From the confrontation between the defending forces and the opponents of the current democratic system may result in the maintenance of representative democracy in Brazil or its end.
To defend democracy to prevent the advancement of fascism in brazilFernando Alcoforado
The advance of fascism in Brazil results from the fact that its economic, social and political organization finds itself in complete disintegration. The inability of the Brazilian government and political institutions in general to offer effective responses to overcoming the recessive economic crisis in which the Brazilian nation has been suffering since 2014 and overcoming unbridled corruption in all the powers of the Republic has contributed to the advancement of fascism as a solution to the problems of Brazil. In the escalation of fascism in Brazil, an alliance was made between the conservative elite and the fascists which was consummated with the support of the conservative elite to the candidate Jair Bolsonaro to the Presidency of the Republic that has a proposal of typically fascist government because his discourse is based on the cult explicit of order, state violence, authoritarian government practices, social disregard for vulnerable and fragile groups, and anti-communism.
What is at stake in Brazil at the present moment is, above all, our right to life, our right to freedom of thought and opinion, our right to speak what we think. At stake in these elections is the preservation of democracy with the set of rights conquered after the military dictatorship. For all this, Bolsonaro must be defeated in the October 28 elections. NOT TO FASCISM VOTING IN FERNANDO HADDAD.
Thanks to the political irresponsibility of the PT and its allies in defending the corrupt Lula are contributing to the ascent of the egg of the fascist serpent in Brazil. By acting in this way, the PT and its allies lack the necessary intelligence to realize that the correlation of forces is entirely unfavorable to their pretensions. Insisting on the confrontation with the great majority of Brazilian society means plunging the Country into civil war whose consequences are unpredictable. In addition to having allied themselves with right-wing parties and politicians to govern, the PT and its allies are now contributing to the rise of the extreme right to power either in the 2018 presidential election or through a coup d'état if political radicalization reaches uncontrollable levels.
The dismantling of political and legal super structure in brazilFernando Alcoforado
The Brazilian nation is facing the impasse of having to live with a solution that means to maintain in power until the presidential elections of 2018 the kleptocracy that governs Brazil. This solution is unacceptable to all Brazilians who want Brazil to go through the path of economic, social, political and moral progress. This solution would aggravate further the gigantic economic crisis that has affected Brazil since 2014.
The Banning of Extremist Political Parties as a Measures of Neo-Militant Demo...Maciej Skrzypek
The paper aims to determine which political parties in post-communist countries were considered hostile to
the system and evaluate the systems' capacity to eliminate their enemies with political party banning. The
analysis overs Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, and
Hungary. The study covers the period from their democratization to 2020.
Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) developed Radiography of attacks against non-governmental organizations from the Republic of Moldova, which aimed at discrediting CSOs and deteriorating their environment for activity.
To defend democracy to prevent the advancement of fascism in brazilFernando Alcoforado
The advance of fascism in Brazil results from the fact that its economic, social and political organization finds itself in complete disintegration. The inability of the Brazilian government and political institutions in general to offer effective responses to overcoming the recessive economic crisis in which the Brazilian nation has been suffering since 2014 and overcoming unbridled corruption in all the powers of the Republic has contributed to the advancement of fascism as a solution to the problems of Brazil. In the escalation of fascism in Brazil, an alliance was made between the conservative elite and the fascists which was consummated with the support of the conservative elite to the candidate Jair Bolsonaro to the Presidency of the Republic that has a proposal of typically fascist government because his discourse is based on the cult explicit of order, state violence, authoritarian government practices, social disregard for vulnerable and fragile groups, and anti-communism.
What is at stake in Brazil at the present moment is, above all, our right to life, our right to freedom of thought and opinion, our right to speak what we think. At stake in these elections is the preservation of democracy with the set of rights conquered after the military dictatorship. For all this, Bolsonaro must be defeated in the October 28 elections. NOT TO FASCISM VOTING IN FERNANDO HADDAD.
Thanks to the political irresponsibility of the PT and its allies in defending the corrupt Lula are contributing to the ascent of the egg of the fascist serpent in Brazil. By acting in this way, the PT and its allies lack the necessary intelligence to realize that the correlation of forces is entirely unfavorable to their pretensions. Insisting on the confrontation with the great majority of Brazilian society means plunging the Country into civil war whose consequences are unpredictable. In addition to having allied themselves with right-wing parties and politicians to govern, the PT and its allies are now contributing to the rise of the extreme right to power either in the 2018 presidential election or through a coup d'état if political radicalization reaches uncontrollable levels.
The dismantling of political and legal super structure in brazilFernando Alcoforado
The Brazilian nation is facing the impasse of having to live with a solution that means to maintain in power until the presidential elections of 2018 the kleptocracy that governs Brazil. This solution is unacceptable to all Brazilians who want Brazil to go through the path of economic, social, political and moral progress. This solution would aggravate further the gigantic economic crisis that has affected Brazil since 2014.
The Banning of Extremist Political Parties as a Measures of Neo-Militant Demo...Maciej Skrzypek
The paper aims to determine which political parties in post-communist countries were considered hostile to
the system and evaluate the systems' capacity to eliminate their enemies with political party banning. The
analysis overs Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, and
Hungary. The study covers the period from their democratization to 2020.
Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) developed Radiography of attacks against non-governmental organizations from the Republic of Moldova, which aimed at discrediting CSOs and deteriorating their environment for activity.
Analysis of the most viable candidates to the presidency of the republic of b...Fernando Alcoforado
Considerando o fato de o Brasil, como organização econômica, social e política, se encontrar em desintegração cujos sinais são evidentes em todas as partes do País e que a estagnação econômica atual tende a se agravar no Brasil com a elevação do desemprego e a redução das receitas do Estado que poderão inviabilizar sua capacidade de intervenção na economia, a eleição de um Presidente da República que não seja capaz de superar a crise atual e reativar a economia brasileira pode levar o País à convulsão social. Para evitar este cenário, é necessário eleger um Presidente da República que aumente a capacidade do governo brasileiro e das instituições políticas em geral de oferecer respostas eficazes para superação da crise política, econômica e social em que se debate a nação brasileira.
New constituent with the failure of the political institutions of brazilFernando Alcoforado
The political crisis that now shakes Brazil is fundamentally due to the bankruptcy of the political model approved in the 1988 Constituent Assembly. The bankruptcy of Brazil's political model result from the fact that presidentialism in force since 1889 has generated political and institutional crises such as those that have occurred in the past that have resulted in impeachments and coups d'état. In addition, the country's political system is contaminated by corruption as evidenced by the "mensalão" operation which investigated the purchase of parliamentary votes by PT (Workers Party) and Lava Jato operations.
The two most competitive candidates in the next elections do not propose the necessary measures to overcome the country's economic problems. Marina Silva and Jair Bolsonaro would not be able to promote the structural changes necessary for the development of Brazil. The future of Brazil is threatened either with the victory of Marina Silva and Jair Bolsonaro that do not formulate anything in this direction. It is urgent to elect a candidate who is able to break with neoliberalism and implement a national development model that privileges national interests and not those of international capital, especially those of financial capital.
Reform of the constitution or political backlash in brazilFernando Alcoforado
There is no way to change the reality experienced by Brazil in the economic, political and administrative fields unless the holding of the constitutional reform to avoid a political and institutional breakdown in the country and build a new political and administrative radically democratic based on ethics and development for the benefit of the entire population. It is not enough to hold a mere political reform including as has been recommended by President Dilma Rousseff. The situation currently lived in Brazil calls into question not only the powers, but also representative democracy that may lead to ungovernability of the power structures in Brazil, now quite demoralized by successive corruption scandals that are reaching all branches of government.
