The Effect of Breastfeeding on
Children’s Cognition
Alghamdi
Comparative Analysis
Research Question what are the effects of breastfeeding on children’s cognition?
This analysis is intended to summarize the two studies of interest and attempt to answer the research question.
Study one: Breastfeeding and child cognitive outcomes
Study two: The effect of breastfeeding on child development at 5 years: A cohort study
Article #1 Summary
Conducted by: Jiang, M., Foster, E., & Gibson-Davis
Purpose: To investigate the the effects of breastfeeding duration and initiation on children’s cognition (perception).
This study took into account previous studies, and it intended to discover the deficiencies that other studies have on the same topic area.
This study focused on confounding variables that can intervene with results.
Article # 1 Summary(Methodology)
Design
The method used is correlational study since it studied the relationship between breastfeeding and cognition. There were 3,271 participants selected from The Child Development Supplement(CDS).
Materials
Tests
1-Woodcock Johnson Psycho-Educational Battery-Revised(WJ-R), which examines cognitive abilities in different areas, such as present progress position and proficiency in math and literacy(Reading).
2-Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R) tests, which examines children’s capability to deal with information in memory( working memory).
Article # 1 Summary(Methodology)
Materials(Continue)
The Child Development Supplement(CDS)
is a part of The Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID). The participants and their families where selected from CDS. Also, CDS provides information concerning children and their families, such as cognitive abilities, children’s families and neighborhood conditions (Health).
1997 CDS interviews
Previous literature
CDS Data
Article # 1 (Methodology)
Data collection procedures
Variables
1-Cognition data were collected from tests mentioned.
2-Breastfeeding initiation and period are the independent variables and were collected from 1997 CDS interviews. Breastfeeding can be divided into four groups: not once breastfeed, less that 6 months, between 7 months and year and more than a year.
3- Confounding variables were collected from lit review, CDS and PSID. There are three groups of confounding variables:
Article # 1 (Methodology)
A-Children confounding variables
B-Mothers confounding variables, such as IQ scores taken from 1997 CDS, education and age.
C-Family confounding variables, such as income since the child birth.
Note: there are many confounding variables that had been investigated. However, there is no space to mention them here.
Article # 1 (Methodology)
Data analysis Procedures
Propensity Score Matching is ,According to Jiang et al. ( 2011) ,“ the conditional probability of assignment to treatment given a set of covariates” Calculating Propensity Score for breastfeeding initiation.
Calculati ...
This summary provides the key details about a quantitative research study on a school-based intervention to prevent childhood obesity:
- The study examined the effects of a multicomponent School Nutrition Policy Initiative (SNPI) that included nutrition education, policy, marketing, and parent outreach on rates of overweight and obesity in elementary school students.
- Schools in Philadelphia were randomly assigned to a control or intervention group. Measurements of height, weight, diet, activity levels, etc. were taken before and after 2 years of the SNPI being implemented in intervention schools.
- The purpose was to determine if the multifactorial SNPI could decrease the incidence of overweight and obesity when implemented in schools. The hypothesis
Running head LITERATURE REVIEW 1LITERATURE REVIEW 5.docxcowinhelen
Running head: LITERATURE REVIEW 1
LITERATURE REVIEW 5
Literature Review
Name:
Institution:
Literature Review (Childhood Obesity)
Childhood Obesity describes attainments of weight beyond the normal body mass index ration leading to the vulnerability in lines. In the study, the use of article will facilitate the process. As noted, the researcher of the material sought to evaluate the factors that contribute to obesity in children. Their study focused on dieting and physical exercise as the primary factors that contribute to obesity. The researchers commenced the process by identifying the research question, proceeded with instruments then selected the design before engaging the target population to validate the research hypothesis. The target group for the study comprised of children aged below 12 years. They included children from a different racial background. Both boys and girls featured in the study. The researcher hypothesized the cause of obesity with the motive of encouraging the adaptation of intervention programs. The study prioritized preventive measures with the intent of decreasing cases of obesity in children in less than six months.
The literature for study includes article 1, 2, 3 and 4. Article 5, 6, 7 and 8 also featured in the study. The research sought to evaluate the prevailing trends concerning the wellness of the children using a collection of questions. The first article by Bleich, Segal, Wu, and Wilson& Wang sought to evaluate the role of community-based prevention. The second article by Tester et al examined the characteristics of the condition in children aged between 2 and 5. The third article by Cunningham, Kramer, & Narayan quantified the prevalence of the condition. Arthur, Scharf, and DeBoer’s fourth sought to evaluate the role of food insecurity in the contraction of obesity. The fifth and sixth Fetter et al and Lydecke, Riley, & Grilo examined the role of physical activity and parenting subsequently. The exploration of the implication of the limitation of the dietary behavior of the micro levels of the condition and parents understanding on the condition featured in the seventh and eight articles composed by Marcum, et al, and Vollmer respectively.
The sample population for the study in the first article comprised of the young population in homes school and care setting. The second article engaged children aged between 2 and 5 years. The third article engaged 7738 participants comprising of learners in kindergarten. The group in the early childhood stage featured in the fourth article as the sample population for the study seeking to investigate cases of obesity. The sample differed from the group engaged in the fifth and sixth article. The category interviewed comprised of the parents of the youth and pre-adolescents, the seventh and eight articles engaged the mothers of the children and the fathers averaging 35 years of white origin.
The limitation of the first article is that the resear ...
Local Determinants of Malnutrition: An Expanded Positive Deviance Studyjehill3
Local Determinants of Malnutrition: An Expanded Positive Deviance Study
Julie Hettinger, Food for the Hungry
Nutrition Working Group Showcase
CORE Group Spring Meeting, April 29, 2010
A comparison study on academic performance between ryerson (1)amo0oniee
This study compared the academic performance of Ryerson University ECS students who attended homecare versus childcare in their early years. The researchers hypothesized that students who attended childcare would have a higher GPA. A survey was conducted of 53 random ECS students across years 1-4. The results of a chi-square test showed no significant difference in GPA ranges between the homecare and childcare groups, not supporting the hypothesis. While early care may impact early school performance, the study found no long-term effects on university GPA based on type of early care received.
This document summarizes two randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated school feeding programs (SFPs). The first RCT in Burkina Faso compared take-home rations (THRs) to in-school meals (ISMs) and found THRs had positive spillover effects on siblings but did not improve educational outcomes, while ISMs improved nutrition and education for enrolled students. The second RCT in Kenya compared SFPs with different nutritional contents and found certain contents like meat improved outcomes more than others. RCTs are effective at isolating the causal effects of SFPs but factors like nutritional content and conditionality of programs need consideration to maximize benefits.
This document provides an overview of child development from infancy through adolescence. It discusses the major domains of development - physical, cognitive, and socioemotional. It also outlines several influential theories of child development, including psychoanalytic theory, behavioral theory, cognitive theory, biological theories, and systems theories. Research methods used to study child development such as descriptive research, correlation research, experiments, and longitudinal studies are also summarized. Finally, the document discusses how research in child development informs social policy to improve outcomes for children and families.
This document provides an overview of child development from infancy through adolescence. It discusses the multidisciplinary nature of the field and covers key aspects of development including physical, cognitive, and socioemotional growth. Major developmental theories such as psychoanalytic, behaviorism, cognitive, and biological approaches are introduced. Common research methods used to study child development like experiments and correlation analysis are described. The role of research findings in influencing social policy to improve children's lives is also mentioned.
This essay is the first in a series of three essays that will deal.docxchristalgrieg
This essay is the first in a series of three essays that will deal with a single issue or event in the world today. In this essay, you will be explaining the facts of your event or issue, not presenting the various perspectives or your own personal view on your issue. This is the place where you present a view of the data the upcoming perspectives are based on.
You may choose to approach this assignment in one of several ways, depending on your issue. You may choose to present a timeline of events leading up to present day. You may choose to present the basic concepts on which your issue rests. You may choose to combine these approaches. However you approach this assignment, you need to remember to retain an empirical stance while striving to present your data in a unique, interesting way.
Some tips to completing this assignment successfully:
· Try to find a unique angle or presentation for you issue in order to engage the reader.
· Focus on one aspect of your broad issue--you're going for depth, not breadth of coverage
· Remember to stick to an empirical stance. You will have the chance to present the different sides of your issue, as well as your own position, at a later date.
This essay must be at least 4 pages long, set in Times New Roman font with 1-inch margins. Your text must be double-spaced and you must use MLA format. Also, remember to cite all information that you cull from outside sources.
Running head: LITERATURE REVIEW 1
LITERATURE REVIEW 2
Literature Review: Childhood Obesity
Student’s name
Institution
Date
Literature Review: Childhood Obesity
The prevalence of childhood obesity in the United States has increased at such a rapid rate that this has been considered a serious healthcare issue. This issue has attracted the attention of policy makers, government agencies, and the community. Due to the extent of the problem, a large number of researchers have investigated a number of factors relating to childhood obesity. One of the factors that have been investigated is the impact of changing the attitudes of the patients towards obesity and lifestyle factors that cause a risk factor. In this study, the main factor being investigated is the impact of education on exercise and diet on patients who have a BMI of more than 30. The following is a summary of a review of the literature used to determine the impact of educating patients on exercise and diet changes.
Comparison of Research Questions
Most of the literature analyzed for this study focuses on the intervention strategies for childhood obesity. Cheung et al. seeks to understand the extent of the childhood obesity in America. The research asks about the incidence of childhood obesity in America in a bid to demonstrate the extent of the problem.
Ickes et al. (2014) research question compares the intervention strategies used in the American schools and international ones. The main aim of this study is to determine the gaps in the intervention used in American school ...
