The ethical use of
Supervision to facilitate
the Integration of Spirituality
in Social Work Practice
Jerry Jo M. Gilham
Although the use of spirituality and religiosity in social work intervention has
been growing over the past few decades, little information is available regard-
ing the supervisor’s contribution to this process. This article outlines some of
the difficulties inherent in the process and recommends twelve tasks required
of supervisors in facilitating the effective integration of spirituality in social
work practice. It also explores how each of these tasks relates to social work
values, ethics, and principles. Finally, it identifies policy implications related
to this process.
S
ince the 1980s, the social work profession has experienced a
renewed interest in spirituality and religion (Canda & Furman, 1999).
The National Association of Social Workers (NASW) Code of Ethics
mandates that social workers obtain education about and seek to understand
the nature of diversity and oppression with respect to religion (NASW,
2008). Current Council on Social Work Education (CSWE) standards re-
quire schools of social work to demonstrate their commitment to diversity
throughout their curriculum. Furthermore, graduates must demonstrate
competence in engaging diversity and difference in practice (CSWE, 2008).
While numerous definitions are offered for spirituality, religion, and
faith, no universally accepted definitions exist, and the terms are often
used interchangeably. Holloway and Moss (2010), as well as Spencer
(1961), one of the earliest social workers to offer a definition of spiritual-
ity, explain that spirituality is a broad concept that can include religion,
but also has a secular appeal. Canda (1997) offers the following definition,
Social Work & Christianity, Vol. 39, No. 3 (2012), 255–272
Journal of the North American Association of Christians in Social Work
ARTICLeS
SOCIAL WORK & CHRISTIANITY256
which embraces these ideas. He defines spirituality as a search for purpose,
meaning, and connection between oneself, other people, the universe and
the ultimate reality, which can be experienced within either a religious or
a nonreligious framework. A religious person, according to Hugen (2001,
p. 13), is one who belongs to or identifies with a religious group; accepts
and is committed to the beliefs, values, and doctrines of the group; and
participates in the required practices, ceremonies, and rituals of the chosen
group. Various social work authors, including Derezotes (2006), Canda
and Furman (2010), and Holloway and Moss (2010) have discussed the
ritualistic as well as the social aspects of religion. Faith, according to Fowler
(1981), must be understood in order to comprehend a person’s relationship
with the transcendent. He identifies three components of faith, including
centers of value, images of power, and master stories. Spirituality serves
as a more encompassing term (Rose ...
RELIGION, RELIGIOSITY AND SPIRITUALITY IN THE BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL MODEL OF HEALTH...Masa Nakata
This document summarizes research on the relationship between religiosity, spirituality, and health outcomes in older adults. It finds that religiosity and religious coping increase with age, and are linked to better mental health outcomes like well-being and lower depression. Studies also associate religiosity with better physical health and lower mortality. However, the exact nature of the relationship is complex, with open questions around causality and possible psychological or social factors that may mediate the effects.
Religion, Culture, and Nursing Chapter 13 Patricia A. Hanson a.docxaudeleypearl
Religion, Culture, and Nursing Chapter 13
Patricia A. Hanson and Margaret M. Andrews
Dimensions of Religion
Religion is complex and multifaceted in both form and function. Religious faith and the institutions derived from that faith become a central focus in meeting the human needs of those who believe. The majority of faith traditions address the issues of illness and wellness, of disease and healing, of caring and curing (Ebersole, Hess, & Luggan, 2008; Fogel & Rivera, 2010; Leonard & Carlson, 2010).
Religious Factors
Influencing Human Behavior First, it is necessary to identify specific religious factors that may influence human behavior. No single religious factor operates in isolation, but rather exists in combination with other religious factors and the person’s ethnic, racial, and cultural background. When religion and ethnicity combine to influence a person, the term ethnoreligion is sometimes used. Examples of ethnoreligious groups include the Amish, Russian Jews, Lebanese Muslims, Italian, Irish, or Polish Catholics, Tibetan Buddhists, American Samoan Mormons, and so forth. Faulkner and DeJong (1966) have proposed five major dimensions of religion in their classic work on the subject: experiential, ritualistic, ideologic, intellectual, and consequential.
Experiential Dimension The experiential dimension recognizes that all religions have expectations of members and that the religious person will at some point in life achieve direct knowledge of ultimate reality or will experience religious emotion. Every religion recognizes this subjective religious experience as a sign of religiosity.
Ritualistic Dimension The ritualistic dimension pertains to religious practices expected of the followers and may include worship, prayer, participation in sacraments, and fasting
Ideologic Dimension The ideologic dimension refers to the set of beliefs to which its followers must adhere in order to call themselves members. Commitment to the group or movement as a social process results, and members experience a sense of belonging or affiliation.
Intellectual Dimension The intellectual dimension refers to specific sets of beliefs or explanations or to the cognitive structuring of meaning. Members are expected to be informed about the basic tenets of the religion and to be familiar with sacred writings or scriptures. The intellectual and the ideologic are closely related because acceptance of a dimension presupposes knowledge of it.
Consequential Dimension The consequential dimension refers to religiously defined standards of conduct and to prescriptions that specify what followers’ attitudes and behaviors should be as a consequence of their religion. The consequential dimension governs people’s relationships with others.
Religious Dimensions in Relation to Health and Illness Obviously, each religious dimension has a different significance when related to matters of health and illness. Different religious cultures may emphasize one of the five ...
Religiotherapy: A Panacea for Incorporating Religion and Spirituality in Coun...iosrjce
For majority of individuals, religion and spirituality are very important issues and guides all of their
decisions throughout their lives. However, most counselling psychologists find it difficult to provide counselling
to clients who comes with issues they consider religiously and spiritually unethical. Such issues often require
integration of religious and psychological resources as part of the counselling process. Due to the ethical issues
and challenges facing counsellors with respect to their religion and spirituality and that of clients’, a proactive
approach is what is needed at this time. Therefore, religiotherapy stands out to bridge the gap that has overtime
created a lot of incredible heartache to all concerned in the counselling profession. Religiotherapy integrates
client’s faith and psychology to assist the genuinely motivated client(s) willing and ready to resolve their
worries. The skills and conditions for the practice of religiotherapy were examined in this article. The article
also demonstrates how researches and intervention programmes that incorporates religious resources and
psychological techniques in therapy to assist individual(s) serves as theoretical and empirical evidence on the
effectiveness of religiotherapy. Religiotherapy make the counselling process meaningful, flexible and respectful
of diverse spiritual cum religious backgrounds of clients.
This document provides an overview of spiritual development in children and youth. It discusses definitions of spirituality, perspectives on spiritual development, and Fowler's stages of faith development. Spirituality deals with how people approach life's unknowns and relate to what is sacred. While difficult to define, it involves finding meaning and connecting to oneself, others, nature, or a higher power. Spiritual development is influenced by factors like relationships, critical thinking, and independence from authority.
Narcissism impairs ethical judgment even among the highly religiousLex Pit
though high levels of narcissism can impair ethical judgment regardless of one's religious orientation or orthodox beliefs, narcissism is more harmful in those who might be expected to be more ethical, according to a Baylor University study published online in the Journal of Business Ethics.
"Devout people who are narcissistic and exercise poor ethical judgment would be committing acts that are, according to their own internalized value system, blatantly hypocritical," said Marjorie J. Cooper, Ph.D., study author and professor of marketing at Baylor's Hankamer School of Business. "Narcissism is sufficiently intrusive and powerful that it entices people into behaving in ways inimical to their most deeply-held beliefs."
The study identified three groups- skeptics, nominal Christians, and devout Christians. Skeptics largely reject foundational Christian teachings. Nominal Christians are moderate in their intrinsic religious orientation as well as in their orthodox beliefs. Devout Christians are high in intrinsic religious orientation and orthodoxy, which indicates that they fully internalize Christian beliefs and values.
"We found that nominal and devout Christians show better ethical judgment than the skeptics overall, but especially those whose narcissistic tendencies are at the low end of the spectrum," said Chris Pullig, Ph.D., chair of the department of marketing and associate professor of marketing at Baylor. "However, that undergoes a notable alteration as levels of narcissism rise for subjects within each cluster."
"Both the nominal and devout groups show degrees of poor ethical judgment equal to that of the skeptics when accompanied by higher degrees of narcissism, a finding that suggests a dramatic transformation for both nominals and the devouts when ethical judgment is clouded by narcissistic tendencies," he said.
For the skeptics, the range of scores for ethical judgment from low to high lacks the range that is found for the nominals and devouts. Increased narcissism among skeptics does not result in significantly worse ethical judgment.
"However, the same cannot be said for the nominals or the devouts," Cooper said. "For both of these groups as narcissism increases so does the tendency to demonstrate worse ethical judgment. Thus, a higher level of narcissism is more likely to be associated with unethical judgment among nominal Christians and devout Christians than skeptics."
This study explores adolescent religious commitment using qualitative data
from a religiously diverse (Jewish, Christian, Muslim) sample of 80 adolescents.
A new construct, anchors of religious commitment, grounded in interview data, is
proposed to describe what adolescents commit to as a part of their religious
identity.
RELIGION, RELIGIOSITY AND SPIRITUALITY IN THE BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL MODEL OF HEALTH...Masa Nakata
This document summarizes research on the relationship between religiosity, spirituality, and health outcomes in older adults. It finds that religiosity and religious coping increase with age, and are linked to better mental health outcomes like well-being and lower depression. Studies also associate religiosity with better physical health and lower mortality. However, the exact nature of the relationship is complex, with open questions around causality and possible psychological or social factors that may mediate the effects.
Religion, Culture, and Nursing Chapter 13 Patricia A. Hanson a.docxaudeleypearl
Religion, Culture, and Nursing Chapter 13
Patricia A. Hanson and Margaret M. Andrews
Dimensions of Religion
Religion is complex and multifaceted in both form and function. Religious faith and the institutions derived from that faith become a central focus in meeting the human needs of those who believe. The majority of faith traditions address the issues of illness and wellness, of disease and healing, of caring and curing (Ebersole, Hess, & Luggan, 2008; Fogel & Rivera, 2010; Leonard & Carlson, 2010).
Religious Factors
Influencing Human Behavior First, it is necessary to identify specific religious factors that may influence human behavior. No single religious factor operates in isolation, but rather exists in combination with other religious factors and the person’s ethnic, racial, and cultural background. When religion and ethnicity combine to influence a person, the term ethnoreligion is sometimes used. Examples of ethnoreligious groups include the Amish, Russian Jews, Lebanese Muslims, Italian, Irish, or Polish Catholics, Tibetan Buddhists, American Samoan Mormons, and so forth. Faulkner and DeJong (1966) have proposed five major dimensions of religion in their classic work on the subject: experiential, ritualistic, ideologic, intellectual, and consequential.
Experiential Dimension The experiential dimension recognizes that all religions have expectations of members and that the religious person will at some point in life achieve direct knowledge of ultimate reality or will experience religious emotion. Every religion recognizes this subjective religious experience as a sign of religiosity.
Ritualistic Dimension The ritualistic dimension pertains to religious practices expected of the followers and may include worship, prayer, participation in sacraments, and fasting
Ideologic Dimension The ideologic dimension refers to the set of beliefs to which its followers must adhere in order to call themselves members. Commitment to the group or movement as a social process results, and members experience a sense of belonging or affiliation.
Intellectual Dimension The intellectual dimension refers to specific sets of beliefs or explanations or to the cognitive structuring of meaning. Members are expected to be informed about the basic tenets of the religion and to be familiar with sacred writings or scriptures. The intellectual and the ideologic are closely related because acceptance of a dimension presupposes knowledge of it.
Consequential Dimension The consequential dimension refers to religiously defined standards of conduct and to prescriptions that specify what followers’ attitudes and behaviors should be as a consequence of their religion. The consequential dimension governs people’s relationships with others.
Religious Dimensions in Relation to Health and Illness Obviously, each religious dimension has a different significance when related to matters of health and illness. Different religious cultures may emphasize one of the five ...
Religiotherapy: A Panacea for Incorporating Religion and Spirituality in Coun...iosrjce
For majority of individuals, religion and spirituality are very important issues and guides all of their
decisions throughout their lives. However, most counselling psychologists find it difficult to provide counselling
to clients who comes with issues they consider religiously and spiritually unethical. Such issues often require
integration of religious and psychological resources as part of the counselling process. Due to the ethical issues
and challenges facing counsellors with respect to their religion and spirituality and that of clients’, a proactive
approach is what is needed at this time. Therefore, religiotherapy stands out to bridge the gap that has overtime
created a lot of incredible heartache to all concerned in the counselling profession. Religiotherapy integrates
client’s faith and psychology to assist the genuinely motivated client(s) willing and ready to resolve their
worries. The skills and conditions for the practice of religiotherapy were examined in this article. The article
also demonstrates how researches and intervention programmes that incorporates religious resources and
psychological techniques in therapy to assist individual(s) serves as theoretical and empirical evidence on the
effectiveness of religiotherapy. Religiotherapy make the counselling process meaningful, flexible and respectful
of diverse spiritual cum religious backgrounds of clients.
This document provides an overview of spiritual development in children and youth. It discusses definitions of spirituality, perspectives on spiritual development, and Fowler's stages of faith development. Spirituality deals with how people approach life's unknowns and relate to what is sacred. While difficult to define, it involves finding meaning and connecting to oneself, others, nature, or a higher power. Spiritual development is influenced by factors like relationships, critical thinking, and independence from authority.
Narcissism impairs ethical judgment even among the highly religiousLex Pit
though high levels of narcissism can impair ethical judgment regardless of one's religious orientation or orthodox beliefs, narcissism is more harmful in those who might be expected to be more ethical, according to a Baylor University study published online in the Journal of Business Ethics.
"Devout people who are narcissistic and exercise poor ethical judgment would be committing acts that are, according to their own internalized value system, blatantly hypocritical," said Marjorie J. Cooper, Ph.D., study author and professor of marketing at Baylor's Hankamer School of Business. "Narcissism is sufficiently intrusive and powerful that it entices people into behaving in ways inimical to their most deeply-held beliefs."
The study identified three groups- skeptics, nominal Christians, and devout Christians. Skeptics largely reject foundational Christian teachings. Nominal Christians are moderate in their intrinsic religious orientation as well as in their orthodox beliefs. Devout Christians are high in intrinsic religious orientation and orthodoxy, which indicates that they fully internalize Christian beliefs and values.
"We found that nominal and devout Christians show better ethical judgment than the skeptics overall, but especially those whose narcissistic tendencies are at the low end of the spectrum," said Chris Pullig, Ph.D., chair of the department of marketing and associate professor of marketing at Baylor. "However, that undergoes a notable alteration as levels of narcissism rise for subjects within each cluster."
"Both the nominal and devout groups show degrees of poor ethical judgment equal to that of the skeptics when accompanied by higher degrees of narcissism, a finding that suggests a dramatic transformation for both nominals and the devouts when ethical judgment is clouded by narcissistic tendencies," he said.
For the skeptics, the range of scores for ethical judgment from low to high lacks the range that is found for the nominals and devouts. Increased narcissism among skeptics does not result in significantly worse ethical judgment.
"However, the same cannot be said for the nominals or the devouts," Cooper said. "For both of these groups as narcissism increases so does the tendency to demonstrate worse ethical judgment. Thus, a higher level of narcissism is more likely to be associated with unethical judgment among nominal Christians and devout Christians than skeptics."
This study explores adolescent religious commitment using qualitative data
from a religiously diverse (Jewish, Christian, Muslim) sample of 80 adolescents.
A new construct, anchors of religious commitment, grounded in interview data, is
proposed to describe what adolescents commit to as a part of their religious
identity.
Through a discussion of current research, the article highlights the psychological and physical benefits of spiritual/religious practices. Such practices are shown to positively influence lifestyle habits like diet and alcohol use from a young age. They also provide a strong support system through religious communities. Overall, spiritual/religious practices throughout life are found to positively impact health and well-being.
Religion on Psychological Well-Being and Self-Efficacy among Secondary School...IJSRP Journal
In recent years, psychological well-being has been critical element in a students’ life. This study has investigated the effect of religious faith on psychological well-being and self-efficacy among secondary school students in Kulim district of Kedah. Quantitative approaches of survey design were used for this study. A number of ninety four secondary school students comprised from form four, and form five were selected using purposive sampling methods as studied subjects. The modified version of Santa Clara Strength of Religious Faith Questionnaire (SCSRFQ), Psychological Well Being Inventory (The Ryff Scale) and Self-efficacy for Self-regulated Learning Scale were administered in this study. The finding of linear regression indicated that religious faith is a significant predictor of psychological well-being and self-efficacy among secondary school students in Kulim district of Kedah. The finding also revealed that psychological well-being is a significant predictor of self-efficacy among secondary school students in Kulim district of Kedah. As a conclusion, study disclosed that psychological well-being intensely related to an individual religious faith and proven to lead positive attitude among students in realize their own capability.
This document summarizes a proposed study on the impact of spirituality on counseling for families experiencing cancer in the Kentucky-Tennessee region. The study would use a mixed methods approach, beginning with a standardized spirituality assessment and then conducting semi-structured interviews to describe participants' perceptions of spirituality in their own words. Previous research has found that spirituality plays an important role in coping and quality of life for cancer patients and their families, but definitions and understandings of spirituality vary widely. The goal of this study is to better understand how spirituality impacts counseling needs for families dealing with cancer in this region. Participants would include cancer patients and their immediate family members from several treatment centers in Kentucky and Tennessee.
This document provides an overview of an online course on spirituality from the Touro Institute. It discusses how spirituality is a multidimensional concept that is important to health and well-being. The course aims to define spirituality, discuss theories and stages of spiritual development, and explain the connection between spirituality and healing. It also outlines the learning objectives for participants to understand the physical, psychological and spiritual dimensions and how spirituality relates to theories, definitions, elements, development stages and health.
