This article aims to present how the computer, humanity's greatest invention, evolved and how its most likely future will be. The computer is humanity's greatest invention because the worldwide computer network made possible the use of the Internet as the technology that most changed the world with the advent of the information society. IBM developed the mainframe computer starting in 1952. In the 1970s, the dominance of mainframes began to be challenged by the emergence of microprocessors. The innovations greatly facilitated the task of developing and manufacturing smaller computers - then called minicomputers. In 1976, the first microcomputers appeared whose costs represented only a fraction of those practiced by manufacturers of mainframes and minicomputers. The existence of the computer provided the conditions for the advent of the Internet which is undoubtedly one of the greatest inventions of the 20th century, whose development took place in 1965. At the beginning of the 21st century, cloud computing emerged, which symbolizes the tendency to place all the infrastructure and information available digitally on the Internet. Current computers are electronic because they are made up of transistors used in electronic chips that have limitations given that there will be a time when it will no longer be possible to reduce the size of one of the components of the processors, the transistor. Quantum computers have been shown to be the newest answer in Physics and Computing to problems related to the limited capacity of electronic computers. Canadian company D-Wave claims to have produced the first commercial quantum computer. In addition to the quantum computer, Artificial Intelligence (AI) can reinvent computers.
The invention of modern technology has greatly impacted communication by making it faster, more accessible, and easier between people through the internet, mobile devices, and smartphones. Distance is no longer a barrier to communication as people can now connect across oceans through phone calls, video chats, texts, and online messages. As technology has advanced, it has allowed for improved forms of communication like video calling on smartphones. The development of new software has further increased communication abilities.
The document discusses the history and evolution of computer hardware and software from the 1600s to present day. It describes early mechanical computers like the Jacquard Loom and electromechanical computers like the Z3 and ENIAC. The development of stored program architectures and virtualization are also discussed. The document outlines future trends in fields like portable computing, virtualization, networking, and direct brain-computer interfaces. It also summarizes the evolution of the Internet and growth of wireless technologies and cloud computing.
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This document discusses the five generations of computers from 1940 to the present day. The first generation used vacuum tubes, took up entire rooms, and were expensive to operate. The second generation used transistors, which made computers smaller, faster, and more efficient. The third generation used integrated circuits, which further increased speed and efficiency. The fourth generation used microprocessors, which shrunk computers down to fit in the palm of a hand. The fifth generation, still being developed, uses artificial intelligence and parallel processing.
ACM, Real world everyday applications of computer science. History of Comp...Faizan Tanoli
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The development of mathematics led to tools for computation. Blaise Pascal built the first calculating machine in the 17th century. Charles Babbage invented the analytical engine, the first computer, in the 1820s based on mechanical gears. Herman Hollerith used punch cards to help classify information for the 1890 US Census. The transistor was invented in 1943, greatly reducing the size and cost of computers. ENIAC, the first general-purpose electronic digital computer, was developed in 1946. Integrated circuits in the 1960s further drove down costs and size. Information technologies have progressed through premechanical, mechanical, electromechanical, and electronic stages of development.
The document discusses the evolution of computing and information technology over five generations of computers. The first generation used vacuum tubes which were bulky, expensive and consumed significant power. The second generation introduced transistors, magnetic core memory, and magnetic tapes for storage. The third generation saw the rise of integrated circuits, which made computers smaller, cheaper and more reliable. The fourth generation used microprocessors and VLSI circuits, allowing for personal computers. The fifth generation utilizes ULSI technology with over 10 million components on a chip, as well as artificial intelligence and expert systems. Each generation built upon the previous ones to advance computing technology.
This document provides a history of computers from the earliest mechanical devices through modern electronic systems. It begins with a classification of computers by technology, capacity, operating principle, and other factors. The evolution of computers is then discussed in five stages: the mechanical era from 1623-1945 involving early calculators and analytical engines; the first electronic computers from 1937-1953 using vacuum tubes; the second generation from 1954-1962 utilizing transistors; the third generation from 1963-1972 featuring integrated circuits; and modern supercomputers. Key individuals and their inventions are highlighted throughout the development of computer technology.
The invention of modern technology has greatly impacted communication by making it faster, more accessible, and easier between people through the internet, mobile devices, and smartphones. Distance is no longer a barrier to communication as people can now connect across oceans through phone calls, video chats, texts, and online messages. As technology has advanced, it has allowed for improved forms of communication like video calling on smartphones. The development of new software has further increased communication abilities.
The document discusses the history and evolution of computer hardware and software from the 1600s to present day. It describes early mechanical computers like the Jacquard Loom and electromechanical computers like the Z3 and ENIAC. The development of stored program architectures and virtualization are also discussed. The document outlines future trends in fields like portable computing, virtualization, networking, and direct brain-computer interfaces. It also summarizes the evolution of the Internet and growth of wireless technologies and cloud computing.
History : The History Of Computers
Technology : History Of Computers
History of the Development of Computers Essay
Generation of Computers
History of the Computer
The History of Computer Development Essay
Essay about History of the Computer
The History And How Of Computers
Personal Computer Research Paper
The History of Computers
Brief History Of Computers Essay
History of Computer
History of Computers
The History Of Computer Engineering
History of Computers
Essay about History and Anatomy of a Computer
History of Microsoft Windows Essay
Essay about The History of Computers
A Brief History of Computers
This document discusses the five generations of computers from 1940 to the present day. The first generation used vacuum tubes, took up entire rooms, and were expensive to operate. The second generation used transistors, which made computers smaller, faster, and more efficient. The third generation used integrated circuits, which further increased speed and efficiency. The fourth generation used microprocessors, which shrunk computers down to fit in the palm of a hand. The fifth generation, still being developed, uses artificial intelligence and parallel processing.
ACM, Real world everyday applications of computer science. History of Comp...Faizan Tanoli
ACM, (10 Points)
Real world everyday applications of computer science.
Software crises.
Information Technology.
History of Computers.
Generations of computers (Five Generations)
The development of mathematics led to tools for computation. Blaise Pascal built the first calculating machine in the 17th century. Charles Babbage invented the analytical engine, the first computer, in the 1820s based on mechanical gears. Herman Hollerith used punch cards to help classify information for the 1890 US Census. The transistor was invented in 1943, greatly reducing the size and cost of computers. ENIAC, the first general-purpose electronic digital computer, was developed in 1946. Integrated circuits in the 1960s further drove down costs and size. Information technologies have progressed through premechanical, mechanical, electromechanical, and electronic stages of development.
The document discusses the evolution of computing and information technology over five generations of computers. The first generation used vacuum tubes which were bulky, expensive and consumed significant power. The second generation introduced transistors, magnetic core memory, and magnetic tapes for storage. The third generation saw the rise of integrated circuits, which made computers smaller, cheaper and more reliable. The fourth generation used microprocessors and VLSI circuits, allowing for personal computers. The fifth generation utilizes ULSI technology with over 10 million components on a chip, as well as artificial intelligence and expert systems. Each generation built upon the previous ones to advance computing technology.
This document provides a history of computers from the earliest mechanical devices through modern electronic systems. It begins with a classification of computers by technology, capacity, operating principle, and other factors. The evolution of computers is then discussed in five stages: the mechanical era from 1623-1945 involving early calculators and analytical engines; the first electronic computers from 1937-1953 using vacuum tubes; the second generation from 1954-1962 utilizing transistors; the third generation from 1963-1972 featuring integrated circuits; and modern supercomputers. Key individuals and their inventions are highlighted throughout the development of computer technology.
This document provides a history of computers by discussing their classification based on technology and capacity. It describes how computers have evolved from early human computation using body parts, to mechanical devices like the abacus using wood, to electromechanical calculators using metals. Modern computer classifications include microcomputers with semiconductor chips, minicomputers with more storage, medium computers for larger organizations, large computers for governments and large corporations, and supercomputers for complex modeling and simulations requiring billions of calculations.
Computer Applications and its use in Dentistry.pptxriturandad
Hospital information systems, data analysis in medicine/dentistry, dental imagining laboratory computing, computer aided medical/dental decision making, care of critically sick patients, computer-assisted therapy, and other applications are major uses of computers in dentistry
The document provides information about the history and development of the Internet. It discusses how the idea of an "Intergalactic Network" was popularized by J.C.R. Licklider in the 1960s. The first working prototype was ARPANET, which sent its first message from UCLA to Stanford in 1969. As of July 2020, almost 4.57 billion people globally were active internet users, encompassing 59% of the world's population. The Internet of Things refers to the billions of physical devices now connected to the internet to collect and share data.
The document provides an overview of computer evolution and hardware components. It can be summarized as follows:
1) Computer hardware evolved rapidly from early vacuum tube computers to transistor-based systems to today's microprocessor-powered devices. Moore's Law predicted that processing power would double every 18 months.
2) The microprocessor revolutionized computing, allowing the development of personal computers that were as powerful as room-sized mainframes.
3) Modern computer systems consist of an input devices, a central processing unit (CPU), memory, storage devices, and output devices connected via buses. The CPU processes data and memory temporarily stores programs and data.
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Introduction to computer (bus 123) lecture i ibSamuel Olutuase
The document discusses the history and development of computers from first to fourth generations. Key points include:
- Second generation computers (1956-1963) used transistors which made them smaller, faster, more reliable and efficient. They also used assembly language instead of machine language. Examples include IBM's Stretch and Sperry-Rand's LARC.
- Third generation computers (1964-1971) used integrated circuits which combined electronic components onto a single chip, further reducing size. Operating systems also allowed running multiple programs.
- Fourth generation computers (1971-present) used microprocessors which located all computer components onto a single minuscule chip, diminishing size and price while increasing power. Personal computers also became widely used.
This document provides an overview of the history and development of computer networks and the internet. It discusses the early development of packet switching in the 1960s by researchers at MIT, RAND, and the UK. It also describes the creation of ARPANET in the late 1960s and early 1970s and its growth. Subsequent sections discuss the proliferation of networks in the 1980s and 1990s driven by NSFNET and the development of the World Wide Web. The document concludes by outlining some of the key hardware components of networks and benefits and disadvantages of computer networks.