The Newsletter of June has as focus the October elections, and brings an analysis of Henrique Meirelles as a possible next president of Brazil. Furthermore, we highlight themes related to female candidature, new rules for electoral ads on internet and the electoral race in 5 Brazilian state. Lastly, we approach also the political stalemate in the National Congress to approve the Legal Landmark of Personal Data.
In order to provide a further discussion tool, the Public Affairs team wishes a great reading!
The putrefaction of the michel temer government and of the political institut...Fernando Alcoforado
The Datafolha Research demonstrates, above all, the putrefaction of political and juridical institutions of Brazil that can only be resolved by convening a new Constituent Assembly to carry out the political, of State and of Public Administration reform aimed at reordering the national life. Indirect elections with a demoralized National Congress as current and direct elections with a National Congress and demoralized political parties like the present ones will not solve the problems of Brazil.
In order to prevent Brazil from facing an exception regime, it is necessary to carry out as urgently as possible a new National Constituent Assembly that allows for the conclusion of a new social contract on the basis of which the economic, political and social systems are reorganized. To hold general elections in Brazil in 2018 as it is defended by some parties and social segments with the maintenance of the corrupt and incompetent political class that governs the Country at the present moment without being preceded by a Constituent will represent a worsening of the serious crisis experienced by Brazil at the moment. Without a new Constituent we will be threatened to live with a new dictatorship in Brazil because the deterioration of the economic base and the political and legal superstructure will lead the country to total ungovernability..
It is not by chance that Machiavellianism has become synonymous with a political practice devoid of morality and good faith, an astute and rogue procedure. It is in this way that the behavior of the Federal Supreme Court (STF) that submitted to the retrograde forces of the National Congress can be characterized by abdicating its constitutional power to keep the corrupt Senator Aécio Neves out of parliament transferring this decision to the Federal Senate where he will resume certainly his mandate. STF President Carmen Lúcia's pathetic vow of minerva, which represented the capitulation of the Federal Supreme Court to the country's retrograde political forces, was regrettable because it showed her lack of courage in the face of the challenge she faced. In these circumstances, the Supreme Court ceased to be the highest judicial body. In deciding to maintain the immunity of Aécio Neves in the exercise of parliamentary activity, the STF transformed immunity into parliamentary impunity.
Look into some Highlights of the Freedom House 2021 ReportCharlie
I look over the Freedom House 2021 report and highlight some of the main points that are included, but make sure to give the full Freedom House 2021 report a read.
The only way to avoid the ascension of fascism and the establishment of a right-wing dictatorship in Brazil is the formation of a broad anti-fascist front with the support of the most capable candidate to defeat the fascist forces that support Bolsonaro in the upcoming presidential and parliamentary elections.
HOW TO STRENGTHEN DEMOCRACY THREATENED BY NEO-FASCISM IN BRAZIL.pdfFaga1939
This article aims to present how to strengthen Brazilian democracy in the face of the threat of Bolsonarist neo-fascism. All democrats need to understand that it is not enough to have won the last presidential elections to eradicate the Bolsonarist neo-fascist threat. Neo-fascists are regrouping to try to achieve their goals, which is to convulse Brazil with a view to implanting an extreme right-wing dictatorship in the country. It is absolutely necessary for all Brazilian democrats to understand that the neo-fascist serpent is still alive and will try to return to power, starting with the municipal elections of 2024 and, later, in 2026, for state governments and, above all, for the Presidency. of the Republic. One of the conditions to prevent this from happening is that the Lula government does not fail in its search for a solution to Brazil's economic and social problems. The success of the Lula government in overcoming economic and social problems is the “sine-qua-non” condition to prevent Bolsonarist neo-fascism from returning to power in Brazil. In order to avoid the end of the current democratic system in Brazil, it is necessary that a broad democratic and anti-fascist front be constituted in Parliament and in Civil Society to defend the 1988 Constitution and fight against the acts of the political forces of opposition to the democratic system that are contrary to to the interests of the vast majority of the population and democracy in Brazil. This broad front must also be used to promote the reconstruction of the Brazilian economy, which is the necessary condition for the Lula government to be successful in the fight in defense of democracy against the Bolsonarist neo-fascist serpent. I take this opportunity to wish all Brazilian democrats my best wishes for a Happy 2023, including their families.
Democratic front to avoid the ascension of fascism to power in brazilFernando Alcoforado
In order to oppose the advance of fascism and to prevent Bolsonaro's victory in the second round of the presidential elections, it is necessary to build an antifascist democratic front that, unifying left-wing political forces and democratic liberals, seeks the peaceful coexistence between antagonistic social classes and political parties, also antagonistic, electing Fernando Haddad as President of the Republic as long as he makes a commitment to celebrate a political and social pact that meets the multiple interests at stake.
Democratic front to avoid the ascension of fascism to power in brazilFernando Alcoforado
In order to oppose the advance of fascism and to prevent Bolsonaro's victory in the second round of the presidential elections, it is necessary to build an antifascist democratic front that, unifying left-wing political forces and democratic liberals, seeks the peaceful coexistence between antagonistic social classes and political parties, also antagonistic, electing Fernando Haddad as President of the Republic as long as he makes a commitment to celebrate a political and social pact that meets the multiple interests at stake.
Analysis of the most viable candidates to the presidency of the republic of b...Fernando Alcoforado
Considerando o fato de o Brasil, como organização econômica, social e política, se encontrar em desintegração cujos sinais são evidentes em todas as partes do País e que a estagnação econômica atual tende a se agravar no Brasil com a elevação do desemprego e a redução das receitas do Estado que poderão inviabilizar sua capacidade de intervenção na economia, a eleição de um Presidente da República que não seja capaz de superar a crise atual e reativar a economia brasileira pode levar o País à convulsão social. Para evitar este cenário, é necessário eleger um Presidente da República que aumente a capacidade do governo brasileiro e das instituições políticas em geral de oferecer respostas eficazes para superação da crise política, econômica e social em que se debate a nação brasileira.
New constituent with the failure of the political institutions of brazilFernando Alcoforado
The political crisis that now shakes Brazil is fundamentally due to the bankruptcy of the political model approved in the 1988 Constituent Assembly. The bankruptcy of Brazil's political model result from the fact that presidentialism in force since 1889 has generated political and institutional crises such as those that have occurred in the past that have resulted in impeachments and coups d'état. In addition, the country's political system is contaminated by corruption as evidenced by the "mensalão" operation which investigated the purchase of parliamentary votes by PT (Workers Party) and Lava Jato operations.
The two most competitive candidates in the next elections do not propose the necessary measures to overcome the country's economic problems. Marina Silva and Jair Bolsonaro would not be able to promote the structural changes necessary for the development of Brazil. The future of Brazil is threatened either with the victory of Marina Silva and Jair Bolsonaro that do not formulate anything in this direction. It is urgent to elect a candidate who is able to break with neoliberalism and implement a national development model that privileges national interests and not those of international capital, especially those of financial capital.