Journal of Counseling Psychology1999, Vol. 46, No. 1,92-98.docxpriestmanmable
Journal of Counseling Psychology
1999, Vol. 46, No. 1,92-98
Copyright 1999 by the American Psychological Association, Inc.
0022-0167/99/$3.00
Research on Religion-Accommodative Counseling:
Review and Meta-Analysis
Michael E. McCullough
National Institute for Healthcare Research
The present meta-analysis examined data from 5 studies (N = 111) that compared the efficacy
of standard approaches to counseling for depression with religion-accommodative ap-
proaches. There was no evidence that the religion-accommodative approaches were more or
less efficacious than the standard approaches. Findings suggest that the choice to use religious
approaches with religious clients is probably more a matter of client preference than a matter
of differential efficacy. However, additional research is needed to examine whether religion-
accommodative approaches yield differential treatment satisfaction or differential improve-
ments in spiritual well-being or facilitate relapse prevention. Given the importance of religion
to many potential consumers of psychological services, counseling psychologists should
devote greater attention to religion-accommodative counseling in future studies.
The United States is a highly religious country; 92% of its
population are affiliated with a religion (Kosmin & Lach-
man, 1993). According to a 1995 survey, 96% of Americans
believe in God or a universal spirit, 42% indicate that they
attend a religious worship service weekly or almost weekly,
67% indicate that they are members of a church or syna-
gogue, and 60% indicate that religion is "important" or
"very important" in their lives (Gallup, 1995).
In addition, many scholars acknowledge that certain
forms of religious involvement are associated with better
functioning on a variety of measures of mental health.
Reviews of this research (e.g., Bergin, 1991; Bergin, Mas-
ters, & Richards, 1987; Larson et al., 1992; Pargament,
1997; Schumaker, 1992; Worthington, Kurusu, McCul-
lough, & Sandage, 1996) suggested that several forms of
religious involvement (including intrinsic religious motiva-
tion, attendance at religious worship, receiving coping
support from one's religious faith or religious congregation,
and positive religious attributions for life events) are posi-
tively associated with a variety of measures of mental health.
For example, various measures of religious involvement
appear to be related to lower degrees of depressive symp-
toms in adults (Bienenfeld, Koenig, Larson, & Sherrill,
1997; Ellison, 1995; Kendler, Gardner, & Prescott, 1997)
and children (Miller, Warner, Wickramaratne & Weissman,
1997) and less suicide (e.g., Comstock & Partridge, 1972;
Kark et al., 1996; Wandrei, 1985).
Koenig, George, and Peterson (1998) reported that de-
pressed people scoring high on measures of intrinsic reli-
giousness were significantly more likely to experience a
remission of depression during nearly a 1-year follow-up
than were depressed people with lower intrinsic relig ...
By Paul J. HoehnerThroughout the land, arising from the throngTawnaDelatorrejs
By Paul J. Hoehner
Throughout the land, arising from the throngs of converts to bioethics awareness, there can be heard a mantra, “...beneficence…autonomy…justice…” It is this ritual incantation in the face of biomedical dilemmas that beckons our inquiry (Clouser & Gert, 1990, p. 219).
Ethics as a theological discipline is the auxiliary science in which an answer is sought in the Word of God to the questions of the goodness of human conduct. As a special elucidation of the doctrine of sanctification it is reflection on how far the Word of God proclaimed and accepted in Christian preaching effects a definite claiming of man. (Barth, 1981, p. 3)
Essential Questions
· What are the four elements of a Christian worldview and how do they influence a Christian approach to medicine, healing, and medical ethics?
· What are the four principles of medical ethics and how are they defined? How can a Christian appropriately use these four principles?
· What is meant by specifying, balancing, and weighing the principles? How does a Christian worldview influence how one defines and uses each of these four principles?
· What is the four-boxes approach to organizing an ethical case study? What is the difference and the relationship between the four-boxes approach, and the four principles of medical ethics?
· What are the four ethical topics that compose the four-boxes approach and what questions does each topic entail? How does the four-boxes approach help solve ethical dilemmas in a case study?
Introduction
Biomedical ethics, or bioethics, is a subfield of ethics concerned with the ethics of medicine and the ethical issues involving the life sciences, particularly those raised by modern technologies, such as stem cell research and cloning. The term medical ethics is closely related to biomedical ethics but is primarily focused on ethical issues raised in the practice of medicine and medical research, such as abortion, euthanasia, and medical treatment decisions (World Medical Association, 2015).
Because the terms biomedical ethics and medical ethics are closely related and involve a great deal of overlapping subject area, they will be used interchangeably to avoid confusion. The study of biomedical ethics and medical ethics presents some of the most complex and controversial challenges in applied ethics. The complexities of dealing with individual patients and the intricacies of modern health care, coupled with the rapid advances being made in medical science, present formidable challenges. For many health care workers, clinical ethical dilemmas will often challenge their own settled positions, especially if they have not taken the opportunity to reflect critically on their own moral presuppositions and how their own intuitive ethical positions may be justified.
When one encounters the many ways the world and even portions of the Christian church respond to ethical issues, it is easy to be tempted to think there are no right or wrong answers. The complexity o ...
This study examined the relationship between family functioning and religiosity/spirituality. A survey was completed by 144 participants recruited through Penn State students. The study found no correlation between family functioning and religiosity/spirituality, contradicting the hypothesis. Additionally, the study found no difference in religiosity between males and females or difference in family functioning between genders, consistent with hypotheses. Contrary to hypotheses, marital status was also not correlated with higher family functioning. Several limitations of the small, biased sample were noted.
This document discusses spirituality in nursing. It defines spirituality as encompassing values, meaning, purpose, and a connection to something greater. Holistic nursing supports the intimate connection of body, mind, and spirit. Spirituality has 3 key characteristics - unfolding mystery, interconnectedness, and inner strength. The document also outlines Kohlberg's 3 phases of moral development and Fowler's 7 stages of faith development. It provides a spiritual assessment scale and discusses the importance of spiritual care through being present, listening, and compassionate touch for patients.
CHAPTER 25 Faith and PrayerPrayer indeed is good, but while c.docxketurahhazelhurst
CHAPTER 25 Faith and Prayer
Prayer indeed is good, but while calling on the gods a man should himself lend a hand. Hippocrates
"You’re being religious when you believe in Jesus or Buddha or any other truly holy being, but wow, you’re being spiritual when you become the loving compassionate, caring being they all inspire you to be."
by Robert Thurman.
Health care sciences have begun to demonstrate that spirituality, faith, and religious commitment may play a role in promoting health and reducing illness. Nurse clinicians and researchers, as well as others, are becoming more interested in the connection between religious faith and survival. Increasingly, people are beginning to recognize that faith is good medicine. Spirituality is that part of individuals that deals with relationships and values and addresses questions of purpose and meaning in life. Spirituality unites people and is inclusive in nature, not exclusive. It is not loyal to one group, continent, or religion. Although spirituality is not a religion, being involved in a particular religion is a way some people enhance their spirituality. Yet, people can be very spiritual and not religious. Spirituality involves individuals, family, friends, and community. Individual aspects are the development of moral values and beliefs about the meaning and purpose of life and death. The development of spirituality pro- vides a grounding sense of identity and contributes to self-esteem. Spiritual aspects relating to family and friends include the search for meaning through relationships and the feeling of being connected with others and with an external power, often identified as God or a Supreme Being. Community aspects of spirituality can be under- stood as a common humanity and a belief in the fundamental sacredness and unity of all life. It is that which motivates people toward truth and a sense of fairness and justice toward all members of society. Spiritual health is expressed through humor, com- passion, faith, forgiveness, courage, and creativity. Spirituality enables people to develop healthy relationships based on acceptance, respect, and compassion.
Religion can be described in a number of ways. The definition chosen for this text is one developed by Mickley, Carson, and Soeken (1995), three nursing researchers. They believe that religion develops and changes over time and is composed of people’s beliefs, attitudes, and patterns of behavior that relate to the supernatural God, the Divine One, the Great Spirit, Creator, and so forth. Religion usually includes a group of people who hold similar beliefs, have sacred texts, share religious symbols, and participate in shared traditions or rituals. Many people may say they are spiritual but not religious, while most religious people also identify themselves as spiritual (Carson & Koenig, 2008; Young & Koopsen, 2011).
Faith refers to one’s beliefs and expectations about life, oneself, and others. In a religious context, faith refers ...
FOCUS ON ETHICSJeffrey E. Barnett, EditorEthics and Mu.docxbudbarber38650
FOCUS ON ETHICS
Jeffrey E. Barnett, Editor
Ethics and Multiculturalism: Advancing Cultural
and Clinical Responsiveness
Miguel E. Gallardo
Pepperdine University
Josephine Johnson
Livonia, Michigan
Thomas A. Parham
University of California, Irvine
Jean A. Carter
Washington, D.C.
The provision of ethical and responsive treatment to clients of diverse cultural backgrounds is
expected of all practicing psychologists. While this is mandated by the American Psychological
Association’s ethics code and is widely agreed upon as a laudable goal, achieving this mandate is
often more challenging than it may seem. Integrating culturally responsive practices with more
traditional models of psychotherapy into every practitioner’s repertoire is of paramount importance
when considering the rapidly diversifying population we serve. Psychologists are challenged to
reconsider their conceptualizations of culture and of culturally responsive practice, to grapple with
inherent conflicts in traditional training models that may promote treatments that are not culturally
responsive, and to consider the ethical implications of their current practices. Invited expert
commentaries address how conflicts may arise between efforts to meet ethical standards and being
culturally responsive, how the application of outdated theoretical constructs may result in harm to
diverse clients, and how we must develop more culturally responsive views of client needs, of
boundaries and multiple relationships, and of treatment interventions. This article provides addi-
tional considerations for practicing psychologists as they attempt to navigate dimensions of culture
and culturally responsive practice in psychology, while negotiating the ethical challenges presented
in practice.
Keywords: ethics, multicultural, psychotherapy, culture, cultural competency
MIGUEL E. GALLARDO received his PsyD in clinical psychology from the
California School of Professional Psychology, Los Angeles. He is associate
professor of psychology at Pepperdine University Graduate School of
Education and Psychology and maintains a part-time independent and
consultation practice. His areas of research and practice include culturally
responsive practices with Latinos and multicultural and social justice
issues. He co-edited the book Intersections of Multiple Identities: A Case-
book of Evidence-Based Practice with Diverse Populations in 2009.
JOSEPHINE JOHNSON received her PhD in clinical psychology from the
University of Detroit. She has a full-time independent practice in Livonia,
Michigan; is a consultant to community mental health and residential
treatment facilities; and provides clinical supervision. Her professional
interests include cultural competency and business-of-practice issues. She
chaired the American Psychological Association Task Force on the Imple-
mentation of the Multicultural Guidelines.
THOMAS A. PARHAM received his PhD in counseling psychology at South-
ern Illinois University at Carbond.
Separating Spirituality From ReligiosityA Hylomorphic Attit.docxedgar6wallace88877
Separating Spirituality From Religiosity:
A Hylomorphic Attitudinal Perspective
Carlos M. Del Rio and Lyle J. White
Southern Illinois University Carbondale
It is truly a logical question to ask what spirituality is. We sustain this position as
we review important corollaries from dualistic and hylomorphic views of human
nature. We argue that in 21st century America we ought to be able to think of
spirituality separately from religiosity and propose conceptual clarity is necessary
to study spirituality. We uphold every person is a substance of two coherent
principles, a body and a soul; the nature of which is spirituality. Spirituality’s
functions are intellect and volition and their proper ends are truth and goodness. We
call on ethicists, theoreticians, researchers, and practitioners in health care disci-
plines to focus on the interaction between these aspects of spirituality. We define
spirituality as an attitude toward life, making sense of life, relating to others, and
seeking unity with the transcendent. We challenge the Diagnostic and Statistical
Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; American Psychiatric Association, 1994)
codification of spirituality and ask that it be reviewed or removed because spiri-
tuality is not equivocal to religiosity, germane to loss of faith, or a factor of cultural
diversity. We insist that human individuals are born spiritual, not religious, and
present distinctions between these notions at every juncture. We conclude that
spirituality must be separated from religiosity if effective epistemic endeavors are
to be achieved on either construct. We reject current conflations of “religious-
spirituality.”
Keywords: spirituality, individual and systemic clients, dualism, hylomorphism, health care
Several events have contributed to the
growing literature on (religious)spirituality in
the United States. For example, the codifica-
tion of religiosity and (religious)spirituality
into the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders (4th ed.; DSM–IV; V62.61;
American Psychiatric Association, 1994; Lu-
koff, Lu, & Turner, 1995) has fomented in-
terests to study the relationship between (re-
ligious)spirituality and mental health (e.g.,
Fukuyama & Sevig, 1997; Lukoff, Lu, &
Turner, 1998; Weaver, Pargament, Flannelly,
& Oppenheimer, 2006). Other events con-
comitant to the DSM–IV codification that
have contributed to studies on the relationship
between (religious)spirituality and health in-
clude: (a) accrediting agencies’ promotion of
educational quality and professional account-
ability, (b) professional associations’ publica-
tion of ethical codes and practice guidelines
that recognize the importance of individuals’
and systems’ (religious)spiritual needs, and
(c) development of professional competencies
for providing (religious)spiritual care.
As research amounts, other publications have
attempted to conceptualize spirituality. Com-
mon among all publications on (religious)spiri-
tuality however, has b.
The Role of Spirituality in Sexual Minority IdentityA. Jor.docxkathleen23456789
The Role of Spirituality in Sexual Minority Identity
A. Jordan Wright and Suzanne Stern
Empire State College, State University of New York
Spirituality has been widely associated with positive well-being within the general population. Although
there is limited research on the impact of spirituality on sexual minority individuals, some evidence
suggests it is associated with positive psychological outcomes and contributes to the development of a
positive lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) identity. The present study aimed to elucidate the relationship
between spirituality, gender normative beliefs, and LGB identity development. It was hypothesized that
spirituality would be negatively associated with both heteronormative beliefs and attitudes and negative
sexual minority identity, and that heteronormativity would mediate the relationship between spirituality
and negative identity. Contrary to expectations, spirituality predicted greater heteronormativity and
greater negative identity. The association between spirituality and negative identity was fully mediated
by heteronormativity. Limitations and implications are discussed.
Keywords: homosexuality, bisexuality, spirituality, heteronormativity, gay identity
Within the general public, spirituality has been reliably con-
nected to numerous positive outcomes (Garfield, Isacco, & Sahker,
2013; Paranjape & Kaslow, 2010; Thoresen, 1999). It has been
found to promote resiliency and self-esteem (Haight, 1998; Kash-
dan & Nezlek, 2012), and predicts a greater ability to adapt and
cope with stressful situations (Gnanaprakash, 2013; Salas-Wright,
Olate, & Vaughn, 2013), including illness (Lo et al., 2010; Nelson
et al., 2009; Pagnini et al., 2011; Visser, Garssen, & Vingerhoets,
2010), exposure to violence (Benavides, 2012; Schneider & Feltey,
2009; E. A. Walker, 2000), psychological aggression (Austin &
Falconier, 2013), and substance abuse (Turner-Musa & Lipscomb,
2007). Further, spirituality is associated with personality traits that
are health-protective (Labbé & Fobes, 2010); it is also significantly
protective against adverse mental health outcomes, such as depres-
sion and anxiety (Bennett & Shepherd, 2013; Hourani et al., 2012;
Hsiao et al., 2012; Sorajjakool, Aja, Chilson, Ramirez-Johnson, &
Earll, 2008), and suicidal ideation (Henley, 2014; Kyle, 2013;
Meadows, Kaslow, Thompson, & Jurkovic, 2005).
While the research on the impact of spirituality on sexual
minorities is more limited, there is evidence that spiritual well-
being functions as a protective factor and a predictor of adjust-
ment. Greater spirituality has been associated with positive out-
comes such as increased self-esteem and identity affirmation,
lower internalized homophobia, and fewer feelings of alienation
(Lease, Horne, & Noffsinger-Frazier, 2005; Moleiro, Pinto, &
Freire, 2013; Tan, 2005), and with greater positive affect and
satisfaction with life (Harari, Glenwick, & Cecero, 2014). How-
ever, awareness within this popu.
This document discusses five different spiritual assessment methods: spiritual histories, spiritual lifemaps, spiritual genograms, spiritual ecomaps, and spiritual ecograms. Spiritual histories involve verbally guiding clients through questions about their spiritual journey and beliefs. Spiritual lifemaps are pictorial representations of a client's spiritual life over time depicted as a path. Spiritual genograms show spiritual influences and relationships across generations. Spiritual ecomaps and ecograms diagram spiritual connections between a client and their community or environment. The article reviews the strengths and limitations of each approach to help social workers select the most appropriate assessment method for a given client.
Spirituality as a Positive Youth Development Construct: A Conceptual ReviewJonathan Dunnemann
This document reviews the concept of spirituality as a positive youth development construct. It defines spirituality broadly as relationships, beliefs, and finding meaning and purpose in life. The document discusses theories of spiritual development and how spirituality relates to positive youth outcomes. It examines factors that influence adolescent spirituality, such as family, peers, and culture. Research on how spirituality impacts adolescent development is also reviewed. Finally, ways to promote adolescent spirituality are discussed.
Spirituality and Religious Coping in African American Youth with Depressive I...Jonathan Dunnemann
The document summarizes a study that analyzed qualitative data from 28 African American adolescents to identify how they experience and cope with depression in relation to spirituality and religion. 6 primary themes were identified: 1) religion as incentive to seek treatment, 2) use of prayer and feelings of agency, 3) mixed emotions, 4) belief that religion doesn't hurt and may help, 5) finding support in church, and 6) perceptions of prayer and church as barriers to treatment. Overall, the data suggests spirituality and religion play a key role in how African American youth experience depression and may impact treatment-seeking behaviors.
