumen: Al describir la cultura dominante del siglo XXI, pocos discutirán que tiene un enorme componente tecnológico. La ciencia y la tecnología influyen decisivamente en nuestro día a día, nuestra capacidad de conocimiento y nuestra toma de decisiones. La investigación científica, definida por el profesor José María Albareda como “la vida interior de la ciencia”, ha sido un motor tremendamente eficaz en el cambio cultural y en el progreso tecnológico, desde el siglo XVII hasta nuestros días; y promete seguir influyendo en el futuro. En mi presentación, siempre desde la perspectiva de un investigador científico en activo, me referiré inicialmente a la paradójica combinación de deslumbramiento y de cierta desconfianza que suscita la investigación en algunos ambientes. Trataré, asimismo, algunas cuestiones clave que también nos planteamos los científicos sobre la investigación y su relación con la verdad: ¿se puede llegar a la verdad en el contexto de la investigación científica? ¿la verdad de la ciencia es toda la verdad? E, incluso, ¿es verdad que el investigador solo busca la verdad? Por último, me centraré en qué puede aportar la investigación científica a la construcción de la “razón ampliada” descrita por Benedicto XVI en diversas intervenciones, antes y después de ser elegido Papa, y en concreto en su discurso del 12 de septiembre de 2006 en la Universidad de Ratisbona. En esa intervención, el Santo Padre invita a “ampliar nuestro concepto de razón y de su uso”, a superar “la limitación que la razón se impone a sí misma” y a “abrir su horizonte en toda su amplitud”.
Presentación del Seminario “La teología oculta en los nuevos naturalismos”. Alfredo Marcos. Pamplona, 6 de mayo de 2024.
Alfredo Marcos es catedrático de Filosofía de la Ciencia en la Universidad de Valladolid. Su docencia e investigación se centran en la filosofía de la ciencia, historia y comunicación de la ciencia, filosofía de la biología, ética ambiental, bioética y estudios aristotélicos. En la UVa ha sido director del Departamento de Filosofía y coordinador del Doctorado en Lógica y Filosofía de la Ciencia. Ha pertenecido a diversos comités hospitalarios de bioética. Ha impartido clases y conferencias en numerosas universidades europeas y americanas. Ha dirigido diecisiete tesis doctorales. Ha publicado una veintena de libros y cerca de doscientos artículos y capítulos.
Resumen: El actual naturalismo cientificista apenas aporta ideas originales de carácter positivo. Sus variantes solo presentan un elemento distintivo común, a saber, la negación del teísmo. Por su parte, el naturalismo ecologista, a medida que se radicaliza, va tendiendo también hacia posiciones teológicas, o bien panteístas o bien animistas. La presente aportación se propone, no tanto discutir las posiciones naturalistas, como ubicarlas en el terreno de investigación al que pertenecen. No pertenecen al dominio de las ciencias y, dentro de lo filosófico, aportan muy poco en ontología, epistemología o ética. Se trata de ideas que deberían ser debatidas en el campo de la teología natural, pues tienen que ver principalmente con la cuestión de la realidad de Dios, con la posibilidad de conocerle y con la relación que pueda Éste tener con el ser humano y con el mundo. Hasta tal punto es así, que se podría sugerir una clasificación de los naturalismos en función de sus respectivas posiciones teológicas, desde el ateísmo, hasta el animismo, pasando por el agnosticismo y el panteísmo.
Presentación del Seminario “Bioética y cristianismo ante los retos de la tecnociencia”. Luis Miguel Pastor García. Pamplona, 11 de marzo de 2024.
Luis Miguel Pastor García es Catedrático de Biología Celular e Histología de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Murcia, editor de la revista Cuadernos de Bioética y presidente de la Asociación Española de Bioética y Ética Médica. Además de numerosas publicaciones y tesis doctorales dirigidas en el campo de la histología, tiene numerosas colaboraciones publicadas sobre temas de bioética. También está interesado por el estudio de un campo interdisciplinar, el del transhumanismo, en el que tiene algunas publicaciones y sobre el que ha versado su tesis doctoral en filosofía, que ha defendido recientemente.
Resumen: En la actualidad, la bioética se enfrenta a numerosos desafíos éticos que se generan desde la tecnociencia. La sociedad pide una respuesta racional sobre la bondad o no de las biotecnologías que se pueden aplicar sobre la vida humana en el arco de su existencia, desde su origen hasta el final de ella. ¿Cuál es el papel de los cristianos en el quehacer bioético? ¿Es absurdo, antidemocrático y manipulador pretender que las creencias cristianas influyan en el debate bioético? ¿Qué verdades o actitudes aporta la fe que pueden ayudar a dar un sentido ético a la tecnociencia?
Presentación del Seminario “Hallazgos recientes de la Paleoantropología e implicaciones filosóficas”. Rafael Jordana y José Ignacio Murillo. Pamplona, 16 de enero de 2024.
Rafael Jordana es actualmente catedrático emérito en la Universidad de Navarra. Fue catedrático por oposición de las cátedras de Fisiología Animal y de Zoología Aplicada de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Universidad de La Laguna en enero de 1971. Ha sido profesor ordinario de Zoología y Fisiología Animal Comparada en la Universidad de Navarra desde octubre de 1972 hasta su jubilación en el año 2011. Fue creador y director del Museo de Zoología de la Universidad de Navarra desde 1980 hasta su jubilación. Ha sido decano de la Facultad de Ciencias de esta universidad desde 1981 a 1990; director del Departamento de Zoología desde 1972 a 1993, y director del Departamento de Zoología y Ecología entre 1993 y 1999. A lo largo de su trayectoria profesional ha descrito más de 247 nuevas especies. Además de seguir publicando en el ámbito científico de su interés (colémbolos) también lo ha hecho, en los últimos años, sobre cuestiones relacionadas con la evolución biológica y humana. Una muestra es el libro: “La ciencia en el horizonte de una razón ampliada: La evolución del hombre a la luz de las ciencias biológicas y metabiológicas”.
José Ignacio Murillo es profesor catedrático del Departamento de Filosofía de la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras de la Universidad de Navarra. Co-director del grupo de investigación Mente-Cerebro del Instituto Cultura y Sociedad (ICS). Miembro del grupo Ciencia, Razón y Fe (CRYF). Ha publicado 18 libros, cuenta con más de 50 publicaciones en revistas de impacto, más de cincuenta capítulos de libros publicados y más de un centenar de aportaciones a congresos. Posee una larga trayectoria docente: ha dirigido una docena de tesis doctorales e impartido decenas de conferencias y seminarios dentro y fuera de España. Su línea de investigación actual lleva el nombre: “Mente-cerebro: biología y subjetividad en la filosofía y en la neurociencia contemporáneas”.