Reform of the constitution or political backlash in brazilFernando Alcoforado
There is no way to change the reality experienced by Brazil in the economic, political and administrative fields unless the holding of the constitutional reform to avoid a political and institutional breakdown in the country and build a new political and administrative radically democratic based on ethics and development for the benefit of the entire population. It is not enough to hold a mere political reform including as has been recommended by President Dilma Rousseff. The situation currently lived in Brazil calls into question not only the powers, but also representative democracy that may lead to ungovernability of the power structures in Brazil, now quite demoralized by successive corruption scandals that are reaching all branches of government.
The Newsletter of June has as focus the October elections, and brings an analysis of Henrique Meirelles as a possible next president of Brazil. Furthermore, we highlight themes related to female candidature, new rules for electoral ads on internet and the electoral race in 5 Brazilian state. Lastly, we approach also the political stalemate in the National Congress to approve the Legal Landmark of Personal Data.
In order to provide a further discussion tool, the Public Affairs team wishes a great reading!
The putrefaction of the michel temer government and of the political institut...Fernando Alcoforado
The Datafolha Research demonstrates, above all, the putrefaction of political and juridical institutions of Brazil that can only be resolved by convening a new Constituent Assembly to carry out the political, of State and of Public Administration reform aimed at reordering the national life. Indirect elections with a demoralized National Congress as current and direct elections with a National Congress and demoralized political parties like the present ones will not solve the problems of Brazil.
In order to prevent Brazil from facing an exception regime, it is necessary to carry out as urgently as possible a new National Constituent Assembly that allows for the conclusion of a new social contract on the basis of which the economic, political and social systems are reorganized. To hold general elections in Brazil in 2018 as it is defended by some parties and social segments with the maintenance of the corrupt and incompetent political class that governs the Country at the present moment without being preceded by a Constituent will represent a worsening of the serious crisis experienced by Brazil at the moment. Without a new Constituent we will be threatened to live with a new dictatorship in Brazil because the deterioration of the economic base and the political and legal superstructure will lead the country to total ungovernability..
It is not by chance that Machiavellianism has become synonymous with a political practice devoid of morality and good faith, an astute and rogue procedure. It is in this way that the behavior of the Federal Supreme Court (STF) that submitted to the retrograde forces of the National Congress can be characterized by abdicating its constitutional power to keep the corrupt Senator Aécio Neves out of parliament transferring this decision to the Federal Senate where he will resume certainly his mandate. STF President Carmen Lúcia's pathetic vow of minerva, which represented the capitulation of the Federal Supreme Court to the country's retrograde political forces, was regrettable because it showed her lack of courage in the face of the challenge she faced. In these circumstances, the Supreme Court ceased to be the highest judicial body. In deciding to maintain the immunity of Aécio Neves in the exercise of parliamentary activity, the STF transformed immunity into parliamentary impunity.
Look into some Highlights of the Freedom House 2021 ReportCharlie
I look over the Freedom House 2021 report and highlight some of the main points that are included, but make sure to give the full Freedom House 2021 report a read.
The only way to avoid the ascension of fascism and the establishment of a right-wing dictatorship in Brazil is the formation of a broad anti-fascist front with the support of the most capable candidate to defeat the fascist forces that support Bolsonaro in the upcoming presidential and parliamentary elections.
HOW TO STRENGTHEN DEMOCRACY THREATENED BY NEO-FASCISM IN BRAZIL.pdfFaga1939
This article aims to present how to strengthen Brazilian democracy in the face of the threat of Bolsonarist neo-fascism. All democrats need to understand that it is not enough to have won the last presidential elections to eradicate the Bolsonarist neo-fascist threat. Neo-fascists are regrouping to try to achieve their goals, which is to convulse Brazil with a view to implanting an extreme right-wing dictatorship in the country. It is absolutely necessary for all Brazilian democrats to understand that the neo-fascist serpent is still alive and will try to return to power, starting with the municipal elections of 2024 and, later, in 2026, for state governments and, above all, for the Presidency. of the Republic. One of the conditions to prevent this from happening is that the Lula government does not fail in its search for a solution to Brazil's economic and social problems. The success of the Lula government in overcoming economic and social problems is the “sine-qua-non” condition to prevent Bolsonarist neo-fascism from returning to power in Brazil. In order to avoid the end of the current democratic system in Brazil, it is necessary that a broad democratic and anti-fascist front be constituted in Parliament and in Civil Society to defend the 1988 Constitution and fight against the acts of the political forces of opposition to the democratic system that are contrary to to the interests of the vast majority of the population and democracy in Brazil. This broad front must also be used to promote the reconstruction of the Brazilian economy, which is the necessary condition for the Lula government to be successful in the fight in defense of democracy against the Bolsonarist neo-fascist serpent. I take this opportunity to wish all Brazilian democrats my best wishes for a Happy 2023, including their families.
Democratic front to avoid the ascension of fascism to power in brazilFernando Alcoforado
In order to oppose the advance of fascism and to prevent Bolsonaro's victory in the second round of the presidential elections, it is necessary to build an antifascist democratic front that, unifying left-wing political forces and democratic liberals, seeks the peaceful coexistence between antagonistic social classes and political parties, also antagonistic, electing Fernando Haddad as President of the Republic as long as he makes a commitment to celebrate a political and social pact that meets the multiple interests at stake.
Democratic front to avoid the ascension of fascism to power in brazilFernando Alcoforado
In order to oppose the advance of fascism and to prevent Bolsonaro's victory in the second round of the presidential elections, it is necessary to build an antifascist democratic front that, unifying left-wing political forces and democratic liberals, seeks the peaceful coexistence between antagonistic social classes and political parties, also antagonistic, electing Fernando Haddad as President of the Republic as long as he makes a commitment to celebrate a political and social pact that meets the multiple interests at stake.
The only way to avoid the escalation of fascism and the establishment of a right-wing dictatorship in Brazil is the formation of a broad antifascist front, supporting the best candidate to defeat the fascist forces that support Bolsonaro in the upcoming presidential elections. Electoral polls indicate that Ciro Gomes is the candidate who is able to defeat Bolsonaro in the second round of presidential elections.
The collective suicide of the Brazilian nation may occur if the next presidential elections in Brazil are decided in the second round among Jair Bolsonaro on the extreme right-wing, with a fascist tendency, and Fernando Haddad on the left, with a socialist tendency. It is considered a collective suicide of a nation when its people choose a path that will inevitably lead to political, economic and social disaster.
The lulopetista fundamentalism and risk of political backspace in brazilFernando Alcoforado
A characteristic of fundamentalism that now dominates the Brazilian political life is “lulopetismo” that now involves some intellectuals, urban and rural proletariat and the lumpenproletariat many of which carry commissioned positions in Dilma Rousseff government. The “lulopetismo” has Lula as greatest leader, his followers are connected to PT (Workers´Party) and allied parties and integrate trade unions and civil society organizations. The “lulopetistas” are fundamentalists because they are blind to corruption, the serious administrative and financial irregularities and political errors committed by PT governments of Lula and Dilma Rousseff and many of its members. A feature common to fundamentalists is that they are intolerant to the extreme. Intolerance is a term that describes the mental attitude characterized by unwillingness to recognize and respect differences or religious beliefs, political or any third party nature by fundamentalists. If political intolerance prevail between supporters and opponents of PT and the Dilma Rousseff government, Brazil will move swiftly into a state of civil war. This scenario may occur either with the impeachment or the permanence of Dilma Rousseff in power.