Smart cities: how computers are changing our world for the betterRoberto Siagri
Introduction
The world is flat, hot and crowded, as Thomas Friedman says in his last book. Luckily, we can also say that it is getting more and more intelligent. Our world is increasingly interconnected and increasingly able to talk to us: people, systems and objects can communicate and interact with one another in completely new ways. Now we have the means to measure, hear and see instantaneously the state of all things. When all things, including processes and working methods, are intelligent, we will be able to respond to changing conditions with more speed and more focus, and make more precise forecasting which in turn will lead to optimization of future events. This ongoing transformation has given birth to the concept of Smart Cities, cities that are able to take action and improve the quality of life of their inhabitants, reconciling it with the needs of trades, factories, service industries and institutions by means of an innovative and pervasive use of digital technologies.
1) The document discusses Computer Supported Co-operative Work (CSCW), which allows people in remote locations to interact through voice, data, and video links.
2) Early CSCW systems included email and Usenet news in the 1970s-1980s, while more recent developments include video conferencing, shared workspaces, and mobile personal communicators.
3) CSCW has driven significant social changes by making it easier for remote workers to communicate and collaborate, leading to a major growth in teleworking.
The document summarizes the five generations of computers from the 1940s to present. The first generation used vacuum tubes, took up entire rooms, and could only solve one problem at a time. The second generation introduced transistors, making computers smaller and more efficient. The third generation used integrated circuits, allowing users to interact through keyboards and monitors. The fourth generation used microprocessors, putting all computer components on a single chip and leading to the development of personal computers. The fifth generation, still in development, focuses on artificial intelligence using technologies like parallel processing and quantum computation.
This document provides an overview of the history and evolution of computers from ancient abacuses to modern devices. It describes the key developments in each generation of computers, including the transition from mechanical to electronic devices, the invention of the integrated circuit and microprocessor, the development of graphical user interfaces, and the emergence of portable computers. The document also defines important computer concepts like hardware, software, and input/output devices.
The document provides an overview of the evolution of computers from the earliest information processing machines to modern personal computers and networks. It discusses:
1) How early computers took input and produced output but relied on software to direct hardware operations.
2) How computer hardware evolved rapidly through generations using different technologies like vacuum tubes, transistors, integrated circuits and microprocessors making computers smaller, faster and cheaper.
3) How the microprocessor revolutionized computing by enabling the development of microcomputers and personal computers.
4) How networks emerged allowing multiple users to access mainframe computers and later connect personal computers, leading to the Internet revolution.
The history of computers began around 2000 years ago with the invention of the abacus. In the 1940s, during World War 2, governments began funding the development of early computers like ENIAC to help with weapons development and calculations. The first programmable, general-purpose, electronic digital computer was the Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine, which ran its first program on 21 June 1948. Major advances in the 1970s included the invention of the hard disk drive and the first operating system for microcomputers, CP/M. By the 1990s, advances in integrated circuits made computers much smaller, cheaper and more accessible to the public.
A Brief History of Computation’s in PortugalIJRTEMJOURNAL
A history of the great development of information technology in the twentieth century, at a
global level. The story of the emergence and development of information technology in Portugal, also in the
twentieth century, is highlighted
A Brief History of Computation’s in Portugaljournal ijrtem
: A history of the great development of information technology in the twentieth century, at a
global level. The story of the emergence and development of information technology in Portugal, also in the
twentieth century, is highlighted.
Insurance fraud or unusual damage to a vehicle?IJRTEMJOURNAL
The article deals with the issue of insured events. It points out the fact that insurance companies
suffer financial losses in the case of insurance frauds. Then the procedures of the insurance companies are
explained and how the insurance companies work in order to determine whether in a specific case it is an
insurance fraud or not. The unusual damage to a vehicle and the procedure by which the insurance company
settled the damage are presented. The steps taken by the owner of a vehicle and a court that invited a technical
expert have been clarified. Next, the description of the technical expert´ working procedures and the results of his
investigation are showed.
The document provides information about computers including:
- A computer is an electronic tool that can store, retrieve, and process data for tasks like typing documents, emailing, playing games, and more.
- The history of computers dates back over 200 years, starting with mechanical calculating machines and advancing to modern digital computers. Key developments included Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine design in the 1830s, the first general-purpose electronic computer ENIAC in 1946, and the first microprocessor in 1971.
- There have been five generations of computers defined by technological advances like integrated circuits, microprocessors, and artificial intelligence. Current computers are highly sophisticated compared to early mechanical designs.
The document summarizes the history of computers across five generations from 1940 to the present:
1) First generation (1940-1956) used vacuum tubes, took up entire rooms, and were inefficient. Notable machines were UNIVAC and ENIAC.
2) Second generation (1956-1963) replaced vacuum tubes with transistors, making computers smaller, faster, and less expensive to operate. Programming languages evolved from machine language to assembly languages.
3) Third generation (1964-1971) used integrated circuits, enabling interaction through keyboards and monitors. This allowed multiple applications to run simultaneously.
4) Fourth generation (1972-2010) used microprocessors, fitting an entire computer into a single chip.
The document summarizes the five generations of computers from the 1940s to present. Each generation is defined by a major technological development that made computers smaller, cheaper, more powerful, and efficient. The first generation used vacuum tubes, the second used transistors, the third used integrated circuits, the fourth used microprocessors, and the fifth generation is focused on artificial intelligence.
The document discusses the past, present, and future of the internet and related technologies. It notes that computing power and internet connectivity have increased dramatically over time, enabling billions of devices to connect. Issues around data volume, security, applications, and societal impacts are discussed. The future internet is predicted to involve trillions of connected devices, data-driven applications, integrated physical and digital worlds, and challenges around privacy, ownership and control of data, and ensuring open access.
L’EFFONDREMENT DE LA MONDIALISATION CONTEMPORAINE ET L’AVENIR DE L’ÉCONOMIE M...Faga1939
Cet article vise à démontrer que la mondialisation contemporaine se dirige rapidement vers l’effondrement et à proposer de nouvelles orientations pour l’avenir de l’économie mondiale. Les signes de l'effondrement de la mondialisation économique et financière contemporaine apparaissaient déjà dès 2010 lorsque le rapport entre les exportations mondiales et le PIB mondial a chuté d'environ 12 %, un déclin jamais vu depuis les années 1970. Les signes de l’effondrement de la mondialisation contemporaine se manifeste également par la tendance à la baisse du taux de profit mondial, la baisse du taux de profit aux États-Unis et la baisse du taux de croissance du produit mondial brut. Si la tendance à la baisse du taux de profit se maintient, le taux de profit du système capitaliste mondial tendrait vers zéro en 2037. Si la tendance à la baisse du taux de profit aux États-Unis se maintient, le taux de profit aux États-Unis atteindra valeur nulle en 2043. Si la tendance à la baisse du taux de croissance du produit mondial brut se maintient, ce taux atteindra la valeur zéro en 2053. Ces estimations ont été obtenues sur la base de la méthode statistique des moindres carrés. Il est conclu que le système capitaliste mondial deviendra non viable au milieu du 21e siècle (2037, 2043 ou 2053), lorsque le processus d’accumulation du capital cessera et que les taux de profit et de croissance de l’économie mondiale atteindront une valeur nulle. Face à l’échec et à l’effondrement de la mondialisation contemporaine, il est urgent de construire une nouvelle mondialisation avec un keynésianisme mondial et un gouvernement mondial pour ordonner l’économie mondiale. La politique économique keynésienne adoptée dans chaque pays et au niveau mondial et l'existence d'un gouvernement mondial sont les solutions pour faire face à l'effondrement de la mondialisation contemporaine et éliminer le chaos qui caractérise l'économie mondiale. Face à l’échec du néolibéralisme et à son incapacité à faire face à la crise mondiale du capitalisme, le keynésianisme pourrait être la solution à condition qu’il soit appliqué dans chaque pays et à l’échelle mondiale, c’est-à-dire qu’il opère dans la planification économique, et pas seulement au niveau national pour obtenir la stabilité économique et le plein emploi des facteurs dans chaque pays, mais aussi au niveau mondial pour éliminer le chaos économique mondial qui prévaut actuellement avec le néolibéralisme. Avec le keynésianisme dans chaque pays et à l’échelle mondiale, il y aurait une coordination des politiques économiques keynésiennes au niveau planétaire qui ne pourrait être réalisée qu’avec l’existence d’un gouvernement mondial.
JUSQU’À QUAND LE MASSACRE DU GOUVERNEMENT ISRAÉLIEN À GAZA CONTINUERA-T-IL.pdfFaga1939
Combien de temps encore les gouvernements des pays épris de paix resteront-ils passifs devant les crimes de guerre et les crimes contre l’humanité commis par le gouvernement israélien ? Combien de temps encore les gouvernements des pays arabes assisteront-ils au massacre israélien dans la bande de Gaza sans prendre aucune mesure concrète pour mettre fin à l’action belliciste du gouvernement israélien ? Combien de temps encore les Juifs épris de paix en Israël et dans le monde continueront-ils à assister passivement au massacre israélien dans la bande de Gaza, soutenant les crimes de guerre et les crimes contre l’humanité commis par le gouvernement Netanyahu ? Il est important de noter qu’Israël ne pourra exister que s’il est accepté par les peuples vivant en Palestine et dans le monde arabe. Israël ne pourra exister que si le gouvernement Netanyahu est remplacé par un gouvernement démocratique capable de dialoguer avec les Palestiniens de la région.
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The world is flat, hot and crowded, as Thomas Friedman says in his last book. Luckily, we can also say that it is getting more and more intelligent. Our world is increasingly interconnected and increasingly able to talk to us: people, systems and objects can communicate and interact with one another in completely new ways. Now we have the means to measure, hear and see instantaneously the state of all things. When all things, including processes and working methods, are intelligent, we will be able to respond to changing conditions with more speed and more focus, and make more precise forecasting which in turn will lead to optimization of future events. This ongoing transformation has given birth to the concept of Smart Cities, cities that are able to take action and improve the quality of life of their inhabitants, reconciling it with the needs of trades, factories, service industries and institutions by means of an innovative and pervasive use of digital technologies.
