The concept of sustainable tourism has little practical application in the real world even now. In many tourism destinations worldwide including Thailand, the sustainable tourism is just an advertising tool representing the criticism of the impact of tourism while closing eyes to the same manners as before. A cooperation of sustainable tourism development remains unclear and its implementation in practice still faces troublesome times, leaving much of the tourism industry running into unsustainable for the status quo. Some tourism destinations might inaccurately promote themselves as sustainable and increase the expectations of new tourists who are later burdened with the gap between the actual and promised sustainability. In addition, several tourism stakeholders have been adopting sustainability practices into the industry but still at a slow pace because of the lack of the appropriate developing tools, particularly in order to understand, assess, and monitor the processes of planning and implementing sustainability with a full responsibility at their tourism destinations. Four knowledges of sustainable management is a developing tool for tourism stakeholders to allow actual understanding and implementation of the tailor-made sustainable tourism in their responsible tourism destinations. The framework of the four knowledges of sustainable management is fundamentally adapted from the concept of cultural landscape management by defining as the management of cultural properties representing the combined works of nature and man with evolution of human society and settlement over time under the influence of the physical constraints presented by their natural environment, social, economic, and cultural forces. The framework is also based on the concept of systems thinking, referring to the process of understanding how those things which may be regarded as systems influence one another within a complete entity, or larger system. In reality, complex interplay of the social, cultural and environmental dimensions of sustainable tourism requires a broad understanding and acceptance from different stakeholders, working directly and indirectly in the tourism destinations, more or less as the communities. A challenge of establishing a tailor-made sustainable tourism that is acceptable to all stakeholders is to balance the demands of all stakeholders with eco-conscious and socio-conscious responsibilities. The four knowledges of sustainable management will assist these stakeholders to achieve that kind of balance in practice through the mutual knowledges of community identity, community heritage, community problem, and community future.

1. The Four Knowledges
of Sustainable Management:
A Developing Tool to Allow
Actual Understanding and Implementation
of the Tailor-Made Sustainable Tourism
in a Responsible Tourism Destination
Somnuck Jongmeewasin, Ph.D.
Lecturer
Silpakorn University
International College

2. SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
One of the socio-environmental concepts born from
postmodernism in 1987
Development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet
their own needs (UN1999)
Highlights an important connection existing between
developments and sustainability of human livelihood on
the planet
Concerns for the carrying capacity of natural systems
with the social challenges facing humanity

3. TOURISM
The temporary movement of people to
destinations outside their normal places of work
and residence, the activities undertaken, during
their stay in those destinations, and the facilities
created to cater to their needs (Gunn 2002, p9)
Much of this movement is international in
character and much of it is a leisure activity
(Burkhart & Medlik 1981, p v)
The movement of people from their residence to
get recreation as the main aim (Boonchuea 2002, p283)

4. SUSTAINABLE
TOURISM
v Requires the informed participation of all relevant
stakeholders & strong political leadership to ensure wide
participation and consensus building
v A continuous process
v Requires constant monitoring of impacts, introducing the
necessary preventive and/or corrective measures whenever
necessary
v Maintains a high level of tourist satisfaction and ensure a
meaningful experience to the tourists, raising their awareness
about sustainability issues and promoting sustainable tourism
practices amongst them (WTO 2004)

5. Sustainable Tourism
Make it Simple
The concept of visiting a place as a tourist and
trying to make only a positive impact on the
environment, society, and economy
(USA Today, ‘What Is the Meaning of Sustainable Tourism?’, by Jamie Lisse)

