Embarking The Six Thinking Hats in EFL Students’ Dissertation Writing at Saida University
Dr. Nadia Ghounane & Dr. Hanane Rabahi,
Department of English Language and Literature, Faculty of Letters, Languages and Arts,
Saida University, Dr. Moulay Tahar, Algeria & Department of English Language and Literature, Faculty of Letters and Languages, Maghnia University Centre, Algeria
The present study aims to provide some helpful techniques that guide EFL students in writing essays based on de Bono’s The Six Thinking Hats, hoping that these techniques can help EFL Master Students in writing their dissertations. The researchers selected first-year Master's students at Dr. Moulay Tahar University, Saida. The sample of the study consists of 39 students forming the experimental group. Before starting the experiment, the group had a pretest. After that, they were taught how to use the Six Thinking Hats Approach in writing the abstract and general introduction. The findings of the study revealed that there is a significant difference between the results of the pretest and posttest. The result also indicated that the use of the Six Thinking Hats technique provides mechanisms that can enhance the EFL student’s writing skill mainly, in writing dissertations. It is recommended that more importance should be given to practice in developing students’ writing skills. This may enhance the teaching process by implementing techniques that include cognitive abilities in writing tasks that may also improve their critical thinking.
Keywords: Abstract and General Introduction Writing, Cognitive Abilities, Dissertation Writing, EFL Master Students, Six Thinking Hats
The Sixth International Conference on Languages, Linguistics, Translation and Literature
9-10 October 2021 , Ahwaz
For more information, please visit the conference website:
WWW.LLLD.IR
Currently, the application of the network resources and various means of teaching such as multimedia into the classroom has led to the demonstration of multimodality in college English teaching. This paper
analyzes the current status of college English teaching and the existing problems, elaborates the research trends of the theory of multimodal discourse analysis, and aims to explore the question as how to construct college English teaching model from the perspective of multimodal discourse. Under the multimodalitybased college English teaching model, teachers should concentrate on cultivating students’ multi-literacy,
coordinating different modalities, to achieve the teaching objectives.
Developing Educational Computer Animation Based on Human Personality TypesRushan Ziatdinov
This document discusses developing educational computer animation based on human personality types. It reviews theories of personality types (sanguine, choleric, melancholic, phlegmatic) and how individuals with different types may prefer different design elements in educational animations, such as font types, color schemes, and character shapes. The study analyzes how school students understand principles of computer animation and whether those principles should be followed for educational animations. It finds relationships between personality type and preferences for design elements, and suggests developing educational materials considering students' personality types may improve learning effectiveness.
This study investigated relearning with audiovisual support. The researcher-teacher used video for her freshman English Reading class and tested its effects on word recall. To help students remember forty newly-introduced words from four news stories, two weeks later, the four news videos were broadcast in four audiovisual modes to four groups of students alternately: (1) captioned, (2) non-captioned, (3) silent captioned and (4) screen-off. Results show that the four groups of students recalled 17.65 to18.81 words on average in the second encounter with forty target words through video in different modes. Concerning the audiovisual effects on vocabulary learning, audio track only (screen-off video) prompted the participants to recall the greatest number of target words than the other three modalities. Drawing upon the cognitive theory of multimedia learning, this study aims to raise awareness of the modality effect when using video as a repetition medium for vocabulary consolidation.
A Syntactic Analysis of Cambodian News Discourse on COVID-19 Outbreaks: Sentence Lengths and Structures as Predictors of Readability
Bunlot Khoy, Sotheara Suon & Bophan Khan,
Royal University of Phnom Penh, Cambodia
The Sixth International Conference on Languages, Linguistics, Translation and Literature
9-10 October 2021 , Ahwaz
For more information, please visit the conference website:
WWW.LLLD.IR
This document discusses spelling development and implications for teaching. It provides background on developmental spelling stages identified through error analysis research. Students progress through stages at varying rates as they learn to represent sounds, patterns, and meanings in words. The stages reflect the three layers of English orthography and increase in complexity. Teachers should understand the stages to plan appropriate instruction targeting each student's needs. Analysis of spelling errors can indicate a student's stage to guide teaching.
Breaking down barriers to effective efl communication a look at sense making ...Lazar Stosic
The present “new wave” investigation tackles cutting-edge perspectives of one of the most pressing problems – breaking down the barriers to effective fluent English communication. The publication reflects a broad array of stud-ies in the area of methodology of teaching English. The investigation distills the research about sense-making techniques in the language awareness. The paper reveals obstacles and reasons for language barriers to fluent English communication. The author demonstrates an alternative way of approaching the problem of English as a foreign language acquisition. We undertake the empirical investigation of how foreign languages are learnt and taught using sense-making techniques. A foreign language should become a personal need for students allowing them to set goals, choose language improvement strategies, and exercise self-esteem and self-control. Against the backdrops of research, the experiment was carried out. Those tested were 85 students of Southern Federal University, Russia. They were split into two groups: a control group of tertiary participants who were given an instruction using traditional methods of teaching English; and a second group –experimental one implementing sense-making techniques in learning a target language.
The Correlation of Reading Comprehension Ability of Persian and English Langu...inventionjournals
This study investigated the relationship between the reading comprehension abilities in Persian (L1) and English (L2) of 109 Iranian EFL learners at intermediate proficiency levels. The participants completed standardized reading comprehension tests in both languages. Statistical analysis found no significant correlation between the learners' scores on the Persian and English tests. This suggests there is no significant relationship between the learners' reading comprehension abilities in their first and second languages. The study aimed to provide insight into how L1 abilities may or may not transfer to L2 reading comprehension to help inform EFL teaching practices.