Resumen: El seminario comienza con la intervención del profesor Jordana en la que expone un “status questionis” de los datos paleoantropológicos más recientes. Después de esta exposición tiene lugar un coloquio moderado sobre dichos datos con el profesor Murillo, que da también la oportunidad para la intervención de los presentes que lo deseen.
Artículo de referencia: Rafael Jordana. El origen del hombre: estado actual de la investigación paleoantropológica. Scripta Theologica Vol. XX/1, 1988, 65-98. Disponible en https://www.unav.edu/documents/4889803/7c257e83-2a3f-4e20-98ae-f8141b410f08
Presentación del seminario: “Conservación de la naturaleza y dinámicas de lo sagrado”. Jaime Tatay. Pamplona, 6 de febrero de 2024.
Jaime Tatay nació en Valencia en 1976, es jesuita desde 1999 y fue ordenado sacerdote en 2010. Estudió primero Ingeniería de Montes en la universidad de Lleida, después Social Ethics en el Boston College y finalmente hizo su doctorado en Teología en la Universidad Pontificia Comillas. Desde el año 2017 es docente en esta última universidad, donde imparte cursos sobre sostenibilidad, ética y teología. Temas en torno a los cuales giran tanto su investigación como sus publicaciones. En la actualidad es co-director de la Cátedra Hana y Francisco José Ayala de Ciencia, Tecnología y Religión.
Resumen del ponente: Los Espacios Naturales Sagrados (ENS) son enclaves bioculturales de gran valor y zonas importantes para la conservación de la naturaleza que atraen cada vez más la atención en foros académicos, políticos y de gestión. Covadonga, el Rocío y Monserrat serían buenos ejemplos de ENS en nuestro país. La "sacralidad" de estos enclaves para los diversos actores implicados en su gestión es hoy ampliamente reconocida. Sin embargo, la complejidad que rodea la noción de "lo sagrado" no se ha investigado en profundidad. En esta charla desarrollaré cinco ideas, fruto de mi investigación reciente: (1) Lo sagrado es un concepto muy complejo que a menudo se utiliza en la literatura sobre conservación de forma binaria y dicotómica, en contraposición a lo profano y lo silvestre; (2) Los conservacionistas y los gestores de áreas protegidas han prestado mucha más atención a los ENS que los científicos sociales y los estudiosos de la religión; (3) El motivo de lo sagrado (desde perspectivas no cristianas) tiende a asociarse predominantemente con tabúes, prohibiciones y regulaciones de los recursos gestionados por la comunidad; (4) Una visión instrumental de lo sagrado puede limitar la posibilidad de incluir otros valores intangibles en la gestión y excluir a partes interesadas relevantes; y (5) Los conocimientos de la antropología cultural, la ecología política y la teología pueden ser de gran utilidad para la gestión de los espacios naturales.
Presentación del seminario: “Ciencia, razón y fe en Blaise Pascal. Homenaje en el IV Centenario”. Juan Luis Lorda. Pamplona, 7 de noviembre de 2023.
Juan Luis Lorda es ingeniero industrial, doctor en Teología, y profesor ordinario de Teología Dogmática y del Instituto Core Curriculum en la Universidad de Navarra. Ordenado sacerdote en 1983. Es miembro del grupo de investigación Ciencia, razón y fe (CRYF) y miembro del consejo asesor de catequesis de la Conferencia Episcopal Española. Sus investigaciones se han centrado en la antropología de Juan Pablo II, el pensamiento personalista y el humanismo cristiano en la historia. Aparte de su producción teológica, ha escrito numerosos libros de espiritualidad que han tenido gran difusión. Colabora también en publicaciones religiosas, en revistas culturales, en la prensa diaria y en el programa Alborada de Radio Nacional.
Resumen del ponente: En su breve vida, Pascal (1623-1662) fue un genio precoz y auténtico, un inquieto, sincero y constante buscador de la verdad. Se impregnó del naciente espíritu científico de su época. Le apasionaron las novedades en matemáticas y física, a las que contribuyó relevantemente. Al mismo tiempo recorría un intenso camino de conversión religiosa. Quiso suscitar entre sus contemporáneos, que veía alejarse de la fe, una profunda reflexión dirigida a que redescubrieran la fe cristiana. El fruto inacabado de ese empeño son Los pensamientos. Unió en sí mismo el “espíritu de geometría” y el “espíritu de finura” y defendió la singularidad del ser humano con sus tres órdenes de grandeza. Su reivindicación de “las razones del corazón” ha llegado hasta nuestros días. Son múltiples las razones para aprender de él, cuando celebramos el IV centenario de su nacimiento.
Material complementario: Carta Apostólica "Sublimitas et miseria hominis" del Papa Francisco: https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/es/apost_letters/documents/20230619-sublimitas-et-miseria-hominis.html
Este documento compara el argumento de diseño y la quinta vía de Santo Tomás para probar la existencia de Dios. Ambos argumentos señalan el orden en la naturaleza, pero difieren en el tipo de orden que describen y la conclusión a la que llegan. El argumento de diseño se basa en una ordenación intencional evidente que requiere un diseñador, mientras que la quinta vía señala un orden dinámico en la actuación de los seres naturales que indica una tendencia hacia el bien causada por un ser inteligente.
I. El documento discute inicialmente el supuesto conflicto entre la ciencia y la religión con respecto a la evolución y las creencias cristianas.
II. Luego analiza el conflicto superficial entre la psicología evolucionista, la investigación bíblica académica y el naturalismo metodológico, así como los acuerdos entre la ciencia y el teísmo respecto a las leyes naturales.
III. Finalmente, plantea un posible conflicto profundo entre el naturalismo y la evolución, argumentando que quien acepte amb
Presentación del seminario: "El finitismo causal: una hipótesis con implicaciones para la ciencia, la razón y la fe". Enric F. Gel. Pamplona, 1 de junio de 2023
Enric F. Gel estudió filosofía en la Universidad de Navarra. Actualmente está a punto de doctorarse por la Universidad de Barcelona con una tesis sobre el fundamento metafísico de la ética aristotélico-tomista. Entre sus últimas publicaciones se cuentan: “How many and why? A question for Graham Oppy that classical theism can answer”, en Religious Studies y “La existencia de Dios: el argumento tomista del De Ente con el finitismo causal como refuerzo”, en la revista Espíritu. Desde el 2016, divulga la filosofía en Youtube con su canal Adictos a la Filosofía, que a día de hoy cuenta con casi medio millón de suscriptores.