The fascism of the Bolsonaro government is characterized by disrespect for human rights and the environment, the identification of enemies as a unifying cause, the emphasis on militarism, the high level of sexism, the control of the media, religion and interconnected governments, attack to labor rights, disdain for intellectuals and the arts, obsession with crime and punishment and the creation of a police state. Jair Bolsonaro's political goal is to gain full power through the dominance of the legislature and judiciary, as well as the executive branch and, if necessary, the closure of the first two to put his fascist government project into practice.
Governability and democracy threatened in brazil with ascension to the power ...Fernando Alcoforado
The facts of history demonstrate that when the economic crisis deepens, the crisis of governability materializes with the paralysis of the government that can occur in Brazil after the elections of 2018 produced to a large extent by the struggle between the political forces of right and left which may result in a civil war followed by the establishment of a right-wing or left-wing dictatorship. The greatest possibility is that a right-wing dictatorship is implanted either with Bolsonaro's victory to keep him in power and Haddad's victory after overthrowing him.
Left versus right how to avoid catastrophic confrontation in contemporary b...Fernando Alcoforado
The only scenario that would prevent the triggering of violence between left and right with the consequent implementation of dictatorships to carry out, respectively, the social revolution and the counterrevolution would occur with the emergence of a candidate for President of the Republic who has the ability to bring together the Brazilian nation around a common project of political, economic and social development that should result from a broad debate in an exclusive National Constituent Assembly that the future President of the Republic would call after his election in 2018. The National Constituent Assembly would serve not only to deliberate on the economic, political and social future of Brazil, but above all to celebrate a social pact and thus to make social peace overlap with the social conflict that would result if this path were not adopted.
The facts of history show that, as the struggle between the political forces of the right and the left grow up, dictatorship is imposed as a solution for those who are in power to impose by force their will on the nation. Faced with the impossibility of electing a president of the Republic to ensure democratic practice and social peace, we can only hope for dark times in Brazil.
THE SCENARIOS OF THE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS IN BRAZIL.pdfFaga1939
This article aims to outline scenarios for Brazil's presidential elections in 2022. In the race for the Presidency of the Republic, Lula and Bolsonaro have the preference of the electorate, followed by Ciro Gomes with a wide difference. By considering Lula and Bolsonaro as their preferred candidates, the Brazilian people are not realizing that both have neoliberal economic programs which, in Bolsonaro's case, is radically ultra-neoliberal, while in Lula's case it incorporates developmentalist and humanist elements. Ciro Gomes, in turn, who presents the best economic program for Brazil because it is a national developmentalist, will hardly surpass Lula or Bolsonaro in the 1st round of the presidential elections. One scenario assumes that the elections will take place without incident and the winner will assume power from 2023 and the alternative scenario is that there will be no elections thanks to the coup of state to be perpetrated by Bolsonaro before and during the elections. This means that Brazil may have two alternative futures: 1) Neoliberalism with humanist social policies and democracy with Lula in power if he is victorious in the elections if they are held; and, 2) Ultra-neoliberalism with social tightening and dictatorship with Bolsonaro in power if he succeeds in preventing the holding of elections.
Everything suggests that the strategy devised by the PT (Worker Party) for achievement and maintenance in power in Brazil took into account the lessons of Gramsci. From the Lula government, in civil society, social sectors were conquered by the PT with the “Bolsa Familia” income transfer program, in addition to unions and social movements in general that have been co-opted by PT. The structures of the Brazilian state and state enterprises were also occupied by members of the PT. More recently, the judiciary was also conquered after the departure of President Joaquim Barbosa because its presidents of the Supreme Court and top electoral court former members of PT. The victory of PT in the presidential elections of October 26 would close the maintenance of the Executive Branch. Possession of the Executive and the Judiciary, the Legislature would be entirely at the mercy of the PT. The conquest of the state by PT in Brazil would materialize in practice. From the foregoing, it can be stated that Brazil's future will be dictated by the hegemonic power of the PT and its allies if Dilma Rousseff win the next elections. Instead of putting into practice the Gramscian way of social emancipation, we instead have in Brazil playing the dictatorship exercised by the PRI party that controlled the political life of Mexico for 71 years, through the control of the state apparatus and a system based on corruption, forming the "Perfect Dictatorship" term used because the official party to have been sustained in power without punches preserving the elections and the multiparty system.
Debate on Future Democracy and Corruption, in the Digital Age (from Theory to...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This article is a reflection on the future of humanity, especially for young people. In my opinion, this
model of World Society, where inequalities are increasing, where there are men who send other men to war, where men order
men to be killed for political differences and or economic interests, where Corruption reigns. We need to change the
paradigm. But the change will be long.
Democracy is a political regime in which all citizens, in the enjoyment of their Human and Political Rights, participate in
the choice of the governance model for the country and/or region, who in their activity create the laws and implement them,
exercising the power of governance, through universal suffrage. It encompasses the social, political, economic and cultural
conditions that allow the exercise of power, free and equal, in political self-determination.
Democracy is both a normative ideal and a set of true world institutions. We have competing ideals of what democracy
should be, and there are many institutional forms of democracy around the world. Both as an idea and as an institutional
form, democracy has evolved over time, as changing circumstances make it possible to modify and solidify some of the
democratic institutions, sometimes for the benefit of democracy and sometimes not. One of the reasons democracy has
evolved, as an idea or institutionally, is people's disappointment with existing democratic institutions.
KEYWORDS: Democracy, Democracy of the Future, Corruption, Bribery, Systemic Corruption, Political
Corruption.
Nos Estados Unidos, a denúncia sobre a farsa do impeachment de Dilma Rousseff, encampada por grandes jornais como o The New York Times, ganha força agora entre parlamentares norte-americanos. Em carta a John Kerry, 33 parlamentares pedem ao secretário de Estado que se abstenha de declarações favoráveis ao golpista Michel Temer (PMDB); "Nosso governo deve expressar sua forte preocupação com as circunstâncias que envolvem o processo de impeachment e exigir a proteção da Constituição democrática no Brasil", afirmam os signatários do documento
Carta de políticos americanos para secretário de Estado dos EUADilmaRousseff
Congressistas pedem que representante americano demonstre preocupação com o processo de impeachment e apoio à retomada da democracia. Leia mais: https://goo.gl/sLgvgh
Este artigo tem por objetivo demonstrar que o povo brasileiro vive o inferno representado pelas catástrofes políticas, econômicas, sociais e ambientais que estão conduzindo o País a um desastre humanitário sem precedentes em sua história de gigantescas proporções. A catástrofe política no Brasil poderá ocorrer com o fim do processo democrático resultante da escalada do fascismo na sociedade pela ação do presidente Jair Bolsonaro que busca colocar em prática sua proposta de governo tipicamente fascista baseada no culto explícito da ordem, na violência de Estado, em práticas autoritárias de governo, no desprezo social por grupos vulneráveis e fragilizados e no anticomunismo. Soma-se à catástrofe política, a catástrofe econômica caracterizada pela estagnação da economia brasileira que amarga uma recessão em 2020 agravada pela pandemia do novo coronavirus porque o PIB caiu 4,1% em relação ao de 2019, a menor taxa da série histórica, iniciada em 1996, bem como com a taxa de desemprego em patamar recorde de 14,8 milhões de pessoas em busca de emprego no País. A catástrofe social se manifesta no fato de o governo Bolsonaro nada fazer para reduzir as taxas de desemprego reativando a economia, atuar em prejuízo dos interesses dos trabalhadores promovendo medidas contra os direitos sociais da população e contribuir para o número elevado de infectados e mortos pelo coronavirus no Brasil ao sabotar o combate ao vírus. Finalmente, a catástrofe ambiental se manifesta no fato de o governo Bolsonaro contribuir para a inação de órgãos governamentais responsáveis pela fiscalização contra as agressões ao meio ambiente, abrir caminho para atividades de mineração, agricultura, pecuária e madeireira na Floresta Amazônica e afastar o Brasil do Acordo do Clima de Paris.