Embarking The Six Thinking Hats in EFL Students’ Dissertation Writing at Saida University
Dr. Nadia Ghounane & Dr. Hanane Rabahi,
Department of English Language and Literature, Faculty of Letters, Languages and Arts,
Saida University, Dr. Moulay Tahar, Algeria & Department of English Language and Literature, Faculty of Letters and Languages, Maghnia University Centre, Algeria
The present study aims to provide some helpful techniques that guide EFL students in writing essays based on de Bono’s The Six Thinking Hats, hoping that these techniques can help EFL Master Students in writing their dissertations. The researchers selected first-year Master's students at Dr. Moulay Tahar University, Saida. The sample of the study consists of 39 students forming the experimental group. Before starting the experiment, the group had a pretest. After that, they were taught how to use the Six Thinking Hats Approach in writing the abstract and general introduction. The findings of the study revealed that there is a significant difference between the results of the pretest and posttest. The result also indicated that the use of the Six Thinking Hats technique provides mechanisms that can enhance the EFL student’s writing skill mainly, in writing dissertations. It is recommended that more importance should be given to practice in developing students’ writing skills. This may enhance the teaching process by implementing techniques that include cognitive abilities in writing tasks that may also improve their critical thinking.
Keywords: Abstract and General Introduction Writing, Cognitive Abilities, Dissertation Writing, EFL Master Students, Six Thinking Hats
The Sixth International Conference on Languages, Linguistics, Translation and Literature
9-10 October 2021 , Ahwaz
For more information, please visit the conference website:
WWW.LLLD.IR
Currently, the application of the network resources and various means of teaching such as multimedia into the classroom has led to the demonstration of multimodality in college English teaching. This paper
analyzes the current status of college English teaching and the existing problems, elaborates the research trends of the theory of multimodal discourse analysis, and aims to explore the question as how to construct college English teaching model from the perspective of multimodal discourse. Under the multimodalitybased college English teaching model, teachers should concentrate on cultivating students’ multi-literacy,
coordinating different modalities, to achieve the teaching objectives.
Developing Educational Computer Animation Based on Human Personality TypesRushan Ziatdinov
This document discusses developing educational computer animation based on human personality types. It reviews theories of personality types (sanguine, choleric, melancholic, phlegmatic) and how individuals with different types may prefer different design elements in educational animations, such as font types, color schemes, and character shapes. The study analyzes how school students understand principles of computer animation and whether those principles should be followed for educational animations. It finds relationships between personality type and preferences for design elements, and suggests developing educational materials considering students' personality types may improve learning effectiveness.
This study investigated relearning with audiovisual support. The researcher-teacher used video for her freshman English Reading class and tested its effects on word recall. To help students remember forty newly-introduced words from four news stories, two weeks later, the four news videos were broadcast in four audiovisual modes to four groups of students alternately: (1) captioned, (2) non-captioned, (3) silent captioned and (4) screen-off. Results show that the four groups of students recalled 17.65 to18.81 words on average in the second encounter with forty target words through video in different modes. Concerning the audiovisual effects on vocabulary learning, audio track only (screen-off video) prompted the participants to recall the greatest number of target words than the other three modalities. Drawing upon the cognitive theory of multimedia learning, this study aims to raise awareness of the modality effect when using video as a repetition medium for vocabulary consolidation.
A Syntactic Analysis of Cambodian News Discourse on COVID-19 Outbreaks: Sentence Lengths and Structures as Predictors of Readability
Bunlot Khoy, Sotheara Suon & Bophan Khan,
Royal University of Phnom Penh, Cambodia
The Sixth International Conference on Languages, Linguistics, Translation and Literature
9-10 October 2021 , Ahwaz
For more information, please visit the conference website:
WWW.LLLD.IR
This document discusses spelling development and implications for teaching. It provides background on developmental spelling stages identified through error analysis research. Students progress through stages at varying rates as they learn to represent sounds, patterns, and meanings in words. The stages reflect the three layers of English orthography and increase in complexity. Teachers should understand the stages to plan appropriate instruction targeting each student's needs. Analysis of spelling errors can indicate a student's stage to guide teaching.
Breaking down barriers to effective efl communication a look at sense making ...Lazar Stosic
The present “new wave” investigation tackles cutting-edge perspectives of one of the most pressing problems – breaking down the barriers to effective fluent English communication. The publication reflects a broad array of stud-ies in the area of methodology of teaching English. The investigation distills the research about sense-making techniques in the language awareness. The paper reveals obstacles and reasons for language barriers to fluent English communication. The author demonstrates an alternative way of approaching the problem of English as a foreign language acquisition. We undertake the empirical investigation of how foreign languages are learnt and taught using sense-making techniques. A foreign language should become a personal need for students allowing them to set goals, choose language improvement strategies, and exercise self-esteem and self-control. Against the backdrops of research, the experiment was carried out. Those tested were 85 students of Southern Federal University, Russia. They were split into two groups: a control group of tertiary participants who were given an instruction using traditional methods of teaching English; and a second group –experimental one implementing sense-making techniques in learning a target language.