This summary provides the key details about a quantitative research study on a school-based intervention to prevent childhood obesity:
- The study examined the effects of a multicomponent School Nutrition Policy Initiative (SNPI) that included nutrition education, policy, marketing, and parent outreach on rates of overweight and obesity in elementary school students.
- Schools in Philadelphia were randomly assigned to a control or intervention group. Measurements of height, weight, diet, activity levels, etc. were taken before and after 2 years of the SNPI being implemented in intervention schools.
- The purpose was to determine if the multifactorial SNPI could decrease the incidence of overweight and obesity when implemented in schools. The hypothesis
Running head LITERATURE REVIEW 1LITERATURE REVIEW 5.docxcowinhelen
Running head: LITERATURE REVIEW 1
LITERATURE REVIEW 5
Literature Review
Name:
Institution:
Literature Review (Childhood Obesity)
Childhood Obesity describes attainments of weight beyond the normal body mass index ration leading to the vulnerability in lines. In the study, the use of article will facilitate the process. As noted, the researcher of the material sought to evaluate the factors that contribute to obesity in children. Their study focused on dieting and physical exercise as the primary factors that contribute to obesity. The researchers commenced the process by identifying the research question, proceeded with instruments then selected the design before engaging the target population to validate the research hypothesis. The target group for the study comprised of children aged below 12 years. They included children from a different racial background. Both boys and girls featured in the study. The researcher hypothesized the cause of obesity with the motive of encouraging the adaptation of intervention programs. The study prioritized preventive measures with the intent of decreasing cases of obesity in children in less than six months.
The literature for study includes article 1, 2, 3 and 4. Article 5, 6, 7 and 8 also featured in the study. The research sought to evaluate the prevailing trends concerning the wellness of the children using a collection of questions. The first article by Bleich, Segal, Wu, and Wilson& Wang sought to evaluate the role of community-based prevention. The second article by Tester et al examined the characteristics of the condition in children aged between 2 and 5. The third article by Cunningham, Kramer, & Narayan quantified the prevalence of the condition. Arthur, Scharf, and DeBoer’s fourth sought to evaluate the role of food insecurity in the contraction of obesity. The fifth and sixth Fetter et al and Lydecke, Riley, & Grilo examined the role of physical activity and parenting subsequently. The exploration of the implication of the limitation of the dietary behavior of the micro levels of the condition and parents understanding on the condition featured in the seventh and eight articles composed by Marcum, et al, and Vollmer respectively.
The sample population for the study in the first article comprised of the young population in homes school and care setting. The second article engaged children aged between 2 and 5 years. The third article engaged 7738 participants comprising of learners in kindergarten. The group in the early childhood stage featured in the fourth article as the sample population for the study seeking to investigate cases of obesity. The sample differed from the group engaged in the fifth and sixth article. The category interviewed comprised of the parents of the youth and pre-adolescents, the seventh and eight articles engaged the mothers of the children and the fathers averaging 35 years of white origin.
The limitation of the first article is that the resear ...
Local Determinants of Malnutrition: An Expanded Positive Deviance Studyjehill3
Local Determinants of Malnutrition: An Expanded Positive Deviance Study
Julie Hettinger, Food for the Hungry
Nutrition Working Group Showcase
CORE Group Spring Meeting, April 29, 2010
A comparison study on academic performance between ryerson (1)amo0oniee
This study compared the academic performance of Ryerson University ECS students who attended homecare versus childcare in their early years. The researchers hypothesized that students who attended childcare would have a higher GPA. A survey was conducted of 53 random ECS students across years 1-4. The results of a chi-square test showed no significant difference in GPA ranges between the homecare and childcare groups, not supporting the hypothesis. While early care may impact early school performance, the study found no long-term effects on university GPA based on type of early care received.
This document summarizes two randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated school feeding programs (SFPs). The first RCT in Burkina Faso compared take-home rations (THRs) to in-school meals (ISMs) and found THRs had positive spillover effects on siblings but did not improve educational outcomes, while ISMs improved nutrition and education for enrolled students. The second RCT in Kenya compared SFPs with different nutritional contents and found certain contents like meat improved outcomes more than others. RCTs are effective at isolating the causal effects of SFPs but factors like nutritional content and conditionality of programs need consideration to maximize benefits.
This document provides an overview of child development from infancy through adolescence. It discusses the major domains of development - physical, cognitive, and socioemotional. It also outlines several influential theories of child development, including psychoanalytic theory, behavioral theory, cognitive theory, biological theories, and systems theories. Research methods used to study child development such as descriptive research, correlation research, experiments, and longitudinal studies are also summarized. Finally, the document discusses how research in child development informs social policy to improve outcomes for children and families.
This document provides an overview of child development from infancy through adolescence. It discusses the multidisciplinary nature of the field and covers key aspects of development including physical, cognitive, and socioemotional growth. Major developmental theories such as psychoanalytic, behaviorism, cognitive, and biological approaches are introduced. Common research methods used to study child development like experiments and correlation analysis are described. The role of research findings in influencing social policy to improve children's lives is also mentioned.
This essay is the first in a series of three essays that will deal.docxchristalgrieg
This essay is the first in a series of three essays that will deal with a single issue or event in the world today. In this essay, you will be explaining the facts of your event or issue, not presenting the various perspectives or your own personal view on your issue. This is the place where you present a view of the data the upcoming perspectives are based on.
You may choose to approach this assignment in one of several ways, depending on your issue. You may choose to present a timeline of events leading up to present day. You may choose to present the basic concepts on which your issue rests. You may choose to combine these approaches. However you approach this assignment, you need to remember to retain an empirical stance while striving to present your data in a unique, interesting way.
Some tips to completing this assignment successfully:
· Try to find a unique angle or presentation for you issue in order to engage the reader.
· Focus on one aspect of your broad issue--you're going for depth, not breadth of coverage
· Remember to stick to an empirical stance. You will have the chance to present the different sides of your issue, as well as your own position, at a later date.
This essay must be at least 4 pages long, set in Times New Roman font with 1-inch margins. Your text must be double-spaced and you must use MLA format. Also, remember to cite all information that you cull from outside sources.
Running head: LITERATURE REVIEW 1
LITERATURE REVIEW 2
Literature Review: Childhood Obesity
Student’s name
Institution
Date
Literature Review: Childhood Obesity
The prevalence of childhood obesity in the United States has increased at such a rapid rate that this has been considered a serious healthcare issue. This issue has attracted the attention of policy makers, government agencies, and the community. Due to the extent of the problem, a large number of researchers have investigated a number of factors relating to childhood obesity. One of the factors that have been investigated is the impact of changing the attitudes of the patients towards obesity and lifestyle factors that cause a risk factor. In this study, the main factor being investigated is the impact of education on exercise and diet on patients who have a BMI of more than 30. The following is a summary of a review of the literature used to determine the impact of educating patients on exercise and diet changes.
Comparison of Research Questions
Most of the literature analyzed for this study focuses on the intervention strategies for childhood obesity. Cheung et al. seeks to understand the extent of the childhood obesity in America. The research asks about the incidence of childhood obesity in America in a bid to demonstrate the extent of the problem.
Ickes et al. (2014) research question compares the intervention strategies used in the American schools and international ones. The main aim of this study is to determine the gaps in the intervention used in American school ...
This study examined the relationship between caregiver intervention and toddlers' motor skill improvement. 29 toddlers aged 2.5 years old participated in an 8-week motor skills program at 2 daycare centers. The program involved 3 brief motor skill activities per day led by caregivers at one center but not the other. Results showed toddlers who received caregiver intervention significantly improved their kicking, jumping, and other gross motor skills, while those without intervention showed little improvement. The study demonstrated that brief daily caregiver involvement can positively impact toddlers' developing motor abilities.
This study examined the relationship between caregiver intervention and toddlers' motor skill improvement. 29 toddlers aged 2.5 years old participated in an 8-week motor skills program at 2 daycare centers. The program involved 3 brief motor skill activities per day led by caregivers at one center but not the other. Results showed toddlers who received caregiver intervention significantly improved their kicking, jumping, and other gross motor skills, while those without intervention showed little improvement. The study demonstrated that brief daily caregiver involvement can positively impact toddlers' developing motor abilities.
2015 Kaplan et al Tx of school children 3 cases (1)Paula Hilbert
This case report describes a pilot study examining the effects of micronutrient supplementation on the emotional and behavioral regulation of three school-aged children. The study found that supplementing the diets of two 5-6 year old boys and a 14 year old girl diagnosed with behavioral and mental disorders with a broad-spectrum micronutrient formula for 12 weeks resulted in significantly improved behavior in the children based on weekly parent reports, as well as self-reports from the children of feeling happier. The study also found high adherence to the supplementation protocol and no reported adverse effects, suggesting micronutrient treatment is a feasible area for further research regarding improving emotional and behavioral regulation in children.
A. Identify a gap in the developmental psychology research present.docxmakdul
A. Identify a gap in the developmental psychology research presented in your chosen track.
B. Develop a basic research question addressing the identified gap.
C. Determine an appropriate research design that addresses your research question regarding developmental psychology and explain why it was chosen.
D. Explain how you will account for issues of ethics associated with your proposed research design.
E. Explain how your approach to accounting for issues of ethics was informed by your review of the research presented in your chosen track.
Your will submit the completed Research Design Worksheet document with double spacing, 12-point Times New Roman font, one inch margins, and any sources cited in APA format.
PSY 211 Research Design Worksheet
Complete each section of this worksheet. You will use this worksheet to inform the Research Design section of your final project submission.
Citation of Literature
[Include the citation(s) of the reviewed resources in APA format.]
Gap Identification
[Identify a gap in the developmental psychology research presented in your chosen track. For this exercise, you will only need to focus on the articles included in this course. You are not responsible for more recent developments in the field.]