Cet article vise à démontrer que le peuple brésilien vit l'enfer représenté par les catastrophes politiques, économiques, sociales et environnementales qui conduisent le pays à une catastrophe humanitaire sans précédent dans son histoire aux proportions gigantesques. La catastrophe politique au Brésil pourrait survenir avec la fin du processus démocratique résultant de l'escalade du fascisme dans la société par l'action du président Jair Bolsonaro, qui cherche à mettre en pratique sa proposition de gouvernement typiquement fasciste. fondée sur le culte explicite de l'ordre, la violence d'État, les pratiques gouvernementales autoritaires, le mépris social pour les groupes vulnérables et fragiles et l'anticommunisme. Outre la catastrophe politique, la catastrophe économique caractérisée par la stagnation de l'économie brésilienne après une récession en 2020, aggravée par la nouvelle pandémie de coronavirus, car le PIB a baissé de 4,1% par rapport à 2019, le taux le plus bas du série historique, commencée en 1996, ainsi qu'avec le taux de chômage à un niveau record de 14,8 millions de personnes à la recherche d'un emploi dans le pays.La catastrophe sociale se manifeste par le fait que le gouvernement Bolsonaro ne fait rien pour réduire les taux de chômage en réactivant la économique, agissant au détriment des intérêts des travailleurs, promouvant des mesures contre les droits sociaux de la population et contribuant au nombre élevé de personnes infectées et tuées par le coronavirus au Brésil en sabotant la lutte contre le virus. Enfin, la catastrophe environnementale se manifeste par le fait que le gouvernement Bolsonaro contribue à l'inaction des agences gouvernementales chargées de surveiller les agressions contre l'environnement, ouvrant la voie aux activités minières, agricoles, d'élevage et d'exploitation forestière dans la forêt amazonienne et retirant le Brésil de l'Accord de Paris sur le climat.
Cet article a pour objectif de présenter et d'analyser le rapport du Groupe d'experts intergouvernemental sur l'évolution du climat (GIEC), agence liée à l'ONU, rendu public le 9 août 2021 à travers lequel il montre l'ensemble des connaissances acquises depuis la publication de son précédent rapport en 2014 sur le climat de la planète Terre. 234 auteurs de 66 pays ont examiné plus de 14 000 études scientifiques et leur travail a été reçu avec plus de 78 000 commentaires et observations de chercheurs et d'experts qui travaillant pour les 195 gouvernements auxquels ce travail est destiné. Ce rapport révèle une connaissance approfondie du climat passé, présent et futur de la Terre. Le résumé de ce rapport est à lire dans l'article Selon le GIEC, le changement climatique est irréversible, mais peut encore être corrigé disponible sur le site <https://www.sciencesetavenir.fr/nature-environnement/climat/selon-le-giec-le-changement-climatique-s-accelere-est-irreversible-mais-peut-etre-corrige_156431>. Alors que peut-on faire pour éviter cette catastrophe climatique ? La solution est de réduire de moitié les émissions mondiales de gaz à effet de serre d'ici 2030 et de zéro émission nette d'ici le milieu de ce siècle pour arrêter et éventuellement inverser la hausse des températures. La réduction à zéro des émissions nettes consiste à réduire autant que possible les émissions de gaz à effet de serre en utilisant les technologies propres et les énergies renouvelables, ainsi que comme capter et stocker le carbone, ou l'absorber en plantant des arbres. Très probablement, le monde ne réussira pas à empêcher d'autres changements climatiques en raison de l'absence d'un système de gouvernance mondiale capable d'empêcher l'augmentation du réchauffement climatique et le changement climatique catastrophique résultant de l'impuissance de l'ONU.
AQUECIMENTO GLOBAL, MUDANÇA CLIMÁTICA GLOBAL E SEUS IMPACTOS SOBRE A SAÚDE HU...Fernando Alcoforado
Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar os impactos do aquecimento global e da consequente mudança climática sobre a saúde humana e as soluções que permitam evitar suas maléficas consequências contra a humanidade. Para alcançar este objetivo, é necessário promover uma transformação profunda da sociedade atual que tem sido extremamente destruidora das condições de vida do planeta. Diante disso, é imprescindível que seja edificada uma sociedade sustentável substituindo o atual modelo econômico dominante em todo o mundo por outro que leve em conta o homem integrado com o meio ambiente, com a natureza, ou seja, o modelo de desenvolvimento sustentável. Foi analisado o Acordo de Paris com base na COP 21 organizada pela ONU através do qual 195 países e a União Europeia definiram como a humanidade lutará contra o aquecimento global nas próximas décadas, bem como foi analisada literatura relacionada com o aquecimento global e a mudança climática para extrair as conclusões que apontam como substituir o modelo de desenvolvimento atual pelo modelo de desenvolvimento sustentável.
GLOBAL WARMING, GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS IMPACTS ON HUMAN HEALTHFernando Alcoforado
This article aims to present the impacts of global warming and the consequent global climate change on human health and the solutions to avoid its harmful consequences against humanity. In order to achieve this goal, it is necessary to promote a profound transformation of current society, which has been extremely destructive of the planet's living conditions. Therefore, it is essential to build a sustainable society, replacing the current dominant economic model throughout the world with one that takes into account man integrated with the environment, with nature, that is, the model of sustainable development. The Paris Agreement was analyzed based on the COP 21 organized by the UN through which 195 countries and the European Union defined how humanity will fight global warming in the coming decades, as well as was analyzed literature related to global warming and climate change to extract the conclusions that point out how to replace the current development model with the sustainable development model.
LE RÉCHAUFFEMENT CLIMATIQUE, LE CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE MONDIAL ET SES IMPACTS ...Fernando Alcoforado
Cet article a pour objectif de présenter les impacts du réchauffement climatique et du changement climatique qui en découle sur la santé humaine et les solutions pour éviter ses conséquences néfastes contre l'humanité. Pour atteindre cet objectif, il est nécessaire de promouvoir une transformation profonde de la société d'aujourd'hui qui a été extrêmement destructrice des conditions de vie sur la planète. Il est donc essentiel de construire une société durable, en remplaçant le modèle économique actuel dominant à travers le monde par un autre qui prenne en compte l'homme intégré à l'environnement, à la nature, c'est-à-dire le modèle de développement durable. L'Accord de Paris a été analysé sur la base de la COP 21 organisée par l'ONU à travers laquelle 195 pays et l'Union européenne ont défini comment l'humanité luttera contre le réchauffement climatique dans les prochaines décennies, ainsi que a été analysée la littérature liée au réchauffement climatique et au changement climatique pour extraire les conclusions qui indiquent comment remplacer le modèle de développement actuel par le modèle de développement durable.