The Correlation of Reading Comprehension Ability of Persian and English Langu...inventionjournals
This study investigated the relationship between the reading comprehension abilities in Persian (L1) and English (L2) of 109 Iranian EFL learners at intermediate proficiency levels. The participants completed standardized reading comprehension tests in both languages. Statistical analysis found no significant correlation between the learners' scores on the Persian and English tests. This suggests there is no significant relationship between the learners' reading comprehension abilities in their first and second languages. The study aimed to provide insight into how L1 abilities may or may not transfer to L2 reading comprehension to help inform EFL teaching practices.
Literal level of student's comprehension in nigeria a means for growing a new...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined Nigerian secondary school students' attainment of the literal level of reading comprehension. Specifically, it looked at students' mean scores in reading for exact meaning, information, and gist. The study found that students scored higher in reading for exact meaning than for information or gist. It also found a significant difference between students' scores in reading for exact meaning versus information, and reading for exact meaning versus gist. The study recommends explicitly teaching students how to develop literal reading comprehension skills to help them acquire higher-level comprehension abilities.
Assembling the Strategies for Learning Vocabularyijtsrd
This paper focuses on the vocabulary features and learning strategies for language learners. Through using wide range of vocabulary and effective strategies, learners are able to develop their vocabulary. Since the vocabulary knowledge is vital for all four language skills, listening, reading, speaking and writing, it is necessary to determine how they can tackle the text which they have never encountered. To be able to know and cope with a wide range of vocabulary, it is needed for learners to know effective strategies for learning vocabulary. Chaw Su Hlaing "Assembling the Strategies for Learning Vocabulary" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27954.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/english/27954/assembling-the-strategies-for-learning-vocabulary/chaw-su-hlaing
This study is an assessment of teachersand pupils’perceptions use of digital pictures in teaching
reading fluency skills to primary three pupils in Sokoto metropolis, Sokoto state (Nigeria). The study employed
Mixed-design research method was employed where questionnaires and tests were administered only to both
teachers and pupils of experimental group. Two research questions were asked and answered using descriptive
statistics in form of frequency and mean. Questionnaires were used for data collection – one each for the
teacher and the pupils. The study found that both the teachers and the pupils were of the view that digital
pictures are recommendable tools for reading fluency instruction in the study area. Basedon these findings, the
study concluded that digital pictures are effective tools in teaching reading fluency skills to primary three pupils
in the study area. The study, therefore, recommends that, primary school teachers should be encouraged to use
digital pictures in their reading instructions.
This study examined the impact of cohesive devices in English textbooks on Iranian high school students' reading comprehension. 64 students were divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group read passages from a textbook that highlighted cohesive devices, while the control group practiced past exam questions. Both groups took a pre-test and post-test of reading comprehension. Results of t-tests and effect size calculations showed that the experimental group performed significantly better on the post-test, indicating that exposure to cohesive devices in texts helped improve their reading comprehension. A correlation also suggested that students with higher English proficiency benefited more from the cohesive devices. The findings suggest explicit instruction of cohesive devices could aid EFL reading comprehension.
Investigating the Integration of Culture Teaching in Foreign Language Classroom: A Case Study
Dr. Samah Benzerroug & Dr. Souhila Benzerroug,
Teacher Training College of Bouzareah, Algiers, Algeria
The Sixth International Conference on Languages, Linguistics, Translation and Literature
9-10 October 2021 , Ahwaz
For more information, please visit the conference website:
WWW.LLLD.IR
This document discusses a study that investigated the impact of English metaphorical awareness on vocabulary retention in 60 intermediate EFL learners in Iran. The experimental group received 20 minutes of tasks involving pictorial idioms, poems, and matching for 16 sessions to increase their metaphorical awareness, while the control group received regular vocabulary exercises. The experimental group significantly outperformed the control group on tests of vocabulary retention, supporting the positive impact of metaphorical awareness training. Prior research suggests metaphorical awareness can help EFL learners better understand polysemic words and idioms by recognizing conceptual metaphors.
Computer conferencing—does it motivate EFL students? by Barbara Skinner and ...yoanamendez92
The document discusses a study that explored the effects of computer conferencing (CC) on the motivation of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) students. The study found that CC had noticeable positive effects on student motivation. Students reported that CC provided opportunities for real communication and a sense of community. It also improved their personal confidence and encouraged them to overcome writing apprehension. The study suggests these motivations contribute to supporting newer classifications of motivation in second language learning beyond traditional intrinsic/extrinsic and instrumental/integrative distinctions.
1) The document discusses a study that compared the effectiveness of input-oriented tasks (like glossing) and output-oriented tasks (like gap-filling and composing) on improving EFL learners' vocabulary.
2) 64 Iranian EFL learners were divided into two groups - one received input tasks and the other received output tasks over 15 sessions.
3) Both groups showed improvement on a vocabulary test, but the study found no significant difference between the groups, suggesting that neither input nor output tasks were superior for vocabulary learning.
This document discusses applying Bloom's Taxonomy of educational objectives to grade English texts in terms of difficulty for non-native English translators. The study had 30 Iranian English translation students take a translation test with 6 passages graded based on the cognitive processes (knowledge, comprehension, application, etc.) required. Results found translator performance quality aligned with expected difficulty based on Bloom's levels, except for the synthesis text. The findings support using Bloom's Taxonomy to assess translation quality and reliability, and to teach translation skills.
The effectiveness of video presentation techniques on learning of grammatical...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effectiveness of using video presentation techniques to teach grammatical structures like noun phrases, adjectival phrases, and adverbial phrases to senior secondary students in Sokoto State, Nigeria. The study used an experimental design where 400 students were assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental groups learned the grammatical structures through video lessons while the control groups used traditional teaching methods. Pre-tests and post-tests were administered to measure the impact of the different teaching techniques. The results showed that the students who learned with video presentations performed significantly better on tests of the grammatical structures compared to those who learned with traditional methods.