Resumen del ponente: El argumento cosmológico Kalam, que pretende llegar a la existencia de Dios a partir del inicio del universo, es probablemente uno de los argumentos teístas más discutidos a nivel académico de los últimos 50 años. Recientemente, ha estado ganando atención en la literatura una nueva estrategia argumentativa en su apoyo: la del finitismo causal. El finitismo causal es la tesis de que nada puede ir precedido por un número infinito de causas. En esta charla, expondremos las principales líneas de razonamiento a favor y en contra de esta hipótesis, explorando sus implicaciones para la ciencia, la razón y la fe.
Presentación del Seminario: "Ciencia-Religión y sus tradiciones inventadas". Jaume Navarro. Pamplona, 21 de marzo de 2023.
Jaume Navarro, es Ikerbasque Research Professor en la Universidad del País Vasco. Formado en física y en filosofía, su carrera académica se ha centrado en la historia de la ciencia, especialmente en la historia de la física de la segunda mitad del siglo XIX y principios del XX, así como en cuestiones de epistemología histórica y de historiografía de las relaciones entre ciencia y religión. Es autor, entre otros, de A History of the Electron. J.J. and G.P. Thomson (Cambridge University Press, 2012) y Ether and Modernity. The recalcitrance of an epistemic object in the early twentieth century (Oxford University Press, 2018).
Resumen del ponente: En la última década, la historiografía de las relaciones entre ciencia y religión ha experimentado una transformación significativa. La interrelación entre ciencia, religión y nacionalismo que permea la tesis central de este libro (de ahí el uso que hago de la categoría de “Tradiciones Inventadas” de Eric Hobsbawm) es una novedad en la literatura y el resultado de una reflexión con historiadores de la ciencia de todo el mundo. El libro sitúa el origen y consolidación de algunos lugares comunes, como la tesis del conflicto permanente entre ciencia y religión, en las transformaciones políticas, culturales y sociales del siglo XIX, a la par que se cuestiona la validez de las categorías “ciencia” y “religión”. Como se lee al final de la introducción, se podría decir que “no existía la ciencia, tampoco existía la religión, y éste es un libro acerca de cómo se construyeron las relaciones entre ambas”.
http://www.edistribucion.es/tecnos/1217296/video.mp4
En la primera parte del seminario, María Guibert Elizalde, profesora de filosofía de la Universidad de Navarra, plantea diferentes cuestiones al ponente que son fruto de su lectura del libro. Después de este diálogo entre los dos dio comienzo el debate con el resto de los asistentes al seminario.
Presentación del Seminario "Hacia una descripción de la complejidad (física)". Diego Maza. Pamplona, 23 de febrero de 2023.
Diego Maza es profesor de Física y Matemática Aplicada en la Facultad de Ciencias de la Universidad de Navarra. También es profesor tutor y director de trabajos fin de grado en la UNED. Entre sus líneas de investigación están: Caos y Dinámica No Lineal y Fluidos Complejos. Puso en marcha hace casi dos décadas el laboratorio de la Universidad en Medios Granulares. En él se han llevado a cabo importantes experimentos con interés básico y potenciales aplicaciones industriales. Cuenta con un gran número de publicaciones en revistas especializadas y un dilatado recorrido docente. También se ha interesado por los aspectos epistémicos de su trabajo científico y, en especial, por el significado y la naturaleza de la complejidad en el mundo físico. Esta noción ha despertado especial interés en los últimos años por sus implicaciones en el modo en el que damos razón del orden que encontramos en la Naturaleza.
Resumen: Sinergia, criticalidad, autoorganización, etc. son solo algunas de las denominaciones con las que el mundo de la ciencia enfrenta el desafío de abordar los sistemas complejos. En general, el concepto mismo de complejidad es esquivo y carece de una definición universalmente aceptada, lo que no ha impedido que exista un gran número de métricas que intentan cuantificarla. Sin embargo, la práctica totalidad de estos abordajes están inspirados, cuando no son consecuencia directa, en herramientas formales introducidas para estudiar sistemas en equilibrio, los que, por definición, son la antítesis de aquello que pretenden describir. Este seminario pretende repasar algunos de los problemas paradigmáticos asociados al concepto de “sistema complejo”, introduciendo una valoración crítica acerca de los desafíos epistemológicos que implica una descripción ajustada de las evidencias experimentales y las conclusiones que se extraen de ellas.
Este documento explora el concepto de milagro y su relación con la ciencia y la fe. Examina las diferentes conceptualizaciones del milagro a lo largo de la historia y cómo han evolucionado con el avance científico. También discute cómo la mecánica cuántica y su naturaleza indeterminista han cuestionado las visiones deterministas que impedían los milagros. El documento concluye que una teología de los milagros debe considerarlos como acontecimientos fenoménicos que saturan nuestra comprensión, en línea con
El documento presenta una discusión sobre los orígenes del hombre según relatos antiguos y las explicaciones modernas. Brevemente resume relatos mesopotámicos como el Enuma Elish y el Gilgamesh, que explican el origen del hombre a partir de la arcilla, la sangre o la semilla de dioses. También resume el relato del Génesis, resaltando sus diferencias monoteístas pero semejanzas conceptuales con otros relatos. Finalmente, presenta tres explicaciones modernas sobre el origen del hombre y las pautas del Magisterio sobre la interpret
Presentation of the Seminar: "Mechanistic philosophy and theology: from conflict to integration?". Prof. Michał Oleksowicz. Pamplona, 27 de abril de 2022.
Michał Oleksowicz es sacerdote de la diócesis de Torun en Polonia. En la actualidad es profesor asistente en la Facultad de Teología (Departamento de Filosofía Cristiana) de la Universidad Nicolas Copérnico de Torun. Es miembro del consejo de redacción de la revista “Scientia et Fides”, miembro de “Religious Freedom Laboratory” (Pro Futuro Theologiae Foundation) y vicerrector del Seminario Diocesano de Torun. Sus principales intereses académicos son: filosofía y teología de la ciencia, nueva filosofía mecánica, causación, explicación científica y diálogo ciencia-religión.