Cet article a trois objectifs : 1) démontrer qu'il y a un changement drastique du climat de la Terre grâce au réchauffement climatique, qui contribue à la survenue d'inondations dans les villes aux effets de plus en plus catastrophiques ; 2) proposer des mesures pour lutter contre le changement climatique mondial ; et 3) proposer des mesures pour préparer les villes à faire face à des événements météorologiques extrêmes. Récemment, des inondations se sont produites qui exposent la vulnérabilité des villes d'Europe et de Chine aux conditions météorologiques les plus extrêmes. Après les inondations qui ont fait des morts en Allemagne, en Belgique et en Chine, le message a été renforcé que des changements importants sont nécessaires pour préparer les villes à faire face à des événements similaires à l'avenir. Les gouvernements doivent admettre que les infrastructures qu'ils ont construites dans le passé pour les villes, même à une époque plus récente, sont vulnérables à ces phénomènes météorologiques extrêmes. Pour faire face aux inondations qui deviendront de plus en plus fréquentes, les gouvernements doivent agir simultanément dans trois directions : la première est de lutter contre le changement climatique mondial ; le second est de préparer les villes à faire face à des événements météorologiques extrêmes et le troisième est de mettre en œuvre une société durable aux niveaux national et mondial.
This article has three objectives: 1) to demonstrate that there is a drastic change in the Earth's climate thanks to global warming, which is contributing to the occurrence of floods in cities that are increasingly catastrophic in their effects; 2) propose measures to combat global climate change; and 3) propose measures to prepare cities to face extreme weather events. Recently, floods have occurred that expose the vulnerability of cities in Europe and China to the most extreme weather. After the floods that killed people in Germany, Belgium and China, the message was reinforced that significant changes are needed to prepare cities to face similar events in the future. Governments need to admit that the infrastructure they built in the past for cities, even in more recent times, is vulnerable to these extreme weather events. To deal with the floods that will become more and more frequent, governments need to act simultaneously in three directions: the first is to combat global climate change; the second is to prepare cities to face extreme weather events and the third is to implement a sustainable society at the national and global levels.
Este artigo tem três objetivos: 1) demonstrar que está havendo uma mudança drástica no clima da Terra graças ao aquecimento global que está contribuindo para a ocorrência de inundações nas cidades que se repetem de forma cada vez mais catastrófica em seus efeitos; 2) propor medidas para combater a mudança climática global; e, 3) propor medidas visando preparar as cidades para enfrentar eventos climáticos extremos. Recentemente, ocorreram enchentes que expõem a vulnerabilidade das cidades da Europa e da China ao clima mais extremo. Depois das enchentes que mataram pessoas na Alemanha, Bélgica e China foi reforçada a mensagem de que são necessárias mudanças significativas para preparar as cidades para enfrentar eventos similares no futuro. Os governos precisam admitir que a infraestrutura que construíram no passado para as cidades, mesmo em tempos mais recentes, é vulnerável a esses eventos de clima extremo. Para lidar com as inundações que serão cada vez mais frequentes, os governos precisam agir simultaneamente em três direções: a primeira consiste em combater a mudança climática global; a segunda consiste em preparar as cidades para enfrentar eventos extremos no clima e a terceira consiste em implantar uma sociedade sustentável nas esferas nacional e global.
CIVILIZAÇÃO OU BARBÁRIE SÃO AS ESCOLHAS DO POVO BRASILEIRO NAS ELEIÇÕES DE 2022 Fernando Alcoforado
Este artigo tem por objetivo demonstrar que as eleições de 2022 são decisivas para o futuro do Brasil porque que o povo brasileiro terá que decidir entre os valores da civilização e da democracia ou os da barbárie e do fascismo defendidos pelos candidatos à Presidência da República. É preciso observar que a Civilização é considerada o estágio mais avançado que uma sociedade humana pode alcançar do ponto de vista político, econômico, social, cultural, científico e tecnológico. O contrário de civilização é a Barbárie que é a condição daquilo que é selvagem, cruel, desumano e grosseiro, ou seja, quem ou o que é tido como bárbaro que atenta contra o progresso político, econômico, social, cultural, científico e tecnológico. A barbárie sempre se caracterizou ao longo da história da humanidade por grupos que usam a força e a crueldade para alcançar seus objetivos.
CIVILISATION OU BARBARIE SONT LES CHOIX DU PEUPLE BRÉSILIEN AUX ÉLECTIONS DE ...Fernando Alcoforado
Cet article vise à démontrer que les élections de 2022 sont décisives pour l'avenir du Brésil car le peuple brésilien devra trancher entre les valeurs de civilisation et de démocratie ou celles de barbarie et de fascisme défendues par les candidats à la Présidence de la République. Il convient de noter que la civilisation est considérée comme le stade le plus avancé qu'une société humaine puisse atteindre d'un point de vue politique, économique, social, culturel, scientifique et technologique. Le contraire de la civilisation est la barbarie, qui est la condition de ce qui est sauvage, cruel, inhumain et grossier, c'est-à-dire qui ou ce qui est considéré comme barbare qui attaque le progrès politique, économique, social, culturel, scientifique et technologique. La barbarie a toujours été caractérisée tout au long de l'histoire de l'humanité par des groupes qui utilisent la force et la cruauté pour atteindre leurs objectifs.
CIVILIZATION OR BARBARISM ARE THE CHOICES OF THE BRAZILIAN PEOPLE IN THE 2022...Fernando Alcoforado
This article aims to demonstrate that the 2022 elections are decisive for the future of Brazil because the Brazilian people will have to decide between the values of civilization and democracy or those of barbarism and fascism defended by candidates for the Presidency of the Republic. It should be noted that Civilization is considered the most advanced stage that a human society can reach from a political, economic, social, cultural, scientific and technological point of view. The opposite of civilization is Barbarism, which is the condition of what is savage, cruel, inhuman and coarse, that is, who or what is considered barbaric that attacks political, economic, social, cultural, scientific and technological progress. Barbarism has always been characterized throughout human history by groups that use force and cruelty to achieve their goals.
COMO EVITAR A PREVISÃO DE STEPHEN HAWKING DE QUE A HUMANIDADE SÓ TEM MAIS 100...Fernando Alcoforado
Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar o que foi dito pelo falecido cientista Stephen Hawking que afirmou em 2018 que a espécie humana poderia ser levada à extinção em 100 anos e que, devido a isto, forçaria os seres humanos a saírem da Terra, bem como demonstrar que as ameaças de extinção da espécie humana citadas por Hawking podem ser enfrentadas sem que haja a necessidade de fuga de seres humanos da Terra.
COMMENT ÉVITER LA PRÉVISION DE STEPHEN HAWKING QUE L'HUMANITÉ N'A QUE 100 ANS...Fernando Alcoforado
Cet article vise à présenter ce qu'a dit le regretté scientifique Stephen Hawking qui a déclaré en 2018 que l'espèce humaine pourrait être amenée à l'extinction dans 100 ans et que, de ce fait, il forcerait les êtres humains à quitter la Terre, ainsi que démontrer que les menaces d'extinction de l'espèce humaine citées par Hawking peuvent être affrontées sans que les êtres humains aient besoin de s'échapper de la Terre.
Today the French Revolution is commemorated, which was a dividing mark in the history of humanity, starting the contemporary age. It was such an important event that its ideals influenced many movements around the world.
On commémore aujourd'hui la Révolution française, qui a marqué l'histoire de l'humanité en commençant l'ère contemporaine. C'était un événement si important que ses idéaux ont influencé de nombreux mouvements à travers le monde.