6. TODAY’S TOURISM
NEGATIVE IMPACTS
TO
THE SUSTAINABILITY
OF MANKIND

7. EX: CLIMATE CHANGE
72% of tourism's CO2 come from transportation, 24 % from
accommodations, and 4 % from local activities (Peeters, P & Dubois, G
2010, "Tourism travel under climate change mitigation constraints”, Journal of Transport
Geography 18 (3), pp447–457)
Aviation accounts for 55% of those transportation CO2 emissions
or 40% of tourism's total
Impact of all GHG emissions from tourism and that aviation
emissions are made at high altitude where their effect on climate is
amplified, aviation alone accounts for 75% of tourism's climate
impact (Gossling, S, Hall, M, Peeters, P, & Scott, D 2010, "The future of tourism: can
tourism growth and climate policy be reconciled? A mitigation perspective”, Tourism
Recreation Research 35 (2), pp119–130)

8. EX: ENVIRONMENTAL LOSS
Depletion of Natural Resources (Water, Local Resources, Land
Degradation)
Pollutions (Air, Noise, Solid Waste, Oil & Chemical, Littering,
Visual Pollution)
Sewage (Wastewater polluted seas & lakes surrounding tourist
attractions, damaging the flora & fauna)
Construction activities and infrastructure development
Deforestation and intensified or unsustainable use of land
Marina Development
Tramping / Anchoring & other marine activities / Alteration of
ecosystems by tourist activities

9. EX: ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
OF OTHERS INDUSTRIES
Oil Spill
Agricultural runoff
Industrial discharges
Blast fishing / Fishing with poisonous
chemicals / Muro-ami netting (pounding reefs
with weighted bags)

10. Muro-Ami Netting
Sketching Picture from TOFA (The Thai Overseas Fisheries Association), www.tofa.or.th

11. Land Grabbing –
Impact of Food Source
@Private Deep Seaports
Gradually Buying and Leasing
From Low Price to High Price

12. Food Safety – Particle Matters
by Poor Port Operations
& Poor Shipping Practices

13. Food Safety – Particle Matters
became Ocean Wastes
& Air Pollution

14. Food Safety –
Oil Spill /
Water & Soil Pollutions

15. Eastern Seaboard Development and its
Impacts against Communities in
Lamchabang City – Main Problems
Land Grabbing –
Impact of Food Source
@Government Deep Seaports
Using Expropriation Act
10.2 sq.km in 1978 & 50 sq.km in 19996

16. Food Safety –
Siltation (Sediment) along the coast
done by break water

17. Coastal Erosion

18. EX: SOCIO-CULTURAL LOSS
(UNEP 2015)
Change or loss of indigenous identity & values
Commodification/ Standardization/ Loss of authenticity
& staged authenticity/ Adaptation to tourist demands
Culture Clashes
Economic Inequality/ Irritation due to tourist behavior/
Job level friction
Physical influences causing social stress
Resource Use Conflicts/ Depriving local people of access /
Cultural deterioration
Ethical Issues
Crime generation/ Child Labor /Prostitution & sex tourism

19. Human Zoo
(Andrew, H 2008, “Burmese women in Thai 'human zoo”, BBC News, 30 January,
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7215182.stm )

20. SOLUTIONS ?

21. Actual Understanding & Implementation
“ ”
in a

22. Technical Knowledge vs Community Knowledge
ICEBERG

23. Academic Knowledge
Scientific Knowledge
Theoretical Knowledge
Knowledge seen by outside people
Frequently providing non-systems thinking
Frequently providing “4 Fallacies” against
overall knowledge

29. Situated knowledge
Knowledge of the full vessel
Knowledge of the integrated capsule
Knowledge of the multi–pyramid
Knowledge of different faces
Requires ‘Technical Knowledge’ to be
integrated for the total systems thinking

30. ≠
Systematic
Thinking
คิดเป็นระบบ:
คิดให้ครบ
ตามลาดับ
เป็นขั้นตอน
Systems
Thinking
คิดเชิงระบบ:
คิดสัมพันธ์
เชื่อมโยง
เป็นองค์รวม

32. VIDEO CLIP
“CAT IN BORNEO”

35. Economic Wealth à
Social Well-Beings à
Environmental Wellness à
Sustaining Human Wisdom and Culture
Balance of Globalization (Nationalization) and
Localization à
Democratization for Decision Making à