Abstract: The concept of mechanism in the last five decades is once again at the centre of the philosophical debate about science within the new mechanical philosophy (NMP). Keeping focus on the recent development of the NMP, we tackle the fact that the NMP is a novel revision of modern antecedents. We point out the intertwined metaphysical and epistemological aspects of causal explanations within NMP. After that we interpret NMP in the framework of its realist commitments, arguing that explanatory reductionism, as employed by mechanists, does not necessarily lead to positions completely hostile for theology-science dialogue.
Presentación del seminario: “Presentación del tercer volumen de la serie La cosmovisión de los grandes científicos, consagrado a la Ilustración”. Prof. D. Juan Arana Cañedo-Argüelles. Pamplona, 18 de marzo de 2022.
Juan Arana es catedrático de “Filosofía y Lógica y Filosofía de la Ciencia” en la Universidad de Sevilla; ha trabajado durante más de 30 años en el estudio de las relaciones entre diferentes ámbitos de la cultura moderna y contemporánea: filosofía, ciencia, religión y literatura. Ha publicado ya casi una veintena de monografías y un amplísimo número de artículos en revistas especializadas. Es también académico de número de la Real Academia de Ciencias Morales y Políticas de Madrid.
Resumen del ponente: Durante el siglo XVIII la naciente ciencia alcanza la mayoría de edad. En toda Europa proliferan academias que por primera vez profesionalizan el estudio de la naturaleza. Incluso las universidades abandonan poco a poco sus reticencias. La física, la astronomía o la historia natural se ponen de moda: las clases ociosas de la sociedad las promocionan y cultivan como afición. Entre tanto, se inicia un proceso de secularización y los filósofos entran con frecuencia en conflicto con los teólogos. Los hombres de ciencia, que están en trance de lograr plena independencia, reivindican su autonomía y con frecuencia desconfían del radicalismo de los ideólogos, lo cual no significa que se muestren indiferentes a las grandes preguntas de la existencia. En este volumen se expone la cosmovisión sustentada por los más destacados investigadores de la época.
Presentación del Seminario: "¿Y si el naturalismo fuese una pseudorreligión? El desafío antropológico y teológico del naturalismo". Moisés Pérez Marcos. Pamplona, 18 de mayo de 2021.
Moisés Pérez Marcos es, dominico, Doctor en Filosofía y Licenciado en Teología, profesor de varias materias de filosofía en la Facultad de Teología san Vicente Ferrer de Valencia (Filosofía de la ciencia y de la naturaleza; Antropología filosófica; Ciencia y religión; Filosofía del lenguaje y hermenéutica). Ha publicado recientemente La cosmovisión naturalista. Consecuencias epistemológicas, ontológicas y antropológicas (San Esteban, 2021) y es autor, junto con Alfredo Marcos, de Meditación de la naturaleza humana (BAC, 2018).
Resumen: El naturalismo pretende ser la ortodoxia filosófica de los últimos cien años. Se presenta como la única opción razonable, pues aparenta ser la única compatible con las ciencias naturales. El naturalismo hace sus afirmaciones básicas en el plano epistemológico y ontológico, pero estas tienen también una gran repercusión en los ámbitos de la antropología y de la teología, pues aparentemente conducirían a la conclusión de que no existen ni el ser humano ni Dios. ¿Qué relación hay realmente entre el naturalismo y la ciencia? ¿Es realmente tan razonable aceptar esta postura? ¿Y si el naturalismo no fuese más que una teología, una pseudorreligión que pretende, sobre todo, contra todo sentido común e incluso contra la propia ciencia, sustituir al teísmo clásico?
Breve reseña: https://www.unav.edu/noticias/-/contents/20/05/2021/decir-que-el-ser-humano-no-es-nada-mas-que-el-comportamiento-de-unos-procesos-bioquimicos-no-solo-es-dificil-de-justificar-sino-de-entender/content/lovPblW1fC70/33138831
Presentación del Seminario “El enigma de los diagramas de los manuscritos griegos”. Christián Carlos Carman. Pamplona, 11 de marzo de 2020
Christián Carlos Carman es investigador adjunto del CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas) e investigador-docente adjunto ordinario de la Universidad Nacional de Quilmes. Miembro de la Commission for the History of Ancient and Medieval Astronomy of the International Union of History and Philosophy of Science y de la Philosophy of Science Association y miembro fundador de la Asociación de Filosofía e Historia de la Ciencia del Cono Sur (AFHIC). Dirige un proyecto titulado "Realismo Científico y Astronomía Antigua", radicado en Argentina pero con investigadores de Estados Unidos, Canadá, Brasil e Inglaterra. También ha desarrollado una amplia labor de divulgación de la que es un ejemplo el TED: El iPad de Arquímedes (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PxaXEAPn8RU).
Resumen: La primera vez que uno se enfrenta con los manuscritos más antiguos de las obras matemáticas o astronómicas de los griegos, saltan a la vista algunas deficiencias de los diagramas matemáticos: aparecen triángulos iguales cuando deberían ser diferentes, arcos en vez de líneas, líneas rectas donde debería haber parábolas, entre muchas otras extravagancias. Puesto que estas características aparecen muy tempranamente y prácticamente de manera universal en todas las tradiciones de copias y traducciones de obras griegas, hay acuerdo entre los especialistas en que los mismos griegos hacían los diagramas de esa manera tan particular. ¿Por qué los antiguos griegos hacían mal sus diagramas? En este seminario se aporta una hipótesis alternativa.
Presentación del Seminario “El sacerdote científico y su capacidad para unir las diversas dimensiones del conocimiento”. Ignacio del Villar. Pamplona, 18 de febrero de 2020.
Ignacio del Villar es doctor ingeniero de Telecomunicaciones, profesor de Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica en la Universidad Pública de Navarra. Es coautor de 5 libros en el campo de los sensores y de más de 100 publicaciones en revistas internacionales y proceedings de congresos. Es Editor Asociado de la revista Journal of Optics and Laser Technology desde el año 2012 y de la revista Sensors desde 2017. También es escritor de obras de divulgación y catequista. Autor de libros como “Ciencia y fe católica: de Galileo a Lejeune” o, el más reciente, “Sacerdotes y científicos: De Nicolás Copérnico a Georges Lemaître”.