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The document summarizes the five generations of computers from the 1940s to present. Each generation is defined by a major technological development that made computers smaller, cheaper, more powerful, and efficient. The first generation used vacuum tubes, the second used transistors, the third used integrated circuits, the fourth used microprocessors, and the fifth generation is focused on artificial intelligence.
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Similar to THE EVOLUTION OF HUMANITY'S GREATEST INVENTION, THE COMPUTER, AND ITS FUTURE.pdf (20)
L’EFFONDREMENT DE LA MONDIALISATION CONTEMPORAINE ET L’AVENIR DE L’ÉCONOMIE M...Faga1939
Cet article vise à démontrer que la mondialisation contemporaine se dirige rapidement vers l’effondrement et à proposer de nouvelles orientations pour l’avenir de l’économie mondiale. Les signes de l'effondrement de la mondialisation économique et financière contemporaine apparaissaient déjà dès 2010 lorsque le rapport entre les exportations mondiales et le PIB mondial a chuté d'environ 12 %, un déclin jamais vu depuis les années 1970. Les signes de l’effondrement de la mondialisation contemporaine se manifeste également par la tendance à la baisse du taux de profit mondial, la baisse du taux de profit aux États-Unis et la baisse du taux de croissance du produit mondial brut. Si la tendance à la baisse du taux de profit se maintient, le taux de profit du système capitaliste mondial tendrait vers zéro en 2037. Si la tendance à la baisse du taux de profit aux États-Unis se maintient, le taux de profit aux États-Unis atteindra valeur nulle en 2043. Si la tendance à la baisse du taux de croissance du produit mondial brut se maintient, ce taux atteindra la valeur zéro en 2053. Ces estimations ont été obtenues sur la base de la méthode statistique des moindres carrés. Il est conclu que le système capitaliste mondial deviendra non viable au milieu du 21e siècle (2037, 2043 ou 2053), lorsque le processus d’accumulation du capital cessera et que les taux de profit et de croissance de l’économie mondiale atteindront une valeur nulle. Face à l’échec et à l’effondrement de la mondialisation contemporaine, il est urgent de construire une nouvelle mondialisation avec un keynésianisme mondial et un gouvernement mondial pour ordonner l’économie mondiale. La politique économique keynésienne adoptée dans chaque pays et au niveau mondial et l'existence d'un gouvernement mondial sont les solutions pour faire face à l'effondrement de la mondialisation contemporaine et éliminer le chaos qui caractérise l'économie mondiale. Face à l’échec du néolibéralisme et à son incapacité à faire face à la crise mondiale du capitalisme, le keynésianisme pourrait être la solution à condition qu’il soit appliqué dans chaque pays et à l’échelle mondiale, c’est-à-dire qu’il opère dans la planification économique, et pas seulement au niveau national pour obtenir la stabilité économique et le plein emploi des facteurs dans chaque pays, mais aussi au niveau mondial pour éliminer le chaos économique mondial qui prévaut actuellement avec le néolibéralisme. Avec le keynésianisme dans chaque pays et à l’échelle mondiale, il y aurait une coordination des politiques économiques keynésiennes au niveau planétaire qui ne pourrait être réalisée qu’avec l’existence d’un gouvernement mondial.
JUSQU’À QUAND LE MASSACRE DU GOUVERNEMENT ISRAÉLIEN À GAZA CONTINUERA-T-IL.pdfFaga1939
Combien de temps encore les gouvernements des pays épris de paix resteront-ils passifs devant les crimes de guerre et les crimes contre l’humanité commis par le gouvernement israélien ? Combien de temps encore les gouvernements des pays arabes assisteront-ils au massacre israélien dans la bande de Gaza sans prendre aucune mesure concrète pour mettre fin à l’action belliciste du gouvernement israélien ? Combien de temps encore les Juifs épris de paix en Israël et dans le monde continueront-ils à assister passivement au massacre israélien dans la bande de Gaza, soutenant les crimes de guerre et les crimes contre l’humanité commis par le gouvernement Netanyahu ? Il est important de noter qu’Israël ne pourra exister que s’il est accepté par les peuples vivant en Palestine et dans le monde arabe. Israël ne pourra exister que si le gouvernement Netanyahu est remplacé par un gouvernement démocratique capable de dialoguer avec les Palestiniens de la région.
ATÉ QUANDO VAI CONTINUAR O MASSACRE DO GOVERNO ISRAEELENSE EM GAZA.pdfFaga1939
Até quando os governos dos países amantes da paz assistirão passivamente os crimes de guerra e contra a humanidade praticados pelo governo de Israel? Até quando os governos dos países árabes ficarão assistindo o massacre israelense na Faixa de Gaza sem nenhuma atitude concreta para cessar a ação belicista do governo israelense? Até quando os judeus amantes da paz em Israel e no mundo continuarão assistindo passivamente o massacre israelense na Faixa de Gaza apoiando os crimes de guerra e contra a humanidade praticados pelo governo Netanyahu? É importante observar que Israel só terá condições de existir se for aceita pelos povos que vivem na Palestina e no mundo árabe. Israel só terá condições de existir se houver a substituição do governo Netanyahu por um governo democrático capaz de dialogar com os palestinos na região.
ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION FROM PREHISTORY TO THE CONTEMPORARY ERA AND...Faga1939
This article aims to present how the evolution of energy consumption and production occurred from prehistoric times to current times, as well as proposing the future of energy required for the world. From prehistory until the 18th century, the use of renewable energy sources such as wood, wind and hydraulic energy predominated. From the 18th century until the contemporary era, fossil fuels predominated with coal and oil, but their use will probably come to an end from the 21st century onwards to avoid catastrophic global climate change resulting from their use by emitting greenhouse gases responsible for the global warming. With the end of the era of fossil fuels will come the era of renewable energy sources when the use of hydroelectric energy, solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy, wave energy, geothermal energy, biomass energy and hydrogen energy will prevail. There is no doubt that human activities on Earth cause changes in the environment in which we live. Many of these environmental impacts come from the generation, handling and use of energy using fossil fuels. The main reason for the existence of these environmental impacts lies in the fact that global consumption of primary energy from non-renewable sources (oil, coal, natural gas and nuclear) corresponds to approximately 88% of the total, with only 12% coming from renewable sources. Regardless of the various solutions that may be adopted to eliminate or mitigate the causes of the greenhouse effect, the most important action is, without a doubt, the adoption of measures that contribute to the elimination or reduction of the consumption of fossil fuels in energy production, as well as as well as for its more efficient use in transport, industry, agriculture and cities (residences and commerce), given that the use and production of energy are responsible for 57% of greenhouse gases emitted by human activity. In this sense, it is essential to implement a sustainable energy system in the world. In a sustainable energy system, the global energy matrix should only rely on clean and renewable energy sources (hydroelectric, solar, wind, hydrogen, geothermal, tidal, wave and biomass), and should therefore not rely on the use fossil fuels (oil, coal and natural gas).
PRODUÇÃO E CONSUMO DE ENERGIA DA PRÉ-HISTÓRIA À ERA CONTEMPORÂNEA E SUA EVOLU...Faga1939
Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar como ocorreu a evolução do consumo e da produção de energia desde a pré-história até os tempos atuais, bem como propor o futuro da energia requerido para o mundo. Da pré-história até o século XVIII predominou o uso de fontes renováveis de energia como a madeira, o vento e a energia hidráulica. Do século XVIII até a era contemporânea, os combustíveis fósseis predominaram com o carvão e o petróleo, mas seu uso chegará ao fim provavelmente a partir do século XXI para evitar a mudança climática catastrófica global resultante de sua utilização ao emitir gases do efeito estufa responsáveis pelo aquecimento global. Com o fim da era dos combustíveis fósseis virá a era das fontes renováveis de energia quando prevalecerá a utilização da energia hidrelétrica, energia solar, energia eólica, energia das marés, energia das ondas, energia geotérmica, energia da biomassa e energia do hidrogênio. Não existem dúvidas de que as atividades humanas sobre a Terra provocam alterações no meio ambiente em que vivemos. Muitos destes impactos ambientais são provenientes da geração, manuseio e uso da energia com o uso de combustíveis fósseis. A principal razão para a existência desses impactos ambientais reside no fato de que o consumo mundial de energia primária proveniente de fontes não renováveis (petróleo, carvão, gás natural e nuclear) corresponde a aproximadamente 88% do total, cabendo apenas 12% às fontes renováveis. Independentemente das várias soluções que venham a ser adotadas para eliminar ou mitigar as causas do efeito estufa, a mais importante ação é, sem dúvidas, a adoção de medidas que contribuam para a eliminação ou redução do consumo de combustíveis fósseis na produção de energia, bem como para seu uso mais eficiente nos transportes, na indústria, na agropecuária e nas cidades (residências e comércio), haja vista que o uso e a produção de energia são responsáveis por 57% dos gases de estufa emitidos pela atividade humana. Neste sentido, é imprescindível a implantação de um sistema de energia sustentável no mundo. Em um sistema de energia sustentável, a matriz energética mundial só deveria contar com fontes de energia limpa e renováveis (hidroelétrica, solar, eólica, hidrogênio, geotérmica, das marés, das ondas e biomassa), não devendo contar, portanto, com o uso dos combustíveis fósseis (petróleo, carvão e gás natural).