Discussion Week 9 Top of Form Spiritual Development.docxwrite30
This document discusses how social workers' spiritual or religious views could influence their practice, both positively and negatively. It provides two examples of how a social worker identifying as Christian may work with clients who have similar or different beliefs. The social worker emphasizes the importance of cultural competence and setting boundaries to avoid imposing one's own views on clients. Strategies mentioned include obtaining education about client diversity, presenting cultural humility, and focusing on understanding the client's perspective rather than one's own beliefs. The document stresses that social workers must put aside personal views and follow the NASW code of ethics by advocating for respect of client differences.
Please provide answer, write program in Prolog for the following.docxcherry686017
Please provide answer, write program in Prolog for the following rules and facts.
RULES:
Use the rules on "When to Seek Medical Attention" from
carona virus
Watch for symptoms
People with COVID-19 have had a wide range of symptoms reported - ranging from mild symptoms to severe illness.
These symptoms may appear
2-14 days after exposure to the virus:
Fever
Cough
Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
Chills
Repeated shaking with chills
Muscle pain
Headache
Sore throat
New loss of taste or smell
When to Seek Medical Attention
If you develop any of these
emergency warning signs*
for COVID-19 get
medical attention immediately:
Trouble breathing
Persistent pain or pressure in the chest
New confusion or inability to arouse
Bluish lips or face
*This list is not all inclusive. Please consult your medical provider for any other symptoms that are severe or concerning to you.
FACTS
John has Fever, Cough and Trouble breathing
Amanda has Fever, Cough and Sore throat
.
Please provide references for your original postings in APA form.docxcherry686017
Please provide references for your original postings in APA format. 300 Words with proper references.
What do you think is the best combination of the types of authentication? Is that type of authentication appropriate for all types of access?
Some have made the argument that using WEP presents more security issues than if all traffic were in the clear. What do you think?
.
More Related Content
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Through a discussion of current research, the article highlights the psychological and physical benefits of spiritual/religious practices. Such practices are shown to positively influence lifestyle habits like diet and alcohol use from a young age. They also provide a strong support system through religious communities. Overall, spiritual/religious practices throughout life are found to positively impact health and well-being.
Religion on Psychological Well-Being and Self-Efficacy among Secondary School...IJSRP Journal
In recent years, psychological well-being has been critical element in a students’ life. This study has investigated the effect of religious faith on psychological well-being and self-efficacy among secondary school students in Kulim district of Kedah. Quantitative approaches of survey design were used for this study. A number of ninety four secondary school students comprised from form four, and form five were selected using purposive sampling methods as studied subjects. The modified version of Santa Clara Strength of Religious Faith Questionnaire (SCSRFQ), Psychological Well Being Inventory (The Ryff Scale) and Self-efficacy for Self-regulated Learning Scale were administered in this study. The finding of linear regression indicated that religious faith is a significant predictor of psychological well-being and self-efficacy among secondary school students in Kulim district of Kedah. The finding also revealed that psychological well-being is a significant predictor of self-efficacy among secondary school students in Kulim district of Kedah. As a conclusion, study disclosed that psychological well-being intensely related to an individual religious faith and proven to lead positive attitude among students in realize their own capability.
This document summarizes a proposed study on the impact of spirituality on counseling for families experiencing cancer in the Kentucky-Tennessee region. The study would use a mixed methods approach, beginning with a standardized spirituality assessment and then conducting semi-structured interviews to describe participants' perceptions of spirituality in their own words. Previous research has found that spirituality plays an important role in coping and quality of life for cancer patients and their families, but definitions and understandings of spirituality vary widely. The goal of this study is to better understand how spirituality impacts counseling needs for families dealing with cancer in this region. Participants would include cancer patients and their immediate family members from several treatment centers in Kentucky and Tennessee.
This document provides an overview of an online course on spirituality from the Touro Institute. It discusses how spirituality is a multidimensional concept that is important to health and well-being. The course aims to define spirituality, discuss theories and stages of spiritual development, and explain the connection between spirituality and healing. It also outlines the learning objectives for participants to understand the physical, psychological and spiritual dimensions and how spirituality relates to theories, definitions, elements, development stages and health.
Journal of Counseling Psychology1999, Vol. 46, No. 1,92-98.docxpriestmanmable
Journal of Counseling Psychology
1999, Vol. 46, No. 1,92-98
Copyright 1999 by the American Psychological Association, Inc.
0022-0167/99/$3.00
Research on Religion-Accommodative Counseling:
Review and Meta-Analysis
Michael E. McCullough
National Institute for Healthcare Research
The present meta-analysis examined data from 5 studies (N = 111) that compared the efficacy
of standard approaches to counseling for depression with religion-accommodative ap-
proaches. There was no evidence that the religion-accommodative approaches were more or
less efficacious than the standard approaches. Findings suggest that the choice to use religious
approaches with religious clients is probably more a matter of client preference than a matter
of differential efficacy. However, additional research is needed to examine whether religion-
accommodative approaches yield differential treatment satisfaction or differential improve-
ments in spiritual well-being or facilitate relapse prevention. Given the importance of religion
to many potential consumers of psychological services, counseling psychologists should
devote greater attention to religion-accommodative counseling in future studies.
The United States is a highly religious country; 92% of its
population are affiliated with a religion (Kosmin & Lach-
man, 1993). According to a 1995 survey, 96% of Americans
believe in God or a universal spirit, 42% indicate that they
attend a religious worship service weekly or almost weekly,
67% indicate that they are members of a church or syna-
gogue, and 60% indicate that religion is "important" or
"very important" in their lives (Gallup, 1995).
In addition, many scholars acknowledge that certain
forms of religious involvement are associated with better
functioning on a variety of measures of mental health.
Reviews of this research (e.g., Bergin, 1991; Bergin, Mas-
ters, & Richards, 1987; Larson et al., 1992; Pargament,
1997; Schumaker, 1992; Worthington, Kurusu, McCul-
lough, & Sandage, 1996) suggested that several forms of
religious involvement (including intrinsic religious motiva-
tion, attendance at religious worship, receiving coping
support from one's religious faith or religious congregation,
and positive religious attributions for life events) are posi-
tively associated with a variety of measures of mental health.
For example, various measures of religious involvement
appear to be related to lower degrees of depressive symp-
toms in adults (Bienenfeld, Koenig, Larson, & Sherrill,
1997; Ellison, 1995; Kendler, Gardner, & Prescott, 1997)
and children (Miller, Warner, Wickramaratne & Weissman,
1997) and less suicide (e.g., Comstock & Partridge, 1972;
Kark et al., 1996; Wandrei, 1985).
Koenig, George, and Peterson (1998) reported that de-
pressed people scoring high on measures of intrinsic reli-
giousness were significantly more likely to experience a
remission of depression during nearly a 1-year follow-up
than were depressed people with lower intrinsic relig ...
By Paul J. HoehnerThroughout the land, arising from the throngTawnaDelatorrejs
By Paul J. Hoehner
Throughout the land, arising from the throngs of converts to bioethics awareness, there can be heard a mantra, “...beneficence…autonomy…justice…” It is this ritual incantation in the face of biomedical dilemmas that beckons our inquiry (Clouser & Gert, 1990, p. 219).
Ethics as a theological discipline is the auxiliary science in which an answer is sought in the Word of God to the questions of the goodness of human conduct. As a special elucidation of the doctrine of sanctification it is reflection on how far the Word of God proclaimed and accepted in Christian preaching effects a definite claiming of man. (Barth, 1981, p. 3)
Essential Questions
· What are the four elements of a Christian worldview and how do they influence a Christian approach to medicine, healing, and medical ethics?
· What are the four principles of medical ethics and how are they defined? How can a Christian appropriately use these four principles?
· What is meant by specifying, balancing, and weighing the principles? How does a Christian worldview influence how one defines and uses each of these four principles?
· What is the four-boxes approach to organizing an ethical case study? What is the difference and the relationship between the four-boxes approach, and the four principles of medical ethics?
· What are the four ethical topics that compose the four-boxes approach and what questions does each topic entail? How does the four-boxes approach help solve ethical dilemmas in a case study?
Introduction
Biomedical ethics, or bioethics, is a subfield of ethics concerned with the ethics of medicine and the ethical issues involving the life sciences, particularly those raised by modern technologies, such as stem cell research and cloning. The term medical ethics is closely related to biomedical ethics but is primarily focused on ethical issues raised in the practice of medicine and medical research, such as abortion, euthanasia, and medical treatment decisions (World Medical Association, 2015).
Because the terms biomedical ethics and medical ethics are closely related and involve a great deal of overlapping subject area, they will be used interchangeably to avoid confusion. The study of biomedical ethics and medical ethics presents some of the most complex and controversial challenges in applied ethics. The complexities of dealing with individual patients and the intricacies of modern health care, coupled with the rapid advances being made in medical science, present formidable challenges. For many health care workers, clinical ethical dilemmas will often challenge their own settled positions, especially if they have not taken the opportunity to reflect critically on their own moral presuppositions and how their own intuitive ethical positions may be justified.
When one encounters the many ways the world and even portions of the Christian church respond to ethical issues, it is easy to be tempted to think there are no right or wrong answers. The complexity o ...
This study examined the relationship between family functioning and religiosity/spirituality. A survey was completed by 144 participants recruited through Penn State students. The study found no correlation between family functioning and religiosity/spirituality, contradicting the hypothesis. Additionally, the study found no difference in religiosity between males and females or difference in family functioning between genders, consistent with hypotheses. Contrary to hypotheses, marital status was also not correlated with higher family functioning. Several limitations of the small, biased sample were noted.
This document discusses spirituality in nursing. It defines spirituality as encompassing values, meaning, purpose, and a connection to something greater. Holistic nursing supports the intimate connection of body, mind, and spirit. Spirituality has 3 key characteristics - unfolding mystery, interconnectedness, and inner strength. The document also outlines Kohlberg's 3 phases of moral development and Fowler's 7 stages of faith development. It provides a spiritual assessment scale and discusses the importance of spiritual care through being present, listening, and compassionate touch for patients.
CHAPTER 25 Faith and PrayerPrayer indeed is good, but while c.docxketurahhazelhurst
CHAPTER 25 Faith and Prayer
Prayer indeed is good, but while calling on the gods a man should himself lend a hand. Hippocrates
"You’re being religious when you believe in Jesus or Buddha or any other truly holy being, but wow, you’re being spiritual when you become the loving compassionate, caring being they all inspire you to be."
by Robert Thurman.
Health care sciences have begun to demonstrate that spirituality, faith, and religious commitment may play a role in promoting health and reducing illness. Nurse clinicians and researchers, as well as others, are becoming more interested in the connection between religious faith and survival. Increasingly, people are beginning to recognize that faith is good medicine. Spirituality is that part of individuals that deals with relationships and values and addresses questions of purpose and meaning in life. Spirituality unites people and is inclusive in nature, not exclusive. It is not loyal to one group, continent, or religion. Although spirituality is not a religion, being involved in a particular religion is a way some people enhance their spirituality. Yet, people can be very spiritual and not religious. Spirituality involves individuals, family, friends, and community. Individual aspects are the development of moral values and beliefs about the meaning and purpose of life and death. The development of spirituality pro- vides a grounding sense of identity and contributes to self-esteem. Spiritual aspects relating to family and friends include the search for meaning through relationships and the feeling of being connected with others and with an external power, often identified as God or a Supreme Being. Community aspects of spirituality can be under- stood as a common humanity and a belief in the fundamental sacredness and unity of all life. It is that which motivates people toward truth and a sense of fairness and justice toward all members of society. Spiritual health is expressed through humor, com- passion, faith, forgiveness, courage, and creativity. Spirituality enables people to develop healthy relationships based on acceptance, respect, and compassion.
Religion can be described in a number of ways. The definition chosen for this text is one developed by Mickley, Carson, and Soeken (1995), three nursing researchers. They believe that religion develops and changes over time and is composed of people’s beliefs, attitudes, and patterns of behavior that relate to the supernatural God, the Divine One, the Great Spirit, Creator, and so forth. Religion usually includes a group of people who hold similar beliefs, have sacred texts, share religious symbols, and participate in shared traditions or rituals. Many people may say they are spiritual but not religious, while most religious people also identify themselves as spiritual (Carson & Koenig, 2008; Young & Koopsen, 2011).
Faith refers to one’s beliefs and expectations about life, oneself, and others. In a religious context, faith refers ...
FOCUS ON ETHICSJeffrey E. Barnett, EditorEthics and Mu.docxbudbarber38650
FOCUS ON ETHICS
Jeffrey E. Barnett, Editor
Ethics and Multiculturalism: Advancing Cultural
and Clinical Responsiveness
Miguel E. Gallardo
Pepperdine University
Josephine Johnson
Livonia, Michigan
Thomas A. Parham
University of California, Irvine
Jean A. Carter
Washington, D.C.
The provision of ethical and responsive treatment to clients of diverse cultural backgrounds is
expected of all practicing psychologists. While this is mandated by the American Psychological
Association’s ethics code and is widely agreed upon as a laudable goal, achieving this mandate is
often more challenging than it may seem. Integrating culturally responsive practices with more
traditional models of psychotherapy into every practitioner’s repertoire is of paramount importance
when considering the rapidly diversifying population we serve. Psychologists are challenged to
reconsider their conceptualizations of culture and of culturally responsive practice, to grapple with
inherent conflicts in traditional training models that may promote treatments that are not culturally
responsive, and to consider the ethical implications of their current practices. Invited expert
commentaries address how conflicts may arise between efforts to meet ethical standards and being
culturally responsive, how the application of outdated theoretical constructs may result in harm to
diverse clients, and how we must develop more culturally responsive views of client needs, of
boundaries and multiple relationships, and of treatment interventions. This article provides addi-
tional considerations for practicing psychologists as they attempt to navigate dimensions of culture
and culturally responsive practice in psychology, while negotiating the ethical challenges presented
in practice.
Keywords: ethics, multicultural, psychotherapy, culture, cultural competency
MIGUEL E. GALLARDO received his PsyD in clinical psychology from the
California School of Professional Psychology, Los Angeles. He is associate
professor of psychology at Pepperdine University Graduate School of
Education and Psychology and maintains a part-time independent and
consultation practice. His areas of research and practice include culturally
responsive practices with Latinos and multicultural and social justice
issues. He co-edited the book Intersections of Multiple Identities: A Case-
book of Evidence-Based Practice with Diverse Populations in 2009.
JOSEPHINE JOHNSON received her PhD in clinical psychology from the
University of Detroit. She has a full-time independent practice in Livonia,
Michigan; is a consultant to community mental health and residential
treatment facilities; and provides clinical supervision. Her professional
interests include cultural competency and business-of-practice issues. She
chaired the American Psychological Association Task Force on the Imple-
mentation of the Multicultural Guidelines.
THOMAS A. PARHAM received his PhD in counseling psychology at South-
ern Illinois University at Carbond.
Separating Spirituality From ReligiosityA Hylomorphic Attit.docxedgar6wallace88877
Separating Spirituality From Religiosity:
A Hylomorphic Attitudinal Perspective
Carlos M. Del Rio and Lyle J. White
Southern Illinois University Carbondale
It is truly a logical question to ask what spirituality is. We sustain this position as
we review important corollaries from dualistic and hylomorphic views of human
nature. We argue that in 21st century America we ought to be able to think of
spirituality separately from religiosity and propose conceptual clarity is necessary
to study spirituality. We uphold every person is a substance of two coherent
principles, a body and a soul; the nature of which is spirituality. Spirituality’s
functions are intellect and volition and their proper ends are truth and goodness. We
call on ethicists, theoreticians, researchers, and practitioners in health care disci-
plines to focus on the interaction between these aspects of spirituality. We define
spirituality as an attitude toward life, making sense of life, relating to others, and
seeking unity with the transcendent. We challenge the Diagnostic and Statistical
Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; American Psychiatric Association, 1994)
codification of spirituality and ask that it be reviewed or removed because spiri-
tuality is not equivocal to religiosity, germane to loss of faith, or a factor of cultural
diversity. We insist that human individuals are born spiritual, not religious, and
present distinctions between these notions at every juncture. We conclude that
spirituality must be separated from religiosity if effective epistemic endeavors are
to be achieved on either construct. We reject current conflations of “religious-
spirituality.”
Keywords: spirituality, individual and systemic clients, dualism, hylomorphism, health care
Several events have contributed to the
growing literature on (religious)spirituality in
the United States. For example, the codifica-
tion of religiosity and (religious)spirituality
into the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders (4th ed.; DSM–IV; V62.61;
American Psychiatric Association, 1994; Lu-
koff, Lu, & Turner, 1995) has fomented in-
terests to study the relationship between (re-
ligious)spirituality and mental health (e.g.,
Fukuyama & Sevig, 1997; Lukoff, Lu, &
Turner, 1998; Weaver, Pargament, Flannelly,
& Oppenheimer, 2006). Other events con-
comitant to the DSM–IV codification that
have contributed to studies on the relationship
between (religious)spirituality and health in-
clude: (a) accrediting agencies’ promotion of
educational quality and professional account-
ability, (b) professional associations’ publica-
tion of ethical codes and practice guidelines
that recognize the importance of individuals’
and systems’ (religious)spiritual needs, and
(c) development of professional competencies
for providing (religious)spiritual care.
As research amounts, other publications have
attempted to conceptualize spirituality. Com-
mon among all publications on (religious)spiri-
tuality however, has b.