Reading Whisperer Advice: Three Cueing System, Guided Reading, Levelled Readers, PM benchmarking - all have to go, if every Australian student is to learn to read and spell with confidence by 6 (before grade 2)
www.wiringbrains.com
The Role of the Communication Oriented Approach in Teaching EFLYogeshIJTSRD
The aim of the article is to describe the significance of Communication oriented approach in the teaching process of English as a foreign language EFL and review the ways of using this method to improve students’ communicative competence and skills. The article focuses on the relevance of this approach as at present the communicative approach is popular in teaching foreign languages. The promotion of basics of communicative methodology is an urgent need for teaching practice, because it is the communicative methodology that is adequate to such a goal as teaching communication, and the communicative direction has been enriched with new research, that should become the property of the teachers. Also, the paper discusses current studies and ideas related to Communication oriented approach in order to provide a more vivid understanding of its implementation in EFL contexts. The author notes that Communication oriented approach will help to develop students’ progress in multiple skills at the same time. Also, the author puts forward the assumption that lessons based on the communication oriented approach can help to quickly master the skills of communication in the EFL compared to traditional lessons. Eshniyazova Tamara Matenovna "The Role of the Communication- Oriented Approach in Teaching EFL" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39828.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/english/39828/the-role-of-the-communication-oriented-approach-in-teaching-efl/eshniyazova-tamara-matenovna
02 b artikel thesis teguh qi s2 ing uns 2013 pustakateguh.qi
This document describes a study that examines the effectiveness of the Quantum method versus the Direct Instruction method in teaching writing skills to 8th grade students. It also looks at how students' creativity levels affect their writing abilities. The study used a 2x2 factorial design to analyze the effects of teaching method and creativity on writing skills. Results showed that the Quantum method was more effective at improving writing skills compared to Direct Instruction. Students with high creativity also had better writing skills than those with low creativity. Additionally, an interaction was found between teaching method and creativity in influencing writing performance.
This study compared the effects of semantically related and unrelated word lists on Iranian EFL learners' short-term and long-term vocabulary recognition and retention. Sixty elementary students were divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group learned words from semantically related lists while the control group learned from unrelated lists. Immediate and delayed vocabulary tests showed that the control group performed better on the immediate test, while the experimental group performed significantly better on the delayed test. The results suggest that semantically related word lists may facilitate better long-term vocabulary retention compared to unrelated lists.
This document summarizes and analyzes a selection of cartoons dealing with gender equality from 2011-2014. It begins by providing background on cartoons as multimodal texts that combine verbal and non-verbal elements. It then discusses Relevance Theory as a framework for analyzing how cartoonists encode meanings and readers decode them. Specifically, it looks at how gender roles are portrayed in cartoons and some common visual metaphors used, like the cross, key, dart, equals sign, and scales. The analysis then examines eight cartoons from the corpus in more detail based on Relevance Theory and the visual metaphors they employ to convey critical messages about gender equality in a humorous way.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the influence of content schema on Chinese English learners' reading comprehension. The study found that: (1) Content schemata enhanced reading comprehension performance; (2) Content schemata had a positive impact on expository passages but little effect on narrative passages; (3) Language proficiency correlated with comprehension, but schemata could make up for deficiencies in language knowledge. The study provided evidence that content schema is important for reading comprehension, especially for expository texts.
This document discusses improving reading comprehension for ESL learners online. It notes that second language readers face more challenges than first language readers due to limited linguistic knowledge and differences in cultural/social knowledge. The document reviews theories on top-down and bottom-up reading processes and the interactive approach. It also discusses strategies for teaching reading comprehension, including activating prior knowledge, allowing for sustained silent reading, and using visual representations and group discussions after reading.
The major thrust of this research has been a psycholinguistic analysis of effectiveness of topic familiarity and two types of translation tasks (from L1 to L2 and L2 to L1) on retention of incidental vocabulary learning for a longer duration. The effects of translation tasks and topic familiarity have been studied individually .However, the relative effect of topic familiarity conditions and translation in two directions have not been attended to in longer period of time. In doing so, thirty intermediate EFL students were asked to translate a few texts in two directions with two conditions of topic (un)familiarity .Each text contains some unknown words .The students were tested on these unknown words and the responses were examined in immediate and delayed post tests. The delayed post test session held after 2 weeks. The results show that, unlike the revised hierarchical model (RHM), translation task directions did not have significant effect on incidental vocabulary learning while retention was more effective with topic familiar texts in the both tests .In addition, topic familiarity of the texts play an important part in the process of incidental vocabulary learning. The article concludes with some suggestions for task designing and vocabulary teaching.
A Comparative Study Of Reading Comprehension Texts In Touchstone Series A So...Cynthia King
This study analyzed the visual and verbal elements of reading comprehension texts in the Touchstone textbook series using social semiotic perspectives. Seven pictures from four Touchstone books were analyzed based on Kress and van Leeuwen's framework of visual grammar. The four reading texts were analyzed using Halliday's systemic functional linguistics to examine their transitivity patterns. The results showed that the pictures generally supported the linguistic texts and helped learners comprehend the content. Analysis of the texts found an increase in material and relational processes as text difficulty increased. Overall, the reading passages primarily described real world experiences and actions rather than thoughts or feelings.