LA LOI DE L'ENTROPIE ET LA CONQUÊTE DE L'IMMORTALITÉ DE L'ÊTRE HUMAIN.pdfFaga1939
Cet article vise à analyser les possibilités d'atteindre l'immortalité humaine face à l'obstacle que représente la loi de l'entropie qui mesure le degré de désordre dans un système. L'entropie dans les systèmes biologiques, par exemple, s'explique lorsqu'un être vivant, lorsqu'il effectue un travail, une partie de la chaleur produite maintient son corps au chaud, mais une grande partie se dissipe dans l'environnement qui l'entoure, provoquant une grande fraction de l’énergie provenant de ses sources de combustible à transformer en chaleur. L'effet net du processus originel (diminution de l'entropie de l'être vivant) et du transfert d'énergie (augmentation de l'entropie dans l'environnement extérieur) est une augmentation générale de l'entropie de l'Univers. Tout le monde s’accorde à dire que grâce à l’entropie, le désordre de la vie se produit, les galaxies s’enfonçant dans des trous noirs, les étoiles se transformant en poussière de carbone, les moteurs de voitures et d’avions s’usant et vieillissant nous conduisant à la mort. En juin 2019, une équipe de scientifiques de l'Université technique de Munich et de l'Institut Max Planck de physique et de systèmes complexes a annoncé qu'une exception à cette règle universelle avait été trouvée dans le mystérieux monde quantique avec le phénomène de « quasi-particule » qui se produit. dans une série de cycles sans fin, les rendant en fait immortels. Ce fait continue de stimuler les discussions sur un ancien désir humain : l’immortalité du corps humain. Dans le passé, l’homme cherchait à vaincre la mort à travers les religions. À l’époque contemporaine, les gens ont commencé à croire qu’il serait possible de vaincre la mort grâce à l’utilisation de la science et de la technologie. L’année 2045 marquera le début d’une ère dans laquelle la médecine pourra offrir à l’humanité la possibilité de vivre une époque jamais vue dans l’histoire. Nous ne serons qu’à quelques pas de l’immortalité. Compte tenu de la rapidité des innovations, une personne née en 2050 aura 95 % de chances de vivre mille ans. Tous ces efforts visant à atteindre l’immortalité parviendront-ils à vaincre les forces imposées par la loi de l’entropie ? Dans quelle mesure l’immortalité des « quasi-particules » peut-elle contribuer à rendre les êtres humains immortels ? Dans quelle mesure la science et la technologie contribueront-elles à l’obtention de l’immortalité des êtres humains ?
THE LAW OF ENTROPY AND THE ACHIEVEMENT OF HUMAN BEING IMMORTALITY.pdfFaga1939
This article aims to analyze the possibilities of achieving human immortality in the face of the obstacle represented by the law of entropy that measures the degree of disorder in a system. Entropy in biological systems, for example, is explained when a living being, when performing work, part of the heat produced keeps its body warm, but a large part dissipates in the environment around it, causing a large fraction of the energy of its fuel sources are transformed into heat. The net effect of the original process (decrease in the entropy of the living being) and the transfer of energy (increase in entropy in the external environment) is a general increase in the entropy of the Universe. Everyone agrees that thanks to entropy, the disorder of life occurs, with galaxies sinking into black holes, stars turning into carbon dust, car and airplane engines wearing out and aging leading us to death. In June 2019, a team of scientists from the Technical University of Munich and the Max Planck Institute for Physics and Complex Systems announced that an exception to this universal rule had been found in the mysterious quantum world with the “quasi-particle” phenomenon that occurs in a series of endless cycles, making them, in fact, immortal. This fact continues to stimulate discussions about an ancient human desire: the immortality of the human body. In the past, man sought to overcome death through religions. In the contemporary era, people began to believe that it would be possible to overcome death through the use of science and technology. The year 2045 will mark the beginning of an era in which medicine will be able to offer humanity the possibility of living for a time never seen in history. We will be just a few steps away from immortality. Considering the speed of innovations, a person born in 2050 will have a 95% chance of living a thousand years. Will all this effort aimed at achieving immortality be able to overcome the forces imposed by the law of entropy? To what extent can the immortality of “quasi-particles” contribute to making human beings immortal? To what extent will science and technology contribute to the achievement of immortality for human beings?
A LEI DA ENTROPIA E A CONQUISTA DA IMORTALIDADE DO SER HUMANO.pdfFaga1939
Este artigo tem por objetivo analisar as possibilidades de conquista da imortalidade do ser humano diante do obstáculo representado pela lei da entropia que mede o grau de desordem de um sistema. A entropia nos sistemas biológicos, por exemplo, se explica quando o ser vivo, ao realizar trabalho, parte do calor produzido conserva seu corpo aquecido, mas uma grande parte se dissipa no ambiente a seu redor, fazendo com que uma grande fração da energia de suas fontes de combustíveis seja transformada em calor. O efeito líquido do processo original (diminuição da entropia do ser vivo) e a transferência de energia (aumento de entropia no meio exterior) é um aumento geral na entropia do Universo. Todos concordam que graças à entropia, ocorre a desordem da vida, com as galáxias afundando em buracos negros, as estrelas virando poeira de carbono, motores de carros e aviões se desgastando e o envelhecimento nos encaminhando à morte. Em junho de 2019, uma equipe de cientistas da Universidade Técnica de Munique e do Instituto Max Planck de Física e Sistemas Complexos anunciou que foi encontrada uma exceção à esta regra universal no misterioso mundo quântico com o fenômeno das “quase-partículas” que ocorre numa série de ciclos intermináveis, tornando-as, de fato, imortais. O fato não deixa de estimular discussões sobre um milenar desejo humano: a imortalidade do corpo humano. No passado, o homem procurava superar a morte através das religiões. Na era contemporânea, passou-se a acreditar que seria possível vencer a morte com o uso da ciência e da tecnologia. O ano de 2045 marcará o início de uma era em que a medicina poderá oferecer à humanidade a possibilidade de viver por um tempo jamais visto na história. Estaremos a poucos passos da imortalidade. Considerando a rapidez das inovações, uma pessoa nascida em 2050 terá 95% de chance de viver mil anos. Todo este esforço voltado para a conquista da imortalidade será capaz de vencer as forças impostas pela lei da entropia? Até que ponto a imortalidade das “quase-partículas” poderá contribuir para tornar os seres humanos imortais? Até que ponto a ciência e a tecnologia contribuirão para a conquista da imortalidade dos seres humanos?
PEACE BETWEEN ISRAEL AND PALESTINE REQUIRES EXTREMISTS OUT OF POWER AND RESTR...Faga1939
This article aims to demonstrate the need for Israeli and Palestinian extremists to be removed from power and for the UN to be restructured so that there is peace between Israel and Palestine. The construction of peace can only happen in the Palestine region if the Jewish people in Israel and throughout the world, as well as the Palestinians, politically repel the extremists who exercise power in their territories and establish governments that seek conciliation between the Jewish and Palestinian peoples. It can be said that there is only one solution to the conflict between Palestine and Israel: on the one hand, Israel needs to accept the constitution of the Palestinian State, seek a fair and negotiated solution regarding Jerusalem and the fate of Palestinian refugees and end the settlements Jews in the West Bank and, on the other, Palestinians need to recognize the State of Israel because neither Palestinians nor Israelis can impose their will on each other. Neither the right-wing extremists who govern Israel nor the Palestinian extremist groups will be able to impose their will by force of arms in Palestine. It is unlikely that the conflict between Palestinians and Jews will be resolved today because existing international institutions are not capable of building a negotiated solution to the conflict between these two peoples and between Israel, Iran and the Arab countries. This means that there is an urgent need to restructure the international system to resolve the conflict between Israel and Palestine, between Russia and Ukraine and all international conflicts that may occur in the future. The time has come for humanity to promote the construction of world peace and to exercise control over its destiny. To achieve these objectives, it is urgent to restructure the UN with a view to transforming it into a democratic government of the world that constitutes the only means of survival for the human species.
PAZ ENTRE ISRAEL E PALESTINA EXIGE EXTREMISTAS FORA DO PODER E REESTRUTURAÇÃO...Faga1939
Este artigo tem por objetivo demonstrar a necessidade de que extremistas israelenses e palestinos sejam colocados fora do poder e haja a reestruturação da ONU para que haja paz entre Israel e Palestina. A construção da paz só poderá acontecer na região da Palestina se o povo judeu em Israel e no mundo inteiro, bem como os palestinos repelirem politicamente os extremistas que exercem o poder em seus territórios e constituírem governos que busquem a conciliação entre os povos judeu e palestino. Pode-se afirmar que só há uma solução para o conflito entre Palestina e Israel: de um lado, Israel precisa aceitar a constituição do Estado palestino, buscar uma solução justa e negociada sobre Jerusalém e sobre o destino de refugiados palestinos e acabar com os assentamentos judeus na Cisjordânia e, de outro, os palestinos precisam reconhecer o Estado de Israel porque nem palestinos nem israelenses podem impor sua vontade um ao outro. Nem os extremistas de direita que governam Israel nem os grupos extremistas palestinos terão condições de impor sua vontade pela força das armas na Palestina. É pouco provável que o conflito entre palestinos e judeus seja solucionado na atualidade porque as instituições internacionais existentes não são capazes de construir uma saída negociada para o conflito entre estes dois povos e entre Israel, o Irã e os países árabes. Isto significa dizer que urge a reestruturação do sistema internacional para solucionar o conflito entre Israel e Palestina, entre Rússia e Ucrânia e todos os conflitos internacionais que venham a ocorrer no futuro. É chegada a hora da humanidade promover a construção da paz mundial e de exercer o controle de seu destino. Para alcançar estes objetivos, urge a reestruturação da ONU visando transformá-la em um governo democrático do mundo que se constitui no único meio de sobrevivência da espécie humana.
HOW TO OVERCOME DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY IN THE LIVES OF PEOPLE IN THE WORLD WE...Faga1939
This article aims to present the causes of depression and anxiety in individuals, which are considered the evils of the century, and the solutions that would allow them to be overcome. Depression and anxiety affect more than 300 million people worldwide. In Brazil, the disorder affects around 18.6 million individuals, according to data from PAHO (Pan American Health Organization), which corresponds to 9.3% of the population.
COMO SUPERAR A DEPRESSÃO E A ANSIEDADE NA VIDA DAS PESSOAS NO MUNDO EM QUE VI...Faga1939
Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar as causas da depressão e da ansiedade nos indivíduos, que são consideradas os males do século, e as soluções que permitiriam superá-las. A depressão e a ansiedade atingem mais de 300 milhões de pessoas em todo o mundo. No Brasil, o transtorno afeta cerca de 18,6 milhões de indivíduos, conforme dados da OPAS (Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde), o que corresponde a 9,3% da população.