The Role of Spirituality in Sexual Minority IdentityA. Jor.docxkathleen23456789
The Role of Spirituality in Sexual Minority Identity
A. Jordan Wright and Suzanne Stern
Empire State College, State University of New York
Spirituality has been widely associated with positive well-being within the general population. Although
there is limited research on the impact of spirituality on sexual minority individuals, some evidence
suggests it is associated with positive psychological outcomes and contributes to the development of a
positive lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) identity. The present study aimed to elucidate the relationship
between spirituality, gender normative beliefs, and LGB identity development. It was hypothesized that
spirituality would be negatively associated with both heteronormative beliefs and attitudes and negative
sexual minority identity, and that heteronormativity would mediate the relationship between spirituality
and negative identity. Contrary to expectations, spirituality predicted greater heteronormativity and
greater negative identity. The association between spirituality and negative identity was fully mediated
by heteronormativity. Limitations and implications are discussed.
Keywords: homosexuality, bisexuality, spirituality, heteronormativity, gay identity
Within the general public, spirituality has been reliably con-
nected to numerous positive outcomes (Garfield, Isacco, & Sahker,
2013; Paranjape & Kaslow, 2010; Thoresen, 1999). It has been
found to promote resiliency and self-esteem (Haight, 1998; Kash-
dan & Nezlek, 2012), and predicts a greater ability to adapt and
cope with stressful situations (Gnanaprakash, 2013; Salas-Wright,
Olate, & Vaughn, 2013), including illness (Lo et al., 2010; Nelson
et al., 2009; Pagnini et al., 2011; Visser, Garssen, & Vingerhoets,
2010), exposure to violence (Benavides, 2012; Schneider & Feltey,
2009; E. A. Walker, 2000), psychological aggression (Austin &
Falconier, 2013), and substance abuse (Turner-Musa & Lipscomb,
2007). Further, spirituality is associated with personality traits that
are health-protective (Labbé & Fobes, 2010); it is also significantly
protective against adverse mental health outcomes, such as depres-
sion and anxiety (Bennett & Shepherd, 2013; Hourani et al., 2012;
Hsiao et al., 2012; Sorajjakool, Aja, Chilson, Ramirez-Johnson, &
Earll, 2008), and suicidal ideation (Henley, 2014; Kyle, 2013;
Meadows, Kaslow, Thompson, & Jurkovic, 2005).
While the research on the impact of spirituality on sexual
minorities is more limited, there is evidence that spiritual well-
being functions as a protective factor and a predictor of adjust-
ment. Greater spirituality has been associated with positive out-
comes such as increased self-esteem and identity affirmation,
lower internalized homophobia, and fewer feelings of alienation
(Lease, Horne, & Noffsinger-Frazier, 2005; Moleiro, Pinto, &
Freire, 2013; Tan, 2005), and with greater positive affect and
satisfaction with life (Harari, Glenwick, & Cecero, 2014). How-
ever, awareness within this popu.
This document discusses five different spiritual assessment methods: spiritual histories, spiritual lifemaps, spiritual genograms, spiritual ecomaps, and spiritual ecograms. Spiritual histories involve verbally guiding clients through questions about their spiritual journey and beliefs. Spiritual lifemaps are pictorial representations of a client's spiritual life over time depicted as a path. Spiritual genograms show spiritual influences and relationships across generations. Spiritual ecomaps and ecograms diagram spiritual connections between a client and their community or environment. The article reviews the strengths and limitations of each approach to help social workers select the most appropriate assessment method for a given client.
Spirituality as a Positive Youth Development Construct: A Conceptual ReviewJonathan Dunnemann
This document reviews the concept of spirituality as a positive youth development construct. It defines spirituality broadly as relationships, beliefs, and finding meaning and purpose in life. The document discusses theories of spiritual development and how spirituality relates to positive youth outcomes. It examines factors that influence adolescent spirituality, such as family, peers, and culture. Research on how spirituality impacts adolescent development is also reviewed. Finally, ways to promote adolescent spirituality are discussed.
Spirituality and Religious Coping in African American Youth with Depressive I...Jonathan Dunnemann
The document summarizes a study that analyzed qualitative data from 28 African American adolescents to identify how they experience and cope with depression in relation to spirituality and religion. 6 primary themes were identified: 1) religion as incentive to seek treatment, 2) use of prayer and feelings of agency, 3) mixed emotions, 4) belief that religion doesn't hurt and may help, 5) finding support in church, and 6) perceptions of prayer and church as barriers to treatment. Overall, the data suggests spirituality and religion play a key role in how African American youth experience depression and may impact treatment-seeking behaviors.
Discussion Week 9 Top of Form Spiritual Development.docxwrite30
This document discusses how social workers' spiritual or religious views could influence their practice, both positively and negatively. It provides two examples of how a social worker identifying as Christian may work with clients who have similar or different beliefs. The social worker emphasizes the importance of cultural competence and setting boundaries to avoid imposing one's own views on clients. Strategies mentioned include obtaining education about client diversity, presenting cultural humility, and focusing on understanding the client's perspective rather than one's own beliefs. The document stresses that social workers must put aside personal views and follow the NASW code of ethics by advocating for respect of client differences.
Similar to The ethical use of Supervision to facilitate the Integra.docx (20)
Please provide answer, write program in Prolog for the following.docxcherry686017
Please provide answer, write program in Prolog for the following rules and facts.
RULES:
Use the rules on "When to Seek Medical Attention" from
carona virus
Watch for symptoms
People with COVID-19 have had a wide range of symptoms reported - ranging from mild symptoms to severe illness.
These symptoms may appear
2-14 days after exposure to the virus:
Fever
Cough
Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
Chills
Repeated shaking with chills
Muscle pain
Headache
Sore throat
New loss of taste or smell
When to Seek Medical Attention
If you develop any of these
emergency warning signs*
for COVID-19 get
medical attention immediately:
Trouble breathing
Persistent pain or pressure in the chest
New confusion or inability to arouse
Bluish lips or face
*This list is not all inclusive. Please consult your medical provider for any other symptoms that are severe or concerning to you.
FACTS
John has Fever, Cough and Trouble breathing
Amanda has Fever, Cough and Sore throat
.
Please provide references for your original postings in APA form.docxcherry686017
Please provide references for your original postings in APA format. 300 Words with proper references.
What do you think is the best combination of the types of authentication? Is that type of authentication appropriate for all types of access?
Some have made the argument that using WEP presents more security issues than if all traffic were in the clear. What do you think?
.
Please provide reference in APARequired FormatTitle Page AP.docxcherry686017
Please provide reference in APA
Required Format:
Title Page APA Format
Introduction
Concept of Systems Thinking (
Level 1 APA Heading
)
Difference Between Systems Thinking and Silo Thinking
(Level 1 APA Heading)
Applying Systems Thinking in My Work Environment
(Level 1 APA Heading)
Conclusion
1. Explain and discuss the concept of systems thinking.
2. Explain and give an example of the difference between silo thinking and systems thinking
3. Provide one example of where you could apply systems thinking that would positively affect your current work environment.
.
Please post here your chosen topic and information about why y.docxcherry686017
Please post here your chosen topic and information about why you chose it. Note: it must be a NON-INFECTIOUS agent (with few exceptions and it cannot be what you chose for discussion 2), so it cannot be caused by an organism. Please review the syllabus for more details.
A reminder from the syllabus:
The disease or disorder should not be a common disease that has already addressed in our course. With rare exception, it should not be an infectious disease (caused by an infectious organism).
Common diseases should be AVOIDED, including coronary artery disease, Alzheimer's disease, arthritis, diabetes, AIDS, hypo- and hyper-thyroidism, hypertension, psoriasis, sleep apnea, Lyme’s Disease, sinusitis, allergic rhinitis, mononucleosis, asthma, urinary tract infections, many STDs (check with your instructor), irritable bowel disease, strep throat, MRSA, polio, tuberculosis, Lockjaw, anorexia nervosa, autism, Down syndrome, and many cancers (check with your instructor).
The information you present should include sufficient detail to demonstrate that you have completed some preliminary research and should present a clear rationale for your choice.
If you're struggling with ideas, think of something you or someone you know may be dealing with. Or perhaps take a look at webMD and see if you find something interesting. Or watch a medical show, like The Good Doctor.
Please change your Title of your discussion post to the name of the disease.
.
Please pick your favorite article from Ms Magazine and do a one.docxcherry686017
Please pick your favorite article from
Ms Magazine
and do a one page (double spaced) write up of how it relates to what you have learned so far in this class
( something under one of these topics: what women's studies \ What is sex ? what is Gender \ secrets of masculinity and Femininity \ theories about the construction of gender \ intersectionality)
.
Please provide discussion of the following1. Weyerhaeuser made .docxcherry686017
Please provide discussion of the following:
1. Weyerhaeuser made a one-year commitment to help their employees living in New Orleans who were victims of Katrina. What types of assistance was provided under this commitment and what impact did it have on the lives of those most affected?
2. Please research and provide an overview of a company that provided assistance to the one of our more recent, natural events.
.
Please provide a summary of the key learning from the chapter. The .docxcherry686017
Please provide a summary of the key learning from the chapter. The summary is expected to be a simple write up, can be free form, and should include:
Brief
description in written form of the concepts that you have learned form reading the chapter.
If you wish (but not mandatory) and
if applicable
, you can cite examples that may illustrate some of the concepts. Examples can be from your our work, academia, experience, other organizations, etc.
There is
No Need
to summarize any of the formulas, graphs, tables, workflows, etc.
Summary should be
concise
and should fit on
No More Than One Page
.
Summary can entered in Canvas, posted or emailed as a document file typed in Microsoft Word, Powerpoint, or any other media that you choose.
.
Please pay close attention to the highlighted areas Please answe.docxcherry686017
Please pay close attention to the highlighted areas
Please answer all questions that are highlighted in red
Please write two full and complete pages
Cite your sources
Please use more of your own words than other authors
The job of the Supreme Court is to apply the Constitution, not to make public policy. That means that if they're doing their job, the specific outcomes of the decision shouldn't be a factor in their decision. That's why, sometimes, bad guys go free because the police violated a rule that protects all of us in we're accused of wrongdoing. Free speech can also be troublesome. It sounds a lot better in theory than it sometimes turns out in practice.
Find a Supreme Court case called Elonis v. United States (Links to an external site.).
What can you say and not say on social media? Where does your freedom of speech end and become a specific threat to another person?
Read about the case and write a 2 - 5 page essay telling your reader what the case was about, what the court majority decided and why. If you were a Supreme Court Justice, what would your decision have been and why?
Submit in Word. Cite your sources.
Resources
The SCOTUS blog is always a great place to start: http://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/elonis-v-united-states/ (Links to an external site.)
The Cornell Law School also: https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/cert/13-983 (Links to an external site.)
As always, the New York Times is a great resource for Supreme Court cases: http://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/02/us/supreme-court-rules-in-anthony-elonis-online-threats-case.html (Links to an external site.)
.
Please pay attention to the topicZero Plagiarisfive referenc.docxcherry686017
Please pay attention to the topic
Zero Plagiaris
five references
Post
an explanation of whether psychotherapy has a biological basis. Explain how culture, religion, and socioeconomics might influence one’s perspective of the value of psychotherapy treatments. Support your rationale with evidence-based literature.
Wheeler, K. (Eds.). (2014).
Psychotherapy for the advanced practice psychiatric nurse: A how-to guide for evidence-based practice
(2nd ed.). New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company
.
PLEASE OPEN THE ATTACH MENTWhen a dietary supplement is consid.docxcherry686017
PLEASE OPEN THE ATTACH MENT
When a dietary supplement is considered food and when is it considered a drug? Describe in detail why and when someone would need to take a dietary supplement. Is monitoring your nutritional intake important? Why or Why not? Please provide examples in paragraph form. What is your perception of a healthy diet, why and what does it consist of?
.
Please make sure that it is your own work and not copy and paste. Wa.docxcherry686017
Please make sure that it is your own work and not copy and paste. Watch out for grammar errors and spelling errors. Use the APA format.
Book Refernce: Robbins, S. P., & Judge, T. A. (2019).
Organizational behavior
(18th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson.
How do you distinguish between attitudes and moods? What is one example that supports your position? As you address the question, you are to consider how outside sources might be used to support your position.
.
please no plagiarism, 5 pages and fallow the rubic Quantitat.docxcherry686017
please no plagiarism, 5 pages and fallow the rubic
Quantitative Research Design. Rigor and Validity in Quantitative Research.
Title Page: Title of article, journal information and your name and date
1 point
Your score
Abstract: Brief summary of article (1-2 paragraphs)
1 points
The Problem: (2 or 3 paragraphs)
Is the problem clearly stated?
Is the problem practically important?
What is the purpose of the study?
What is the hypothesis?
Are the key terms defined?
3 points
Review of Literature: (1 -2 paragraphs)
Are the cited sources pertinent to the study?
Is the review too broad or too narrow?
Are the references recent?
Is there any evidence of bias?
2 points
Design and Procedures: (3-4 paragraphs)
What research methodology was used?
Was it a replica study or an original study?
What measurement tools were used?
How were the procedures structures?
Was a pilot study conducted?
What are the variables?
How was sampling performed?
3 points
Data analysis and Presentation: (1 - 2 paragraphs)
2 points
How was data analyzed?
Did findings support the hypothesis and purpose?
Were weaknesses and problems discussed?
Conclusions and Implications: (2-3 paragraphs)
3 points
Are the conclusions of the study related to the original purpose?
Were the implications discussed?
Whom the results and conclusions will affect?
What recommendations were made at the conclusion?
What is your overall assessment of the study and the article?
Total
15 points
(100%)
Grade
.
Please make sure to follow the below.Please note that this is .docxcherry686017
Please make sure to follow the below.
Please note that this is a formal writing, all references (peer-reviewed) mostly must be cited appropriately within the text.
Clearly avoid plagiarism.
The paper should have a minimum of 10 pages, 1.5 spacing and Times New Roman font.
A minimum of 5 peer review references must be provided.
Reference style is APA.
.
Please make revision in the prospectus checklist assignment base.docxcherry686017
Please make revision in the prospectus checklist assignment based on my professor feedback. For now, she wants to only focus on (1) the problem statement, (2) the practice focus question, (3) the social change.
I’m also attaching a copy of the previous prospectus draft which the professor returned to me with her feedback. Also, I included an outline of the project in the file section (see attached file).
Include as many scholarly references (at least 10) as needed and cite often.
APA format required.
Due on Sunday 10/06/19 by 12pm America/New York time.
.
Please note research can NOT be on organization related to minors, i.docxcherry686017
Please note research can NOT be on organization related to minors, incarcerated individuals or mental health co morbidities. Research a selected local, national, or global nonprofit organization or government agency to determine how it contributes to public health and safety improvements, promotes equal opportunity, and improves the quality of life within the community. Submit your findings in a 3-5 page report.
As you begin to prepare this assessment, it would be an excellent choice to complete the Nonprofit Organizations and Community Health activity. Complete this activity to gain insight into promoting equal opportunity and improving the quality of life in a community. The information gained from completing this activity will help you succeed with the assessment.
Professional Context
Many organizations work to better local and global communities' quality of life and promote health and safety in times of crisis. As public health and safety advocates, nurses must be cognizant of how such organizations help certain populations. As change agents, nurses must be aware of factors that impact the organization and the services that it offers. Familiarity with these organizations enables the nurse to offer assistance as a volunteer and source of referral.
This assessment provides an opportunity for you gain insight into the mission, vision, and operations of a community services organization of interest.
Demonstration of Proficiency
By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the following course competencies and assessment criteria:
Competency 1: Analyze health risks and health care needs among distinct populations.
Explain how an organization’s work impacts the health and/or safety needs of a local community.
Competency 2: Propose health promotion strategies to improve the health of populations.
Explain how an organization’s mission and vision enable it to contribute to public health and safety improvements.
Competency 3: Evaluate health policies, based on their ability to achieve desired outcomes.
Assess the impact of funding sources, policy, and legislation on an organization’s provision of services.
Competency 4: Integrate principles of social justice in community health interventions.
Evaluate an organization’s ability to promote equal opportunity and improve the quality of life within a community.
Competency 5: Apply professional, scholarly communication strategies to lead health promotion and improve population health.
Write clearly and concisely in a logically coherent and appropriate form and style.
Note:
Complete the assessments in this course in the order in which they are presented.
Preparation
Assume you are interested in expanding your role as a nurse and are considering working in an area where you can help to promote equal opportunity and improve the quality of life within the local or global community. You are aware of the work .
please no plagiarism our class uses Turnitin You are expected to pr.docxcherry686017
please no plagiarism our class uses Turnitin You are expected to provide supporting details for your responses; that support may come from the points covered in the readings and additional external research all source must be cited and listed (
appropriately cited
) in APA
.
Please know that the score is just a ball-park and d.docxcherry686017
Please know that the score is just a ball-park and doesn't represent a grade that would be equivalent to a final paper. I suggest reviewing this as well as the prompt / student samples again.
Hi, this has potential -- the evidence is apparent. Remember this is
Summary, not….lists, and it must be clear where the evidence is from via source attribution.
company name / job -- title?
source?
I have not idea where this evidence is from
oh, boy - -this is way off. making a list is not part of the assignment / summary is with source attribution
I don't mind a table or chart but where is it from and what is the purpose of it.