Effects of comic strips on L2 learners' reading comprehension.pptxothellojoan
This study examined the effects of comic strips on L2 reading comprehension among low and high intermediate ESL learners. Participants read one of two texts, either at or below their proficiency level, with or without an accompanying comic strip. Results showed that lower proficiency learners scored significantly higher on recall tests when comic strips were used, as the visuals helped them comprehend the text. However, higher proficiency learners did not benefit from comic strips, as the simplified visuals did not reflect the complexity of the higher-level text and distracted from processing the linguistic details. The findings suggest that visual aids are most helpful for L2 comprehension when they mirror the complexity and structure of the text for a given proficiency level.
A Theoretical Framework For Developing Reading Materials For Information Scie...Dawn Cook
The document discusses developing reading materials for information science students based on theoretical frameworks. It explores perspectives from behaviorism, cognitive theory, and information processing that have shaped understandings of the reading process. Behaviorism views reading as decoding words, while cognitive theory emphasizes the reader's role and background knowledge. Information processing models see reading as an interactive process using both bottom-up and top-down processes. Developing effective materials requires accounting for theories of reading comprehension, learner characteristics, and contextual factors of the educational setting. Theories can provide guidance but instructors must make final decisions based on principles informed by research.
The Effect of Schema Theory on Reading ComprehensionDhe Dhe Sulistio
This chapter introduces the background, research question, objectives, significance, limitations, and definitions of key terms for the study. The background discusses how reading is an active mental process that involves using both direct and implicit information. Three main reading models are described: bottom-up, top-down, and interactive. The research question aims to determine the effect of schema theory on reading comprehension for fourth semester students. The objective is to know if schema theory affects reading scores. The significance is that the results could help improve teaching techniques and student motivation. The study is limited to fourth semester students in one academic year. The hypothesis is that there will be a significant difference in reading scores between students who are given schema versus those who are not.
Literal level of student's comprehension in nigeria a means for growing a new...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined Nigerian secondary school students' attainment of the literal level of reading comprehension. Specifically, it looked at students' mean scores in reading for exact meaning, information, and gist. The study found that students scored higher in reading for exact meaning than for information or gist. It also found a significant difference between students' scores in reading for exact meaning versus information, and reading for exact meaning versus gist. The study recommends explicitly teaching students how to develop literal reading comprehension skills to help them acquire higher-level comprehension abilities.
Assembling the Strategies for Learning Vocabularyijtsrd
This paper focuses on the vocabulary features and learning strategies for language learners. Through using wide range of vocabulary and effective strategies, learners are able to develop their vocabulary. Since the vocabulary knowledge is vital for all four language skills, listening, reading, speaking and writing, it is necessary to determine how they can tackle the text which they have never encountered. To be able to know and cope with a wide range of vocabulary, it is needed for learners to know effective strategies for learning vocabulary. Chaw Su Hlaing "Assembling the Strategies for Learning Vocabulary" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27954.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/english/27954/assembling-the-strategies-for-learning-vocabulary/chaw-su-hlaing
This study is an assessment of teachersand pupils’perceptions use of digital pictures in teaching
reading fluency skills to primary three pupils in Sokoto metropolis, Sokoto state (Nigeria). The study employed
Mixed-design research method was employed where questionnaires and tests were administered only to both
teachers and pupils of experimental group. Two research questions were asked and answered using descriptive
statistics in form of frequency and mean. Questionnaires were used for data collection – one each for the
teacher and the pupils. The study found that both the teachers and the pupils were of the view that digital
pictures are recommendable tools for reading fluency instruction in the study area. Basedon these findings, the
study concluded that digital pictures are effective tools in teaching reading fluency skills to primary three pupils
in the study area. The study, therefore, recommends that, primary school teachers should be encouraged to use
digital pictures in their reading instructions.
This study examined the impact of cohesive devices in English textbooks on Iranian high school students' reading comprehension. 64 students were divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group read passages from a textbook that highlighted cohesive devices, while the control group practiced past exam questions. Both groups took a pre-test and post-test of reading comprehension. Results of t-tests and effect size calculations showed that the experimental group performed significantly better on the post-test, indicating that exposure to cohesive devices in texts helped improve their reading comprehension. A correlation also suggested that students with higher English proficiency benefited more from the cohesive devices. The findings suggest explicit instruction of cohesive devices could aid EFL reading comprehension.
Investigating the Integration of Culture Teaching in Foreign Language Classroom: A Case Study
Dr. Samah Benzerroug & Dr. Souhila Benzerroug,
Teacher Training College of Bouzareah, Algiers, Algeria
The Sixth International Conference on Languages, Linguistics, Translation and Literature
9-10 October 2021 , Ahwaz
For more information, please visit the conference website:
WWW.LLLD.IR
This document discusses a study that investigated the impact of English metaphorical awareness on vocabulary retention in 60 intermediate EFL learners in Iran. The experimental group received 20 minutes of tasks involving pictorial idioms, poems, and matching for 16 sessions to increase their metaphorical awareness, while the control group received regular vocabulary exercises. The experimental group significantly outperformed the control group on tests of vocabulary retention, supporting the positive impact of metaphorical awareness training. Prior research suggests metaphorical awareness can help EFL learners better understand polysemic words and idioms by recognizing conceptual metaphors.