Research Question
[Develop a basic research question addressing the identified gap]
Research Design
[Some Questions to consider:
· Will you conduct descriptive research, correlational research, or experimental research, and why did you make that choice?
· If relevant, what are your independent and dependent variables?
· How will you choose your study population? If relevant, how will you assign participants to experimental and control groups?
· How long will your study last?
· What types of bias might affect your study, and how will you address that?]
Issues of Ethics
[Explain how you will account for issues of ethics associated with your proposed research design.]
PSY 211 Literature Worksheet
Article One
Citation of Literature
Watson, S. M., Westby, C. E., & Gable, R. A. (2007). Preventing School Failure. A Framework for Addressing the Needs of Students Prenatally Exposed to Alcohol and Other Drugs, 25-33.
Authors’ Claims
In the introduction, the authors review how children who are prenatally exposed to alcohol and other drugs delays or effect their learning and behavoiral problems by focusing on their abilities to shifting tasks, maintaining attention, and manipulating information based off memory. They believed that if educators have a better understanding of the nature of the disorder, they may be prone to selecting more effective classroom interventions that aligns with the deficits of those students based off the various risk factors related the prenatal exposure to drugs and/or alcohol.
Influence of Factors on Human Development
Based off the readings from the article it is to believe that environmental factor influenced the development of this study. A lot of the studies were school-based in.
This document summarizes a systematic review that examined the effects of school-based physical activity interventions on BMI status and academic achievement in children. The review identified 7 experimental studies meeting the criteria. The studies found that daily vigorous aerobic physical activity for 13-15 weeks improved executive function and math achievement for sedentary, overweight children. However, daily 15 minute physically active lessons or weekly 90-minute aerobic activities for a year improved BMI percentiles and math scores for children regardless of initial BMI status. In particular, obese children participating in interventions decreased BMI percentiles more than controls and gained the most improvement in math scores. The review concluded that longitudinal, regular school-based physical activity interventions can generate positive impacts on BMI and math achievement for children
This document provides an overview of research in pediatrics. It discusses key topics:
- What constitutes research and the basic process, including identifying variables.
- Common research areas in pediatrics such as neonatal care, nutrition, and traditional practices.
- Types of research designs including quantitative, qualitative, experimental and non-experimental approaches.
- Examples of specific research studies conducted in pediatrics on topics like low birth weight babies, pain management in infants, and more.
This document reviews factors that influence mothers in the WIC program to choose formula feeding over breastfeeding for their infants. Several studies examined found that parents who formula feed generally have less knowledge of the health benefits of breastfeeding and a less positive attitude towards it. A cohort study found that breastfed infants enrolled in WIC programs saved over $400 in expenses in their first 6 months compared to formula fed infants. A review also showed that education and support services are effective at increasing the duration of breastfeeding. The document suggests WIC programs develop policies to better promote and educate mothers on breastfeeding.
Interventions In Primary Care To Promote Breastfeeding An Evidence Review For...Biblioteca Virtual
Primary care-initiated interventions can effectively promote breastfeeding. A systematic review of 38 randomized controlled trials found that breastfeeding promotion interventions in developed countries significantly increased short-term (1 to 3 months) and long-term (6 to 8 months) exclusive breastfeeding rates. Combining pre- and postnatal interventions and including lay support, such as peer counseling, were most effective in increasing breastfeeding duration. No harms from breastfeeding promotion interventions were reported.
Obesity is quickly becoming one of the most common chronic.docxhopeaustin33688
Obesity is quickly becoming one of the most common chronic diseases among children. These rates have increased at an alarming rate and is a major public health problem because of related physical and psychological comorbidities, including type II diabetes, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease and mental health disorders. Dramatic increase in the number of overweight and obese children in recent years.
Studies indicate that children's lives may be shortened as a result of this alarming health problem. Estimates state that for any degree of overweight/obesity, younger adults (20-30 years of age) may have greater years of life lost due to obesity than older adults. Childhood obesity has been determined to be an independent risk factor for adult overweight/obesity.
To combat childhood obesity, there is a great need for public health interventions as well as education parents regarding childhood obesity and its consequences. Parents differ on causation of obesity, and differ in focus on nutrition and physical exercise. Many parents in the research do not see obesity as a barrier to physical activity. The parents need to recognize their child as overweight. Prevention is the most effective method for dealing with this growing health concern. The evidence reviewed, confirmed that family-centered interventions were associated with short-term reduction in obesity and improved medical parameters. The goal should be to involve community resources and provider referrals. Nurse Practitioners have a unique role in being the best facilitators to deliver health messages and are able to educate parents and increase awareness about the causes and consequences of childhood obesity.
Parents of young children need to interact with their child's primary healthcare provider for health advice and preventive health information during regularly scheduled physical examinations. It is up to the parents of these young children to combat intervention strategies such as:
a combination of nutritional and activity information, a cognitive-behavioral aspect to the intervention parent-directed activities
limiting sedentary child behaviors, provide positive approaches with children by parents and practitioners (e.g., emphasize positive rewards for healthy behaviors, encourage self-efficacy)
Future research is required to identify moderators and mediators to produce enduring changes in weight status of children.
The Objective was to determine in children who are at risk for becoming overweight or obese, does education with parental involvement on exercise and nutrition compared to individual education with the child alone decrease the risk of developing obesity and the health problems associated with obesity?
(P) In overweight, obese, or at risk young children (2-18years of age) Is family centered education/treatment interventions
(C) versus control or comparison interventions
(O) more effective in decreasing childhood obesity and compli.
1Rough Draft Quantitative Research Critique And Ethical Consider.docxaulasnilda
1
Rough Draft Quantitative Research Critique And Ethical Considerations
Rough Draft Quantitative Research Critique And Ethical Considerations 2
Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations
Christiana Bona
Grand Canyon University
October 16, 2019
Childhood Obesity
Picot Question: How do the new practical approaches in the diagnosis and management help in the reduction of obesity issues as compared to the lack of reliance on the traditional approaches (diet and exercise)?
Background
Childhood obesity is considered to be a major international growing problem. Even though there is a high rate of obesity cases in the United States and other regions of the world for the past 30 years, there is still a lack of clear treatment approaches to be applied to reduce this incidence. Healthcare providers are lacking ideas on where they should find approaches related to the guidance and the process of managing the healthcare services to about one-third of the population who are affected by the healthcare issues associated with obesity. The Pediatric Obesity Algorithm is now considered to be an evidence-based approach in terms of diagnosing and managing childhood obesity. The authors of this study aimed at providing a summary of the topics from the Pediatric Obesity Algorithm related to the diagnosis of pediatric obesity, assessment, and management. Other tasks include the performance of differential diagnosis, reviewing the systems, diagnosis of the workup, physical examinations, management of age-specific, and the treatment of the associated weight gain. The outcome of this study will, therefore, help in the identification and treatment of children with obesity through using the Pediatric Obesity Algorithm which serves as a guide to healthcare providers with evidence-based approaches to the diagnosis process and managing obesity in children and offering families with the tools they require to ensure that there is healthy future.
How the article is supporting the topic
The article above is talking about some of the present gaps concerning the management and treatment of obesity among children. Through identifying that there is an absence of clear treatment approaches that can be relied on the treat and manage obesity among children, the authors of this article proposed that the Pediatric Obesity Algorithm can be successful in providing evidence-based approaches for diagnosing and amanging childhood obesity. Therefore, Pediatric Obesity Algorithm can be considered as a new approach in managing and diagnosisng obesity among children as compared to the traditional methods that involve watching the diet and exercise which is sometimes not followed by children. Pediatric Obesity Algorithm approach is helping in ensuring that there is a proper physical examination, age-specific management, use of medication and surgery, and performance of differential diagnosis among other procedures that are performed in this approach.
Method of ...
Research Critique Guidelines Essay Example Paper.docxwrite22
The document discusses two quantitative studies on breastfeeding. The Tang et al. (2019) study examined the association between maternal education and breastfeeding practices in China. It found higher rates of exclusive breastfeeding among those with lower education levels and incomes. The Yohmi et al. (2015) study assessed the effectiveness of antenatal breastfeeding education and found it improved breastfeeding initiation and duration. Both studies support providing breastfeeding education to nursing students and mothers to improve infant health outcomes.
This document summarizes a study on trends in anthropometric measures among US children aged 6-23 months from 1976-2014. The study used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys and found no significant changes in mean values for weight, height and BMI, except a decreasing trend in the percentage of children with high length-for-age. While infant feeding practices changed with increased breastfeeding rates, the study did not find sufficient evidence that breastfeeding prevents rapid weight gain or obesity. Limitations included the cross-sectional nature of the data. The discussion concluded there was no change in measures, except length, but noted early rapid weight gain is associated with increased childhood obesity risk.
06067 Topic FINAL PICOT TEMPLATENumber of Pages 1 (Double Sphirstcruz
06067 Topic: FINAL PICOT TEMPLATE
Number of Pages: 1 (Double Spaced)
Number of sources: 4
Writing Style: APA
Type of document: Coursework
Academic Level:Master
Category: Nursing
Language Style: English (U.S.)
Order Instructions: Attached
**** PLEASE JUST FILL IN INFO FROM STUDY ALREADY DONE AND PAID FOR- I AM ATTACHING ALL PERTINENT FILES. THANK YOU.
The purpose of this assignment is to create a final PICOT question for your DPI Project.
General Requirements:
•
APA style is not required, but solid academic writing is expected.
•
This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.
•
Directions :
Using the "PICOT Question Template," submit your final PICOT question
PICOT Question Template
Section 1: In this section provide one word to describe each section of your proposed PICOT question
P
Population
I
Intervention
C
Comparison
O
Outcome
T
Timeline
Section 2: Write your PICOT question below using the words listed above.