HOW TO PLAN CITIES TO COPE WITH EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS.pdfFaga1939
This article aims to present what and how to do to promote cities planning capable of facing extreme weather events. Floods have been recurring in cities in several countries around the world, including Brazil. There is a drastic change in the Earth's climate thanks to global warming, which is contributing to the occurrence of floods in cities that are recurring in an increasingly catastrophic way in their effects. The floods that devastated some cities in western and southern Germany, Henan in China and London in England in 2021 and, currently, in Rio Grande do Sul demonstrate the vulnerability of highly populated areas to catastrophic floods. Water-related disasters caused worldwide losses of US$306 billion between 1980 and 2016. To cope with extreme weather events in cities, flood control must be carried out, which concerns all methods used to reduce or prevent the harmful effects of water action. Structural measures must be adopted with engineering works aimed at correcting and/or preventing problems arising from floods and non-structural measures which are those that seek to prevent and/or reduce the damage and consequences of floods, not through engineering works, but through the introduction of standards, regulations and programs that aim, for example, to regulate land use and occupation, implementation of alert systems and public awareness. The municipal government plays a fundamental role in preventing flooding, floods and floods in cities. To this end, a municipal development master plan must be drawn up that includes, among other measures, the adoption of solutions to minimize or eliminate the risks faced by the population, the systematic identification of risk areas in order to establish population settlement rules. Three bodies are essential in flood prevention actions in a municipality: 1) the municipal civil defense body; 2) the body responsible for the meteorological service responsible for reporting the climate forecast for the city and/or region; and, 3) community civil defense centers, which are people who work voluntarily in civil defense activities.
COMO PLANEJAR AS CIDADES PARA ENFRENTAR EVENTOS CLIMÁTICOS EXTREMOS.pdfFaga1939
Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar o que e como fazer para promover o planejamento das cidades capaz de enfrentar eventos climáticos extremos. Tem sido recorrente a ocorrência de inundações nas cidades em vários países do mundo, inclusive no Brasil. Está havendo uma mudança drástica no clima da Terra graças ao aquecimento global que está contribuindo para a ocorrência de inundações nas cidades que se repetem de forma cada vez mais catastrófica em seus efeitos. As inundações que devastaram algumas cidades do oeste e do sul da Alemanha, Henan na China e Londres na Inglaterra em 2021 e, no momento, no Rio Grande do Sul demonstram a vulnerabilidade de áreas altamente populosas a enchentes catastróficas. Os desastres relacionados com a água causaram perdas mundiais de US$ 306 bilhões entre 1980 e 2016. Para fazer frente a eventos climáticos extremos nas cidades, é preciso que seja realizado o controle de inundações que diz respeito a todos os métodos usados para reduzir ou impedir os efeitos prejudiciais da ação das águas. Devem ser adotadas medidas estruturais com obras de engenharia visando a correção e / ou prevenção de problemas decorrentes de inundações e medidas não estruturais que são aquelas que buscam prevenir e / ou reduzir os danos e consequências das inundações, não por meio de obras de engenharia, mas pela introdução de normas, regulamentos e programas que visam, por exemplo, disciplinar o uso e ocupação do solo, implementação de sistemas de alerta e conscientização da população. A prefeitura municipal tem um papel fundamental no sentido de evitar alagamentos, enchentes e inundações nas cidades. Para tanto, deve elaborar um plano diretor de desenvolvimento municipal que contemple, entre outras medidas, a adoção de soluções para minimizar ou eliminar os riscos enfrentados pela população, a identificação sistemática de áreas de risco a fim de estabelecer regras de assentamento da população. Três órgãos são essenciais nas ações de prevenção a enchentes em um município: 1) o órgão municipal de defesa civil; 2) o órgão responsável pelo serviço de meteorologia responsável por informar a previsão do clima da cidade e/ou região; e, 3) os núcleos comunitários de defesa civil, que são pessoas que trabalham de forma voluntária nas atividades de defesa civil.
LES OBSTACLES QUI ENTRAVENT LE DÉVELOPPEMENT DU BRÉSIL À L'ÈRE CONTEMPORAINE ...Faga1939
Cet article vise à démontrer que le gouvernement Lula est confronté à deux défis majeurs dans ses efforts pour promouvoir le développement économique et social du Brésil. Le premier défi, d'ordre économique, est représenté par les obstacles qui existent avec la politique de plafonnement des dépenses, malgré la flexibilité offerte par le cadre budgétaire et l'existence d'une Banque centrale indépendante, qui rendent le gouvernement brésilien incapable de coordonner ses politiques monétaires et fiscales, réaliser des investissements publics dans l'expansion de l'économie et obtenir la stabilité macroéconomique et, le deuxième défi, de nature politique, est représenté par les obstacles existant au Congrès national du fait qu'il ne dispose pas de majorité au parlement, ce qui empêche le gouvernement fédéral de mettre en pratique son projet de développement national et de répondre pleinement aux exigences sociales. Pour que les forces progressistes brésiliennes puissent réélire le président Lula lors des élections présidentielles de 2026 et obtenir une majorité parlementaire au Congrès national engagé en faveur du progrès politique, économique et social, le gouvernement Lula devra réussir sur le front économique, en promouvant l'expansion du l'économie, en augmentant de manière significative en générant des emplois et des revenus, en maîtrisant l'inflation et en répondant au maximum aux revendications sociales qui profitent avant tout aux populations mal desservies du pays. Les forces progressistes du Brésil doivent s'engager, dès les élections municipales de 2024, à élire le nombre maximum de maires et de conseillers engagés dans les avancées politiques, économiques et sociales du Brésil. Telles sont les conditions pour empêcher, en 2026, les extrémistes de droite de reconquérir la présidence de la République, d’élargir leur participation aux gouvernements des États et au Congrès national et de mettre en pratique leur infâme projet antisocial et antinational.
THE OBSTACLES THAT IMPEDE THE DEVELOPMENT OF BRAZIL IN THE CONTEMPORARY ERA A...Faga1939
This article aims to demonstrate that the Lula government is faced with two major challenges in its effort to promote Brazil's economic and social development. The first challenge, of an economic nature, is represented by the obstacles that exist with the spending cap policy, despite the flexibility provided by the fiscal framework and the existence of an independent Central Bank, which make the Brazilian government unable to coordinate its fiscal and monetary policies, make public investments in the expansion of the economy and obtain macroeconomic stability and, the second challenge, of a political nature, is represented by the obstacles existing in the National Congress due to the fact that it does not have a majority in parliament, which prevents the federal government from putting its national developmental project into practice and fully meet social demands. For Brazil's progressive forces to re-elect President Lula in the 2026 presidential elections and obtain a parliamentary majority in the National Congress committed to political, economic and social advances, the Lula government will have to be successful on the economic front, promoting the expansion of the economy, increasing significantly generating jobs and income, keeping inflation under control and meeting the maximum social demands that benefit, above all, the country's underserved populations. Brazil's progressive forces need to commit, starting from the 2024 municipal elections, towards to elect the maximum number of mayors and councilors committed to Brazil's political, economic and social advances. These are the conditions to prevent, in 2026, right-wing extremists from regaining the Presidency of the Republic, expanding their participation in state governments and the National Congress and putting their nefarious anti-social and anti-national project into practice.
L'ÉVOLUTION DE L'ÉDUCATION AU BRÉSIL À TRAVERS L'HISTOIRE ET LES EXIGENCES DE...Faga1939
Cet article vise à présenter l’évolution de l’éducation au Brésil à travers l’histoire et les exigences de son développement futur. De 1500 jusqu'au XIXe siècle, l'éducation brésilienne s'est concentrée exclusivement sur la formation des classes supérieures, dans le but de les préparer aux activités politico-bureaucratiques et aux professions libérales, presque toujours en charge ou sous l'influence de l'initiative religieuse privée. La relation ombilicale entre l'Église catholique et la puissance coloniale portugaise s'est maintenue au Brésil même après son indépendance en 1822 pendant la période impériale et a pris fin avec la Proclamation de la République avec le divorce officiel entre l'Église et l'État. Au niveau des politiques publiques, plusieurs tentatives de réforme éducative de la part du gouvernement central républicain ont fini par perpétuer le modèle éducatif hérité de la période coloniale. La première LDB (Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Brasileira) de l’histoire de l’éducation brésilienne n’a pas brisé le binôme d’élitisme et d’exclusion qui s’était manifesté dans l’éducation brésilienne depuis la période coloniale. La LDB de 1961 a permis la cohabitation entre écoles publiques et privées. Cette situation éducative en vigueur au Brésil dans la seconde moitié du XXe siècle a suscité une critique acerbe de la part de Paulo Freire. En 1982, des projets éducatifs alternatifs à l'enseignement technique imposé par la dictature militaire ont émergé, comme ce qui s'est passé à Rio de Janeiro sous le gouvernement de Leonel Brizola, qui a mis en œuvre les soi-disant CIEP (Centres intégrés d'éducation publique), qui étaient des écoles à temps plein. Mais ces expériences éducatives adoptées de manière autonome et conformément aux corrélations de forces qui s’établissaient entre les tendances pédagogiques existantes étaient destinées à être de courte durée, comme cela s’est effectivement produit. Avec la fin de la dictature militaire au Brésil, la dernière décennie du XXe siècle a été marquée par l'adoption du modèle économique néolibéral qui a porté préjudice aux politiques publiques, notamment éducatives, car il a permis la croissance du secteur privé, principalement dans le contexte de l'enseignement supérieur, tandis que dans les écoles publiques, l'enseignement est devenu encore plus inefficace, une situation qui perdure aujourd'hui. Mais aujourd'hui, l'exclusion des classes populaires a eu lieu parce que l'école publique ne garantit pas l'apprentissage effectif des connaissances essentielles requises par la société brésilienne. De ce qui précède, on peut conclure qu’il reste encore une tâche majeure à accomplir pour la société brésilienne contemporaine : la consolidation effective d’écoles publiques, laïques et de qualité pour tous. À l'époque contemporaine, il est urgent de promouvoir une révolution dans le système éducatif brésilien, ce qui est devenu nécessaire parce que les mauvaises performances du système éducatif brésilien.