Resumen: Los monjes y los sacerdotes han desempeñado un papel capital en la historia del desarrollo científico y tecnológico del mundo. En la Edad Media los monasterios fueron, además de centros de espiritualidad cristiana, agentes transformadores en terrenos tan variados como la agricultura, la ganadería o la apicultura. En esa época encontramos también figuras enciclopédicas como Roger Bacon, San Alberto Magno o Nicolás Oresme, que sentaron las bases para la futura revolución científica. Su línea la han continuado, casi hasta nuestros días, personajes de la talla de Nicolás Copérnico, Nicolás Steno, Lazzaro Spallanzani, Gregor Mendel y Georges Lemaître, a los que debemos el heliocentrismo, el nacimiento de ciencias como la geología, la biomecánica y la genética, el descubrimiento de la inseminación artificial y la teoría del Big Bang. Pero lo que más llama la atención es que, al contrario de lo que ocurre hoy, supieron integrar en sus vidas ámbitos tan diferentes como las ciencias y las letras, el conocimiento de lo material y lo espiritual. Parece que el sacerdote científico es un elemento clave a la hora de interconectar los diversos tipos de conocimiento.
El documento discute la teleología y el argumento del diseño inteligente. Primero, explora la noción aristotélica de finalidad y cómo esto llevó al argumento teleológico de Tomás de Aquino para probar la existencia de Dios. Luego, presenta el argumento del diseño de William Paley, comparando organismos vivos complejos con relojes diseñados. Finalmente, Michael Behe define la complejidad irreducible y cómo esto podría usarse para argumentar a favor del diseño inteligente.
Presentación del Seminario “La problemática neutralidad del método científico”. David Alcalde Morales. 12 de diciembre de 2019.
David Alcalde Morales es actualmente profesor del Instituto de Filosofía Edith Stein y del Instituto de Teología Lumen Gentium. Ambas son instituciones docentes de la Archidiócesis de Granada. Obtuvo su doctorado en Sagrada Teología, especialidad Matrimonio y Familia, en el Pontificio Instituto Juan Pablo II para Estudios sobre el Matrimonio y la Familia, sede de Washington, D.C., en 2017. Es sacerdote diocesano de la Archidiócesis de Granada desde 2008. Anteriormente, obtuvo el doctorado en Ciencias Físicas, especialidad Astrofísica, por la Universidad de La Laguna en 2002. Cuenta con amplia experiencia en investigación astrofísica y su ámbito de interés es la relación entre teología, metafísica y ciencia, como demuestra su libro publicado recientemente (Cosmology Without God?: The Problematic Theology Inherent in Modern Cosmology).
Resumen: Un presupuesto casi unánime entre los participantes del diálogo entre fe y ciencia es la existencia de un método científico neutral con respecto a la metafísica y a la teología. En otras palabras, se asume que el método científico es ajeno a consideraciones metafísicas y teológicas. Sin embargo, la aceptación de la neutralidad del método científico conlleva una serie de presupuestos metafísicos y teológicos que son defectuosos. Entre estos presupuestos destaca la indiferencia de la naturaleza con respecto a Dios. Esto implica que Dios sólo puede relacionarse extrínsecamente con la naturaleza. El extrinsecismo teológico es problemático porque falsifica y reduce la idea de Dios y la de naturaleza. Estas ideas deficientes de Dios y de naturaleza suelen ser asumidas implícitamente por muchos participantes en el diálogo entre fe y ciencia e impiden una comunicación real entre ciencia y teología. Si el diálogo entre fe y ciencia quiere ser fructífero, es absolutamente necesario afirmar la inevitable relación de la naturaleza con Dios y, por tanto, la intrínseca relación de la ciencia y la teología.
More from Grupo Ciencia, Razón y Fe, Universidad de Navarra (20)
Presentation of our paper, "Towards Quantitative Evaluation of Explainable AI Methods for Deepfake Detection", by K. Tsigos, E. Apostolidis, S. Baxevanakis, S. Papadopoulos, V. Mezaris. Presented at the ACM Int. Workshop on Multimedia AI against Disinformation (MAD’24) of the ACM Int. Conf. on Multimedia Retrieval (ICMR’24), Thailand, June 2024. https://doi.org/10.1145/3643491.3660292 https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.18649
Software available at https://github.com/IDT-ITI/XAI-Deepfakes
Order : Trombidiformes (Acarina) Class : Arachnida
Mites normally feed on the undersurface of the leaves but the symptoms are more easily seen on the uppersurface.
Tetranychids produce blotching (Spots) on the leaf-surface.
Tarsonemids and Eriophyids produce distortion (twist), puckering (Folds) or stunting (Short) of leaves.
Eriophyids produce distinct galls or blisters (fluid-filled sac in the outer layer)
Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
TOPIC OF DISCUSSION: CENTRIFUGATION SLIDESHARE.pptxshubhijain836
Centrifugation is a powerful technique used in laboratories to separate components of a heterogeneous mixture based on their density. This process utilizes centrifugal force to rapidly spin samples, causing denser particles to migrate outward more quickly than lighter ones. As a result, distinct layers form within the sample tube, allowing for easy isolation and purification of target substances.
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Evaluation and Identification of J'BaFofi the Giant Spider of Congo and Moke...MrSproy
ABSTRACT
The J'BaFofi, or "Giant Spider," is a mainly legendary arachnid by reportedly inhabiting the dense rain forests of
the Congo. As despite numerous anecdotal accounts and cultural references, the scientific validation remains more elusive.
My study aims to proper evaluate the existence of the J'BaFofi through the analysis of historical reports,indigenous
testimonies and modern exploration efforts.
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...Sérgio Sacani
Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
BIRDS DIVERSITY OF SOOTEA BISWANATH ASSAM.ppt.pptxgoluk9330
Ahota Beel, nestled in Sootea Biswanath Assam , is celebrated for its extraordinary diversity of bird species. This wetland sanctuary supports a myriad of avian residents and migrants alike. Visitors can admire the elegant flights of migratory species such as the Northern Pintail and Eurasian Wigeon, alongside resident birds including the Asian Openbill and Pheasant-tailed Jacana. With its tranquil scenery and varied habitats, Ahota Beel offers a perfect haven for birdwatchers to appreciate and study the vibrant birdlife that thrives in this natural refuge.
Mechanisms and Applications of Antiviral Neutralizing Antibodies - Creative B...Creative-Biolabs
Neutralizing antibodies, pivotal in immune defense, specifically bind and inhibit viral pathogens, thereby playing a crucial role in protecting against and mitigating infectious diseases. In this slide, we will introduce what antibodies and neutralizing antibodies are, the production and regulation of neutralizing antibodies, their mechanisms of action, classification and applications, as well as the challenges they face.