Computer conferencing—does it motivate EFL students? by Barbara Skinner and ...yoanamendez92
The document discusses a study that explored the effects of computer conferencing (CC) on the motivation of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) students. The study found that CC had noticeable positive effects on student motivation. Students reported that CC provided opportunities for real communication and a sense of community. It also improved their personal confidence and encouraged them to overcome writing apprehension. The study suggests these motivations contribute to supporting newer classifications of motivation in second language learning beyond traditional intrinsic/extrinsic and instrumental/integrative distinctions.
1) The document discusses a study that compared the effectiveness of input-oriented tasks (like glossing) and output-oriented tasks (like gap-filling and composing) on improving EFL learners' vocabulary.
2) 64 Iranian EFL learners were divided into two groups - one received input tasks and the other received output tasks over 15 sessions.
3) Both groups showed improvement on a vocabulary test, but the study found no significant difference between the groups, suggesting that neither input nor output tasks were superior for vocabulary learning.
This document discusses applying Bloom's Taxonomy of educational objectives to grade English texts in terms of difficulty for non-native English translators. The study had 30 Iranian English translation students take a translation test with 6 passages graded based on the cognitive processes (knowledge, comprehension, application, etc.) required. Results found translator performance quality aligned with expected difficulty based on Bloom's levels, except for the synthesis text. The findings support using Bloom's Taxonomy to assess translation quality and reliability, and to teach translation skills.
The effectiveness of video presentation techniques on learning of grammatical...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effectiveness of using video presentation techniques to teach grammatical structures like noun phrases, adjectival phrases, and adverbial phrases to senior secondary students in Sokoto State, Nigeria. The study used an experimental design where 400 students were assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental groups learned the grammatical structures through video lessons while the control groups used traditional teaching methods. Pre-tests and post-tests were administered to measure the impact of the different teaching techniques. The results showed that the students who learned with video presentations performed significantly better on tests of the grammatical structures compared to those who learned with traditional methods.
Reading Whisperer Advice: Three Cueing System, Guided Reading, Levelled Readers, PM benchmarking - all have to go, if every Australian student is to learn to read and spell with confidence by 6 (before grade 2)
www.wiringbrains.com
The Role of the Communication Oriented Approach in Teaching EFLYogeshIJTSRD
The aim of the article is to describe the significance of Communication oriented approach in the teaching process of English as a foreign language EFL and review the ways of using this method to improve students’ communicative competence and skills. The article focuses on the relevance of this approach as at present the communicative approach is popular in teaching foreign languages. The promotion of basics of communicative methodology is an urgent need for teaching practice, because it is the communicative methodology that is adequate to such a goal as teaching communication, and the communicative direction has been enriched with new research, that should become the property of the teachers. Also, the paper discusses current studies and ideas related to Communication oriented approach in order to provide a more vivid understanding of its implementation in EFL contexts. The author notes that Communication oriented approach will help to develop students’ progress in multiple skills at the same time. Also, the author puts forward the assumption that lessons based on the communication oriented approach can help to quickly master the skills of communication in the EFL compared to traditional lessons. Eshniyazova Tamara Matenovna "The Role of the Communication- Oriented Approach in Teaching EFL" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39828.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/english/39828/the-role-of-the-communication-oriented-approach-in-teaching-efl/eshniyazova-tamara-matenovna
02 b artikel thesis teguh qi s2 ing uns 2013 pustakateguh.qi
This document describes a study that examines the effectiveness of the Quantum method versus the Direct Instruction method in teaching writing skills to 8th grade students. It also looks at how students' creativity levels affect their writing abilities. The study used a 2x2 factorial design to analyze the effects of teaching method and creativity on writing skills. Results showed that the Quantum method was more effective at improving writing skills compared to Direct Instruction. Students with high creativity also had better writing skills than those with low creativity. Additionally, an interaction was found between teaching method and creativity in influencing writing performance.
This study compared the effects of semantically related and unrelated word lists on Iranian EFL learners' short-term and long-term vocabulary recognition and retention. Sixty elementary students were divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group learned words from semantically related lists while the control group learned from unrelated lists. Immediate and delayed vocabulary tests showed that the control group performed better on the immediate test, while the experimental group performed significantly better on the delayed test. The results suggest that semantically related word lists may facilitate better long-term vocabulary retention compared to unrelated lists.
This document summarizes and analyzes a selection of cartoons dealing with gender equality from 2011-2014. It begins by providing background on cartoons as multimodal texts that combine verbal and non-verbal elements. It then discusses Relevance Theory as a framework for analyzing how cartoonists encode meanings and readers decode them. Specifically, it looks at how gender roles are portrayed in cartoons and some common visual metaphors used, like the cross, key, dart, equals sign, and scales. The analysis then examines eight cartoons from the corpus in more detail based on Relevance Theory and the visual metaphors they employ to convey critical messages about gender equality in a humorous way.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the influence of content schema on Chinese English learners' reading comprehension. The study found that: (1) Content schemata enhanced reading comprehension performance; (2) Content schemata had a positive impact on expository passages but little effect on narrative passages; (3) Language proficiency correlated with comprehension, but schemata could make up for deficiencies in language knowledge. The study provided evidence that content schema is important for reading comprehension, especially for expository texts.
This document discusses improving reading comprehension for ESL learners online. It notes that second language readers face more challenges than first language readers due to limited linguistic knowledge and differences in cultural/social knowledge. The document reviews theories on top-down and bottom-up reading processes and the interactive approach. It also discusses strategies for teaching reading comprehension, including activating prior knowledge, allowing for sustained silent reading, and using visual representations and group discussions after reading.