I'm not seeing a government source
Field Research Project
ORIGINALITY REPORT
12%
SIMILARITY INDEX
5%
INTERNET SOURCES
0%
PUBLICATIONS
9%
STUDENT PAPERS
PRIMARY SOURCES
(
1
) (
3
)Submitted to Florida International University
Student Paper %
www.l3harris.com
(
2
) (
3
) (
3
) (
2
%
)Internet Source %
Submitted to Embry Riddle Aeronautical University
(
1
)Student Paper
Submitted to Florida Institute of Technology
(
4
)Student Paper %
www.electricalengineer.com
(
5
) (
1
)Internet Source %
www.wsj.com
(
6
) (
7
) (
1
) (
1
%
)Internet Source %
Submitted to Southern State Community College
Student Paper
Exclude quotes On Exclude bibliography On
Exclude matches < 5 words
Field Research Project
GRADEMARK REPORT
FINAL GRADE
8/10
GENERAL COMMENTS
Instructor
PAGE 1
Text Comment. Please know that the score is just a ball-park and doesn't represent a grade that would be equivalent to a final paper. I suggest reviewing this as well as the prompt / student examples again.
Text Comment. Eisa, this has potential -- the evidence is apparent. Remember this is summary, not...lists, and it must be clear where the evidence is from via source attribution.
PAGE 2
Text Comment. company name / job -- title?
Text Comment. source?
Text Comment. I have not idea where this evidence is from
Text Comment. oh, boy - -this is way off. making a list is not part of the assignment / summary is with source attribution
PAGE 3
Text Comment. I don't mind a table or chart but where is it from and what is the purpose of it.
PAGE 4
PAGE 5
PAGE 6
Text Comment. I'm not seeing a government source
PAGE 7
RUBRIC: 305 REVISED RESEARCH
RESEARCH (30%)
0 / 100
0 / 100
Level of sources' quality, relevance & usefulness in helping to target future resume, and cover letter or graduate school statement.
AMAZING (100)
EXCELLENT (95)
PRETTY GOOD (90)
GOOD (85)
BETTER THAN ADEQUATE (80)
ADEQUATE (75)
MUCH REVISION NEEDED
(70)
INADEQUATE (65)
NO PASSION (60)
DOCUMENTATION (30%) 0 / 100
Level of proficiency in providing accurate & consistent quote and reference attribution, both within written text and in source listing at end.
AMAZING (100)
EXCELLENT (95)
PRETTY GOOD (90)
GOOD (85)
BETTER THAN ADEQUATE
(80)
ADEQUATE (75)
MUCH REV.
Please note that the Reflections must have 1. MLA format-.docxcherry686017
Please note that the Reflections must have:
1. MLA format-look up the link if you are not sure
2. Single spaced the entire assignment or page
3. One page only
4. Times New Roman, font 12
5. Quotations with page numbers
6. Point and Explanations do not have the author's name in it.
Be careful. I will deduct a point for each error. If you don't single space your writing, I will not read it.
.
Please make sure you talk about the following (IMO)internati.docxcherry686017
Please make sure you talk about the following
* (IMO)international maritime law institute
* historical background
* Concept of Maritime law
*The principle provision of modern law
* Territorial seas
* Contiguous zone
.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Liberal Approach to the Study of Indian Politics.pdf
The ethical use of Supervision to facilitate the Integra.docx
1. The ethical use of
Supervision to facilitate
the Integration of Spirituality
in Social Work Practice
Jerry Jo M. Gilham
Although the use of spirituality and religiosity in social work
intervention has
been growing over the past few decades, little information is
available regard-
ing the supervisor’s contribution to this process. This article
outlines some of
the difficulties inherent in the process and recommends twelve
tasks required
of supervisors in facilitating the effective integration of
spirituality in social
work practice. It also explores how each of these tasks relates to
social work
values, ethics, and principles. Finally, it identifies policy
implications related
to this process.
S
ince the 1980s, the social work profession has experienced a
renewed interest in spirituality and religion (Canda & Furman,
1999).
The National Association of Social Workers (NASW) Code of
Ethics
mandates that social workers obtain education about and seek to
2. understand
the nature of diversity and oppression with respect to religion
(NASW,
2008). Current Council on Social Work Education (CSWE)
standards re-
quire schools of social work to demonstrate their commitment to
diversity
throughout their curriculum. Furthermore, graduates must
demonstrate
competence in engaging diversity and difference in practice
(CSWE, 2008).
While numerous definitions are offered for spirituality, religion,
and
faith, no universally accepted definitions exist, and the terms
are often
used interchangeably. Holloway and Moss (2010), as well as
Spencer
(1961), one of the earliest social workers to offer a definition of
spiritual-
ity, explain that spirituality is a broad concept that can include
religion,
but also has a secular appeal. Canda (1997) offers the following
definition,
Social Work & Christianity, Vol. 39, No. 3 (2012), 255–272
Journal of the North American Association of Christians in
Social Work
ARTICLeS
SOCIAL WORK & CHRISTIANITY256
which embraces these ideas. He defines spirituality as a search
3. for purpose,
meaning, and connection between oneself, other people, the
universe and
the ultimate reality, which can be experienced within either a
religious or
a nonreligious framework. A religious person, according to
Hugen (2001,
p. 13), is one who belongs to or identifies with a religious
group; accepts
and is committed to the beliefs, values, and doctrines of the
group; and
participates in the required practices, ceremonies, and rituals of
the chosen
group. Various social work authors, including Derezotes (2006),
Canda
and Furman (2010), and Holloway and Moss (2010) have
discussed the
ritualistic as well as the social aspects of religion. Faith,
according to Fowler
(1981), must be understood in order to comprehend a person’s
relationship
with the transcendent. He identifies three components of faith,
including
centers of value, images of power, and master stories.
Spirituality serves
as a more encompassing term (Rose, Westefeld, & Ansley,
2001) and will
be utilized in this article.
Spirituality and Lifestyle
Walsh and Pryce (2003) point out that we are experiencing
numerous
changes in our world, including the hectic pace of life, changing
family
forms, the inundation of images of violence and sex, and a sense
4. of isola-
tion. They contend these changes have left many people
yearning for inner
peace, a connection to others, and a sense of purpose and
coherence in life.
Derezotes (2006) concurs as he notes our world has become
increasingly
frightening, and our culture has experienced a spiritual hunger.
Hugen
(2001) and Zastrow (2007) assert that there are numerous issues
that
individuals confront today, many that have spiritual or religious
dimen-
sions. A few examples include reproductive technology,
physician-assisted
suicide, divorce, abortion, and prayer in public schools.
Spirituality and
faith are part of the daily lives of many people and Hage (2006)
observes,
“a significant component of one’s identity is spiritual and
religious heritage”
(p. 306). Many decisions people make on a daily basis, such as
what to eat
or choices about their health, frequently involve faith and
spiritual beliefs.
Numerous ceremonies and celebrations are centered on religious
or spiritual
events and various developmental or life stage transitions, such
as the birth
of a child, marriage, and death, frequently involve religion or
spirituality.
Evidence reveals that we live in a culture that is largely
Christian. Ac-
cording to the U.S. Census Bureau, of the two hundred and
twenty eight
5. million adults in the United States, in 2008, nearly one hundred
seventy
five million identified as Christian (Statistical Abstract of the
U.S., 2011).
Findings from Pew research in 2008 with over 35,000 U. S.
adults revealed
that eighty percent of those surveyed identified as Christian. In
addition,
92% believe in the existence of God, 61% over 18 hold
membership in a
religious group, and 80% say they pray, with 60% of
respondents praying
257
daily. Miller and Thoresen (2003) found similar results whereby
in their
study, 90% of U. S. adults expressed belief in God or a higher
power.
Spirituality and Intervention
According to Parker (2009), greater numbers of clients are
seeking
to address spiritual and religious issues in treatment. A national
survey of
professional social workers (Canda & Furman, 1999) revealed
that many
social workers find it acceptable to use spiritually related
interventions with
clients, and a majority of workers admit to using spirituality as
a resource
for clients. The data revealed that 59% of respondents used
spiritual books,
6. 58% prayed for a client, 54% encouraged spiritual journal
keeping, and
71% have helped clients consider the spiritual meaning of life.
A study by
Hathaway, Scott, and Garver (2004) revealed, however, that
most therapists
do not regularly assess client’s spiritual issues, nor are these
issues part
of their treatment planning for clients. This tendency might
neglect to
identify resources and issues that might otherwise be important.
Griffith
and Griffith (2002) assert that opening a conversation about
spirituality
or religion depends more on careful listening to spontaneous
sharing than
knowing what questions to ask. They conclude that clients are
freer to share
about religion or spirituality when they feel their personhood is
respected.
According to Richards and Bergin (2005), there definitely are
situations in
which religious or spiritual interventions are contraindicated.
Peteet (1981)
offers this important juxtaposition regarding the use of a
client’s spiritual
and religious issues. He says, “Therapists who avoid discussion
of religious
issues miss opportunities to help patients integrate their
religious and emo-
tional selves; those who focus their attention on religious issues
risk losing
sight of their therapeutic task (p. 563).” Kochems postulates
that when a
practitioner does not ask a client about religion, that he or she
is actually
7. isolating religion rather than being neutral or objective.
Furthermore,
there may also be countertransference issues at work in
situations like this.
Although several authors have suggested that social work
educators
should accept responsibility for helping students develop
competency in
assessing and understanding the religious and spiritual beliefs
of their
clients and their implications for practice (Canda, 1989; Furman
1994;
Zastrow, 1999), many practitioners feel they did not receive
adequate
training through their academic program to integrate spirituality
and faith
in clinical practice. Efforts to incorporate formal training have
been slow
and limited, and research has revealed that schools of social
work have not
met the call to prepare social workers to integrate spirituality in
practice
(Barker, 2007; Dudley & Helfgott, 1990; Miller, 2001;
Sheridan, Wilmer,
& Atcheson, 1994). Hage (2006) pointed out that psychology
training
programs face similar limitations, as do counseling programs,
according
to Bishop, Avila-Juarbe, and Thumme (2003).
THE ETHICAL USE OF SUPERVISION
SOCIAL WORK & CHRISTIANITY258
8. Social workers typically become involved with individuals and
families when problems arise (Ferraro & Kelley-Moore, 2000),
and it is
during these trials that people frequently look to spirituality as
a resource
or coping mechanism. Research by Bart (1998) revealed that
60% of his
respondents believed that their faith could be utilized to address
most of
their problems. In addition, he found that four out of five
people wanted to
have their values and beliefs integrated into the counseling
process, and two
out of three preferred to see a counselor with spiritual values
and beliefs.
In a study of 56 social workers in Utah, 89% expressed that
spirituality is
an important part of social work practice and 91% said that
clients bring
up the subject (Derezotes & Evans, 1995). In a study of 142
social work-
ers in North Dakota, 33% indicated they frequently encountered
issues of
religion and spirituality in practice (Furman & Chandy, 1994).
A study by
Rose, Westefeld, and Ansley (2001) also found that clients want
to include
spiritual or religious issues in treatment. They advise that some
clients
have concerns regarding a clinician’s attempt to undermine their
beliefs or
to convert them, which obviously requires caution on the
clinician’s part.
Sermsbeikian (1994) suggests that a worker who respects the
client’s values
9. and beliefs may find that therapeutic benefits can be achieved
through them.
The positive mental and physical health benefits of spirituality
and
faith are well documented. According to Koenig, McCullough,
& Larson,
(2001) and Levin (1994), the vast majority of cohort studies
have shown
that religious beliefs and practices are consistently associated
with better
health outcomes, both physical and mental. Richards & Bergin
(1997) ex-
plain that people who pray believe that prayer has helped them
overcome
physical and psychological suffering. Other research has
revealed that
patients have successfully managed the recovery process by
effectively
addressing their spiritual needs (Burns & Smith, 1991; Isaia,
Parker &
Morrow, 1999; Seeman, Dubin, & Seeman, 2003). In a meta-
analysis of
studies involving 126,000 participants, religious participation
was associ-
ated with reduced mortality, especially for women
(McCullough, Hoyt,
Larson, & Koenig, 2000).
Integration of Spirituality in Professional Practice
Several recommendations have been offered regarding the needs
of
practitioners in effectively managing appropriate ethical
integration of
spirituality in professional practice. They include being aware
10. of one’s
personal biases regarding spirituality (Derezotes & Evans,
1995; Young &
Cashwell, 2010), the influence of countertransference feelings
(Kochems,
1993), understanding the major religions of the world (Dudley
& Helf-
gott, 1990; Hodge, 2002), understanding various models of
spiritual and
religious development (Barker, 2007; Young & Cashwell,
2010), being
informed regarding the religious beliefs and value systems of
one’s clients
259
(Canda, 1989; Furman 1994; Sermabeikian, 1994; Zastrow,
1999), having
knowledge and skill regarding assessment approaches (Hodge,
2002), being
willing to include spirituality in practice (Derezotes, 2006),
being comfort-
able addressing the spiritual and religious needs of one’s clients
(Koenig,
McCullough, & Larson, 2001; Matthews, McCullough, &
Larson, 1998;
Larimore, 2001), seeking specialized consultation when needed
(Young
& Cashwell, 2010), and providing an atmosphere of
understanding and
receptivity (Sheridan and Bullis, 1991). Details as to how to
successfully
prepare practitioners are scarce and not well-tested. As a result,
the ap-
11. proaches being used vary widely.
Recommendations for Supervisors
A search in EBSCO host databases including Medline, Social
Work
Abstracts, Sociological Index, ERIC, Academic Search
Complete, Academic
Search Premier and Psychological and Behavioral Sciences,
reveals a dearth
of information regarding issues of supervision and supervisor
responsibili-
ties related to integration of spirituality in practice. Of one
hundred and
twenty articles identified using keywords supervision and
spirituality, only
about twenty referenced supervision. The absence of
information on this
topic was particularly evident in social work journals.
Today’s supervisors must be prepared to guide supervisees
regarding
the integration of spirituality in practice and oversee their
efforts in doing
so. Several authors, including Coffey, Frame, and Haug (cited
in Miller,
Korinek, & Ivey, 2004), recommend that spirituality should be
discussed
in supervision. Miller, Korinek and Ivey (2006) point out there
is little
certainty regarding the role and significance of spirituality in
supervision.
They explain that no evidence is available regarding the
frequency and
form of spiritual issues in supervision.
12. The role of the supervisor is to further enhance the supervisee’s
knowl-
edge base, values, and skills while monitoring and evaluating
their work.
Munson (2002) and Shulman (2005) explain that supervision is
an inter-
actional process, whereby supervisor and supervisee work
cooperatively in
a mutual effort to explore material and make decisions for client
benefit.
Both authors emphasize the necessity of a trusting relationship
between
the parties for effective supervision. Furthermore, according to
Shulman,
the supervisee learns more from the interaction itself than from
what is
said in the interaction. That is, supervisor interaction with the
supervisee
should model the type of relationship that reflects a helping
professional
relationship. As Williams (1997) explains, the supervisory
relationship
and the therapeutic relationship both focus on learning, personal
growth,
and empathy.
Munson outlines several important tasks of supervisors. These
in-
clude reading professional literature to keep apprised of timely
informa-
THE ETHICAL USE OF SUPERVISION
SOCIAL WORK & CHRISTIANITY260
13. tion that must be shared with supervisees, keenly observing the
practices
and performance of supervisees, and discussing issues and
concerns with
supervisees. These tasks are needed to direct and guide the
supervisee in
their work. Munson’s principles provide some direction for the
following
recommended list of tasks, which is also based on the literature
and my
own clinical experiences. These tasks provide direction for the
effective and
ethical integration of spirituality in practice through clinical
and reflective
supervision. How each of these tasks relates to social work
values, ethics,
and principles is also included.
1. Just as the supervisee must examine his or her personal
beliefs and biases,
a supervisor must examine his or her own beliefs and biases.
This will typically include a review of one’s spiritual journey,
includ-
ing family influence and expectations. Frame (2003) and Ripley,
Jackson,
Tatum, and Davis (2007) point out that having practitioners
assess spiritual
and religious issues in their own families may influence their
effectiveness
with clients. Bufford (2007) explains that being cognizant of
our worldviews
may lead to greater insight into the beliefs underpinning our
supervisory
roles and may lead to more effective supervisory relationships.
14. This self-awareness is addressed in the NASW Code of Ethics,
which
outlines that social workers should be aware of their personal
values and
cultural and religious beliefs and practices, and how they
impact profes-
sional decision-making. Brody (2005) explains that the effective
manager
engages in continuous self-appraisal. Kirst-Ashman and Hull
(2009) write
that insufficient self-awareness is a barrier to culturally
competent social
work practice. They add that assuming clients think as you do is
a bar-
rier for workers. Furthermore, supervisors must be aware of any
conflicts
between their personal and professional values, especially if
they are to
advise supervisees in this regard.
2. The supervisor must be comfortable with the use of a client’s
beliefs and
values in the intervention process in order to successfully aid
the supervisee
in this integration.
Many authors have pointed out the importance of a
practitioner’s
comfort level regarding personal belief systems in addressing
the spiritual
and religious needs of their patients and clients (Koenig,
McCullough, &
Larson, 2001; Matthews, McCullough, & Larson, 1998;
Larimore, 2001).
Bishop, Avila-Juarbe, and Thumme (2003) observe that
15. counselors do
not always find it easy to approach clients’ concerns about
spirituality or
religion, and that there has been a negative bias in the past
regarding the
influence of spirituality on client well-being. Young and
Cashwell (2010)
maintain that all individuals have a religious history that affects
how they
view religion and the religious views of their clients. Goldstein
(1987) as-
serts that spiritual bias can be as dangerous as other biases such
as racism
261
or sexism. Of course, even a pro-spirituality bias can be
potentially prob-
lematic. Raines (2003) found that social workers who share
similar beliefs
with clients tend to underestimate the level of dysfunction in
their clients.
Interestingly, there is some research that indicates that
psychologists have
a tendency to perceive religious clients with greater pessimism
than those
who are nonreligious (cited in Aten & Hernandez, 2004).