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆Sérgio Sacani
Context. The early-type galaxy SDSS J133519.91+072807.4 (hereafter SDSS1335+0728), which had exhibited no prior optical variations during the preceding two decades, began showing significant nuclear variability in the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) alert stream from December 2019 (as ZTF19acnskyy). This variability behaviour, coupled with the host-galaxy properties, suggests that SDSS1335+0728 hosts a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole (BH) that is currently in the process of ‘turning on’. Aims. We present a multi-wavelength photometric analysis and spectroscopic follow-up performed with the aim of better understanding the origin of the nuclear variations detected in SDSS1335+0728. Methods. We used archival photometry (from WISE, 2MASS, SDSS, GALEX, eROSITA) and spectroscopic data (from SDSS and LAMOST) to study the state of SDSS1335+0728 prior to December 2019, and new observations from Swift, SOAR/Goodman, VLT/X-shooter, and Keck/LRIS taken after its turn-on to characterise its current state. We analysed the variability of SDSS1335+0728 in the X-ray/UV/optical/mid-infrared range, modelled its spectral energy distribution prior to and after December 2019, and studied the evolution of its UV/optical spectra. Results. From our multi-wavelength photometric analysis, we find that: (a) since 2021, the UV flux (from Swift/UVOT observations) is four times brighter than the flux reported by GALEX in 2004; (b) since June 2022, the mid-infrared flux has risen more than two times, and the W1−W2 WISE colour has become redder; and (c) since February 2024, the source has begun showing X-ray emission. From our spectroscopic follow-up, we see that (i) the narrow emission line ratios are now consistent with a more energetic ionising continuum; (ii) broad emission lines are not detected; and (iii) the [OIII] line increased its flux ∼ 3.6 years after the first ZTF alert, which implies a relatively compact narrow-line-emitting region. Conclusions. We conclude that the variations observed in SDSS1335+0728 could be either explained by a ∼ 106M⊙ AGN that is just turning on or by an exotic tidal disruption event (TDE). If the former is true, SDSS1335+0728 is one of the strongest cases of an AGNobserved in the process of activating. If the latter were found to be the case, it would correspond to the longest and faintest TDE ever observed (or another class of still unknown nuclear transient). Future observations of SDSS1335+0728 are crucial to further understand its behaviour. Key words. galaxies: active– accretion, accretion discs– galaxies: individual: SDSS J133519.91+072807.4
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...Sérgio Sacani
Wereport the study of a huge optical intraday flare on 2021 November 12 at 2 a.m. UT in the blazar OJ287. In the binary black hole model, it is associated with an impact of the secondary black hole on the accretion disk of the primary. Our multifrequency observing campaign was set up to search for such a signature of the impact based on a prediction made 8 yr earlier. The first I-band results of the flare have already been reported by Kishore et al. (2024). Here we combine these data with our monitoring in the R-band. There is a big change in the R–I spectral index by 1.0 ±0.1 between the normal background and the flare, suggesting a new component of radiation. The polarization variation during the rise of the flare suggests the same. The limits on the source size place it most reasonably in the jet of the secondary BH. We then ask why we have not seen this phenomenon before. We show that OJ287 was never before observed with sufficient sensitivity on the night when the flare should have happened according to the binary model. We also study the probability that this flare is just an oversized example of intraday variability using the Krakow data set of intense monitoring between 2015 and 2023. We find that the occurrence of a flare of this size and rapidity is unlikely. In machine-readable Tables 1 and 2, we give the full orbit-linked historical light curve of OJ287 as well as the dense monitoring sample of Krakow.
2. GALILEO’S SIX TRIPS TO ROME
• 1587 JOB HUNTING
• 1611 ROMAN TRIUMPH
• 1616 ROMAN CLOUDS
• 1624 ROMAN SUNSHINE
• 1630 STAR-CROSSED HEAVENS
• 1633 FOUL WEATHER IN ROME
3. First Trip (1587) - JOB HUNTING
•Galileo was 23 years old
•He was searching for a job
•Date of the trip: 1587
(letter from Clavius)
•Galileo and the Jesuits of
the Roman College
•The Rome of Sixtus V
(1585-1590)
11. Obelisks were
symbols of
immortality for the
pharaohs, one of the
most popular
trophies for Roman
conquerors in
ancient Egypt. Pope
Sixtus V situated
them in centric
places in Rome,
under the Cross, as
symbols of the
victory of
Christianity. This is
at St Peter’s Square
14. Obelisk of Santa
Maria Maggiore:
at one time in
Egypt,
afterwards at
Emperor
Augustus’s
Mausoleum in
Rome, finally
placed by Pope
Sixtus V in its
present location
16. Correspondence Galileo-Clavius
There are no documents reporting
Galileo’s first trip to Rome in 1587.
On 8 January 1588, Galileo (in
Florence) wrote a letter to Clavius
(in Rome), reminding him of their
encounter in Rome, and dealing
with scientific issues. Clavius
answered him with a letter dated
January 16.
17. Second Trip: 29 March to 4 June 1611
ROMAN TRIUMPH
• 1609-1610: telescopic discoveries,
published in 1610 in Sidereus
Nuncius (The Starry Messenger)
• 19 April: Bellarmine’s letter to the
Roman College
• 22 April: meeting with Pope Paul V
• 25 April: member of the Academy of
the Lynxes
• 13 May: Honors in the Roman College
18. Galileo’s telescopic discoveries
in 1609-1610
•Mountains and craters in
the Moon
•Jupiter’s four satellites
•Multitude of stars
•Venus’ phases
20. Cosimo II (1590-1621)
Grand Duke of
Tuscany (1609-1621)
Galileo was his private
tutor in summer
(1605-1608), and in
1610 was appointed as
his first mathematician
and philosopher
21. In 1610 Galileo
published his
astronomical
discoveries in
the Sidereus
Nuncius, a best
seller that made
him famous in
Europe
30. Using the telescope in the Gianicolo to
view the Lateran
During the banquet organized
by Federico Cesi on the hill of
the Gianicolo, close to St.
Peter’s, they used the
telescope in daylight to view
the inscription of Sixtus V in
the façade of St. John at the
Lateran, several miles away.