The major thrust of this research has been a psycholinguistic analysis of effectiveness of topic familiarity and two types of translation tasks (from L1 to L2 and L2 to L1) on retention of incidental vocabulary learning for a longer duration. The effects of translation tasks and topic familiarity have been studied individually .However, the relative effect of topic familiarity conditions and translation in two directions have not been attended to in longer period of time. In doing so, thirty intermediate EFL students were asked to translate a few texts in two directions with two conditions of topic (un)familiarity .Each text contains some unknown words .The students were tested on these unknown words and the responses were examined in immediate and delayed post tests. The delayed post test session held after 2 weeks. The results show that, unlike the revised hierarchical model (RHM), translation task directions did not have significant effect on incidental vocabulary learning while retention was more effective with topic familiar texts in the both tests .In addition, topic familiarity of the texts play an important part in the process of incidental vocabulary learning. The article concludes with some suggestions for task designing and vocabulary teaching.
A Comparative Study Of Reading Comprehension Texts In Touchstone Series A So...Cynthia King
This study analyzed the visual and verbal elements of reading comprehension texts in the Touchstone textbook series using social semiotic perspectives. Seven pictures from four Touchstone books were analyzed based on Kress and van Leeuwen's framework of visual grammar. The four reading texts were analyzed using Halliday's systemic functional linguistics to examine their transitivity patterns. The results showed that the pictures generally supported the linguistic texts and helped learners comprehend the content. Analysis of the texts found an increase in material and relational processes as text difficulty increased. Overall, the reading passages primarily described real world experiences and actions rather than thoughts or feelings.
Effects of comic strips on L2 learners' reading comprehension.pptxothellojoan
This study examined the effects of comic strips on L2 reading comprehension among low and high intermediate ESL learners. Participants read one of two texts, either at or below their proficiency level, with or without an accompanying comic strip. Results showed that lower proficiency learners scored significantly higher on recall tests when comic strips were used, as the visuals helped them comprehend the text. However, higher proficiency learners did not benefit from comic strips, as the simplified visuals did not reflect the complexity of the higher-level text and distracted from processing the linguistic details. The findings suggest that visual aids are most helpful for L2 comprehension when they mirror the complexity and structure of the text for a given proficiency level.
A Theoretical Framework For Developing Reading Materials For Information Scie...Dawn Cook
The document discusses developing reading materials for information science students based on theoretical frameworks. It explores perspectives from behaviorism, cognitive theory, and information processing that have shaped understandings of the reading process. Behaviorism views reading as decoding words, while cognitive theory emphasizes the reader's role and background knowledge. Information processing models see reading as an interactive process using both bottom-up and top-down processes. Developing effective materials requires accounting for theories of reading comprehension, learner characteristics, and contextual factors of the educational setting. Theories can provide guidance but instructors must make final decisions based on principles informed by research.
The Effect of Schema Theory on Reading ComprehensionDhe Dhe Sulistio
This chapter introduces the background, research question, objectives, significance, limitations, and definitions of key terms for the study. The background discusses how reading is an active mental process that involves using both direct and implicit information. Three main reading models are described: bottom-up, top-down, and interactive. The research question aims to determine the effect of schema theory on reading comprehension for fourth semester students. The objective is to know if schema theory affects reading scores. The significance is that the results could help improve teaching techniques and student motivation. The study is limited to fourth semester students in one academic year. The hypothesis is that there will be a significant difference in reading scores between students who are given schema versus those who are not.
Introduction
Summary of the article/Dissertation
Critical Review on the Research
Organization, arguments and evidences in each part:
Abstract and Introduction
Literature review
Methodology
Results
and mechanics
Conclusion
evaluate existing methodological approaches
inconsistencies in results
2011 expanding perspectives for comprehending visual images in multimodal tex...Samia Carvalho Alves
The document discusses the need for teachers to expand their strategies for helping students comprehend visual images and multimodal texts. It presents three perspectives for analyzing these types of texts: (1) art theory and criticism, which involves analyzing visual elements based on established artistic conventions; (2) grammar of visual design, which examines how meaning is constructed through visual composition; and (3) media literacies, which considers how different media forms convey meaning. The document argues that these additional perspectives can help teachers develop students' interpretive skills for the complex multimodal texts they increasingly encounter.
A Study Of The Relationship Between Multiple Intelligences Grammatical ErrorsSandra Long
This study examined the relationship between multiple intelligences and grammatical errors in Chinese EFL learners. 74 first year English majors at a Chinese university were randomly assigned to a control or experimental group. Both groups were given tests and questionnaires to assess their grammatical errors and multiple intelligences. The experimental group then received instruction tailored to their individual intelligences, while the control group received traditional instruction. The study found that (1) the most common error was incorrect use of lexical verbs, (2) intrapersonal intelligence was strongest, (3) visual intelligence correlated negatively with article errors, and (4) the experimental group performed better on the post-test than the control group.
This presentation analyzes how several key elements as discussed in the framework for literacy helped me create a literate environment in my classroom.
This study examined the effects of a technology-based universal design for learning (UDL) approach to literacy instruction called Literacy by Design (LBD) on the reading achievement of students with significant intellectual disabilities. Sixteen students from kindergarten through second grade participated across five classrooms that received traditional instruction and five classrooms that received LBD instruction four to five times per week. Controlling for initial reading ability, students who received LBD made significantly greater gains in reading comprehension compared to students who received traditional instruction, as measured by a standardized achievement test. The findings suggest that a UDL approach using technology and e-books with embedded supports can improve literacy outcomes for students with significant intellectual disabilities.