Hoje é comemorada a Revolução Francesa que foi um marco divisório da história da humanidade dando início à idade contemporânea. Foi um acontecimento tão importante que seus ideais influenciaram vários movimentos ao redor do mundo.
O TARIFAÇO DE ENERGIA É SINAL DE INCOMPETÊNCIA DO GOVERNO FEDERAL NO PLANEJAM...Fernando Alcoforado
É bastante evidente o descalabro do setor elétrico do Brasil. O planejamento eficaz do setor elétrico é aquele que deve ser desenvolvido com vários anos de antecedência e baseado em estudos técnicos e econômicos. A gestão competente tem que ser baseada no planejamento de longo prazo e com visão sistêmica que está faltando ao governo Bolsonaro. Sem a cultura do planejamento e a não utilização de profissionais competentes nas ações do governo federal, o resultado só poderia ser o que vem se registrando no setor elétrico que está ameaçado de “apagões” e de racionamento de energia elétrica.
LES RÉVOLUTIONS SOCIALES, LEURS FACTEURS DÉCLENCHEURS ET LE BRÉSIL ACTUELFernando Alcoforado
Cet article vise à analyser les facteurs déclencheurs des révolutions sociales qui se sont produites tout au long de l'histoire de l'humanité et à évaluer la possibilité de leur occurrence dans le Brésil contemporain.
SOCIAL REVOLUTIONS, THEIR TRIGGERS FACTORS AND CURRENT BRAZILFernando Alcoforado
This article aims to analyze the triggering factors of social revolutions that have occurred throughout human history and assess the possibility of their occurrence in contemporary Brazil.
role of women and girls in various terror groupssadiakorobi2
Women have three distinct types of involvement: direct involvement in terrorist acts; enabling of others to commit such acts; and facilitating the disengagement of others from violent or extremist groups.
Future Of Fintech In India | Evolution Of Fintech In IndiaTheUnitedIndian
Navigating the Future of Fintech in India: Insights into how AI, blockchain, and digital payments are driving unprecedented growth in India's fintech industry, redefining financial services and accessibility.
ys jagan mohan reddy political career, Biography.pdfVoterMood
Yeduguri Sandinti Jagan Mohan Reddy, often referred to as Y.S. Jagan Mohan Reddy, is an Indian politician who currently serves as the Chief Minister of the state of Andhra Pradesh. He was born on December 21, 1972, in Pulivendula, Andhra Pradesh, to Yeduguri Sandinti Rajasekhara Reddy (popularly known as YSR), a former Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh, and Y.S. Vijayamma.
‘वोटर्स विल मस्ट प्रीवेल’ (मतदाताओं को जीतना होगा) अभियान द्वारा जारी हेल्पलाइन नंबर, 4 जून को सुबह 7 बजे से दोपहर 12 बजे तक मतगणना प्रक्रिया में कहीं भी किसी भी तरह के उल्लंघन की रिपोर्ट करने के लिए खुला रहेगा।
01062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
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03062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
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Welcome to the new Mizzima Weekly !
Mizzima Media Group is pleased to announce the relaunch of Mizzima Weekly. Mizzima is dedicated to helping our readers and viewers keep up to date on the latest developments in Myanmar and related to Myanmar by offering analysis and insight into the subjects that matter. Our websites and our social media channels provide readers and viewers with up-to-the-minute and up-to-date news, which we don’t necessarily need to replicate in our Mizzima Weekly magazine. But where we see a gap is in providing more analysis, insight and in-depth coverage of Myanmar, that is of particular interest to a range of readers.
31052024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
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In a May 9, 2024 paper, Juri Opitz from the University of Zurich, along with Shira Wein and Nathan Schneider form Georgetown University, discussed the importance of linguistic expertise in natural language processing (NLP) in an era dominated by large language models (LLMs).
The authors explained that while machine translation (MT) previously relied heavily on linguists, the landscape has shifted. “Linguistics is no longer front and center in the way we build NLP systems,” they said. With the emergence of LLMs, which can generate fluent text without the need for specialized modules to handle grammar or semantic coherence, the need for linguistic expertise in NLP is being questioned.
27052024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
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हम आग्रह करते हैं कि जो भी सत्ता में आए, वह संविधान का पालन करे, उसकी रक्षा करे और उसे बनाए रखे।" प्रस्ताव में कुल तीन प्रमुख हस्तक्षेप और उनके तंत्र भी प्रस्तुत किए गए। पहला हस्तक्षेप स्वतंत्र मीडिया को प्रोत्साहित करके, वास्तविकता पर आधारित काउंटर नैरेटिव का निर्माण करके और सत्तारूढ़ सरकार द्वारा नियोजित मनोवैज्ञानिक हेरफेर की रणनीति का मुकाबला करके लोगों द्वारा निर्धारित कथा को बनाए रखना और उस पर कार्यकरना था।
1. 1
THE FUTURE OF DEMOCRACY IN BRAZIL
Fernando Alcoforado*
The future of democracy in Brazil depends on the confrontation that will be established
between the defending forces and the opponents of the current democratic system in the
coming years. The defending forces of the current democratic system are left-wing, left-
center and democratic-liberal parties, left-wing civil society organizations, 60.8% of the
electorate who did not vote for Jair Bolsonaro, part of Parliament and part of the
Judiciary. These forces defending the current democratic system will fight to obtain a
majority in Parliament to prevent the Bolsonaro government from promoting
amendments to the Constitution contrary to the interests of the population, by winning a
majority among the members of the Judiciary to ensure the maintenance of the
Constitution of 1988 and the democratic, human and social rights of population and
democracy and by strengthening social movements against government actions against
their opponents and in defense of democracy.
The opposing forces of the current democratic system are the Presidency of the
Republic, the right-wing and right-center parties, 39.2% of the electorate who voted in
Bolsonaro, the right-wing civil society organizations, part of Parliament and part of the
Judiciary. These opposing forces of the current democratic system will fight for the
Bolsonaro government to adopt an economic policy that serves the interests of the
ruling social classes, overcomes the fiscal crisis of the government, and reactivates the
stagnant economy since 2014 by obtaining a majority in Parliament for amendments to
the Constitution and draft laws, put into practice the objectives of the government, by
winning a majority among the members of the Judiciary to ensure the interests of the
government and to promote the dismantlement of anti-government social movements.
Seven of the ideas presented by Bolsonaro during the campaign have already been
discussed in parliament: 1) Independence of the Central Bank (PLP 32/2003); 2)
Reform of Social Security (PEC 287/2016); 3) Revision of the Disarmament Statute (PL
3722/2012); 4) Typification of occupations or invasions as terrorism (PL 9858/2018); 5)
Reduction of the criminal adulthood (PEC 33/2012); 6) Exclusion of unlawfulness for
policemen in operations; and, 7) School without party.
Independence of the Central Bank (PLP 32/2003), one of the economic guidelines most
likely to prosper rapidly, aims to shield the monetary authority from the risk of political
interference, regardless of the characteristics and preferences of the government in
action. Reform of Social Security (PEC 287/2016) aims to approve "at least part" of the
text submitted by the government Michel Temer, although Bolsonaro prefers a project
to migrate from the current distribution system to the capitalization system. Revision of
the Disarmament Statute (PL 3722/2012) is a project that provides for flexibility in the
population's access to firearms.