37. Third Trip
10 December 1615 – 4 June 1616
ROMAN CLOUDS
• 7 February 1615: Galileo denounced to Rome
• Galileo goes to Rome to prevent condemnation
• 12 April 1615: Bellarmine’s letter to Foscarini
• Galileo’s intense activity in Rome
• 24 February 1616: censure of the 11 theologians
• 26 February 1616: Galileo meets Bellarmine
• 5 March 1616: anti-Copernican decree of the Index
• 11 March 1616: Galileo meets Pope Paul V
• 26 May 1616: Bellarmine’s certificate for Galileo
38. Benedetto Castelli
Galileo’s faithful
friend, disciple,
and collaborator. A
Benedictine,
professor of
mathematics, who
did not see any
opposition
between
Copernicanism
and the Bible
40. Galileo’s denunciation
before Rome (1615)
• On 7 February 1615, Niccolò Lorini, a
Florentine Dominican friar, sent a copy
of the Letter to Castelli to Cardinal
Sfondrati, Prefect of the Congregation
of the Index in Rome, denouncing
some errors of the Galileists
• Lorini had commented the issue with
other monks at the convent of St. Mark
in Florence
41. Niccolò Lorini and Tommaso Caccini
• Both were Dominicans
• Caccini preached against Galileo from
the pulpit of Santa Maria Novella on 21
December 1614. In 1615, after Lorini’s
denounciation, he went to Rome to
declare against Galileo
• On the occasion of Lorini’s denunciation
in 1615, the Holy Office opened a
secret process, gathered a couple of
declarations, but nothing important
happened until 1616
42. The dogs of the Lord
• Dominicans considered themselves the
guardians of the Catholic faith, the dogs of
the Lord (in Latin, Domini-canes)
• In the cloister of Santa Maria Novella, a
large fresco represents people walking to
heaven. Dogs in white and black represent
Dominicans defending them against enemies
• But there were important Dominicans who
were on Galileo’s side, and did not see
opposition between Copernicanism and the
Bible
46. Altar of St. Robert Bellarmine (1542-
1621), in the church of St. Ignatius in
Rome
47. Copernicanism and the Bible
• Galileo attempted to show that
Copernicanism was compatible with the Bible
in his Letter to Castelli and Letter to
Christina of Lorraine
• The conflict could have been avoided
applying well-known rules of interpretation
when the Bible speaks on scientific issues
• The circumstances of the Counter-
reformation (polemics with Protestants) led
to interpret the passages of the Bible in an
excessively rigid way
48. In 1616, nobody considered Galileo
the father of modern empirical science
• Modern empirical science did not exist
yet, only initial fragments
• Galileo was famous due to his
telescopic discoveries of 1609-1610.
But he published his major works only
many years later: the Dialogue in
1632, and the Discorsi in 1638.
• He did not have real proofs of
Copernicanism
49. The opinion of the 11
theologians of the Holy Office
On 24 February 1616, 11 theologians of the
Holy Office reported that the notion that the
Sun is at the centre of the world and at rest is
“foolish and absurd in philosophy, and
formally heretical, inasmuch as it expressly
contradicts the doctrine of the Holy Scripture
in many passages”
This opinion influenced the course of the
events, but was not included in any public
document of the Magisterium of the Popes
50. The condemnation of Copernicanism
did not involve the Pope’s infallibility
The decrees of the Congregation of the Index
were disciplinary (they forbade books). The
anti-Copernican decree was published under
the authority of the Congregation (not of the
Pope, who was not mentioned)
The decree stated that Copernicanism was
opposed to the Bible, but did not condemn it as
a heresy: everybody knew that such a decree
could be revoked
51. In 1616, the Roman authorities
could have taken a softer course
Bellarmine was more
strict that the Council of
Trent, refusing to
acknowledge, with
Galileo and the Council,
that Copernicanism was
not a matter of faith,
and that the Bible does
not intend to teach this
kind of subject
52. Fourth Trip:
23 April 1624 - 16 June 1624
ROMAN SUNSHINE
• 1623: Cardinal Maffeo Barberini becomes
Pope Urban VIII
• 1624: six meetings with the Pope
• Speaking with the Pope about Copernicus?
• Urban VIII to Cardinal Zollern:
Copernicanism cannot be proven
• Urban’s argument on God’s omnipotence
• The doctrine of the Eucharist, sensible
qualities, and the denunciation of The
Assayer
53. In 1619, the
Jesuit Orazio
Grassi published
in Rome the
lecture he had
addresed in the
Roman College
on the three
comets seen in
1618
55. Grassi replied
to Galileo with
his Libra
astronomica,
published in
Perugia in
1619, using
the pen name
Lotharius
Sarsi
56. In 1623 Galileo
published in
Rome The
Assayer
(Il Saggiatore), a
reply to Grassi,
dedicated to
the new Pope
Urban VIII
57. In 1626 Grassi
published in
Paris his reply to
Galileo, again
using the pen
name Lotharius
Sarsi
58. Galileo’s enemies
The bitter polemics with Jesuits Orazio
Grassi on the nature of the comets,
and with Christopher Scheiner on the
sunspots, seriously deteriorated
Galileo’s relationship with the Jesuits.
When he published the Dialogue in
1632, his adversaries were ready to
make the case against him
60. Galileo’s letter to
the Grand Duke
of Tuscany (27
April 1624),
recounting his
arrival at Rome
and that the first
day he had been
received by the
Pope
61. Galileo and Urban VIII in 1624
• In his 1624 trip to Rome, Galileo was
received six times by the Pope, with
manifestations of great affection
• Galileo learned the mind of Urban VIII
on Copernicanism through Cardinal
Zollern. The Pope said that the Church
had only condemned the doctrine of
Copernicus as “rash,” not as heretical.