PICOT
Section 3: Use your PICOT to develop a formalized problem statement. Use the example below to help formulate your problem statement.
As you move through the program, you will be building your project based on the PICOT question. Your problem statement, purpose statement, and clinical question(s) will be derived from the PICOT, though they are formatted differently. Use the instructions below as an initial exercise in visualizing how your problem and purpose statements might look. Read the instructions and then develop your problem and purpose statements in the designated fields below each instruction field
Problem Statement Format Instructions
A well-written problem statement begins with the big picture of the issue (macro) and works to the small, narrower and more specific problem (micro). It clearly communicates the significance, magnitude, and importance of the problem and transitions into the Purpose of the Project with a declarative statement such as “It is not known if and to what degree/extent...” or “It is not known how/why and…”.
Other examples are:
While the literature indicates ____________, it is not known in _________. (organization/community) if __________.
It is not known how or to what extent ________________.
Problem Statement
Section 4: Based on your PICOT, create a declarative purpose statement. Use the example below as a reference.
Purpose Statement Format Instructions
"The purpose of this project is....” Included in this statement are also the project design, population, variables (quantitative) to be studied, and the geographic location.
Creswell (2003) provided some sample templates for developing purpose statements aligned with the different project methods as follows:
The purpose of this quantitative ___________ (correlational, descriptive, etc.) project is to ____________ (compare or see to what degree a relationship exists) between/among _______ ...
Neurodevelopmental Treatment and Cerebral Palsy- Researchda5884
An alternative description of my Critically Appraised Topic on Neurodevelopmental treatment when used on children with cerebral palsy. This presentation focuses more on the process of the research.
The impact of environmental risks on elementary school health.pdfstirlingvwriters
This document provides an outline for a paper that will review and summarize five original research articles on the topic of the impact of TV advertisements on elementary school children's food behaviors. The outline includes sections for the introduction, literature review, analysis approach, results, discussion, and conclusions. It will review five specific research articles on this topic that were proposed in a previous assignment. The introduction provides motivation for studying this topic and states the objectives. The analysis approach describes how each of the five research articles will be examined. The results and discussion sections will summarize the key findings and implications of each article.
Multiple linear regression analysis was used to analyze survey data from 48 college students (41.7% male, 58.3% female) regarding self-concept and emotion regulation. The analysis found that self-regulation of emotion was a significant predictor of self-concept, but age was not. Specifically, individuals with poorer emotion regulation skills tended to have lower self-concept. The study suggests emotion regulation impacts undergraduate students' development of self-concept during their time in college.
Challenging behaviors and the role of preschool educationTeri Lester Brooks
This document discusses challenging behaviors in preschoolers and the role of preschool education. It finds that while preschool participation has sometimes been linked to higher rates of challenging behaviors, high-quality preschool that emphasizes social development can reduce such behaviors and protect at-risk children. The document recommends that all children have access to high-quality preschool with teacher training in social-emotional development and that no child be expelled from preschool, to prevent problem behaviors and support children's healthy development.
This study evaluated the effects of dance therapy for people with schizophrenia or schizophrenia-like illnesses compared to standard care. A single study with 45 participants found that those receiving dance therapy plus routine care had significantly greater reduction in negative symptoms compared to routine care alone, based on PANSS scores. However, there were no differences between groups in overall PANSS scores, positive symptoms, satisfaction, or quality of life. The authors concluded that there is currently insufficient evidence to support or refute the use of dance therapy for schizophrenia due to the single small study available. Further high-quality research is needed.
1
4
Discrete Trial Training (DTT) effect on children with ASD
Introduction
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a condition that affects the development of an individual affecting their behaviour and the ability to communicate (Autism Spectrum Disorder, 2021). In most cases, this disorder exhibits its symptoms within the initial two years of an individual, despite its diagnosis being plausible for individuals of all ages. Persons diagnosed with this disorder often have repetitive behaviours and restricted interests, find it difficult to partake in social interactions and communication with others, and show other symptoms that may impede the individual's ability to perform well in school, work and several other aspects of life ("Autism Spectrum Disorder, 2021). The individuals diagnosed with the disorder will, in some cases, be reliant on their families and individuals close to them for help and support. Despite the disorder's potency as a life-long condition, some services and treatments are provided, helping an individual diagnosed with the condition improve the quality of their life. It is also important to note that the disorder has several different variations; hence, the spectrum of different characteristics, unique to every diagnosed individual.
According to studies conducted, one in fifty-four children is diagnosed with the disorder in the United States, occurring in children of all racial backgrounds and socioeconomic groups ("Data and Statistics on Autism Spectrum Disorder | CDC," 2021). According to the same report, the disease is four times more likely to occur in boys than in girls. Between 2009 to 2017, the number of children aged between 3-17 years diagnosed with development disorders, inclusive of ASD, increased from 16.2% to 17.8%. (Ünlü et al., 2018). In the use of discrete trial training (DTT), children are taught a plethora of skills, which include academic, language, and social skills, necessary to facilitate their development. In the treatment of ASD, options are limited. However, early diagnosis, coupled with behaviour interventions, is considered to have the best outcomes in managing the disorder's symptoms (Masi et al., 2017).
The prevalence of ASD in children has been noted to rise significantly in the population (Masi et al., 2017; "Data and Statistics on Autism Spectrum Disorder | CDC," 2021), affecting a larger portion of the population. This number of affected individuals is projected to rise even higher in the coming years, a problem in society that needs to be addressed. In the treatment of the disorder, drug interventions, while widely used, have failed to prove their efficiency in improving or managing symptoms in most cases (Masi et al., 2017). The treatment options for the disorder are also very limited. The use of drug interventions, early diagnosis, and early behavioural interventions is very expensive and inaccessible to many individuals affected by the condition. Identifying the disorder i ...
Please provide answer, write program in Prolog for the following.docxcherry686017
Please provide answer, write program in Prolog for the following rules and facts.
RULES:
Use the rules on "When to Seek Medical Attention" from
carona virus
Watch for symptoms
People with COVID-19 have had a wide range of symptoms reported - ranging from mild symptoms to severe illness.
These symptoms may appear
2-14 days after exposure to the virus:
Fever
Cough
Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
Chills
Repeated shaking with chills
Muscle pain
Headache
Sore throat
New loss of taste or smell
When to Seek Medical Attention
If you develop any of these
emergency warning signs*
for COVID-19 get
medical attention immediately:
Trouble breathing
Persistent pain or pressure in the chest
New confusion or inability to arouse
Bluish lips or face
*This list is not all inclusive. Please consult your medical provider for any other symptoms that are severe or concerning to you.
FACTS
John has Fever, Cough and Trouble breathing
Amanda has Fever, Cough and Sore throat
.
Please provide references for your original postings in APA form.docxcherry686017
Please provide references for your original postings in APA format. 300 Words with proper references.
What do you think is the best combination of the types of authentication? Is that type of authentication appropriate for all types of access?
Some have made the argument that using WEP presents more security issues than if all traffic were in the clear. What do you think?
.
More Related Content
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This study examined the relationship between caregiver intervention and toddlers' motor skill improvement. 29 toddlers aged 2.5 years old participated in an 8-week motor skills program at 2 daycare centers. The program involved 3 brief motor skill activities per day led by caregivers at one center but not the other. Results showed toddlers who received caregiver intervention significantly improved their kicking, jumping, and other gross motor skills, while those without intervention showed little improvement. The study demonstrated that brief daily caregiver involvement can positively impact toddlers' developing motor abilities.
This study examined the relationship between caregiver intervention and toddlers' motor skill improvement. 29 toddlers aged 2.5 years old participated in an 8-week motor skills program at 2 daycare centers. The program involved 3 brief motor skill activities per day led by caregivers at one center but not the other. Results showed toddlers who received caregiver intervention significantly improved their kicking, jumping, and other gross motor skills, while those without intervention showed little improvement. The study demonstrated that brief daily caregiver involvement can positively impact toddlers' developing motor abilities.
2015 Kaplan et al Tx of school children 3 cases (1)Paula Hilbert
This case report describes a pilot study examining the effects of micronutrient supplementation on the emotional and behavioral regulation of three school-aged children. The study found that supplementing the diets of two 5-6 year old boys and a 14 year old girl diagnosed with behavioral and mental disorders with a broad-spectrum micronutrient formula for 12 weeks resulted in significantly improved behavior in the children based on weekly parent reports, as well as self-reports from the children of feeling happier. The study also found high adherence to the supplementation protocol and no reported adverse effects, suggesting micronutrient treatment is a feasible area for further research regarding improving emotional and behavioral regulation in children.
A. Identify a gap in the developmental psychology research present.docxmakdul
A. Identify a gap in the developmental psychology research presented in your chosen track.
B. Develop a basic research question addressing the identified gap.
C. Determine an appropriate research design that addresses your research question regarding developmental psychology and explain why it was chosen.
D. Explain how you will account for issues of ethics associated with your proposed research design.
E. Explain how your approach to accounting for issues of ethics was informed by your review of the research presented in your chosen track.
Your will submit the completed Research Design Worksheet document with double spacing, 12-point Times New Roman font, one inch margins, and any sources cited in APA format.
PSY 211 Research Design Worksheet
Complete each section of this worksheet. You will use this worksheet to inform the Research Design section of your final project submission.
Citation of Literature
[Include the citation(s) of the reviewed resources in APA format.]
Gap Identification
[Identify a gap in the developmental psychology research presented in your chosen track. For this exercise, you will only need to focus on the articles included in this course. You are not responsible for more recent developments in the field.]
Research Question
[Develop a basic research question addressing the identified gap]
Research Design
[Some Questions to consider:
· Will you conduct descriptive research, correlational research, or experimental research, and why did you make that choice?