This document summarizes a study on teaching writing to 8th grade students using picture-based methods. It found that:
1) Students taught writing using pictures as a medium showed greater improvement in their writing abilities compared to students taught without pictures, with their average scores increasing over 10 points versus 6 points for the control group.
2) A t-test analysis found a statistically significant difference between the experimental and control groups, indicating that using pictures was an effective way to teach writing.
3) By looking at pictures, students were better able to arrange words and sentences for writing assignments compared to relying solely on textbooks.
Reading Strategies and Reading
comprehension in English among ESL school
students in Dubai, UAE – A Moderated
Mediation Regression Model
1
Sheeba Jojo,
2Channintorn Jittawiriyanukoon, 3Varughese Kizhakkacharuvil John
1Assumption University of Thailand, Bangkok 10240
2Graduate School of Advanced Technology Management, Assumption University of Thailand, Thailand-10240
3Graduate School of Advanced Technology Management, Assumption University of Thailand, Thailand-10240
Corresponding Author: Sheeba Jojo
Ph: +971 50 769 5778
Abstract: The purpose of the study was to find out the relationship between reading strategies and the Lexile score of
the online reading comprehension program ‘Literacy Pro’. It was hypothesized that the reading strategies adopted
by students and the same recommended by the teachers have a positive intervening effect on the Lexile scores. The
findings of the study were not completely supportive as hypothesized. The moderated mediation regression results
are not reflecting any significant improvement in the Lexile score of students through the intervention of reading
strategies adopted by the students and the training imparted to that effect by the teachers. The technology oriented
‘Literacy Pro’ is a multi-component reading skill development program. Reading comprehension is the product of
multiple skills and knowledge sources, and the struggling readers often experience difficulty in multiple reading
skills. The foundational skills such as word identification, vocabulary knowledge, and reading fluency in addition
to strategies are necessary to construct meaning of the text and reading comprehension. Teachers must promote
text discussions in the classroom, provide online quiz competitions to improve vocabulary, grammar, and
construction of the sentences of a given text in the online reading program. An attractive and motivating software
application shall be developed and integrated to ‘Literacy Pro’ for individual learning practices and reading
comprehension.
1) This document provides annotations for 10 sources on the topic of multiliteracies and visual literacy. It discusses how literacy has evolved beyond just reading and writing text to include visual and digital modes.
2) An overview section synthesizes the sources, explaining that literacy is culturally determined and influenced by technology. It introduces the concept of "multiliteracies" and how teachers must incorporate visual and digital literacies to engage today's students.
3) A self-reflection discusses the author's experience using PowerPoint and YouTube to complete the assignment. They learned the importance of lifelong learning and embracing new technologies, even as a "digital immigrant."
The effect of authentic/inauthentic materials in EFL classroomfirdausabdmunir85
This document summarizes a research paper that examined the effect of authentic versus inauthentic materials in cultural awareness training on English language learners' listening comprehension abilities. 116 English learners took a placement test, and 60 intermediate students were selected for the study. They were randomly assigned to a control or experimental group. The control group used inauthentic materials for listening activities, while the experimental group used authentic materials. Both groups took a pre-test and post-test to measure changes in their listening abilities. Statistical analysis found that the experimental group showed significantly greater improvement compared to the control group, suggesting that authentic materials may be more effective than inauthentic materials for developing listening comprehension.
This document discusses using concept maps to help EFL learners process information from procedural visuals. It proposes that having learners generate their own text to explain a visual, and then create a concept map based on that text, may facilitate comprehension and retention better than traditional reading tasks. A pilot study found learners could understand concept maps and may be able to efficiently process visuals and create accurate concept maps with practice. The document reviews literature supporting the benefits of concept maps and visual learning for comprehension, knowledge organization, and retention. It suggests this approach warrants further controlled experimentation.
Thank you for sharing your presentation on literacy instruction. I gained valuable insights into how to effectively assess students' literacy skills and select appropriate texts. The multi-faceted approach of using both cognitive and noncognitive assessments to deeply understand each student is highly effective. Choosing texts based on students' interests and abilities and incorporating different instructional perspectives helps engage students and strengthen their literacy. This information will certainly help me improve my own literacy practices. You seem dedicated to helping all students progress. Please let me know if I can support you by volunteering in the classroom or providing resources for families.
The document discusses key principles for developing literacy in early readers. It emphasizes the importance of understanding students' cognitive and non-cognitive needs through various assessments. The author developed a literacy unit on bats for three transitional readers using texts that addressed their needs. Strategies focused on vocabulary development and comprehension. Students showed growth in these areas, demonstrating the importance of selecting appropriate texts and instructional strategies matched to students' literacy levels and needs.
Teaching Reading Report, Text Structure and ReadabilityGeraldGGerald
This document discusses several factors that affect reading comprehension, including text organization and structure, readability, and the role of teachers. It notes that proficient readers actively use text structure to organize information, while struggling readers do not. Text structure refers to how information is organized, such as main ideas and details. Teaching students to recognize common text structures like compare/contrast can improve comprehension. Readability considers word difficulty and sentence length. The document argues that every teacher is responsible for teaching reading skills relevant to their content area by modeling reading strategies and ensuring students understand the purpose and style of different texts.
Similar to THE EFFECT OF COMIC STRIPS ON EFL READING COMPREHENSION (20)
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
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it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.