Typification of occupations or invasions as terrorism (PL 9858/2018) is a project that
aims to characterize as terrorism the invasions of rural and urban properties in Brazilian
territory that joins the project already underway in the Chamber of Deputies, authored
by Deputy Rogério Marinho (PSDB-RN), which deals with the "typification of terrorist
activities of social movements" and another one written by Senator Lasier Martins
(PSD-RS), which considers as terrorism to burn, depred, loot, destroy or explode means
of transport or any public or private good, in addition to acts of interfering, sabotaging
2. 2
or damaging computer systems or databases. The fear of parliamentarians who oppose
the proposal is that this change will allow the criminalization of social movements, such
as the Landless Workers Movement (MST), the Homeless Workers Movement (MTST)
or student movements that occupy a rectory, for example.
Reduction of the criminal adulthood (PEC 33/2012) is another proposal of the agenda
focused on public security in the Bolsonaro project with the reduction of the criminal
adulthood. The idea is to attribute criminal responsibility to the young person over 16
years old. Exclusion of unlawfulness for policemen in operations (PL 9064/2017 and PL
9564/2018) is another project very defended by Bolsonaro throughout the campaign that
aims to reduce the possibility of punishment of police in eventual executions during the
exercise of the profession in alleged right of defense. School without a party (PL
7180/2014) is a critique of what it calls "indoctrination in schools" which was also one
of the emphases of the Bolsonaro campaign for education. For critics, there is a risk that
the project will undermine the debate and the free circulation of ideas in the classroom.
From the confrontation between the defending forces and the opponents of the current
democratic system may result in the maintenance of representative democracy in Brazil
or its end. Despite Bolsonaro's assertion that he will respect the Constitution and the
Laws of the Country, the threat to the current democratic order in Brazil is explicit in
his campaign speech that is based on the cult of order, state violence, authoritarian
government practices, disregard for vulnerable and fragile groups and anti-communism.
Bolsonaro's supporters consider that the cause of Brazil's current ills is related to
corruption and the use of the state by parties with a communist tendency. Like the
fascist governments of the past, the Bolsonaro government would seek to purify
Brazilian society from the toxic influences of political parties and political leaders,
especially those linked to the PT (Workers Party) and its allies, who would be to blame
for the unfortunate situation in which the Brazilian nation lives.
Mark Bray, Professor of Comparative Education at the Center for Comparative
Education Research at the University of Hong Kong and an expert on human rights,
terrorism and political radicalism in Modern Europe, points out Cinco lições de história
para antifascistas (The Five Lessons of History for Anti-Fascists) available on the
website <https://revistaserrote.com.br/2018/03/cinco-licoes-de-historia-para-
antifascistas-por-mark-bray/>. Mark Bray published the book Antifa: The Anti-Fascist
Handbook, released in August 2017 in the United States in which he says that the
struggle against fascism today begins with the ability to recognize it beyond the
commonplace, as it teaches the hard experience of the period between the two world
wars.
On fascism, it is important to note that it is a political movement that emerged in Italy
after the First World War in the 1920s under the leadership of Benito Mussolini. In
addition to the Mussolini regime in Italy, Adolf Hitler's Germany and Francisco
Franco's Spain, among others, established themselves between the 1st and 2nd World
War in the 1930s. Fascism was a reaction of the conservative forces of Europe against
the rise of workers to power in several countries after the victory of socialism in the
Soviet Union in 1917 and was based on strongly nationalist conceptions and the
totalitarian exercise of power, therefore against the democratic and liberal system, and
repressive before the social-democratic, socialist and communist ideas.
3. 3
The old fascism implanted during the 1920s and 1930s of the twentieth century was
based on a strong, totalitarian state that claimed to embody the spirit of the people in the
exercise of power by a single party whose authority was imposed through violence,
repression and political propaganda. The Fascist leader is a figure who is above ordinary
men. Mussolini was denominated like Il Duce, that derives from the Latin Dux
(General) and Hitler from Fuehrer (Conductor, Guide, Leader, Boss). Both were
messianic and authoritarian leaderships, with a power that was exercised unilaterally
without consultation to anyone. In Germany, the old fascism received the denomination
of Nazism. This movement also had a strong racial component, which promulgated the
superiority of the Aryan race and sought to exterminate Jews, Gypsies and Blacks..
Mark Bray states in the Five Lessons of History for Anti-Fascists that the fascist
revolutions never succeeded. The fascists came to power by legal means. Bray reports
that Mussolini's march in Rome was only a staging for the purpose of legitimizing his
earlier invitation to form a government and Hitler's Munich Putsch in 1923 failed
completely. Hitler's final rise to power came when President Hindenburg named him
Chancellor. The law granting it full powers was approved by Parliament. According to
Bray, these historical facts call into question the liberal formula of opposition to fascism
in believing that a rational debate is possible to counteract fascist ideas, in the police to
oppose fascist violence, and in republican institutions to oppose attempts fascists take
power. The rational debate did not occur in this year's presidential elections in Brazil.
The Bolsonaro voter was not interested in whether his proposal for a government was
better than that of the other candidates, but rather to elect the most viable candidate,
according to the polls, to avoid the return of the PT (Workers Party) and Lula to power
because they were synonymous with corruption and attack on morals.
Fascism and Nazism emerged as emotional, irrational clamors, based on mass promises
of renewal of national vigor. Reason did not stop the fascists or the Nazis and the police
did not oppose to the fascist violence in Italy of Mussolini nor to the Nazi violence in
Hitler's Germany. Although reason is always necessary, from an antifascist perspective
it is unfortunately not enough by itself. The police also placed themselves at the service
of fascism in Italy and of Nazism in Germany. Bray also states that "history shows that
republican institutions have not always been a barrier to fascism. On the contrary, on
several occasions, they worked like a red carpet". It is Bray's claim that "fascism did not
have to knock down gates to gain access to the centers of power. It was enough to
convince the porters to let him in". This means that there is nothing to ensure that the
republican institutions of Brazil cannot be radically altered by the Bolsonaro
government's action, which will certainly work, through draft laws and amendments to
the Constitution, to prevail over the ideas it defended during the election campaign.
The Bolsonaro government's conquest of the parliamentary majority in the National
Congress would make it possible to approve not only its draft laws, but also to make
amendments to the Constitution that would lead, for example, to the increase in the
number of Federal Supreme Court ministers of 10 more members. Bolsonaro's goal
would be, therefore, the conquest of total power encompassing the Executive,
Legislative and Judiciary to put into practice its project of government. In order to avoid
the end of the current democratic system in Brazil, it is not enough to rely on the
republican institutions that may undergo changes contrary to the interests of the great
majority of the population through draft laws and amendments to the Constitution by
the Bolsonaro government. To prevent this from happening, a democratic front must be
4. 4
formed in Parliament and in Civil Society to defend the Constitution of 1988 and to
fight against acts of government that are contrary to the interests of the vast majority of
the population and of Brazil.
* Fernando Alcoforado, 78, holder of the CONFEA / CREA System Medal of Merit, member of the Bahia
Academy of Education, engineer and doctor in Territorial Planning and Regional Development by the
University of Barcelona, university professor and consultant in the areas of strategic planning, business
planning, regional planning and planning of energy systems, is the author of 14 books addressing issues
such as Globalization and Development, Brazilian Economy, Global Warming and Climate Change, The
Factors that Condition Economic and Social Development, Energy in the world and The Great Scientific,
Economic, and Social Revolutions that Changed the World.