According to the Code of Ethics, a social worker must be
mindful of indi-
vidual differences and diversity while treating each individual
with care and
respect. Conversely, shared religious beliefs can serve as a
means of resistance
16. in the therapeutic process (Kehoe & Gutheil, 1984.) Spero
(1981) cautions
that similarity between therapist and client may limit the
former’s sensitivity
to the client and his or her ability to fully accept the client. A
study by Probst,
Ostrom, Watkins, Dean, and Mashburn (1992) revealed that
shared values
may not necessarily enhance therapeutic outcomes. In addition,
as explained
by Carroll (1997), workers must be alert to the client’s point of
view as well
as their level of awareness of their spirituality. Canda (2005)
explains that
addressing spirituality is consistent with the mission of
promoting dignity,
respect, and well-being as well as the person-environment
perspective. It is
important for supervisors and other social workers to maintain
an informed
balance between assuming too much when there is a perceived
similarity in
values or religious beliefs and making intrusive interventions,
on the one
hand, or (conversely) being blinded to clients’ possible
“spiritualized” ma-
nipulations in the helping process, on the other.
3. The supervisor must monitor and oversee the supervisee’s
willingness
to accept the client’s perspective, perhaps particularly when
their views
conflict, and limit any effort to influence the views or beliefs,
including
religious orientation, of their clients.
It is entirely possible that a supervisee and client may have
17. conflicting
beliefs. According to Richards and Bergin (2005), clients must
understand
that they have the right to different religious or spiritual views
from those
of their therapist and that their therapist will not try to proselyte
or convert
them. Zastrow (2003) states that a social worker should never
behave in a
way that might be viewed as seeking to convert a client. A
supervisee is not
justified in overriding a client’s belief system (Linzer, 2006;
Martin, 2008),
and the supervisor is responsible for guarding against correcting
a client’s
belief system. Martin adds that everyone loses when spiritual
understand-
ing is missing. Aten and Hernandez (2004) warn that
supervisors and
supervisees must not make assumptions regarding a person’s
beliefs based
solely on the person’s religious affiliation. As many have noted,
religion
and spiritual practices have both healthy and unhealthy aspects
(Koenig,
McCullogh, & Larson, (2001; Richards & Bergin, 1997.
This task relates to client self-determination, an ethical
responsibility
outlined by the NASW Code of Ethics. According to the Code,
social workers
THE ETHICAL USE OF SUPERVISION
18. SOCIAL WORK & CHRISTIANITY262
must both respect and promote the right of clients to socially
responsible
self-determination. This further relates to the value of dignity of
the human
person. If we are to honor an individual’s dignity, we must
respect their
beliefs and their right to autonomous decision making.
4. The supervisor can help the supervisee to determine how the
client’s
worldview and beliefs are impacting their situation.
In some cases this influence will be positive and can serve as a
source
of strength in dealing with their circumstances. In others, a
client’s belief
system may actually have a negative influence. Sermabeikian
(1994) ex-
plains that we can allow preconceived notions about what may
be helpful
to enter into our thinking. A worker must determine whether the
beliefs
provide trust and hope in the midst of difficulties or foster fear
and guilt
(Frame, 2003; Sermabeikian, 1994). Bishop (1995) asserted that
it is im-
portant for workers to help clients see that religious values are
an accepted
part of the therapeutic process as well as part of the solution. A
plethora
of studies support the use of one’s spirituality as a helpful
resource, and
the benefits for dealing with health and mental health issues are
19. clearly
evidenced (Burns & Smith, 1991; Isaia, Parker & Morrow,
1999; Koenig,
McCullough, & Larson, 2001; Levin, 1994; Richards & Bergin,
1997; See-
man, Dubin & Seeman, 2003).
This supervisory task is associated with the notion of client
empower-
ment. Gutierrez (1990, p 149) defined empowerment as “the
process of
increasing personal, interpersonal or political power so that
individuals can
take action to improve their life situations.” According to Kirst-
Ashman
and Hull (2009), empowerment allows clients to nurture their
strengths,
in this case, spirituality, to assert control over their life. Where
beliefs are
perceived to be negative, a worker may seek to alter or
neutralize the influ-
ence of the belief system. The supervisor can assist the
supervisee in this
process of helping clients explore and evaluate their beliefs
without the
imposition of the supervisee’s beliefs or evaluations. Richards
and Bergin
(2005) state that therapists should avoid condemnation of
clients for value
and lifestyle choices. Rather, they should help clients examine
consequences
of their choices. Furthermore, the authors suggest that it is
inappropriate
for a therapist to tell a client that they are bad or deficient
because of their
behavior or choices or attempt to shame them.
20. 5. The supervisee and supervisor must be willing to
acknowledge any ideo-
logical or philosophical issues that might interfere with their
relationship
and their ability to address spiritual issues in intervention.
The potential for differences is particularly likely as it relates
to per-
sonal belief systems. On the other hand, similar views or beliefs
may serve
as an obstacle or barrier in the relationship, just as it may in the
relationship
between therapist and client (Kehoe & Gutheil, 1984). Peteet
(1981) and
263
Spero (1981) agree that workers can over-identify with clients
and inflate
their level of functioning, which may also impact the supervisor
and su-
pervisee relationship. From the work of Young and Cashwell
(2010), we
understand that individuals, such as supervisor and supervisee,
may be at
differing points in their spiritual development, which will lead
to differing
perspectives and expectations.
Bufford (2007) explains that a Christian worldview may
influence one’s
choices about the means, motives and goals of supervision,
consequently
21. affecting the supervisor and supervisee. Rosen-Galvin (2005)
found that
supervisors are more willing than therapists to discuss issues
related to val-
ues and spirituality. Bishop, Avila-Juarbe and Thumme (2003)
recommend
that in the future, researchers further investigate the impact of
similarities
and differences between supervisor and supervisees’ spiritual
values on
the supervision process.
The professional relationship between worker and client is vital
to
the helping process, and a healthy relationship between
supervisor and
supervisee is equally essential. According to Brody (2005),
effective leaders
and supervisors must create a climate in which staff members
feel positive
about how they are being treated in order to perform at their
highest level.
He asserts that the trust that develops between them is a result
of a com-
mitment to one another that is based on a willingness to
challenge issues
while maintaining respect for one another.
6. Supervisors must encourage supervisees to seek knowledge
and under-
standing of various faith and religious traditions, however the
supervisee
must establish boundaries between his or her role and that of
spiritual
advisor or teacher.
The supervisor is responsible for ensuring the supervisee does
22. not
attempt to act in the role of spiritual teacher or advisor. Miller,
Korinek,
and Ivey (2006) and Zastrow (2007) state that practitioners must
clearly
delineate their roles and avoid tasks that should be reserved for
clergy mem-
bers. Richards and Bergin (2005) assert that workers must not
undermine
the authority and credibility of a client’s religious leader by
attempting to
displace them or neglecting to consult them. Hage (2006)
explains that
while both therapists and pastors provide counseling, therapists
must not
carry out the functions of the clergy such as performing
religious rituals
or giving blessings. A supervisor’s job is to monitor the
supervisee’s ability
to perform competently and within his or her area of expertise.
Staff members and agencies must have community or clergy
members
whom they can call on for consultation and advice in cases
where they need
such guidance (Young & Cashwell, 2010). The Code of Ethics is
clear in
stating that social workers must seek advice and counsel
whenever such
consultation is in the clients’ best interest. Clearly, social
workers are not
trained for the role of spiritual advisor or leader and must not
assume this
THE ETHICAL USE OF SUPERVISION
23. SOCIAL WORK & CHRISTIANITY264
role, regardless of their personal values or convictions. Further,
the worker
must be aware of an individual’s area of expertise when seeking
information
and guidance from that individual.
7. The supervisor must protect clients by ensuring the
supervisee does not
impose his or her values on the client.
Although one study found no evidence that those therapists who
use
a client’s spirituality in practice are more likely to impose their
values on
clients (Smith & Richards, 2005), there is always the potential
for it to oc-
cur. Richards and Bergin (2005) offer many suggestions to help
clinicians
respect client values and avoid imposition of their own values.
Lannert
(1991) tells us of the importance of self-monitoring regarding
personal
resistances, countertransference issues and value systems
regarding spiri-
tual and religious issues so that we are both ethical and
efficacious in our
work with clients.
The Codes of Ethics of all the helping professions mandates that
professionals must honor and respect their clients and their
personal
24. values (Codes of Ethics, 2007). Indeed, empowerment,
autonomy, and
self-determination are highly valued principles of social work
practice and
must be safeguarded.
8. Supervisors must know their staff well, including staff
members’ tendencies
regarding the use of spirituality in their work.
Some workers may be more inclined to address spiritual and
religious
issues while others may be more hesitant. Bishop (1995)
suggested that
counselors must be aware of how resistance or caution about
religious
issues might be perceived by clients. Kochems (1993) revealed
that even
clinicians who feel positively about a client’s faith may be
under-involved
with a religious client. West emphasizes that all interventions
should be
utilized only with client consent and with client benefit in mind.
West
(2011) and Richards and Bergin (2005) discuss the possible
imposition
of beliefs on clients based on personal symbols and material
found in the
practitioner’s office. West adds that therapists must be aware of
how easily
their beliefs can be imposed on clients, especially more
vulnerable ones.
Campbell (2007) warns that many supervisees may feel pressure
to hast-
ily implement techniques that promote spiritualization of
problems or to
25. perceive problems as related to sin rather than psychological
dysfunction.
Supervisors must be aware of staff intentions and the purity of
those
intentions. As the core value of service expresses, workers must
elevate
client needs above their own. Professional integrity demands
that workers
conduct themselves honestly and responsibly. Brody (2005)
advises that
a supervisor must help staff reflect on their work and provide
feedback
regarding their efforts. In addition, he writes that supervisors
must clearly
and continually convey expectations to staff since there is a
positive as-
265
sociation between understanding and performance. Different
supervision
tasks are needed for different therapists according to their
experience and
skill level (Gingrich & Worthington, 2007).
9. The supervisor and supervisee must continuously process
changing beliefs
or values as a result of their experiences with clients.
Self-knowledge and understanding are essential to effective
practice
(Boyle, Hull, Mather, Smith, & Farley, 2006). West (2011)
shares Wyatt’s
26. conclusion that one’s faith and beliefs change over time, but
understanding
one’s current beliefs and being comfortable with them allows
the therapist
to be present to the client. West emphasizes the positive aspects
of the
changing nature of one’s beliefs and values. Further support of
this notion
is offered by Young and Cashwell (2010) who express that
spiritual and
religious life is a developmental construct that can evolve as
one’s thinking
and experience evolve.
The Council on Social Work Education (CSWE) identifies
ongoing
growth and development as facilitators of professional
enhancement. Some
states require that licensed professionals obtain continuing
education units
(CEUs) on values and value issues. Kirst-Ashman and Hull
(2009) relate
that workers must conduct ongoing evaluation of personal
values and their
influence on their effectiveness in intervention.
10. The supervisor must be aware of and acknowledge the
research that dem-
onstrates the benefits of spirituality for dealing with many life
situations.
This empirical evidence must be shared with supervisees so they
can
utilize the information in practice. A sampling of this evidence
was shared
earlier in the literature review. Zastrow (2007) tells us that
27. social workers
should only use interventions that have evidence of proven
therapeutic value.
The current demand for this type of evidenced-based practice in
social
work cannot be more pronounced than in the expectations of the
CSWE
and NASW. CSWE standards require that schools of social work
prepare
students for research-informed practice and the Code of Ethics
mandates
that workers are current in their knowledge and utilize research
in practice.
Hage (2006) explains that a lack of knowledge of spiritual
benefits can
diminish the supervisee’s repertoire of approaches with clients.
11. Supervisors must recognize when a client should be referred
to a clergy
member or spiritual advisor or even a clinician who is better
prepared to
address the client’s needs.
The supervisors’ role in this case is to ensure that clients are
directed
to the appropriate resources (Aten and Hernandez, 2004).
According to
Young and Cashwell (2010), it is not uncommon for clinicians
to see clients
who have needs for spiritual development that are beyond the
clinician’s
or supervisor’s scope of competence.
THE ETHICAL USE OF SUPERVISION
28. SOCIAL WORK & CHRISTIANITY266
According to the Code of Ethics, a worker must be dedicated to
prac-
ticing within his or her area of knowledge, training, and skill
level. This
includes being sensitive to a client’s culture and providing
services that are
sensitive to a client’s spiritual culture.
12. The supervisor must be keenly aware that some settings are
more likely
to involve situations regarding religious beliefs or spirituality.
Some examples of settings more likely to involve religious
beliefs or
spirituality in one way or another include practice in settings
such as mental
health, addictions, medical social work, hospice, care of the
elderly, church
social work, and work with the GLBT population. According to
Derezotes
(1995), there is not a single bio-psycho-social problem that does
not have
a spiritual component, but he also acknowledges that a person’s
spiritual
dimension or awareness might be underdeveloped (2006).
Green, Fullilove,
and Fullilove (1998) said they were struck by how often
spiritual issues
were part of the conversation with drug abusers. Anticipation of
spiritual
issues allows workers and supervisors to better plan for
potential situations,
29. including countertransference issues.
Agency and Policy Implications
The absence of direction regarding spiritual integration is even
more
pronounced when the matter of agency policy is introduced.
Administrators
must consider several questions dedicated to the development of
policy in
the process of spiritual integration.
(1) The principal or primary question relates to whether an
agency
has a policy that addresses integration of spirituality in practice.
If they do,
further questions include whether staff members are aware of
the policy and
how the policy is to be implemented within the organization.
The policy
must outline any restrictions regarding the use of spirituality as
well as
guidelines for assuring its ethical and effective use. Staff must
be aware of
the policy and expectations for their behavior. Staff must not
only be aware
of the formal policy, but how the policy is implemented within
the agency.
That is, some supervisors or staff members may be more open to
the process
while others are less flexible. This confusion or contradiction
may lead to
uneven implementation and prohibit the positive aspects of the
practice.
(2) The next policy issue relates to clients’ rights. One
30. important
factor is whether clients have the choice regarding whether they
choose
a worker with similar or dissimilar beliefs. As has been
explained above
there are both positive and negative consequences when worker
and client
share belief systems. Raines (2003) warns that spiritual
similarity between
therapist and client often leads to countertransference and
minimization
of perception of client psychopathology. On the other hand, he
also points
out that there is some evidence that reveals its benefit.
267
As indicated in the literature, many clients are looking to use
their
spirituality as a resource and want a worker who is willing to
incorporate
spirituality in the process. Agencies must consider the practical
implications
of this practice, including identifying those staff members who
are comfort-
able being identified as willing to use spirituality in practice,
those who
have been trained to do so, and how these staff members will be
supervised.
(3) Each agency must have a policy regarding corrective action
when
a worker engages in a boundary violation related to spirituality
such as
31. proselytizing or imposing one’s values on a client. Agencies
must have
clear definitions of these violations and specific guidelines for
reporting
and dealing with these situations. Administrators must not be
overzealous
in pursuing disciplinary action.
(4) Another policy issue revolves around dealing with workers
who
prefer not to deal with religious or spiritual issues of clients or
who have
insufficiently developed skills in this area. Even workers who
associate
with a faith tradition may not be comfortable using spirituality
in inter-
vention. Agencies must consider this possibility and develop a
plan for
this potentiality.
(5) Agencies must consider the implications for a worker who
resists
offering intervention services to a client who holds differing or
opposing
values or beliefs. Organizations must develop policies and
procedures for
staff regarding this type of situation. By doing so, agencies will
likely reduce
or prevent uncomfortable situations and areas of conflict.
Furthermore,
agencies must address whether workers are to be expected to
work with
all clients regardless of conflicting value systems.
(6) And finally, an agency will have to make decisions
regarding how
32. they will publicize or market their use of spirituality in
practice, or if they
will do so at all. Some clients may be attracted to an agency on
this basis
while others may be deterred from seeking services due to
reluctance to
discuss what may be deemed a highly personal matter. Clearly,
agencies
will increasingly be faced with these types of questions and
dilemmas.
Unfortunately, the research will not provide enough direction
and answers
at this point, leaving this an area ripe for study.
Conclusion
The use of spirituality and religiosity in clinical practice is
certain
to expand. Sherwood (1999) explains that competent integration
is
intentional, not accidental, and must be undertaken with
integrity and
responsibility. Many challenges remain regarding successful
integration,
especially surrounding choices of both clients and clinicians as
partners in
the intervention process. While some research outlines the
advantages of
shared belief systems between client and clinician, other
research indicates
that there may be a neutral, if not negative, impact of shared
beliefs and
THE ETHICAL USE OF SUPERVISION
33. SOCIAL WORK & CHRISTIANITY268
values. These contradictory findings pose difficult questions for
agencies
and indicate the need for clear and specific policies. West
(2011) offers
that all practice regarding spirituality needs to be done from a
clear ethical
perspective, which protects both client and clinician.
It seems clear that more attention must be directed to the
supervisor’s
role in the integration process. Martin (2008) poses an
important ques-
tion when she asks how we can possibly consider excluding
spirituality in
supervision if we emphasize the importance of spirituality in
assessment
and practice. Although some literature is available to guide
supervisors in
the integration process, and additional guidelines are offered
here, these
approaches and tasks have not been empirically tested. Research
is required
to determine the most effective and ethical approach to
supervising this
process. In any event, further training regarding this integration
process
must be a priority in social work education programs and social
service
organizations for staff at all levels, but especially for
supervisory staff. v
reFerenceS
34. Aten, J. D. & Hernandez, B. C. (2004). Addressing religion in
clinical supervision:
A model. Psychotherapy Theory, Research, Practice, &
Training, 41(2), 152-160.