36. Modernity of the Community
Local People .. Fisherman / Blue Collar / White Collar / etc.
Private Sectors .. Tourism Sector / Industrial Sector / etc.
Local Government Sector
National Government Sector
CDI (Community Direct Investment)
FDI (Foreign Direct Investment)
Foreign Labor
NGO / CSO
Elderly
Students / Children
Temple / Church / Mosque

41. Local Community/Tourism Sector / Industrial
Sector/Government Sector
Stopping Threat
Protecting Food Source / Heritage Source
Jointly Shaping Sustainable Future
To get integrated master plan
Plan for sustainability together

42. Community Heritage Development & Management
Plan
Sustainable Heritage Utilization Plan
Conservation Plan / Rehabilitation Plan
Community Identity Conservation Plan (Cultural
Pluralism)
Civil Political Management Plan (Council / Advisory
Committee)
Community Problem Solving Plan
Pollution Management Plan (with Monitoring Plan)
Continuous Knowledge Management Plan (ex.
Learning Center)
Community Network Management Plan (Expanding
more networks)

49. ป่าชายเลนที่บ้านแหลมฉบัง

65. บทน้ำ ยูเออี
รายงานการประเมินผลกระทบสิ่งแวดล้อมและสุขภาพ 1-2
การศึกษาผลกระทบสิ่งแวดล้อมและสุขภาพ ฉบับชุมชน ของโครงการวางท่อพาราไซลีน บริษัท ปตท. จากัด (มหาชน)
รูปที่ 1-1 แนวท่อพำรำไซลีนที่จะติดตั้งเพิ่มเติม

66. ยูเออี มาตรการด้านสิ่งแวดล้อม
รายงานการประเมินผลกระทบสิ่งแวดล้อมและสุขภาพ 4-5
การศึกษาผลกระทบสิ่งแวดล้อมและสุขภาพ ฉบับชุมชน ของโครงการวางท่อพาราไซลีน บริษัท ปตท. จากัด (มหาชน)
รูปที่ 4-2 จุดตรวจวัดความขุ่นของน้าระหว่างการขุดร่องเพื่อวางท่อบริเวณแนวปะการังเทียม ในระยะก่อสร้างของคลังน้ามันศรีราชา
จุดตรวจวัดความขุ่น
400 เมตร
ปะการังเทียม

67. ผลการศึกษา ยูเออี
รายงานการประเมินผลกระทบสิ่งแวดล้อมและสุขภาพ 2-12
การศึกษาผลกระทบสิ่งแวดล้อมและสุขภาพ ฉบับชุมชน ของโครงการวางท่อพาราไซลีน บริษัท ปตท. จากัด (มหาชน)
รูปที่ 2-15 ขั้นตอนการขุดฝังกลบตลอดแนว
มาตรการป้องกันผลกระทบสิ่งแวดล้อมในช่วงก่อสร้าง
การติดตั้งม่านกันตะกอน (Silt Curtain)
เนื่องจากโครงการมีงานที่จะต้องเดินท่อใต้ทะเล รวมถึงมีกิจกรรมที่ต้องขุดฝังกลบท่อบนพืนทะเล
ซึ่งจากกิจกรรมดังกล่าวอาจส่งผลให้เกิดการฟุ้งกระจายของตะกอนภายในทะเล ดังนันเพื่อควบคุม
ให้การฟุ้งของตะกอนอยู่ในพืนที่ที่จากัด ทางโครงการกาหนดให้ใช้ม่านกันตะกอนเป็นอุปกรณ์ที่ช่วย
กักบริเวณของตะกอน ทาให้นาขุ่นอยู่ในบริเวณที่จากัด โดยม่านกันตะกอนจะติดตังรอบพืนที่ทางาน
อย่างน้อย 3 ทิศทางและมีความสามารถในการกรองตะกอนที่ 50-80% โดยความสูงของม่านกัน
ตะกอนจะกันตามความเหมาะสมตามลักษณะการฟุ้งกระจายของตะกอนเป็นหลัก
รูปที่ 2-16 ม่านกันตะกอน (Silt Curtain)