THE EVOLUTION OF EDUCATION IN BRAZIL THROUGHOUT HISTORY AND THE REQUIREMENTS ...Faga1939
This article aims to present the evolution of education in Brazil throughout history and the requirements for its future development. From 1500 until the 19th century, Brazilian education focused exclusively on training the upper classes, with the aim of preparing them for political-bureaucratic activities and liberal professions, almost always in charge of or under the influence of private religious initiative. The umbilical relationship between the Catholic Church and the Portuguese colonial power was maintained in Brazil even after its independence in 1822 during the imperial period and came to an end with the Proclamation of the Republic when there was an official divorce between Church and State. At the level of public policies, there were several attempts at educational reform by the republican central government that ended up perpetuating the educational model inherited from the colonial period. The first LDB (Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Brasileira) in the history of Brazilian education did not break the binomial of elitism and exclusion that had manifested itself in Brazilian education since the colonial period. The LDB of 1961 made it possible for public and private schools to cohabit. This educational situation in force in Brazil in the second half of the 20th century had a scathing critic in Paulo Freire. In 1982, alternative educational projects emerged to the technical education imposed by the military dictatorship, such as what occurred in Rio de Janeiro during the government of Leonel Brizola, which implemented the so-called CIEPs (Integrated Centers for Public Education), which were full-time schools. But these educational experiences adopted autonomously and in accordance with the correlations of forces that were established between existing pedagogical trends were destined to be short-lived, as in fact happened. With the end of the military dictatorship in Brazil, the last decade of the 20th century was marked by the adoption of the neoliberal economic model that harmed public policies, in particular education, as it allowed the growth of the private sector, mainly in the context of higher education, while In public schools, teaching became even more inefficient, a situation that continues today. Now, however, the exclusion of the popular classes took place because the State school does not guarantee the effective learning of the essential knowledge required by Brazilian society. From the above, it can be concluded that there is still a major task to be resolved by contemporary Brazilian society: the effective consolidation of state, public, secular and quality schools for all. In the contemporary era, there is an urgent need to promote a revolution in Brazil's education system, which has become necessary because the poor performance of Brazil's education system results, among other factors, above all from insufficient investments in Brazilian education.
A EVOLUÇÃO DA EDUCAÇÃO NO BRASIL AO LONGO DA HISTÓRIA E OS REQUISITOS PARA SE...Faga1939
Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar a evolução da educação do Brasil ao longo da história e os requisitos para seu futuro desenvolvimento. De 1500 até o século XIX, a educação brasileira voltou-se exclusivamente à formação das camadas superiores, no intuito de prepará-las para as atividades político-burocráticas e das profissões liberais quase sempre a cargo ou sob a influência da iniciativa privada religiosa. A relação umbilical entre a Igreja Católica e o poder colonial português foi mantido no Brasil mesmo após sua independência ocorrida em 1822 durante o período imperial e chegou ao fim com a Proclamação da República quando houve o divórcio oficial entre Igreja e Estado. Ao nível das políticas públicas, houve várias tentativas de reforma educacional por parte do governo central republicano que acabaram por perpetuar o modelo educacional herdado do período colonial. A primeira LDB (Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Brasileira) da história da educação brasileira não rompeu o binômio do elitismo e da exclusão que se manifestava na educação brasileira desde o período colonial. A LDB de 1961 possibilitou a coabitação da escola pública e da particular. Esta situação educacional vigente no Brasil da segunda metade do século XX teve em Paulo Freire um crítico contundente. Em 1982, surgiram projetos educacionais alternativos ao ensino tecnicista imposto pela ditadura militar, como o que ocorreu no Rio de Janeiro durante o governo de Leonel Brizola que implementou os chamados CIEPs (Centros Integrados de Educação Pública) que eram escolas de período integral. Mas essas experiências educacionais adotadas de forma autônoma e de acordo com as correlações de forças que se estabeleciam entre as tendências pedagógicas existentes estavam fadadas a ter vida curta como de fato aconteceu. Com o fim da ditadura militar no Brasil, a última década do século XX ficou marcada pela adoção do modelo econômico neoliberal que prejudicou as políticas públicas, em particular a educação, pois permitiu o crescimento do setor privado, principalmente no âmbito do ensino superior, enquanto na escola pública o ensino ficou ainda mais ineficiente, situação esta que se mantem até hoje. Agora, porém, a exclusão das classes populares se realizava porque a escola de Estado não garante a aprendizagem efetiva dos conhecimentos essenciais exigidos pela sociedade brasileira. Pelo exposto, conclui-se que ainda existe uma grande tarefa a ser resolvida pela sociedade brasileira contemporânea: a efetiva consolidação da escola de Estado, pública, laica e de qualidade para todos. Na era contemporânea, urge promover uma revolução no sistema de educação do Brasil, que se tornou necessária porque o péssimo desempenho do sistema de educação do Brasil resulta, entre outros fatores, sobretudo da insuficiência de investimentos na educação brasileira quando comparado com os investimentos em educação dos melhores sistemas de educação do mundo.
LA MONTÉE DE L'ÉDUCATION DANS LE MONDE DE LA PRÉHISTOIRE À L'ÈRE CONTEMPORAIN...Faga1939
Cet article vise à présenter l’évolution de l’éducation dans le monde du XVIIIe siècle au XXIe siècle. Cet article représente la suite de la Partie 1 de l'article qui aborde l'évolution de l'éducation dans le monde de la Préhistoire au XVIIIe siècle. Le XVIIIe siècle a été un moment marquant dans l'histoire de l'humanité car c'est à cette époque que l'éducation était considérée comme un droit pour tous, qu'il y avait l'obligation de l'État de maintenir les écoles, le droit à l'enseignement public gratuit et la garantie que l'école publique n'était sous la domination d'aucune croyance religieuse (laïcité). La première révolution industrielle et la naissance des usines ont créé un espace pour l’émergence d’une institution scolaire publique moderne. L'influence catholique dans l'éducation a commencé à décliner. Au XVIIIe siècle, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, considéré comme le père de la pédagogie moderne, a contribué à l'éducation. La Révolution française de 1789 signifiait que l’intervention de l’État dans l’éducation traditionnellement confiée à l’Église catholique. La politique expansionniste de Napoléon a imposé en Europe des lignes directrices laïques, étatiques et civiles dans la réorganisation des systèmes éducatifs à partir de 1794. Au XIXe siècle naissent les pédagogies de Pestalozzi, ainsi que les pédagogies positiviste et socialiste. Au XXe siècle, le débat pédagogique impliquait deux courants théoriques majeurs : la Nouvelle École et la conception marxiste, la première identifiée au capitalisme et la seconde au socialisme. L'Escola Nova a été le mouvement pédagogique qui a eu la plus grande influence sur l'éducation au XXe siècle. Au XXe siècle, plusieurs innovations pédagogiques originales ont eu lieu dans les pays en développement, comme celle menée par Paulo Freire au Brésil. Au 21ème siècle, à l'ère contemporaine, l'enseignement ne se résume plus seulement en présentiel pour devenir également du non-présentiel ou partiellement en présentiel avec l'enseignement à distance (EAD). Le grand défi éducatif de l’avenir est de réaliser une vaste révolution dans l’enseignement, y compris la qualification des enseignants et la structuration des unités d’enseignement pour s’adapter aux besoins imposés par les progrès technologiques.
Nunit vs XUnit vs MSTest Differences Between These Unit Testing Frameworks.pdfflufftailshop
When it comes to unit testing in the .NET ecosystem, developers have a wide range of options available. Among the most popular choices are NUnit, XUnit, and MSTest. These unit testing frameworks provide essential tools and features to help ensure the quality and reliability of code. However, understanding the differences between these frameworks is crucial for selecting the most suitable one for your projects.
How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdfChart Kalyan
A Mix Chart displays historical data of numbers in a graphical or tabular form. The Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart specifically shows the results of a sequence of numbers over different periods.
Skybuffer SAM4U tool for SAP license adoptionTatiana Kojar
Manage and optimize your license adoption and consumption with SAM4U, an SAP free customer software asset management tool.
SAM4U, an SAP complimentary software asset management tool for customers, delivers a detailed and well-structured overview of license inventory and usage with a user-friendly interface. We offer a hosted, cost-effective, and performance-optimized SAM4U setup in the Skybuffer Cloud environment. You retain ownership of the system and data, while we manage the ABAP 7.58 infrastructure, ensuring fixed Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and exceptional services through the SAP Fiori interface.
Salesforce Integration for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions A...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on integration of Salesforce with Bonterra Impact Management.
Interested in deploying an integration with Salesforce for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Fueling AI with Great Data with Airbyte WebinarZilliz
This talk will focus on how to collect data from a variety of sources, leveraging this data for RAG and other GenAI use cases, and finally charting your course to productionalization.
5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
-An opportunity to connect with fellow Power Grid Model enthusiasts and users.
Dive into the realm of operating systems (OS) with Pravash Chandra Das, a seasoned Digital Forensic Analyst, as your guide. 🚀 This comprehensive presentation illuminates the core concepts, types, and evolution of OS, essential for understanding modern computing landscapes.
Beginning with the foundational definition, Das clarifies the pivotal role of OS as system software orchestrating hardware resources, software applications, and user interactions. Through succinct descriptions, he delineates the diverse types of OS, from single-user, single-task environments like early MS-DOS iterations, to multi-user, multi-tasking systems exemplified by modern Linux distributions.
Crucial components like the kernel and shell are dissected, highlighting their indispensable functions in resource management and user interface interaction. Das elucidates how the kernel acts as the central nervous system, orchestrating process scheduling, memory allocation, and device management. Meanwhile, the shell serves as the gateway for user commands, bridging the gap between human input and machine execution. 💻
The narrative then shifts to a captivating exploration of prominent desktop OSs, Windows, macOS, and Linux. Windows, with its globally ubiquitous presence and user-friendly interface, emerges as a cornerstone in personal computing history. macOS, lauded for its sleek design and seamless integration with Apple's ecosystem, stands as a beacon of stability and creativity. Linux, an open-source marvel, offers unparalleled flexibility and security, revolutionizing the computing landscape. 🖥️
Moving to the realm of mobile devices, Das unravels the dominance of Android and iOS. Android's open-source ethos fosters a vibrant ecosystem of customization and innovation, while iOS boasts a seamless user experience and robust security infrastructure. Meanwhile, discontinued platforms like Symbian and Palm OS evoke nostalgia for their pioneering roles in the smartphone revolution.