Barker, S. L. (2007). The integration of spirituality and religion
content in social
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46. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further
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O R I G I N A L P A P E R
Using Methodological Search Filters to Facilitate Evidence-
Based
Social Work Practice
Aron Shlonsky • Tobi Michelle Baker •
Esme Fuller-Thomson
Published online: 11 January 2011
� Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011
Abstract The process of Evidence-Based Practice (EBP)
requires clinical social workers to conduct systematic
searches of academic databases in order to ascertain current
best evidence and integrate this with client preferences/
values and clinical state/circumstances. Yet social workers
are often pressed for time, and searches for evidence dis-
regarded as too time-consuming to conduct. There is hope.
Searches of the literature can be more easily and quickly
47. facilitated through the use of methodological search filters.
This study introduces a new methodological search filter
created especially for social care and evaluates the extent
to which this and four other filters accurately and effi-
ciently identify known social care effectiveness studies in
two major scholarly databases (Psycinfo and Medline).
Sensitivity, specificity, and a new metric for establishing
efficiency (the AVALANCHE INDEX) are reported.
Keywords Evidence-based practice � Methodological
search filters � Sensitivity � Specificity
Introduction
The use of evidence in practice is an issue of social justice.
That is, when we as social workers offer up interventions
for our clients, particularly those clients who are
involuntary, it is our ethical duty to bring current best
evidence into the decision-making context. But what evi-
dence? How do we find what is best? Evidence-Based
Practice (EBP) is a process involving several distinct steps.
48. As defined by Gibbs (2003), EBP is a process of ‘‘lifelong
learning that involves continually posing specific questions
of direct practical importance to clients, searching objec-
tively and efficiently for the current best evidence related
to the question’’ (p. 6), evaluating the identified literature in
terms of its methodological rigor and applicability of
findings to the client, and ‘‘taking appropriate action guided
by the evidence’’ (p. 6). In this context, posing a question
involves phrasing a question in a way that the answer can
be located using various research databases (i.e., for chil-
dren diagnosed with ADHD whose parents do not wish to
use medication, which form of psychosocial counseling
works best to improve academic functioning?).
Two of the main criticisms of EBP involve the lack of
empirical literature and the limited time practitioners have
to search for evidence (Gibbs and Gambrill 2002; Gray
et al. 2009; Rosen and Proctor 2003). This paper is focused
on evaluating strategies to improve practitioners’ skills in
49. the quick and efficient location of research articles evalu-
ating the effectiveness of a given intervention, in this case,
random controlled trials or RCT’s. Although there are
many valid forms of evidence, the search for studies of
effectiveness (i.e., one type of intervention compared to
another type, usual treatment, or nothing) is an appropriate
starting point. As any practitioner or student who has tried
to search for evidence is aware, a poorly specified question
and search can lead to thousands of irrelevant ‘hits’ or
results, and wading through these can be cumbersome,
inefficient, and discouraging. For instance, simply stating
the term ‘depression’ in a search engine such as Google
Scholar will return tens of millions of hits, most of which
A. Shlonsky (&) � T. M. Baker � E. Fuller-Thomson
Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of
Toronto,
Toronto, ON, Canada
e-mail: [email protected]
E. Fuller-Thomson
The Department of Family and Community Medicine
50. and the Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto,
Toronto, ON, Canada
123
Clin Soc Work J (2011) 39:390–399
DOI 10.1007/s10615-010-0312-3
are not empirical studies. Even in PsycINFO and Medline,
such a search would result in hundreds of thousands of hits,
a virtual avalanche of irrelevant peer-reviewed articles.
One of the main tools used to combat this inefficiency is
the use of methodological search filters. These are com-
binations of search terms that retrieve certain types of
studies (e.g., experimental, quasi-experimental, diagnostic
and prognostic accuracy, qualitative) from scholarly dat-
abases, and they hold the promise of allowing practitioners
to search more quickly and accurately for relevant studies
that can be used to help guide their clinical decisions. For
example, Leonard Gibbs (2003) proposes using the fol-
51. lowing terms, in combination with subject specific search
terms, to efficiently find highly controlled studies best
suited for questions of intervention effectiveness: (Ran-
dom* OR Controlled Clinical trial* OR Control group* OR
Evaluation stud* OR Study design OR Statistical* Signif-
ican* OR Double-blind OR Double blind OR Placebo).
The use of search filters, however, is not a panacea. Search
filters are similar to diagnostic and prognostic tests in the
sense that they can be of variable quality and their ability to
correctly identify relevant studies can be measured with
similar techniques.
Specifically, filters can be measured in terms of their
sensitivity (degree to which filters can accurately identify
relevant studies—range is from 0 to 1 with 1 reflecting the
ability to capture all relevant studies) and specificity
(degree to which filters can accurately exclude non-rele-
vant studies—range if from 0 to 1 with 1 reflecting the
ability to exclude all irrelevant studies). Haynes et al.
52. (1994) tested medline-specific methodological search fil-
ters intended to retrieve random controlled trials (RCT’s)
related to adult general medicine. They found that the fil-
ters could be used to produce both specific and sensitive
results, with sensitivity ranging from 0.72 to 0.99
(depending on search year and combination of terms used)
and specificity ranging from 0.70 to 0.79 (in general, sen-
sitivity and specificity levels are best if they are over 0.9
for prognostic and diagnostic tests. However, such general
rules may not apply in this situation since these constructs
are being used simply to compare approaches). Leeflang
et al. (2005) examined eight articles describing 28 sets of
validated methodological search filters for studies of
diagnostic accuracy through testing the capacity of the
filters to retrieve articles identified in systematic reviews,
finding that the filters ranged widely in their ability to
correctly identify relevant articles.
Yet there are indications that methodological search
53. filters specific to medicine are not accurate across disci-
plines. Murphy (2002) examined effectiveness search fil-
ters for the veterinary sciences and found wide variability
in accuracy when broken down by journal and purpose of
study. In their analysis, sensitivity ranged from 0.05–0.88
and specificity from 0.10–1.00, indicating that, overall, the
search filters they used were not effective in identifying
desired articles. Similarly, Dickersin et al. (1994) reviewed
articles which identified RCT filters in ophthalmology and,
while many studies were correctly identified, the authors
felt that the achieved sensitivity levels of 51–77%, were
not satisfactory.
The accuracy and efficiency of methodological search
filters for social care has not been established. In social
work and the non-medical helping professions, Gibbs
(2003) appears to be the only author to have proposed a
unique set of methodological filters and a process for car-
rying out searches in the context of EBP. In the spirit of
54. inquiry that is very much in line with the EBP approach
and the legacy of Leonard Gibbs, we decided to test Gibbs’
methodological search filters in the hopes of building and
improving upon his seminal work. This study uses 12
Campbell Collaboration systematic reviews of effective-
ness to: (1) ascertain which scholarly database is most
likely to yield the largest number of relevant articles for
effectiveness questions in social care; (2) develop a new set
of social care methodological search filters; and (3) com-
pare the sensitivity and specificity of these methodological
search filters with two other commonly used filters. In the
process, we also introduce a new metric, the Avalanche
Index, for measuring the efficiency of searches. The crea-
tion of this tool and other filters like it is crucial if clinical
social workers are expected to efficiently locate evidence
within the large and growing body of academic studies.
Methods
Using the final included set of studies identified in 12
55. Campbell Collaboration systematic reviews (5 pilot, 7 final
study sample) as a reference standard, a new methodo-
logical search filter was developed and validated and
compared with the filters used by Gibbs (2003) and the
Medline filters referenced in the Cochrane Collaboration
Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions (2009).
The Cochrane Search filter was originally designed by
Carol Lefebvre as published in Dickersin et al. (1994). The
terms have been modified, as necessary, over time.
Search Strategy
Each Campbell Collaboration systematic review is based
on an exhaustive and time-consuming search of the liter-
ature, across multiple databases, and is the most compre-
hensive process for identifying relevant and rigorous
experimental and quasi-experimental studies used to
answer a particular social welfare question. Similar to
Cochrane Collaboration systematic reviews of the medical
Clin Soc Work J (2011) 39:390–399 391
56. 123
literature, Campbell Collaboration reviews are built upon
pre-specified and inclusive searches of the peer-reviewed
and gray (unpublished) literature. Since sensitivity (i.e.,
finding all studies for a given question) for these reviews is
of utmost importance, methodological search filters are not
used. Initial ‘Hits’ or results from Campbell Collaboration
content searches are subjected to manual screening
involving at least two raters, with studies being screened
for both content relevance and methodological rigor.
While this process is certainly meticulous and inclusive,
and the results of systematic reviews are a rich source of
evidence for practitioners, the process is time-consuming
and painstaking. It is unrealistic to expect practitioners to
ascertain answers to pressing clinical questions in this
manner. Nonetheless, due to the quality of their search
processes, Campbell Collaboration reviews can be seen as
57. the benchmark, or reference standard, for identifying the
highest quality effectiveness studies for a given effective-
ness question.
Final included studies from existing Campbell Collab-
oration (C2) systematic reviews in social welfare were used
as a subject-specific reference standard upon which our
stable of methodological search filters was tested, a strat-
egy that has been employed using Cochrane Collaboration
systematic reviews (see, for example, Leeflang et al. 2005).
For this study, Campbell Collaboration search strategies
from existing C2 reviews were combined with five differ-
ent sets of methodological search filters in an effort to
identify as many of the final included studies in each
review (a measure of sensitivity) while cutting down the
number of irrelevant studies (a measure of specificity). In
order to narrow down the number of reviews used to test
the methodological filters, only published social welfare
reviews available in August 2009 were selected (n = 26).
58. This number was further reduced (n = 14) by selecting
only reviews that exclusively contained randomized con-
trolled trials (RCTs). Although constricting the C2 sample
in this way is somewhat limiting and does not reflect
standard practice in C2 reviews (i.e., C2 reviews often
include different types of study designs), methodological
search filters tend to be method-specific. Although there is
some debate about the hierarchy of evidence (Upshur and
Tracy 2004; Rubin 2008), locating well-conducted RCTs
where they exist is imperative for any reasonable search of
effectiveness studies.
Finally, two of the reviews used the same search strat-
egies and therefore one of the systematic reviews was
removed. Thus, there were 12 systematic reviews which
met our inclusion criteria. Five were used as pilot studies
(Barlow et al. 2003; Kristjansson et al. 2007; MacDonald
and Turner 2007; Smedslund et al. 2007; Zwi et al. 2007)
and the remaining seven were used to test the filters
59. (Barlow and Parsons 2005; Coren and Barlow 2004;
Ekeland et al. 2005; Littell et al. 2005; MacDonald and
Turner 2007; Mayo-Wilson et al. 2008; Scher et al. 2006).
Databases
The first step in the process was to ascertain which dat-
abases contained the largest number of articles found in C2
reviews. The final list of included studies from two C2
reviews (Barlow et al. 2003; Zwi et al. 2007) was searched
using 8 databases: Social Science Abstracts, PsychINFO,
Cochrane CRCT, ERIC, Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL,
and Social Service Abstracts (Table 1). Please note that
Barlow et al. (2003) is an earlier version of the Barlow
et al. 2005) review, ‘Parent-training programmes for
improving maternal psychosocial health.’
PsycINFO and Cochrane CRCT were the top performing
databases, containing all of the articles for Barlow et al.
(2003) and a substantial proportion of studies contained in
Zwi et al. (2007). Medline also performed fairly well for
60. the Zwi et al. (2007) study. However, it should be noted
that Cochrane CRCT is updated with articles included in
Cochrane systematic reviews, and the two selected reviews
were co-registered with Cochrane. The remaining data-
bases did not hold many articles for Barlow et al. (2003),
ranging from one study found to nine studies found out of
22 possible, while ERIC, Social Science Abstracts, and
EMBASE held a moderate amount of articles for Zwi et al.
(2007), between 4 and 11; CINAHL held none (Table 1).
Results from this process indicate that PsycINFO is, far and
away, the most likely database to contain relevant studies
Table 1 Methodological filters
Filter set Filters
Avalanche RCT; randomi*; control* trial*; control* clinical;
clinical trial*; random* assign*; random* allocat*;
wait* list*; wait*-list*; control* group*; control*
condition*; quasi-ex*; quasi ex*; control* near
intervention; control* near treat*
61. Avalanche-
RCT
RCT; randomi*; control* trial*; control* clinical;
clinical trial*; random* assign*; random* allocat*
Gibbs Random*; controlled Clinical trial*; Control group*;
evaluation stud*; study design; statistical*
significanc*; double-blind; placebo
Gibbs-RCT Random*; controlled clinical trial*; control group*
Cochrane Randomized controlled trial; controlled clinical trial;
randomized; placebo; clinical trials as topic;
randomly; tria; not (animals not (humans and
animals)
* Indicates a ‘wild card’ truncation using a ‘wild card’ (a
marker at
the end of a string of words prompting the database to search
for all
terms containing the letters to the left of the *)
392 Clin Soc Work J (2011) 39:390–399
123
62. for the purpose of retrieving social care articles. In order to
simplify the validation process, we decided to use Psy-
cINFO and MEDLINE as our validation databases.
Methodological Filters
Development of EFFECTS
Efficient Methodological Filter for Experiments Comparing
Treatments in Social Care. The social care methodological
search filter terms for this study were developed in a pilot
study that involved a trial and error process using five C2
social welfare reviews as test cases. These five reviews
(Barlow et al. 2003; Kristjansson et al. 2007; MacDonald and
Turner 2007; Smedslund et al. 2007; Zwi et al. 2007) were
not used as part of the later validation phase. Individual
methodological search filter terms were selected based on
their ability to find the studies listed in each C2 review using
PsycINFO. Specifically, we began by applying the Gibbs
filter on a single review (Barlow et al. 2003) and systemat-
63. ically tried to improve its performance (i.e., increase its
capacity to correctly identify studies included in the C2
review while minimizing the number of false positives) by
modifying, adding, or deleting individual search terms
within the filter. For instance, the Gibbs term ‘random’ might
find studies using random sampling rather than random
assignment, while the EFFECTS term randomi* would only
find studies using the word ‘randomized’ or ‘randomization’.
Similar to validation studies of predictive instruments, there
is a danger that a tool (in this case, the filter) will be ‘overfit’
to the data at hand (in this case, the review upon which it is
being developed). That is, the filter would predict well for the
systematic review upon which it was constructed, but would
perform less well when applied to other reviews. Similar to
validation studies using a construction and validation sam-
ple, we then applied the EFFECTS filter to four other sys-
tematic reviews (Kristjansson et al. 2007; MacDonald and
Turner 2007; Smedslund et al. 2007; Zwi et al. 2007) and
64. adjustments were made as we proceeded.
Comparison Filters
EFFECTS terms were compared to two other sets of
methodological filters: Gibbs (2003) effectiveness meth-
odological search filters and those detailed in the Cochrane
Collaboration Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Inter-
ventions (2009). While the Cochrane filter terms were
designed to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs),
the EFFECTS and Gibbs filter terms were designed to
retrieve both RCTs and quasi-experimental studies. Thus,
to be fair, RCT-only versions of the EFFECTS and Gibbs’
filter terms were created and tested as well. For a list of the
five sets of methodological filters, please see Table 1.
Analysis
Searches were individually run in both PsycINFO and
MEDLINE for each included review. The following search
results were recorded: the number of hits found using each
systematic review’s original search terms and the number
65. of hits using the review search terms in combination with
each of the methodological filters. Using the number of
reviewed articles found by the searches, the results of the
searches can be grouped into four categories:
1. True positive (TP): article found AND included in
original systematic review
2. False positive (FP): article found but NOT included in
original review
3. False negative (FN): article NOT found but was
included in original systematic review
4. True negative (TN): article NOT found and is NOT
included in original review.
The example in Table 2 is the search history in Psy-
cINFO of our analysis of Barlow and Parsons (2005)
review and the EFFECTS terms.
Evaluations of methodological search filters in the
medical sciences have used various measures including:
sensitivity (Dickersin et al. 1994; Haynes et al. 1994;
66. Leeflang et al. 2005; Murphy 2002); specificity (Haynes
et al. 1994; Leeflang et al. 2005; Murphy 2002); precision
(Dickersin et al. 1994; Haynes et al. 1994; Taylor et al.
2003, 2007; Watson and Richardson 1999). These are all
strategies to measure the number of desired articles
retrieved as a proportion of all articles retrieved; positive
likelihood ratio (Ingui and Rogers 2001), indicating the
proportion of desired articles retrieved as compared to the
proportion of undesired articles retrieved; and diagnostic
odds ratio (Deville et al. 2000), which is the positive
likelihood ratio divided by the negative likelihood ratio
(the proportion of desired articles that were not found as
compared to the proportion of undesired articles that were
not found). The present study uses sensitivity and speci-
ficity to evaluate the effectiveness of the methodological
filters. Sensitivity is calculated by TP/(TP ? FN) and
specificity is calculated by TN/(FP ? TN). A measure was
also created, the Avalanche Index (AI), that identifies the
67. number of hits one would need to read through in order to
find one of the desired studies (i.e., studies included in a
review). A similar measure was used by Bachmann et al.
(2002) ‘‘number needed to read’’, which, like the AI, is
calculated as 1/precision. In the present study, the AI is
calculated by taking the total number of hits (TP ? FP)
yielded by the full search (i.e., subject terms combined
with methodological search filter terms) and dividing by
the number of actual studies included in the review that
were found using this search (TP) or ((TP ? FP)/(TP)).
Clin Soc Work J (2011) 39:390–399 393
123
Similar to Number Needed to Treat (NNT) and Number
Needed to Harm (NNH), the AI can also be defined as the
Number Needed to Find (NNF). The AI is probably a better
tool for gauging the success of EBP searches since it
provides an overall measure of efficiency for a search
68. strategy whereas specificity and sensitivity can only
describe predictive capacity of a strategy as it relates to
previous searches.