68. การดาเนินงานด้านการมีส่วนร่วม ยูเออี
รายงานการประเมินผลกระทบสิ่งแวดล้อมและสุขภาพ 3-6
การศึกษาผลกระทบสิ่งแวดล้อมและสุขภาพ ฉบับชุมชน ของโครงการวางท่อพาราไซลีน บริษัท ปตท. จากัด (มหาชน)
รูปที่ 3-3 พื้นที่สาหรับจอดเรือในเขตท่าเรือศรีราชา
พื้นที่
จอดเรือ
ใน
อนาคต
พื้นที่
จอดเรือ
ใน
อนาคต

70. 4!
วัตถุดิบ ถังเก็บ
กระบวนการ
ผลิต ผลิตภัณฑ์
ตรวจสอบ
คุณภาพ
ส่งมอบ
ลูกค้า
Tank
LPG
3%
Mogas
22%
Jet
Fuel
25%
Diesel
Fuel
40%
Fuel
Oil
10%
แบ่งตามชนิดของผลิตภัณฑ์ที่มีจำหน่าย
10%
50%
40%
ตะวันออกกลาง 85 %
ตะวันออกไกล 4 %
ในประเทศ (รถไฟ) 11 %
โรงกลั่นน้ำมันไทยออยล์ : จากเรือ Crude ถึงเรือ Product

72. Compile an information pack about how visitors might travel to the
heritage places along the tourism destination in an environmentally
friendly way, green business to stay with, and what green activity they
can do while visiting those heritage places.
Encourage visitors to travel to the heritage places by public
transportation, instead of personal vehicles.
Promote visitor by those who are interested in slow travel, eco-travel,
or health activity to visit the heritage places, and promote the heritage
places and their local communities in the tourism destination as
walking or cycling destinations.
Encourage local communities in the tourism destination to establish
business of bicycles for hire to support visitors.

73. Travel in a spirit of humility & with an authentic desire to meet & talk
with local people in the tourism destination
Be aware of the feelings of the local people in the tourism destination;
prevent what might be offensive behavior. Photography must respect
persons
Cultivate the habit of listening & observing rather than hearing &
seeing or knowing all the answer, when visiting the heritage places and
local communities in the tourism destination
Instead of looking only for the exotic, discovery the richness of another
culture & way of life in the tourism destination
Get to know local customs of the heritage places and local
communities in the tourism destination; respect them

74. CASE STUDY
“4 KNOWLEDGES OF SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT” TOOL
AND ITS IMPACT

75. THE CASE OF
LAEM HIN VILLAGE
KRABI PROVINCE
THAILAND
THE FIELDTRIP STUDY HAS BEEN DONE BY A GROUP OF
HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS FROM ROONGAROON SCHOOL
IN BANGKOK

76. THE PROJECT OF
“ THE STUDY OF ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITY AND
LOCAL WISDOM OF TRADITIONAL FISHING ”
THE CASE OF LAEM HIN VILLAGE, KRABI PROVINCE, THAILAND

77. Purposes of the Study
• To study, compile and analyze ecological
community
• To study, compile and analyze the way of
traditional fishing

78. 1. KNOWING
COMMUNITY IDENTITY

79. Krabi Sea
Tourism :
60,326.48 million baht in 2013.
Average income per person :
185,076 baht.
Fishery:
285,000,000 baht.

80. Laem Hin Village Map
Small Hill
Villager houses
Beach
Mangrove Forest
Laem Hin Bay
Andaman Sea N

81. Ramsar site area!
Ramsar Site Area

82. 2. KNOWING
COMMUNITY HERITAGE

83. • Water current
• Sediment accumulation area
• Mangrove forest
• Sand slope area
• Coral reefs
• Rocks
• Transportation ship pathway

84. Monsoon
Directions

85. Life Cycle

86. Food Chain

87. season
Lunar's phases
day and
night time
?