· If relevant, what are your independent and dependent variables?
· How will you choose your study population? If relevant, how will you assign participants to experimental and control groups?
· How long will your study last?
· What types of bias might affect your study, and how will you address that?]
Issues of Ethics
[Explain how you will account for issues of ethics associated with your proposed research design.]
PSY 211 Literature Worksheet
Article One
Citation of Literature
Watson, S. M., Westby, C. E., & Gable, R. A. (2007). Preventing School Failure. A Framework for Addressing the Needs of Students Prenatally Exposed to Alcohol and Other Drugs, 25-33.
Authors’ Claims
In the introduction, the authors review how children who are prenatally exposed to alcohol and other drugs delays or effect their learning and behavoiral problems by focusing on their abilities to shifting tasks, maintaining attention, and manipulating information based off memory. They believed that if educators have a better understanding of the nature of the disorder, they may be prone to selecting more effective classroom interventions that aligns with the deficits of those students based off the various risk factors related the prenatal exposure to drugs and/or alcohol.
Influence of Factors on Human Development
Based off the readings from the article it is to believe that environmental factor influenced the development of this study. A lot of the studies were school-based in.
This document summarizes a systematic review that examined the effects of school-based physical activity interventions on BMI status and academic achievement in children. The review identified 7 experimental studies meeting the criteria. The studies found that daily vigorous aerobic physical activity for 13-15 weeks improved executive function and math achievement for sedentary, overweight children. However, daily 15 minute physically active lessons or weekly 90-minute aerobic activities for a year improved BMI percentiles and math scores for children regardless of initial BMI status. In particular, obese children participating in interventions decreased BMI percentiles more than controls and gained the most improvement in math scores. The review concluded that longitudinal, regular school-based physical activity interventions can generate positive impacts on BMI and math achievement for children
This document provides an overview of research in pediatrics. It discusses key topics:
- What constitutes research and the basic process, including identifying variables.
- Common research areas in pediatrics such as neonatal care, nutrition, and traditional practices.
- Types of research designs including quantitative, qualitative, experimental and non-experimental approaches.
- Examples of specific research studies conducted in pediatrics on topics like low birth weight babies, pain management in infants, and more.
This document reviews factors that influence mothers in the WIC program to choose formula feeding over breastfeeding for their infants. Several studies examined found that parents who formula feed generally have less knowledge of the health benefits of breastfeeding and a less positive attitude towards it. A cohort study found that breastfed infants enrolled in WIC programs saved over $400 in expenses in their first 6 months compared to formula fed infants. A review also showed that education and support services are effective at increasing the duration of breastfeeding. The document suggests WIC programs develop policies to better promote and educate mothers on breastfeeding.
Interventions In Primary Care To Promote Breastfeeding An Evidence Review For...Biblioteca Virtual
Primary care-initiated interventions can effectively promote breastfeeding. A systematic review of 38 randomized controlled trials found that breastfeeding promotion interventions in developed countries significantly increased short-term (1 to 3 months) and long-term (6 to 8 months) exclusive breastfeeding rates. Combining pre- and postnatal interventions and including lay support, such as peer counseling, were most effective in increasing breastfeeding duration. No harms from breastfeeding promotion interventions were reported.
Obesity is quickly becoming one of the most common chronic.docxhopeaustin33688
Obesity is quickly becoming one of the most common chronic diseases among children. These rates have increased at an alarming rate and is a major public health problem because of related physical and psychological comorbidities, including type II diabetes, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease and mental health disorders. Dramatic increase in the number of overweight and obese children in recent years.
Studies indicate that children's lives may be shortened as a result of this alarming health problem. Estimates state that for any degree of overweight/obesity, younger adults (20-30 years of age) may have greater years of life lost due to obesity than older adults. Childhood obesity has been determined to be an independent risk factor for adult overweight/obesity.
To combat childhood obesity, there is a great need for public health interventions as well as education parents regarding childhood obesity and its consequences. Parents differ on causation of obesity, and differ in focus on nutrition and physical exercise. Many parents in the research do not see obesity as a barrier to physical activity. The parents need to recognize their child as overweight. Prevention is the most effective method for dealing with this growing health concern. The evidence reviewed, confirmed that family-centered interventions were associated with short-term reduction in obesity and improved medical parameters. The goal should be to involve community resources and provider referrals. Nurse Practitioners have a unique role in being the best facilitators to deliver health messages and are able to educate parents and increase awareness about the causes and consequences of childhood obesity.
Parents of young children need to interact with their child's primary healthcare provider for health advice and preventive health information during regularly scheduled physical examinations. It is up to the parents of these young children to combat intervention strategies such as:
a combination of nutritional and activity information, a cognitive-behavioral aspect to the intervention parent-directed activities
limiting sedentary child behaviors, provide positive approaches with children by parents and practitioners (e.g., emphasize positive rewards for healthy behaviors, encourage self-efficacy)
Future research is required to identify moderators and mediators to produce enduring changes in weight status of children.
The Objective was to determine in children who are at risk for becoming overweight or obese, does education with parental involvement on exercise and nutrition compared to individual education with the child alone decrease the risk of developing obesity and the health problems associated with obesity?
(P) In overweight, obese, or at risk young children (2-18years of age) Is family centered education/treatment interventions
(C) versus control or comparison interventions
(O) more effective in decreasing childhood obesity and compli.
1Rough Draft Quantitative Research Critique And Ethical Consider.docxaulasnilda
1
Rough Draft Quantitative Research Critique And Ethical Considerations
Rough Draft Quantitative Research Critique And Ethical Considerations 2
Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations
Christiana Bona
Grand Canyon University
October 16, 2019
Childhood Obesity
Picot Question: How do the new practical approaches in the diagnosis and management help in the reduction of obesity issues as compared to the lack of reliance on the traditional approaches (diet and exercise)?
Background
Childhood obesity is considered to be a major international growing problem. Even though there is a high rate of obesity cases in the United States and other regions of the world for the past 30 years, there is still a lack of clear treatment approaches to be applied to reduce this incidence. Healthcare providers are lacking ideas on where they should find approaches related to the guidance and the process of managing the healthcare services to about one-third of the population who are affected by the healthcare issues associated with obesity. The Pediatric Obesity Algorithm is now considered to be an evidence-based approach in terms of diagnosing and managing childhood obesity. The authors of this study aimed at providing a summary of the topics from the Pediatric Obesity Algorithm related to the diagnosis of pediatric obesity, assessment, and management. Other tasks include the performance of differential diagnosis, reviewing the systems, diagnosis of the workup, physical examinations, management of age-specific, and the treatment of the associated weight gain. The outcome of this study will, therefore, help in the identification and treatment of children with obesity through using the Pediatric Obesity Algorithm which serves as a guide to healthcare providers with evidence-based approaches to the diagnosis process and managing obesity in children and offering families with the tools they require to ensure that there is healthy future.
How the article is supporting the topic
The article above is talking about some of the present gaps concerning the management and treatment of obesity among children. Through identifying that there is an absence of clear treatment approaches that can be relied on the treat and manage obesity among children, the authors of this article proposed that the Pediatric Obesity Algorithm can be successful in providing evidence-based approaches for diagnosing and amanging childhood obesity. Therefore, Pediatric Obesity Algorithm can be considered as a new approach in managing and diagnosisng obesity among children as compared to the traditional methods that involve watching the diet and exercise which is sometimes not followed by children. Pediatric Obesity Algorithm approach is helping in ensuring that there is a proper physical examination, age-specific management, use of medication and surgery, and performance of differential diagnosis among other procedures that are performed in this approach.
Method of ...
Research Critique Guidelines Essay Example Paper.docxwrite22
The document discusses two quantitative studies on breastfeeding. The Tang et al. (2019) study examined the association between maternal education and breastfeeding practices in China. It found higher rates of exclusive breastfeeding among those with lower education levels and incomes. The Yohmi et al. (2015) study assessed the effectiveness of antenatal breastfeeding education and found it improved breastfeeding initiation and duration. Both studies support providing breastfeeding education to nursing students and mothers to improve infant health outcomes.
This document summarizes a study on trends in anthropometric measures among US children aged 6-23 months from 1976-2014. The study used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys and found no significant changes in mean values for weight, height and BMI, except a decreasing trend in the percentage of children with high length-for-age. While infant feeding practices changed with increased breastfeeding rates, the study did not find sufficient evidence that breastfeeding prevents rapid weight gain or obesity. Limitations included the cross-sectional nature of the data. The discussion concluded there was no change in measures, except length, but noted early rapid weight gain is associated with increased childhood obesity risk.
06067 Topic FINAL PICOT TEMPLATENumber of Pages 1 (Double Sphirstcruz
06067 Topic: FINAL PICOT TEMPLATE
Number of Pages: 1 (Double Spaced)
Number of sources: 4
Writing Style: APA
Type of document: Coursework
Academic Level:Master
Category: Nursing
Language Style: English (U.S.)
Order Instructions: Attached
**** PLEASE JUST FILL IN INFO FROM STUDY ALREADY DONE AND PAID FOR- I AM ATTACHING ALL PERTINENT FILES. THANK YOU.
The purpose of this assignment is to create a final PICOT question for your DPI Project.
General Requirements:
•
APA style is not required, but solid academic writing is expected.
•
This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.
•
Directions :
Using the "PICOT Question Template," submit your final PICOT question
PICOT Question Template
Section 1: In this section provide one word to describe each section of your proposed PICOT question
P
Population
I
Intervention
C
Comparison
O
Outcome
T
Timeline
Section 2: Write your PICOT question below using the words listed above.
PICOT
Section 3: Use your PICOT to develop a formalized problem statement. Use the example below to help formulate your problem statement.