Results
Visual comparisons were made for each of the seven
reviews used to validate the search filters in terms of their
sensitivity, specificity, and Avalanche Index (Table 3) for
each of the five sets of methodological search filters
(EFFECTS, EFFECTS-RCT, Gibbs, Gibbs-RCT, and
Cochrane). The number of hits retrieved in Medline using
the content search terms for each review (without the
benefit of a methodological filter) ranged from 26 (Littell
et al. 2005) to 143,084 (Scher et al. 2006) with an average
of 29,525, indicating substantial variability in terms of the
precision of the C2 content searches. There was also sub-
stantial variability in PsycINFO, with total hits ranging
from 559 (Littell et al. 2005) to 66 017 (Scher et al. 2006)
and an average of 17,542 hits. In combination with the
69. methodological filters, results were also varied. In Medline,
hits ranged from 14 (Littell et al. 2005) to 27,178 (Scher
et al. 2006); in PsycINFO they ranged from 50 (Coren and
Barlow 2004) to 6,239 (Scher et al. 2006).
The first step in the process of measuring each of the
filters’ capacity to retrieve the desired articles was to iso-
late only those studies from reviews that were available in
each of the databases through a title and author search. The
total number of articles that could possibly be found in
PsycINFO ranged from two (Coren and Barlow 2004) to 20
(Ekeland et al. 2005; Littell et al. 2005) with an average of
11. In Medline, possible hits ranged from one (Coren and
Barlow 2004) to 18 (Scher et al. 2006) with an average of
seven. Once the number of possible studies was found,
content terms were combined with each of the filters. Hits
from the combination of filters and review search terms in
PsycINFO ranged from zero (Coren and Barlow 2004) to
16 (Littell et al. 2005) and, in Medline, from one (Coren
70. and Barlow 2004) to 16 (Scher et al. 2006).
Next, we measured the sensitivity, specificity, and
Avalanche Index for each of the studies, and then calcu-
lated the average for each of these constructs across all
reviews (Table 3). Sensitivity ranged from 0 (Coren and
Barlow 2004) to 0.88 (Scher et al. 2006) in PsycINFO and
from 0.67 (Barlow and Parsons 2005; Ekeland et al. 2005)
to 1.00 (Barlow and Parsons 2005; Coren and Barlow
2004; Littell et al. 2005) in Medline. The EFFECTS filter
had the best sensitivity scores in PsycINFO, achieving the
highest in 5 out of 7 reviews, with an average of 0.67.
However, the EFFECTS-RCT filters performed the poor-
est, achieving the lowest sensitivity in 4 of the 7 reviews,
with an average of 0.48. The Cochrane, Gibbs, and Gibbs-
RCT filters did not demonstrate any clear trends for sen-
sitivity in PsycINFO, with averages of 0.51, 0.60, and 0.60
respectively. In Medline, the filters performed similarly,
achieving identical sensitivity scores in five of the seven
71. reviews. The EFFECTS filters performed the best in the
remaining two reviews, with an average of 0.87, however
the sensitivity scores between filters did not vary
appreciably.
Table 2 Example search strategy
Step Search terms Hits Review
articles
found
Step—1 Barlow and Parsons (2005)
search
(parent* training or parent* program* or parent* education) and
(toddler or
infant or preschool or pre-school or pre school or baby or
babies)
2,137 4
Step 2—EFFECTS Search (RCT or randomi* or control* trial*
or control* clinical or clinical trial* or
random* assign* or random* allocat* or wait* list* or wait*-
list* or control*
group* or control* condition* or quasi-ex* or quasi ex* or
72. control* near
intervention or control* near treat*)
68,804 3
Step 3—Barlow and Parsons (2005)
terms combined with EFFECTS terms
(parent* training or parent* program* or parent* education) and
(toddler or
infant or preschool or pre-school or pre school or baby or
babies) and (RCT
or randomi* or control* trial* or control* clinical or clinical
trial* or
random* assign* or random* allocat* or wait* list* or wait*-
list* or control*
group* or control* condition* or quasi-ex* or quasi ex* or
control* near
intervention or control* near treat*)
341 3
* Indicates a ‘wild card’ truncation using a ‘wild card’ (a
marker at the end of a string of words prompting the database to
search for all terms
containing the letters to the left of the *)
394 Clin Soc Work J (2011) 39:390–399
73. 123
Table 3 Review summary
Filters Database
PsycInfo Medline
Sensitivity Specificity Avalanche index Sensitivity Specificity
Avalanche index
Barlow and Parsons (2005). Group-based parent-training
programmes for improving emotional and behavioural
adjustment in 0–3 year old
children.
EFFECTS 0.75 0.84 114 1.00 0.82 49
EFFECTS-RCT 0.25 0.92 182 1.00 0.84 43
Gibbs 0.50 0.85 160 1.00 0.78 60
Gibbs-RCT 0.50 0.86 150 0.67 0.81 76
Cochrane 0.25 0.90 205 0.67 0.86 57
Coren and Barlow (2004) Individual and group based parenting
for improving psychosocial outcomes for teenage parents and
their children
EFFECTS 0.50 0.94 116 1.00 0.94 116
74. EFFECTS-RCT 0.00 0.97 N/A 1.00 0.96 79
Gibbs 0.50 0.94 115 1.00 0.89 212
Gibbs-RCT 0.50 0.94 105 1.00 0.93 132
Cochrane 0.00 0.96 N/A 1.00 0.96 80
Ekeland et al. (2005) Exercise to improve self- esteem in
children and young people
EFFECTS 0.35 0.89 496 0.67 0.90 121
EFFECTS-RCT 0.25 0.94 405 0.67 0.92 92
Gibbs 0.30 0.86 720 0.67 0.88 143
Gibbs-RCT 0.30 0.88 630 0.67 0.90 121
Cochrane 0.30 0.90 516 0.67 0.93 83
Littell et al. (2005) Multisystemic therapy for social, emotional,
and behavioral problems in youth aged 10–17
EFFECTS 0.75 0.72 11 1.00 0.79 1
EFFECTS-RCT 0.70 0.81 9 1.00 0.64 1
Gibbs 0.65 0.76 11 1.00 0.71 1
Gibbs-RCT 0.65 0.80 10 1.00 0.71 1
Cochrane 0.80 0.78 9 1.00 0.86 1
MacDonald and Turner (2007) Treatment foster care for
improving outcomes in children and young people
76. Clin Soc Work J (2011) 39:390–399 395
123
Specificity ranged from 0.72 (Littell et al. 2005) to 0.97
(Coren and Barlow 2004) in PsycINFO and from 0.64
(Littell et al. 2005) to 0.97 (MacDonald and Turner 2007)
in Medline. The EFFECTS-RCT terms performed best in
PsycINFO, achieving the highest specificity scores in all of
the reviews, with an average of 0.93. In Medline, the
Cochrane filters achieved the highest specificity scores in
all of the reviews, with an average of 0.92. However,
similar to specificity in PsycINFO, specificity scores in
Medline did not vary greatly and, while the EFFECTS-
RCT and Cochrane filters achieved the highest specificity,
they did not substantially outperform the other filters.
In PsycINFO the Avalanche Index (an indicator of how
many studies a practitioner would have to sift through in
order to find a highly relevant article) ranged from nine
77. (Littell et al. 2005) to 772 (Mayo-Wilson et al. 2008); in
Medline it ranged from one (Littell et al. 2005) to 1980
(Mayo-Wilson et al. 2008). The EFFECTS-RCT filters
achieved the best avalanche scores in PsycINFO ranking
first in 4 of the 8 studies and an average AI of 204. The
EFFECTS filters ranked second, with top indexes in two
reviews and an average AI of 239. The Gibbs filters had the
highest (most inefficient) overall Avalanche Index scores,
ranking last in 5 of the 7 reviews with an average of 233. In
Medline the Cochrane filters had the best AI in 5 of the 7
reviews, with an average of 308. Ranking second, the
EFFECTS-RCT filters had the best Avalanche Indexes in
two of the reviews, with an average of 364.
Discussion and Applications to Clinical Social Work
Practice
Clients deserve no less than our level best to provide them
with services that have a high likelihood of being suc-
cessful. But in order for EBP to become a practice reality,
78. caseworkers need to be able to quickly locate and evaluate
the research evidence. The results of this study indicate
that, when conducting searches for effectiveness studies in
social care, using the proposed EFFECTS-RCT and full
EFFECT filter terms would be a beneficial addition to a
practitioner’s search methodology.
1
While all of the
methodological search filter sets were able to substantially
reduce the number of hits produced by the searches found
in the reviews, the EFFECTS-RCT and full EFFECTS filter
terms were often superior at retrieving the desired articles
while reducing the total amount of hits in PsycINFO.
When comparing the EFFECTS-RCT to the full
EFFECTS filter terms, and the Gibbs-RCT to the full Gibbs
filter terms, we found that methodological search filters
specifying only RCTs yielded a much smaller number of
irrelevant hits. As such, we recommend that, when
79. searching for articles, the full EFFECTS filter terms should
be used if one is searching for quasi-experimental studies
or when searching for articles on topics that are not highly
researched. Similar to Gibbs’ (2003) suggested methods for
searching, the full EFFECTS terms can also be used first
and, if a large number of hits are returned, the EFFECTS-
RCT filter can be used to better limit the search.
In interpreting the results, an important caveat regarding
the Avalanche Index should be made. The Avalanche Index
is calculated by taking the number of hits retrieved using
the substantive area search terms combined with the
methodological search filter terms, and dividing this by the
number of correct articles found using these combined
terms. The number of correct or total articles found is
dependent upon the number of correct articles carried in the
database searched. All else being equal, the larger the
number of correct articles found, the smaller the Avalanche
Index becomes. Therefore, unless the total number of
80. Table 3 continued
Filters Database
PsycInfo Medline
Sensitivity Specificity Avalanche index Sensitivity Specificity
Avalanche index
Average for all reviews
EFFECTS 0.67 0.88 268.43 0.87 0.88 406.57
EFFECTS-RCT 0.49 0.93 233.17 0.85 0.88 364.00
Gibbs 0.60 0.88 331.71 0.87 0.84 588.43
Gibbs-RCT 0.60 0.89 295.29 0.83 0.87 384.14
Cochrane 0.51 0.91 286.17 0.80 0.92 308.00
Average 0.57 0.90 282.95 0.84 0.88 410.23
Sensitivity TP/(TP ? FN), Specificity TN/(FP ? TN), Avalanche
index ((TP ? FP)/(TP))
1
It should be noted that, while we use the term ‘effectiveness’
here,
most of these studies would be more accurately described as
efficacy
studies—the difference being the efficacy studies test whether
an
81. intervention works in tightly controlled settings while
effectiveness
studies would test whether interventions work in more typical
practice
settings.
396 Clin Soc Work J (2011) 39:390–399
123
articles retrieved and the total possible number of correct
articles within a database happen to be the same across
studies (which is unlikely), direct Avalanche Index com-
parisons can only be made within, not between, individual
reviews. That is, content searches also have greater and
lesser degrees of precision, and this will probably influence
the AI to a much greater extent than the selection of
methodological filter. Some narrowly specified searches
will yield a small number of total hits while less carefully
specified searches will yield a large number of total hits.
There is little that even a well-constructed methodological
82. search filter can do to overcome the avalanche of irrelevant
hits triggered by a poorly specified search.
The process of developing and testing methodological
filters prompted a number of important observations. First,
as indicated by the AI, the total number of hits yielded by
substantive area search terms strongly influences the total
number hits found when using methodological search fil-
ters. For example, Barlow et al. (2005) search yielded
5,126 hits and, when combined with the full EFFECTS
filter, yielded 612 hits (a reduction of 88%). On the other
hand, Littell et al. (2005) original content search terms
yielded 559 hits and, when combined with the EFFECTS
terms, yielded 169 hits (a reduction of 70%). While the
Barlow, Coren, and Stewart-Brown search reflects a larger
reduction in hits, the number of remaining hits is still very
large due to the review’s use of fairly broad content search
terms. This finding highlights the importance of using
efficient substantive area search terms in combination with
83. methodological search filter terms in order to reduce the
number of hits that one must examine. An important dis-
tinction must be made, though, between systematic review
searches and practical evidence searches. Specifically,
systematic reviews require broadly specified content sear-
ches in order to ensure that all studies in a particular area
are found, and such an approach requires a great deal of
time, effort, and person-hours. Alternatively, practitioners
in the helping professions must be able to search quickly
and efficiently in order to find methodologically rigorous
studies needed to guide their practice decisions. Both
approaches are necessary components of evidence
informed practice. Users would do well to first carefully
consider the question they are asking and then follow
guidelines for content searches established by such authors
as Gibbs (2003) and McGibbon et al. (1991).
Another important finding was the role played by the
descriptive terms used in keywords, titles, and abstracts
84. within journal publications. When methodological filters
failed to find an article present in a database, it was often
due to the fact that the article’s keywords, title, or abstract
did not contain any methodology descriptors. This finding
highlights the need for authors and journal editors to apply
strict guidelines with respect to the inclusion of key words
in their subject headings and abstracts that indicate that
type of methodology employed by the study. While this
appears to occur with more frequency in more recent
articles and in articles published in the health sciences,
there is surprisingly little consistency in the published
literature.
Another important consideration in using search filters is
the capacity of any single database to retrieve relevant
articles. We found that, at least for studies contained in
Campbell systematic reviews, PsycInfo consistently con-
tained the greatest number of relevant articles. Our results
are perhaps related to the findings of others who have
85. investigated the capacity of Social Work Abstracts (SWA)
and found it limited. Both Shek (2008) and Holden et al.
(2009) assessed the database Social Work Abstracts (SWA)
and concluded that SWA does not contain a satisfactory
number of social work articles and, even when articles are
found, they can be difficult to retrieve. Based on our
findings, we contend that it is important to ensure that
methodological filters are being employed within databases
that have the capacity to yield relevant articles. At this
point, SWA may not be up to the task.
Recommendations and Conclusion
Based on the findings of this study, we recommend that
journal editors across disciplinary boundaries find a way to
standardize their use of methodological descriptors and
require that these are added to every new journal article
submitted. Over time, searches will become far more effi-
cient and accurate. Similarly, Taylor et al. (2007) contend
that standardization of search terms is required in order to
86. improve the efficiency of searches. Taylor et al. (2003)
further recommend that these methodological descriptors
be clearly included in abstracts in order support ease of
searching. We could not agree more. If EBP is to become a
reality, publishers must make the search process as easy
and efficient as possible.
The following is a recommended search strategy inten-
ded to help practitioners locate high quality effectiveness
studies on their topic of interest. Step 1: Refine substantive
area search terms. This first step involves identifying
specific terms related to the area of interest. For example, if
a practitioner were interested in learning about the effects
of cognitive behavioral therapy on anxiety in school-aged
children, the following subject related search terms would
be selected for use in PsycINFO: ‘‘((cognitive behavio*
therapy or cognitive therapy or CBT) and (anxiety)).’’ Step
2: Methodological Filters. The search terms identified in
Step 1 should be combined with the appropriate set of
87. methodological search filter terms or MOLES. Using the
example from Step 1, the EFFECTS-RCT methodological
Clin Soc Work J (2011) 39:390–399 397
123
search filters might be appropriate since CBT and anxiety
are common research topics and the EFFECTS-RCT filter
terms are more likely to return a higher number of more
rigorous studies. Again, the set of methodological search
filters selected should be based on the amount of literature
available in the topic area of interest. If one is searching for
a more obscure set of literature, the full-set of EFFECTS
terms would be more appropriate. Step 3: Outcomes. If,
after combining the search terms from Step 1 and 2, the
number of hits remains large, search terms that specify the
outcome of interest should be included. Carrying on with
the example, outcome search terms may include: academic
achievement or academic achievement motivation. Step 4:
88. Demographic variables. If the number of hits is too large,
search terms specifying information regarding the popula-
tion of interest should be included. In this example, search
terms might be: elementary school student *. By following
these guidelines, practitioners should be able to quickly
locate a set of articles on their topic of interest while
avoiding what can be called an avalanche of irrelevant hits.
There are several limitations to this study. First, C2
reviews tend to have rigid inclusion criteria and may only
be representative of high quality studies that ask a partic-
ular question in a particular way. They may exclude studies
for various reasons that have nothing to do with the prac-
titioner question and, as a result, may not be representative
of all relevant RCT’s. The full EFFECTS search terms are
better suited for avoiding this type of problem than either
EFFECTS-RCT or the Medline filter. Second, we only
tested effectiveness filters. There are other types of ques-
tions that require different filters (e.g., risk/prognosis,
89. assessment/diagnosis, qualitative). Finally, we only tested
these effectiveness filters in two databases: PsycINFO and
Medline. This approach was taken after finding that these
two databases contained a substantial portion of the studies
included in systematic reviews. There may be excellent
studies in other databases and our filters may be less
effective than the original Gibbs (2003) filters at identify-
ing appropriate articles in those databases. Nonetheless,
our finding that PsycINFO is the best database for finding
rigorous studies in social care should serve as a wake-up
call to social services database developers. Finally, it
should be noted that the search strategies identified in the
reviews were, oftentimes, very broad and did not identify
concise subject terms. While practitioners should use more
specific search criteria, for the purpose of the present study
the search terms were taken at face value. As such, the
results produced by our searches probably contain many
more false positives or irrelevant articles than would be the
90. case with better specified subject searches.
In conclusion, practitioners are being asked to use evi-
dence to guide their decisions when working with con-
sumers of social services. Yet the impossibly large number
of articles in certain subject areas and the enormous effort
required to ascertain the quality of studies is daunting even
for the most seasoned and committed helping profession-
als. The information age is upon us and requires an
evolving set of tools to help us locate and use evidence
efficiently. Efficient and effective methodological search
filters, such as EFFECTS and EFFECTS-RCT can help us
meet this challenge.
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