88. Fishing gear
Trap
Concept Delude as marine
lives habitat
Time Dry season
( clear water and
calm sea)
Marine lives
caught
Squid
Crab
Squid trap
Crab trap

89. Seine Fishing Line Rods
Concept lay in the sea, disguise in
the water, waiting for the
animals to hit and get stuck
Baits at the fishhooks and
wait for animals
Time Best in monsoon season Dry season
Marine lives caught Fish
Crab
shrimp
Mackerel
Ray

91. 1 day Income
* Those marine animals can’t be caught all the year. They can be
caught in some seasons. So that income is an income in one day of
each season those animals being caught.
20,000 ฿
21,000 ฿
895,000 ฿
160,000 ฿
210,000 ฿

92. Calculation
Price = Price / Q x total Q
Calculate price for every size of each kind
Sum up total price of all kinds

93. The sum of income of Laem Hin village is
28,391,000 ฿
per a year
One year income

94. 3. KNOWING
COMMUNITY PROBLEM /
IMPACT

95. Past
• In 1967, EGAT established the Lignite coal-fired power plant.
• In 1995, the power plant was closed.
• In 1997, establishing the new power plant using fuel oil energy.
Present
• In 2010, according to PDP, power plant will enlarge the capable of
produce electricity by using subbituminous coal energy which being
imported from abroad so there will be a jetty expansion project for
transporting.
Time line

96. • 40 members of the Protecting Krabi from Coal network lay down in
front of the Office of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy
and Planning or ONEP building.
• Hundreds of Krabi people came to join the protesting
against the plan in Bangkok.
• They send the petition to the General Prayuth Chan-Ocha, the prime
minister, for the rescission of the coal power plant project.
Movements

97. • Expansion of jetty
• Cruising
• Digging the furrow
Impacts

98. • coal burning
• cooling system
• Less marine animals leads to
less income.
• Contaminated food and
environments harm people
health
Impacts

99. 4. KNOWING
COMMUNITY FUTURE

100. AN ALTERNATIVE
OF THE VILLAGERS

101. • Alternative Energy
• Gas power from the wastewater
from the palm oil refinery
• Biomass energy
• Solar cell

102. World Situation
• USA : 200-250 have been cancelled 2012
• Germany : 13.4 percent have been decreased 2012
• Australia : 6.3 percent have been decreased 2007

103. WHAT ‘S NEXT ?

104. Local Way of Life + Sustainable Tourism + Renewable
Energy Only
Campaign “SAY NO TO KRABI COAL POWER
PLANT” with public nationally and internationally
Negotiate with Central Government, esp. PM & EGAT
Continuous Knowledge Management +Community
Network Management
Expanding more networks with other provinces in
South of Thailand (14 Provinces)
Expanding more networks nationwide (77 Provinces,
esp. in Bangkok)
Expanding more networks in the global level

105. Photos from FACEBOOK “SAY NO TO KRABI COAL POWER PLANT”

106. Photos from FACEBOOK “SAY NO TO KRABI COAL POWER PLANT”

107. People in the South of Thailand ask ‘Leonardo
Dicaprio’ to help them fight the construction of totally 9
coal plants in Southern Thailand. Leonardo is
connected with this area through filming “The Beach”
on Phi-Phi Islands, which is very close to Krabi, where
the first coal plant is planned to be built very soon (at
Laem Hin).
See Video Clip “Leonardo Dicaprio, please help Krabi fight
coal and climate change”

108. Making Tourism
More Sustainability
See Video Clip
“Creating Anchoring Point”

109. REFERENCE
Slide Page 15-19, from Dr. Komart
Juengsatiensap ’s The Four Fallacies, August
2014
Slide Page 21-22, from Dr. Komart
Juengsatiensap ’s Systems Thinking and Special
Project Management, February 2015
Slide Page 34-35, 37-39, 41-51, 53-56, & 58-60,
from Roongaroon School, November 2015

110. THANK YOU