As you move through the program, you will be building your project based on the PICOT question. Your problem statement, purpose statement, and clinical question(s) will be derived from the PICOT, though they are formatted differently. Use the instructions below as an initial exercise in visualizing how your problem and purpose statements might look. Read the instructions and then develop your problem and purpose statements in the designated fields below each instruction field
Problem Statement Format Instructions
A well-written problem statement begins with the big picture of the issue (macro) and works to the small, narrower and more specific problem (micro). It clearly communicates the significance, magnitude, and importance of the problem and transitions into the Purpose of the Project with a declarative statement such as “It is not known if and to what degree/extent...” or “It is not known how/why and…”.
Other examples are:
While the literature indicates ____________, it is not known in _________. (organization/community) if __________.
It is not known how or to what extent ________________.
Problem Statement
Section 4: Based on your PICOT, create a declarative purpose statement. Use the example below as a reference.
Purpose Statement Format Instructions
"The purpose of this project is....” Included in this statement are also the project design, population, variables (quantitative) to be studied, and the geographic location.
Creswell (2003) provided some sample templates for developing purpose statements aligned with the different project methods as follows:
The purpose of this quantitative ___________ (correlational, descriptive, etc.) project is to ____________ (compare or see to what degree a relationship exists) between/among _______ ...
Neurodevelopmental Treatment and Cerebral Palsy- Researchda5884
An alternative description of my Critically Appraised Topic on Neurodevelopmental treatment when used on children with cerebral palsy. This presentation focuses more on the process of the research.
The impact of environmental risks on elementary school health.pdfstirlingvwriters
This document provides an outline for a paper that will review and summarize five original research articles on the topic of the impact of TV advertisements on elementary school children's food behaviors. The outline includes sections for the introduction, literature review, analysis approach, results, discussion, and conclusions. It will review five specific research articles on this topic that were proposed in a previous assignment. The introduction provides motivation for studying this topic and states the objectives. The analysis approach describes how each of the five research articles will be examined. The results and discussion sections will summarize the key findings and implications of each article.
Multiple linear regression analysis was used to analyze survey data from 48 college students (41.7% male, 58.3% female) regarding self-concept and emotion regulation. The analysis found that self-regulation of emotion was a significant predictor of self-concept, but age was not. Specifically, individuals with poorer emotion regulation skills tended to have lower self-concept. The study suggests emotion regulation impacts undergraduate students' development of self-concept during their time in college.
Challenging behaviors and the role of preschool educationTeri Lester Brooks
This document discusses challenging behaviors in preschoolers and the role of preschool education. It finds that while preschool participation has sometimes been linked to higher rates of challenging behaviors, high-quality preschool that emphasizes social development can reduce such behaviors and protect at-risk children. The document recommends that all children have access to high-quality preschool with teacher training in social-emotional development and that no child be expelled from preschool, to prevent problem behaviors and support children's healthy development.
This study evaluated the effects of dance therapy for people with schizophrenia or schizophrenia-like illnesses compared to standard care. A single study with 45 participants found that those receiving dance therapy plus routine care had significantly greater reduction in negative symptoms compared to routine care alone, based on PANSS scores. However, there were no differences between groups in overall PANSS scores, positive symptoms, satisfaction, or quality of life. The authors concluded that there is currently insufficient evidence to support or refute the use of dance therapy for schizophrenia due to the single small study available. Further high-quality research is needed.
1
4
Discrete Trial Training (DTT) effect on children with ASD
Introduction
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a condition that affects the development of an individual affecting their behaviour and the ability to communicate (Autism Spectrum Disorder, 2021). In most cases, this disorder exhibits its symptoms within the initial two years of an individual, despite its diagnosis being plausible for individuals of all ages. Persons diagnosed with this disorder often have repetitive behaviours and restricted interests, find it difficult to partake in social interactions and communication with others, and show other symptoms that may impede the individual's ability to perform well in school, work and several other aspects of life ("Autism Spectrum Disorder, 2021). The individuals diagnosed with the disorder will, in some cases, be reliant on their families and individuals close to them for help and support. Despite the disorder's potency as a life-long condition, some services and treatments are provided, helping an individual diagnosed with the condition improve the quality of their life. It is also important to note that the disorder has several different variations; hence, the spectrum of different characteristics, unique to every diagnosed individual.
According to studies conducted, one in fifty-four children is diagnosed with the disorder in the United States, occurring in children of all racial backgrounds and socioeconomic groups ("Data and Statistics on Autism Spectrum Disorder | CDC," 2021). According to the same report, the disease is four times more likely to occur in boys than in girls. Between 2009 to 2017, the number of children aged between 3-17 years diagnosed with development disorders, inclusive of ASD, increased from 16.2% to 17.8%. (Ünlü et al., 2018). In the use of discrete trial training (DTT), children are taught a plethora of skills, which include academic, language, and social skills, necessary to facilitate their development. In the treatment of ASD, options are limited. However, early diagnosis, coupled with behaviour interventions, is considered to have the best outcomes in managing the disorder's symptoms (Masi et al., 2017).
The prevalence of ASD in children has been noted to rise significantly in the population (Masi et al., 2017; "Data and Statistics on Autism Spectrum Disorder | CDC," 2021), affecting a larger portion of the population. This number of affected individuals is projected to rise even higher in the coming years, a problem in society that needs to be addressed. In the treatment of the disorder, drug interventions, while widely used, have failed to prove their efficiency in improving or managing symptoms in most cases (Masi et al., 2017). The treatment options for the disorder are also very limited. The use of drug interventions, early diagnosis, and early behavioural interventions is very expensive and inaccessible to many individuals affected by the condition. Identifying the disorder i ...
Similar to The Effect of Breastfeeding on Children’s CognitionAlgham.docx (20)
Please provide answer, write program in Prolog for the following.docxcherry686017
Please provide answer, write program in Prolog for the following rules and facts.
RULES:
Use the rules on "When to Seek Medical Attention" from
carona virus
Watch for symptoms
People with COVID-19 have had a wide range of symptoms reported - ranging from mild symptoms to severe illness.
These symptoms may appear
2-14 days after exposure to the virus:
Fever
Cough
Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
Chills
Repeated shaking with chills
Muscle pain
Headache
Sore throat
New loss of taste or smell
When to Seek Medical Attention
If you develop any of these
emergency warning signs*
for COVID-19 get
medical attention immediately:
Trouble breathing
Persistent pain or pressure in the chest
New confusion or inability to arouse
Bluish lips or face
*This list is not all inclusive. Please consult your medical provider for any other symptoms that are severe or concerning to you.
FACTS
John has Fever, Cough and Trouble breathing
Amanda has Fever, Cough and Sore throat
.
Please provide references for your original postings in APA form.docxcherry686017
Please provide references for your original postings in APA format. 300 Words with proper references.
What do you think is the best combination of the types of authentication? Is that type of authentication appropriate for all types of access?
Some have made the argument that using WEP presents more security issues than if all traffic were in the clear. What do you think?
.
Please provide reference in APARequired FormatTitle Page AP.docxcherry686017
Please provide reference in APA
Required Format:
Title Page APA Format
Introduction
Concept of Systems Thinking (
Level 1 APA Heading
)
Difference Between Systems Thinking and Silo Thinking
(Level 1 APA Heading)
Applying Systems Thinking in My Work Environment
(Level 1 APA Heading)
Conclusion
1. Explain and discuss the concept of systems thinking.
2. Explain and give an example of the difference between silo thinking and systems thinking
3. Provide one example of where you could apply systems thinking that would positively affect your current work environment.
.
Please post here your chosen topic and information about why y.docxcherry686017
Please post here your chosen topic and information about why you chose it. Note: it must be a NON-INFECTIOUS agent (with few exceptions and it cannot be what you chose for discussion 2), so it cannot be caused by an organism. Please review the syllabus for more details.
A reminder from the syllabus:
The disease or disorder should not be a common disease that has already addressed in our course. With rare exception, it should not be an infectious disease (caused by an infectious organism).
Common diseases should be AVOIDED, including coronary artery disease, Alzheimer's disease, arthritis, diabetes, AIDS, hypo- and hyper-thyroidism, hypertension, psoriasis, sleep apnea, Lyme’s Disease, sinusitis, allergic rhinitis, mononucleosis, asthma, urinary tract infections, many STDs (check with your instructor), irritable bowel disease, strep throat, MRSA, polio, tuberculosis, Lockjaw, anorexia nervosa, autism, Down syndrome, and many cancers (check with your instructor).
The information you present should include sufficient detail to demonstrate that you have completed some preliminary research and should present a clear rationale for your choice.
If you're struggling with ideas, think of something you or someone you know may be dealing with. Or perhaps take a look at webMD and see if you find something interesting. Or watch a medical show, like The Good Doctor.
Please change your Title of your discussion post to the name of the disease.
.
Please pick your favorite article from Ms Magazine and do a one.docxcherry686017
Please pick your favorite article from
Ms Magazine
and do a one page (double spaced) write up of how it relates to what you have learned so far in this class
( something under one of these topics: what women's studies \ What is sex ? what is Gender \ secrets of masculinity and Femininity \ theories about the construction of gender \ intersectionality)
.
Please provide discussion of the following1. Weyerhaeuser made .docxcherry686017
Please provide discussion of the following:
1. Weyerhaeuser made a one-year commitment to help their employees living in New Orleans who were victims of Katrina. What types of assistance was provided under this commitment and what impact did it have on the lives of those most affected?
2. Please research and provide an overview of a company that provided assistance to the one of our more recent, natural events.
.
Please provide a summary of the key learning from the chapter. The .docxcherry686017
Please provide a summary of the key learning from the chapter. The summary is expected to be a simple write up, can be free form, and should include:
Brief
description in written form of the concepts that you have learned form reading the chapter.