Nonetheless, he made it clear that, in
his own view, there was no chance that
it would ever be proven true
62. The “divine
omnipotence
argument” used by
Urban VIII played an
important role in the
Galileo affair: we
cannot be sure that
our theories are true,
as God could produce
the same effects we
observe using causes
unknown to us
63. Galileo and Urban’s argument
• Urban was very serious with his
argument. If we do not accept it, he
thought, we are denying God’s
omnipotence
• Urban explained his argument to Galileo
when he was a cardinal, before he
became Pope
• He thought that he had convinced
Galileo, so that Galileo would speak of
Copernicanism as a purely mathematical
device useful for calculating the motion of
heavenly bodies
64. Galileo Heretic?
• In 1981, historian Pietro Redondi was able
to consult in the Vatican archives an
unknown document, which he named G3
• It is a denunciation of Galileo’s atomism
and his negation of the reality of sensible
qualities (color, flavor, etc.), as
incompatible with the Catholic doctrine on
the Eucharist
• He published Galileo heretic,
reinterpreting the Galileo Affair in the light
of this unsigned and undated document
65. G3, first page
(of three)
Redondi
proposed that
G3 played a
major role in
the Galileo
Affair
66. EE291, an intriguing new document
• In 1999, Mariano Artigas discovered in the
archives of the Holy Office in Rome an
unsigned and undated document, EE291
• It is a report on the denunciation contained in
G3
• Rafael Martínez determined that the author
was Melchior Inchofer, a Jesuit who
intervened in the trial of Galileo in 1633
• The document raises questions that still
remain unanswered about the role played by
G3 and EE291 in the Galileo Affair
67. First page of
EE291, an
internal report
of the Vatican
assessing the
denunciation
of Galileo
contained in
G3
69. Fifth Trip: 3 May 1630 - 26 June 1630
STAR-CROSSED HEAVENS
• searching permission to publish the
Dialogue
• Riccardi’s doubts, almost double game
• 18 May 1630: Galileo meets the Pope
• easy return and difficult permission
• 1 August 1630: Prince Cesi dies
• more difficulties: the plague
• the Thirty Years War
• Galileo’s political pressure to obtain the
permission
70. Palace of Federico
Cesi, in Rome. Cesi
was to be the
publisher of Galileo’s
Dialogue. He could
have avoided the
dificulties that led to
the trial of Galileo. His
premature death in
1630 was a major
blow for Galileo
73. The Barberini during the
pontificate of Urban VIII
• Barberini’s memory in Rome is
associated with the Barberini Palace,
whose construction started in 1624
• Also with the adjacent piazza
Barberini, containing two famous
foutains by Bernini: the fontana del
Tritone in the middle of the square,
and the fotana delle api in a corner.
79. Galileo and Velazquez
• In 1630 both Galileo and Velazquez
were guests of the Grand Duque of
Tuscany in his Roman palaces
• Galileo lived with the ambassador in
Palazzo Firenze, Velazquez lived in
the Villa Medici
• There are two paintings of the
gardens of the Villa Medici by
Velazquez
82. The adventure of the imprimatur
(1)
• Galileo and his friends confided in the
protection of Pope Urban VIII in case of
difficulty
• Niccolò Riccardi, the Master of the
Apostolic Palace, was to deliver the
permission to print the book (the
imprimatur). He realized the difficulties
that could arise, but he also wanted to
please Galileo, who pressed very hard,
using political influences also
83. The adventure of the imprimatur
(2)
• Riccardi did not want to deliver the
permission until a number of details were
introduced and corrected in the book
• The plague made communication
between Florence and Rome difficult
• Galileo was nervous over the delay, and
finally had the book printed in Florence,
with a permission that did not fully fulfill
Riccardi’s requirements
84. Galileo and Pope Urban VIII
in 1630
• Pope Urban VIII held Galileo in very high
esteem
• Urban thought that Galileo would present
Copernicanism as a merely mathematical
tool, useful for calculation
• When the Dialogue was published in 1632
and Urban realized that it was a defense of
Copernicanism, he was very angry with
Galileo, as if Galileo had played a double
game with him, abusing the Pope’s friendship
85. Sixth Trip:
13 February 1633 - 6 July 1633
FOUL WEATHER IN ROME
• 22 February 1632: publication of the
Dialogue
• July 1632: problems begin in Rome
• 23 September 1632: Galileo called to
Rome
• Galileo’s four depositions: 12 April, 30
April, 10 May, 21 June 1633
• 27 April 1633: extra-judiciary settlement
with Maculano
• 22 June 1633: sentence and abjuration
• House arrest: Villa Medici, Siena, Arcetri
86. Galileo’s
Dialogue on
the two chief
sytems of the
world,
Ptolemaic and
Copernican
was presented
publicly on 22
February 1632
88. Galileo was never in jail
• During the trial (1633) he lived in the Palazzo
Firenze, the house of the ambassador of
Tuscany in Rome
• When he remained in the Holy Office, he lived
in the apartment of one of the officials
• When he was sentenced to prison, this was
immediately commuted to house arrest: in the
Villa Medici in Rome first, then in the palace of
the archbishop of Siena, and finally, from
December 1633 onward, in the Villa del
Gioiello, his own house in Arcetri, in the
outskirts of Florence
94. Galileo’s signature of his first
deposition, 12 April 1633
I, Galileo Galilei, have made a
deposition as above
95. Galileo’s signature of his second
deposition, 30 April 1633
I, Galileo Galilei, have made a
deposition as above
96. Galileo’s signature of his third
deposition, 10 May 1633
I, Galileo Galilei, with my own
hand
97. Galileo’s signature of his fourth
deposition, 21 June 1633
I, Galileo Galilei, have made a
deposition as above
98. Galileo was not tortured
On Tuesday, 21 June 1633, following the
rules, Commissioner Maculano threatened
Galileo with torture if he did not say the
truth. This was a mere formality, and
Galileo knew this. Five days before, the
Holy Office had already decided the
sentence. There was no torture. Galileo
anwered that he had nothing to add, and
immediately, as the document of his
deposition says, he signed the deposition
and was sent to his lodging.
99. Galileo’s sentence and abjuration at the
convent of Santa Maria sopra Minerva
• It is the only Gothic church in Rome,
built on the ruins of an ancient temple
dedicated to Minerva
• The Roman Inquisition often used the
adjacent convent of the Domnicans for
its meetings
• The elephant in the square (1667) was
designed by Bernini. The obelisk,
dating back to the 6th century B.C.,
formed part of the ruins in that place
100. right: Santa Maria sopra Minerva
middle of the square: elephant with obelisk
104. The rise and fall of an
uneasy genius
Galileo was a brilliant star. In 1611, when
he was 47 years old, he was publicly
honored at the Roman College of the
Jesuits. Ironically, in 1633 he heard his
condemnation in the nearby convent of
Santa Maria sopra Minerva. In a narrow
street, there is a sign indicating both
buildings, visible from that spot
111. When, where, and how Galileo died
• Galileo died of natural causes, on 8 January
1642, when he was 78 years old, in the Villa del
Gioiello (his house in Arcetri, in the outskirts of
Florence)
• His disciple Vincenzo Viviani accompanied him
during the last years, and wrote: “he was
seized by a fever that consumed him slowly,
and by a strong palpitation, so that during two
months he became more and more exhausted,
and finally, on a Wednesday, 8 January 1642,
around the fourth hour in the morning, he died
with philosophical and Christian firmness, at the
age of seventy-seven years, ten months, and
twenty days”.