The journey concludes with a reflection on the ever-evolving landscape of OS, underscored by the emergence of real-time operating systems (RTOS) and the persistent quest for innovation and efficiency. As technology continues to shape our world, understanding the foundations and evolution of operating systems remains paramount. Join Pravash Chandra Das on this illuminating journey through the heart of computing. 🌟
Letter and Document Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Sol...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on automated letter generation for Bonterra Impact Management using Google Workspace or Microsoft 365.
Interested in deploying letter generation automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
leewayhertz.com-AI in predictive maintenance Use cases technologies benefits ...alexjohnson7307
Predictive maintenance is a proactive approach that anticipates equipment failures before they happen. At the forefront of this innovative strategy is Artificial Intelligence (AI), which brings unprecedented precision and efficiency. AI in predictive maintenance is transforming industries by reducing downtime, minimizing costs, and enhancing productivity.
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providersakankshawande
Simplify your search for a reliable Python development partner! This list presents the top 10 trusted US providers offering comprehensive Python development services, ensuring your project's success from conception to completion.
Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing.pdfssuserfac0301
Read Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing to gain insights on AI adoption in the manufacturing industry, such as:
1. How quickly AI is being implemented in manufacturing.
2. Which barriers stand in the way of AI adoption.
3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.
Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)Jakub Marek
An English 🇬🇧 translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERPPixlogix Infotech
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THE EVOLUTION OF HUMANITY'S GREATEST INVENTION, THE COMPUTER, AND ITS FUTURE.pdf
1. 1
THE EVOLUTION OF HUMANITY'S GREATEST INVENTION, THE
COMPUTER, AND ITS FUTURE
Fernando Alcoforado*
This article aims to present how the computer, humanity's greatest invention, evolved and
how its most likely future will be. The computer is humanity's greatest invention because
the worldwide computer network made possible the use of the Internet as the technology
that most changed the world with the advent of the information society. There are those
who say that it was Charles Babbage who created, in the 19th century, an analytical
machine that, roughly speaking, is compared with the current computer with memory and
programs. With this invention, Babbage is considered the "father of informatics".
Although many of Babbage's concepts are used today, the formalization of components,
which would become a general-purpose machine and new abstractions, were only
consolidated from the 1930s onwards, thanks to John Von Neumann, one of the ENIAC
developers, and the Alan Turing. The first large-scale electronic computer, developed
without mechanical or hybrid parts, appeared only in 1945, after World War II [2]. IBM
developed the mainframe computer from 1952, with the first computer based on vacuum
tubes, soon replaced by the 7000 series, which already used transistors. In 1964, the IBM
360 appeared, which had immense commercial success until the early 1980s [1].
Mainframe computers were large machines that performed calculations and stored
information. In general, its use had scientific, commercial and governmental purposes.
In the 1970s, the dominance of mainframes began to be challenged by the emergence of
microprocessors. The 4004 chip, introduced by Intel in 1971, was a central processing
unit and the first commercially available microprocessor. Innovations greatly facilitated
the task of developing and manufacturing smaller computers - then called minicomputers
- which could also use peripherals (disks, printers, monitors) produced by third parties.
Early minicomputers cost one-tenth the price of a mainframe and took up only a fraction
of the space required. In 1976, the Intel 8080 microprocessor was launched, which gave
rise to the first microcomputers. The chip was successively improved and the 8088
version was used by most microcomputer manufacturers. Microprocessors changed the
way computers were designed. It was no longer necessary to produce the entire system,
including the processor, terminals, and software such as the compiler and operating
system. The development of the Apple II in 1977, carried out by young Steve Jobs and
Steve Wosniak, showed that new technologies radically simplified the development
process and equipment assembly. The costs of a system based on microcomputers
represented only a fraction of those practiced by manufacturers of mainframes and
minicomputers, thus allowing the development of servers. Interconnected in local
networks, microcomputers promoted the diffusion of informatics [1].
The existence of the computer provided the conditions for the advent of the Internet,
which is undoubtedly one of the greatest inventions of the twentieth century, whose
development took place in 1965, when Lawrence G. Roberts, in Massachusetts, and
Thomas Merrill, in California, connected a computer over a low-speed switched
telephone line. The experiment was a success and was marked as the event that created
the first WAN (Wide Area Network) in history. The Internet story continued in 1966
when Lawrence G. Roberts joined DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects
Agency) and created the plan for the ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency
Network) to develop the first packet-switched network. Although the first prototype of a
decentralized packet-switched network had already been designed by the United
Kingdom's National Physical Laboratory (NPL) in 1968, it only gained visibility in 1969,
2. 2
when a computer at the University of California (UCLA) successfully connected to
another from the Stanford Research Institute (SRI). The connection was so successful
that, months later, four American universities were already interconnected. Thus was born
the ARPANET. In 1970, the ARPANET was consolidated with hundreds of connected
computers [2]. In 1995, a new revolution was started with the commercial use of the
Internet [1].
Technological innovations in microprocessors have multiplied digital storage capacity
and the development of broadband has allowed companies to develop new products and
services. The concern with the limitations of computational resources was overcome,
allowing greater focus on the needs of users through more attractive and functional
applications, which brought more and more uses to personal computers. Netscape was the
first company to promote Internet browsing, but it was surpassed by Microsoft due to the
integration of this device into the Windows operating system, a fact that generated a
prolonged legal dispute in Europe. The commercial development of the Internet showed
that it was possible to create new business models based no longer on the sale of hardware
and software licensing, but on the ability to communicate between different devices and
on the creation of virtual communities. One of the most significant impacts of the
emergence of the Internet was the popularization of electronic commerce [1].
At the beginning of the 21st century, cloud computing emerged. The development of
Internet 2.0 and complementary technologies such as smartphones and tablets,
communication-oriented chips and the development of wired and wireless broadband
infrastructure resulted in a new revolution in the sector. Cloud computing symbolizes the
tendency to place all available infrastructure and information digitally on the Internet,
including application software, search engines, communication networks, providers,
storage centers and data processing. The Internet Protocol (IP) constitutes the universal
language that allows the standardization of packets of different media and supports
indistinct voice, data and image traffic. The cloud concept is very important because it
allows computing to become a public utility, as information assets are non-rival and can
be used simultaneously by unlimited users. This model offers great advantages for users,
although it also presents risks. The main advantage is the possibility of using the available
hardware and software resources more efficiently, allowing to reduce the idle capacity in
data storage and processing, through the sharing of computers and servers interconnected
by the Internet. The infrastructure is accessed by terminals and mobile devices that
connect the cloud to the user. The risks are mainly associated with the security and
confidentiality of data stored in the cloud [1].
One of the main characteristics of contemporary society is the large-scale use of
information technology. The informational or information technology revolution spread
from the 1970s and 1980s, gaining intensity in the 1990s with the spread of the Internet,
that is, network communication through computers. Why call this process a revolution?
Because computerization penetrated society just like electricity that reconfigured life in
cities. The computer, icon of information technology, connected in a network is changing
people's relationship with time and space. Informational networks make it possible to
expand the ability to think in an unimaginable way. The new technological revolution has
expanded human intelligence. We are talking about a technology that allows you to
increase the storage, processing and analysis of information, performing billions of
relationships between thousands of data per second: the computer [2].
Current computers are electronic because they are made up of transistors used in
electronic chips. This causes it to present limitations given that there will be a time when
3. 3
it will no longer be possible to reduce the size of one of the smallest and most important
components of processors, the transistor. In 1965, the American chemist Gordon Earle
Moore made a prediction that, every 18 months, the number of transistors used in
electronic chips would double with the reduction in their size. In the year 2017, the
American technology company IBM managed to produce a chip the size of a fingernail,
with approximately 30 billion of transistors of 5 nanometer (1 nanometer = 10-9
m). With
this, the company showed that, even though it is not very accurate, Moore's prediction
remains valid until today, but it will reach its limit sooner than we imagine. The problem
starts to exist when it is no longer possible to reduce one of the smallest and most
important components of the processors, the transistor. It is important to note that it is in
this small device that all information is read, interpreted and processed [3].
When dealing with very small scales, Physics is no longer as predictable as it is in
macroscopic systems, starting to behave randomly, in a probabilistic way, subjecting
itself to the properties of Quantum Physics. This means that one of the alternatives of the
future is the quantum computer, which is a machine capable of manipulating information
stored in quantum systems, such as electron spins (magnetic field of electrons), energy
levels of atoms and even photon polarization. . In these computers, the fundamental units
of information, called “quantum bits”, are used in order to solve calculations or
simulations that would take impractical processing times in electronic computers, such as
those currently used [3].
Quantum computers work with a logic quite different from that present in electronic
computers. Quantum bits can have the values 0 and 1 simultaneously, as a result of a
quantum phenomenon called quantum superposition. These values represent the binary
code of computers and are, in a way, the language understood by machines. Quantum
computers have proven to be the newest answer in Physics and Computing to problems
related to the limited capacity of electronic computers, whose processing speed and
capacity are closely related to the size of their components. Thus, its miniaturization is an
inevitable process [3].
Quantum computers will not serve the same purposes as electronic computers. One of the
possible uses of quantum computers is factoring large numbers in order to discover new
prime numbers. It should be noted that factoring can be described as the decomposition
of a value into different multiplicative factors, that is, if we multiply all the elements of a
factorization, the result must be equal to the value of the factored number. Even for today's
most powerful supercomputers, this is a difficult and time-consuming task. In theory,
quantum computers could do it much faster. Quantum computers are good at working
with many variables simultaneously, unlike current computers, which have many
limitations for carrying out this type of task. In this way, it is expected that quantum
computers can be used to simulate extremely complex systems, such as biological,
meteorological, astronomical, molecular systems, etc [3].