If you wish (but not mandatory) and
if applicable
, you can cite examples that may illustrate some of the concepts. Examples can be from your our work, academia, experience, other organizations, etc.
There is
No Need
to summarize any of the formulas, graphs, tables, workflows, etc.
Summary should be
concise
and should fit on
No More Than One Page
.
Summary can entered in Canvas, posted or emailed as a document file typed in Microsoft Word, Powerpoint, or any other media that you choose.
.
Please pay close attention to the highlighted areas Please answe.docxcherry686017
Please pay close attention to the highlighted areas
Please answer all questions that are highlighted in red
Please write two full and complete pages
Cite your sources
Please use more of your own words than other authors
The job of the Supreme Court is to apply the Constitution, not to make public policy. That means that if they're doing their job, the specific outcomes of the decision shouldn't be a factor in their decision. That's why, sometimes, bad guys go free because the police violated a rule that protects all of us in we're accused of wrongdoing. Free speech can also be troublesome. It sounds a lot better in theory than it sometimes turns out in practice.
Find a Supreme Court case called Elonis v. United States (Links to an external site.).
What can you say and not say on social media? Where does your freedom of speech end and become a specific threat to another person?
Read about the case and write a 2 - 5 page essay telling your reader what the case was about, what the court majority decided and why. If you were a Supreme Court Justice, what would your decision have been and why?
Submit in Word. Cite your sources.
Resources
The SCOTUS blog is always a great place to start: http://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/elonis-v-united-states/ (Links to an external site.)
The Cornell Law School also: https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/cert/13-983 (Links to an external site.)
As always, the New York Times is a great resource for Supreme Court cases: http://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/02/us/supreme-court-rules-in-anthony-elonis-online-threats-case.html (Links to an external site.)
.
Please pay attention to the topicZero Plagiarisfive referenc.docxcherry686017
Please pay attention to the topic
Zero Plagiaris
five references
Post
an explanation of whether psychotherapy has a biological basis. Explain how culture, religion, and socioeconomics might influence one’s perspective of the value of psychotherapy treatments. Support your rationale with evidence-based literature.
Wheeler, K. (Eds.). (2014).
Psychotherapy for the advanced practice psychiatric nurse: A how-to guide for evidence-based practice
(2nd ed.). New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company
.
PLEASE OPEN THE ATTACH MENTWhen a dietary supplement is consid.docxcherry686017
PLEASE OPEN THE ATTACH MENT
When a dietary supplement is considered food and when is it considered a drug? Describe in detail why and when someone would need to take a dietary supplement. Is monitoring your nutritional intake important? Why or Why not? Please provide examples in paragraph form. What is your perception of a healthy diet, why and what does it consist of?
.
Please make sure that it is your own work and not copy and paste. Wa.docxcherry686017
Please make sure that it is your own work and not copy and paste. Watch out for grammar errors and spelling errors. Use the APA format.
Book Refernce: Robbins, S. P., & Judge, T. A. (2019).
Organizational behavior
(18th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson.
How do you distinguish between attitudes and moods? What is one example that supports your position? As you address the question, you are to consider how outside sources might be used to support your position.
.
please no plagiarism, 5 pages and fallow the rubic Quantitat.docxcherry686017
please no plagiarism, 5 pages and fallow the rubic
Quantitative Research Design. Rigor and Validity in Quantitative Research.
Title Page: Title of article, journal information and your name and date
1 point
Your score
Abstract: Brief summary of article (1-2 paragraphs)
1 points
The Problem: (2 or 3 paragraphs)
Is the problem clearly stated?
Is the problem practically important?
What is the purpose of the study?
What is the hypothesis?
Are the key terms defined?
3 points
Review of Literature: (1 -2 paragraphs)
Are the cited sources pertinent to the study?
Is the review too broad or too narrow?
Are the references recent?
Is there any evidence of bias?
2 points
Design and Procedures: (3-4 paragraphs)
What research methodology was used?
Was it a replica study or an original study?
What measurement tools were used?
How were the procedures structures?
Was a pilot study conducted?
What are the variables?
How was sampling performed?
3 points
Data analysis and Presentation: (1 - 2 paragraphs)
2 points
How was data analyzed?
Did findings support the hypothesis and purpose?
Were weaknesses and problems discussed?
Conclusions and Implications: (2-3 paragraphs)
3 points
Are the conclusions of the study related to the original purpose?
Were the implications discussed?
Whom the results and conclusions will affect?
What recommendations were made at the conclusion?
What is your overall assessment of the study and the article?
Total
15 points
(100%)
Grade
.
Please make sure to follow the below.Please note that this is .docxcherry686017
Please make sure to follow the below.
Please note that this is a formal writing, all references (peer-reviewed) mostly must be cited appropriately within the text.
Clearly avoid plagiarism.
The paper should have a minimum of 10 pages, 1.5 spacing and Times New Roman font.
A minimum of 5 peer review references must be provided.
Reference style is APA.
.
Please make revision in the prospectus checklist assignment base.docxcherry686017
Please make revision in the prospectus checklist assignment based on my professor feedback. For now, she wants to only focus on (1) the problem statement, (2) the practice focus question, (3) the social change.
I’m also attaching a copy of the previous prospectus draft which the professor returned to me with her feedback. Also, I included an outline of the project in the file section (see attached file).
Include as many scholarly references (at least 10) as needed and cite often.
APA format required.
Due on Sunday 10/06/19 by 12pm America/New York time.
.
Please note research can NOT be on organization related to minors, i.docxcherry686017
Please note research can NOT be on organization related to minors, incarcerated individuals or mental health co morbidities. Research a selected local, national, or global nonprofit organization or government agency to determine how it contributes to public health and safety improvements, promotes equal opportunity, and improves the quality of life within the community. Submit your findings in a 3-5 page report.
As you begin to prepare this assessment, it would be an excellent choice to complete the Nonprofit Organizations and Community Health activity. Complete this activity to gain insight into promoting equal opportunity and improving the quality of life in a community. The information gained from completing this activity will help you succeed with the assessment.
Professional Context
Many organizations work to better local and global communities' quality of life and promote health and safety in times of crisis. As public health and safety advocates, nurses must be cognizant of how such organizations help certain populations. As change agents, nurses must be aware of factors that impact the organization and the services that it offers. Familiarity with these organizations enables the nurse to offer assistance as a volunteer and source of referral.
This assessment provides an opportunity for you gain insight into the mission, vision, and operations of a community services organization of interest.
Demonstration of Proficiency
By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the following course competencies and assessment criteria:
Competency 1: Analyze health risks and health care needs among distinct populations.
Explain how an organization’s work impacts the health and/or safety needs of a local community.
Competency 2: Propose health promotion strategies to improve the health of populations.
Explain how an organization’s mission and vision enable it to contribute to public health and safety improvements.
Competency 3: Evaluate health policies, based on their ability to achieve desired outcomes.
Assess the impact of funding sources, policy, and legislation on an organization’s provision of services.
Competency 4: Integrate principles of social justice in community health interventions.
Evaluate an organization’s ability to promote equal opportunity and improve the quality of life within a community.
Competency 5: Apply professional, scholarly communication strategies to lead health promotion and improve population health.
Write clearly and concisely in a logically coherent and appropriate form and style.
Note:
Complete the assessments in this course in the order in which they are presented.
Preparation
Assume you are interested in expanding your role as a nurse and are considering working in an area where you can help to promote equal opportunity and improve the quality of life within the local or global community. You are aware of the work .
please no plagiarism our class uses Turnitin You are expected to pr.docxcherry686017
please no plagiarism our class uses Turnitin You are expected to provide supporting details for your responses; that support may come from the points covered in the readings and additional external research all source must be cited and listed (
appropriately cited
) in APA
.
Please know that the score is just a ball-park and d.docxcherry686017
Please know that the score is just a ball-park and doesn't represent a grade that would be equivalent to a final paper. I suggest reviewing this as well as the prompt / student samples again.
Hi, this has potential -- the evidence is apparent. Remember this is
Summary, not….lists, and it must be clear where the evidence is from via source attribution.
company name / job -- title?
source?
I have not idea where this evidence is from
oh, boy - -this is way off. making a list is not part of the assignment / summary is with source attribution
I don't mind a table or chart but where is it from and what is the purpose of it.
I'm not seeing a government source
Field Research Project
ORIGINALITY REPORT
12%
SIMILARITY INDEX
5%
INTERNET SOURCES
0%
PUBLICATIONS
9%
STUDENT PAPERS
PRIMARY SOURCES
(
1
) (
3
)Submitted to Florida International University
Student Paper %
www.l3harris.com
(
2
) (
3
) (
3
) (
2
%
)Internet Source %
Submitted to Embry Riddle Aeronautical University
(
1
)Student Paper
Submitted to Florida Institute of Technology
(
4
)Student Paper %
www.electricalengineer.com
(
5
) (
1
)Internet Source %
www.wsj.com
(
6
) (
7
) (
1
) (
1
%
)Internet Source %
Submitted to Southern State Community College
Student Paper
Exclude quotes On Exclude bibliography On
Exclude matches < 5 words
Field Research Project
GRADEMARK REPORT
FINAL GRADE
8/10
GENERAL COMMENTS
Instructor
PAGE 1
Text Comment. Please know that the score is just a ball-park and doesn't represent a grade that would be equivalent to a final paper. I suggest reviewing this as well as the prompt / student examples again.
Text Comment. Eisa, this has potential -- the evidence is apparent. Remember this is summary, not...lists, and it must be clear where the evidence is from via source attribution.
PAGE 2
Text Comment. company name / job -- title?
Text Comment. source?