The ease of quantum computers in dealing with complex systems is related to the nature
of quantum bits. An electronic bit can only take on the value 0 or 1, while quantum bits
can have both values at the same time. Thus, a single quantum bit has a numerical
equivalent of 2 electronic bits. This means that, with only 10 quantum bits, we would
have a computer with a capacity of 1024 bits (210
= 1024), while most home computers
today work with 64-bit systems [3].
Despite representing a significant leap forward in relation to classical computers,
quantum computers also have their limitations. The quantum behavior of bits is only
4. 4
achieved under very sensitive conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to keep them at very
low temperatures, close to absolute zero, using sophisticated liquid nitrogen or helium
refrigeration systems. Any variations in these temperature conditions, however small they
may be, may harm or even interrupt its proper functioning. Other factors, such as external
magnetic fields and electromagnetic waves emitted by nearby devices, can interfere with
the quantum behavior of extremely sensitive particles used to store information, such as
electrons and atoms [3].
Canadian company D-Wave claims to have produced the first commercial quantum
computer. In 2017, the company put up for sale a quantum computer named 2000Q, which
supposedly features an incredible 2000 quantum bits. To acquire it, however, it is
necessary to disburse something around 15 million dollars. This company divides the
opinions of the scientific community, as there are groups of physicists and computer
scientists who believe that the machine is not 100% quantum, but a hybrid computer
capable of using quantum and electronic bits simultaneously [3].
With a conventional classical computer, if you had to perform 100 different calculations,
you would have to process them one at a time, whereas with a quantum computer, you
could perform them all at once. The current situation where we are forced to use classical
computers for calculations will change dramatically. Supercomputers — the highest class
of classical computers — are so big that they take up a large room. The reason is that 100
calculators are lined up to do 100 different calculations at once. In a real supercomputer,
over 100,000 smaller computers are lined up. With the birth of quantum computers, this
will no longer be necessary. However, that does not mean supercomputers will become
unnecessary. They will be used for different purposes such as smartphones and computers
[4].
There are fields in which quantum computers have a great advantage over classical
computers, for example in the areas of chemistry and biotechnology. The reactions of
materials, in principle, involve quantum effects. A quantum computer that uses quantum
phenomena themselves would allow calculations that could easily incorporate quantum
effects and would be very effective in developing materials such as catalysts and
polymers. This can lead to the development of new drugs that were previously unfeasible,
thus contributing to the improvement of people's health. Additionally, in the area of
finance, for example, as formulas for options trading are similar to those for quantum
phenomena, it is expected that calculations can be performed efficiently on quantum
computers [4].
Quantum computers can be divided into several types, depending on how the smallest
unit, the qubit (a superposition of 0s and 1s), is created. The most advanced type is the
superconducting type. This method makes a qubit using a superconducting circuit with
an ultra-low temperature element, and many IT and other companies are developing this
type of computer. Ion trap and cold atom types, which have been increasing recently, use
electrons in fixed atoms to make qubits, and their operation is stable, so future growth is
expected. There's the silicon type, which is an "electron box" called a quantum dot
containing just one electron, which is made onto a silicon semiconductor chip to create a
qubit. In addition, another type, called the "photonic quantum type", which is a quantum
computer that uses light, is also being studied [4].
The Hitachi company is developing a silicon-type quantum computer. The type of silicon
allows very small qubits to be made, so many qubits can be packed into a small space.
This is where Hitachi's accumulated semiconductor technologies can be leveraged. To
5. 5
obtain computational power superior to that of classical computers, it is necessary to be
able to use a large number of qubits. The silicon type of the quantum computer has the
advantage that such a large number of qubits can be easily fitted onto a semiconductor
chip. The fact that the qubits are so small it's hard to see what's really going on. When
you look at a picture of a quantum computer, it looks like a big device, but most of it is a
cooling system that creates a low-temperature environment to keep the electrons relaxed
and trapped in the quantum dots, and the main circuit is very small [ 4].
In addition to the quantum computer, Artificial Intelligence (AI) can reinvent computers
in three ways, according to the MIT Technology Review. Artificial Intelligence is
changing the way we think about computing. Computers haven't advanced much in 40 or
50 years, they've gotten smaller and faster, but they're still mere boxes with processors
that carry out human instructions. AI is changing this reality in at least three ways: 1) the
way computers are produced; 2) the way computers are programmed; and, 3) how
computers are used. Ultimately, this is a phenomenon that will change how computers
function. The core of computing is shifting from number crunching to decision making
[5].
The MIT paper reports that the first change concerns how computers, and the chips that
control them, are made. The deep learning models that make today's AI applications work,
however, require a different approach because they need a large number of less accurate
calculations to be performed at the same time. This means that a new type of chip is
needed that can move data as quickly as possible, ensuring that data is available whenever
needed. When deep learning arrived on the scene about a decade ago, there were already
specialized computer chips that were very good at it: graphics processing units (GPUs)
designed to display an entire screen of pixels dozens of times per second[5].
The second change concerns how computers are programmed what to do. For the last 40
years computers have been programmed, and for the next 40 they will be trained.
Traditionally, for a computer to do something like recognize speech or identify objects in
an image, programmers first have to create rules for the computer. With machine learning,
programmers no longer dictate the rules. Instead, they create a neural network where
computers learn these rules on their own. The next big advances will come in molecular
simulation as training computers to manipulate the properties of matter that can create
global changes in energy use, food production, manufacturing and medicine. Deep
learning has an amazing track record. Two of the biggest advances of this kind so far are
how to make computers behave, as if they understand the language of humans and
recognize what is in an image and are already changing the way we use them [5].
The third change concerns the fact that a computer no longer needs a keyboard or screen
for humans to interact with. Anything can become a computer. In fact, most household
products, from toothbrushes to light switches and doorbells, already have a smart version.
As they proliferate, however, so does our desire to waste less time telling them what to
do. It is like they should be able to figure out what we need without our interference. This
is the shift from crunching numbers to decision making as a driver of this new era of
computing that envisions computers that tell humans what we need to know and when we
need to know it and that help humans when you need them. Now, machines are interacting
with people and becoming more and more integrated into our lives. Computers are already
out of their boxes [5].
REFERENCES
6. 6
1. TIGRE, Paulo Bastos e NORONHA, Vitor Branco. Do mainframe à nuvem:
inovações, estrutura industrial e modelos de negócios nas tecnologias da informação e da
comunicação. Available on the website
<https://www.scielo.br/j/rausp/a/8mCzNXtRWZJzZPnnrHSq6Bv/>.
2. ALCOFORADO, Fernando. A escalada da ciência e da tecnologia ao longo da
história e sua contribuição ao progresso e à sobrevivência da humanidade. Curitiba:
Editora CRV, 2022.
3. MUNDO EDUCAÇÃO. Computador quântico. Available on the website
<https://mundoeducacao.uol.com.br/fisica/computador-quantico.htm>.
4. KIDO, Yuzuru. The Present and Future of “Quantum Computers”. Available on the
website <https://social-innovation.hitachi/en/article/quantum-
computing/?utm_campaign=sns&utm_source=li&utm_medium=en_quantum-
computing_230>.
5. MIT Technology Review. Como a Inteligência Artificial está reinventando o que
os computadores são. Available on the website <https://mittechreview.com.br/como-a-
inteligencia-artificial-esta-reinventando-o-que-os-computadores-sao/>.
* Fernando Alcoforado, awarded the medal of Engineering Merit of the CONFEA / CREA System, member
of the Bahia Academy of Education, of the SBPC- Brazilian Society for the Progress of Science and of
IPB- Polytechnic Institute of Bahia, engineer and doctor in Territorial Planning and Regional Development
from the University of Barcelona, college professor (Engineering, Economy and Administration) and
consultant in the areas of strategic planning, business planning, regional planning, urban planning and
energy systems, was Advisor to the Vice President of Engineering and Technology at LIGHT S.A. Electric
power distribution company from Rio de Janeiro, Strategic Planning Coordinator of CEPED- Bahia
Research and Development Center, Undersecretary of Energy of the State of Bahia, Secretary of Planning
of Salvador, is the author of the books Globalização (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 1997), De Collor a FHC-
O Brasil e a Nova (Des)ordem Mundial (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 1998), Um Projeto para o Brasil
(Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 2000), Os condicionantes do desenvolvimento do Estado da Bahia (Tese de
doutorado. Universidade de Barcelona,http://www.tesisenred.net/handle/10803/1944, 2003), Globalização
e Desenvolvimento (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 2006), Bahia- Desenvolvimento do Século XVI ao Século
XX e Objetivos Estratégicos na Era Contemporânea (EGBA, Salvador, 2008), The Necessary Conditions
of the Economic and Social Development- The Case of the State of Bahia (VDM Verlag Dr. Müller
Aktiengesellschaft & Co. KG, Saarbrücken, Germany, 2010), Aquecimento Global e Catástrofe Planetária
(Viena- Editora e Gráfica, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, São Paulo, 2010), Amazônia Sustentável- Para o
progresso do Brasil e combate ao aquecimento global (Viena- Editora e Gráfica, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo,
São Paulo, 2011), Os Fatores Condicionantes do Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (Editora CRV,
Curitiba, 2012), Energia no Mundo e no Brasil- Energia e Mudança Climática Catastrófica no Século XXI
(Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2015), As Grandes Revoluções Científicas, Econômicas e Sociais que Mudaram o
Mundo (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2016), A Invenção de um novo Brasil (Editora CRV, Curitiba,
2017), Esquerda x Direita e a sua convergência (Associação Baiana de Imprensa, Salvador, 2018), Como
inventar o futuro para mudar o mundo (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2019), A humanidade ameaçada e as
estratégias para sua sobrevivência (Editora Dialética, São Paulo, 2021), A escalada da ciência e da
tecnologia e sua contribuição ao progresso e à sobrevivência da humanidade (Editora CRV, Curitiba,
2022), a chapter in the book Flood Handbook (CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida United States, 2022) and
How to protect human beings from threats to their existence and avoid the extinction of humanity (Generis
Publishing, Europe, Republic of Moldova, Chișinău, 2023).