Text Comment. I have not idea where this evidence is from
Text Comment. oh, boy - -this is way off. making a list is not part of the assignment / summary is with source attribution
PAGE 3
Text Comment. I don't mind a table or chart but where is it from and what is the purpose of it.
PAGE 4
PAGE 5
PAGE 6
Text Comment. I'm not seeing a government source
PAGE 7
RUBRIC: 305 REVISED RESEARCH
RESEARCH (30%)
0 / 100
0 / 100
Level of sources' quality, relevance & usefulness in helping to target future resume, and cover letter or graduate school statement.
AMAZING (100)
EXCELLENT (95)
PRETTY GOOD (90)
GOOD (85)
BETTER THAN ADEQUATE (80)
ADEQUATE (75)
MUCH REVISION NEEDED
(70)
INADEQUATE (65)
NO PASSION (60)
DOCUMENTATION (30%) 0 / 100
Level of proficiency in providing accurate & consistent quote and reference attribution, both within written text and in source listing at end.
AMAZING (100)
EXCELLENT (95)
PRETTY GOOD (90)
GOOD (85)
BETTER THAN ADEQUATE
(80)
ADEQUATE (75)
MUCH REV.
Please note that the Reflections must have 1. MLA format-.docxcherry686017
Please note that the Reflections must have:
1. MLA format-look up the link if you are not sure
2. Single spaced the entire assignment or page
3. One page only
4. Times New Roman, font 12
5. Quotations with page numbers
6. Point and Explanations do not have the author's name in it.
Be careful. I will deduct a point for each error. If you don't single space your writing, I will not read it.
.
Please make sure you talk about the following (IMO)internati.docxcherry686017
Please make sure you talk about the following
* (IMO)international maritime law institute
* historical background
* Concept of Maritime law
*The principle provision of modern law
* Territorial seas
* Contiguous zone
.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
The Effect of Breastfeeding on Children’s CognitionAlgham.docx
1. The Effect of Breastfeeding on
Children’s Cognition
Alghamdi
Comparative Analysis
Research Question what are the effects of breastfeeding on
children’s cognition?
This analysis is intended to summarize the two studies of
interest and attempt to answer the research question.
Study one: Breastfeeding and child cognitive outcomes
Study two: The effect of breastfeeding on child development at
5 years: A cohort study
Article #1 Summary
Conducted by: Jiang, M., Foster, E., & Gibson-Davis
Purpose: To investigate the the effects of breastfeeding duration
and initiation on children’s cognition (perception).
This study took into account previous studies, and it intended to
discover the deficiencies that other studies have on the same
topic area.
This study focused on confounding variables that can intervene
with results.
Article # 1 Summary(Methodology)
Design
The method used is correlational study since it studied the
relationship between breastfeeding and cognition. There were
2. 3,271 participants selected from The Child Development
Supplement(CDS).
Materials
Tests
1-Woodcock Johnson Psycho-Educational Battery-Revised(WJ-
R), which examines cognitive abilities in different areas, such
as present progress position and proficiency in math and
literacy(Reading).
2-Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R)
tests, which examines children’s capability to deal with
information in memory( working memory).
Article # 1 Summary(Methodology)
Materials(Continue)
The Child Development Supplement(CDS)
is a part of The Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID). The
participants and their families where selected from CDS. Also,
CDS provides information concerning children and their
families, such as cognitive abilities, children’s families and
neighborhood conditions (Health).
1997 CDS interviews
Previous literature
CDS Data
Article # 1 (Methodology)
Data collection procedures
Variables
1-Cognition data were collected from tests mentioned.
3. 2-Breastfeeding initiation and period are the independent
variables and were collected from 1997 CDS interviews.
Breastfeeding can be divided into four groups: not once
breastfeed, less that 6 months, between 7 months and year and
more than a year.
3- Confounding variables were collected from lit review, CDS
and PSID. There are three groups of confounding variables:
Article # 1 (Methodology)
A-Children confounding variables
B-Mothers confounding variables, such as IQ scores taken from
1997 CDS, education and age.
C-Family confounding variables, such as income since the child
birth.
Note: there are many confounding variables that had been
investigated. However, there is no space to mention them here.
Article # 1 (Methodology)
Data analysis Procedures
Propensity Score Matching is ,According to Jiang et al. ( 2011)
,“ the conditional probability of assignment to treatment given a
set of covariates” Calculating Propensity Score for
breastfeeding initiation.
Calculating Propensity Score for breastfeeding period
Used Imbens method to investigate the relation between
breastfeeding and cognition.
Using a multinomial logic model to calculate propensity of each
group period of time.
4. Ordinary regression is used.
Article # 1 (Methodology)
This study is based on interviews. However, there were multiple
incidents that data was missing
The procedures used is
Imputations(MI)
IQ measures taken from 1972 PSID interview.
Article # 1 Summary
Results
Data was collected on the sample from the1997 Interviews.
Children
Ages: range from 4 months- 15 years. Average age is
Seven and half years old.
Gender: 50% females.
Ethnic Group: 40% were African American.
Order: 8% were the first child
15% were born preterm.
Article#1Summary
Results(continue)
Children who breastfed achieved high scores on the tests(WJ-R
and WISC-R).
Children were white, less likely to be born preterm.
Mothers who breastfed tended to be older than mothers did not
breastfeed, achieved high scores on IQ and education.
Mothers who breastfed are more likely to be married. Also,
their income is higher comparing to never have breastfed.
Article#1Summary
5. Results
The effect of breastfeeding initiation.
Children who were breastfed achieved higher scores on
tests(2002).
Children achieved higher scores on “applied problems” than
those who had not been breastfed.
Article#1Summary
Results
The effect of breast feeding period
The study analysis indicated that there was not a linear
correlation between children’s cognitive abilities and
breastfeeding period.
Children who were breastfed for 1-6 months showed the same
results as children who were breastfed more than 6 months.
Children who were breastfed for 1-6 months achieved higher
scores only on ”applied problems” compared to children who
were never breastfed.
Example: Concerning comprehension, children who were never
berstfed achieved 98.1 and children who were breastfed for 12
months achieved 96.7
Article#1Discussion
Literature review showed children who were breastfed achieved
higher scores on cognitive tests than children who drank milk
formula. However, higher scores on cognitive tests can result
from other factors, such as the mother’s traits.
A study claimed that there is no big difference between children
who were breastfed longer than children who were never
6. breastfed. In fact, the study claimed that children who were
breastfed more that six months, their outcomes did not have
significant effect.
Higher cognitive abilities are best seen when children are
breastfed during the first six months. After six months passed,
breastfeeding is less associated with high cognitive scores.
Article#1 Discussion
Limitations
1-Data collected regarding breastfeeding was mostly dependent
on the memory of mothers.
2-when conducting supplemental analysis, investigators found
almost identical effects.
3-Investigators were unable to eliminate mothers’ bias in
recalling on breastfeeding
4-The study is considered not exclusive since its based on
observational data. For instance, some studies stated that some
children are still breastfed after 6 months.
Discussion
Limitation (continue)
Since it is an observational study, random assignment was not
applicable in this study. In fact, the study may be affected by
selection effect. Thus, regression was used. However, it is
restricted on some aspects. In this case, score propensity was
used.
Propensity score was used to regulate the confounding
variables. The study claimed that it considered a broad range of
covariates based on previous lit review.
7. Discussion
Furthermore, some cognition results, such as applied problems,
are very strong in relation to breastfeeding. However, other
results, such as WISC test, are based on sensitive analysis,
which means the tests results are sensitive. When using other
correction methods, the the latter results were not important.
Even though there are a lot of advantages of breastfeeding on
children and their mothers alike, mothers should not be treated
like they do not care about their children’s cognition
development. In fact, mothers should be allowed to breastfeed
whenever they want if needed.
Discussion
The study stated that public health considered the breastfeeding
is less significant than other aspects that can affect children’s
cognitive abilities, such as penury. As a result, in order to
improve children’s cognitive development, it is more important
to focus on other factors that may result in putting children in
danger.
Quality Criteria
Objectivity : The study had been done by a group of
researchers. So bias would be considered of no relevance. Also,
the study took into account different confounding variables that
may falsely attribute the relationship between the variables of
main interests.
Reliability: Reliability means the results will be the same if the
same instruments were used. In this case, I believe the results
may vary based on the confounding variables that are of most
concern to the researchers.
Validity : Had the study measured what it was supposed to
measure? In fact, the research question was if there was a
8. relationship between breastfeeding duration and initiation on
children’s cognition development. After the conduction of the
study, it was apparent that there was no significant effect of
breastfeeding duration and initiation on children’s cognition.
Quality Criteria(continue)
Representative sampling
The sample chosen in this study was taken from a Child
Development Supplement(CDS), which selected participants
randomly.
Replication
Any study that cannot be replicated is of no value. In this case,
the study can be replicated by using different people and
examining the same variables. In this case, to replicate the
results , a researcher can select another group of participants
and examine the same variables: confounding variables stated
in the study, breastfeeding period and initiation as independent
variables and children cognition.
Theoretical perspective
The theoretical perspective of this study is cognitive
developmental theory.
The cognitive theory is concerned with cognitive development
in cognition with biological and social factors
Cognitive development applies to this study for the reason
below:
This study is intended to measure cognitive development in
children by duration and initiation of breastfeeding. In other
words, how children develop cognitively.
9. Article #2: The effect of breastfeeding on child development at
5 years: A cohort study
Summary
Conducted by: Pj Quinn, M O’callghan, GM William, Jim
Najman, MJ Anderson and W Bor.
Hypotheses is, according to Quinn and et al.(2001), “duration of
breastfeeding would have direct beneficial effects on child
development at 5 years and that this effect would be
independent of social and family influences.”
Design
The study is correlational because it studies the relationship
between breastfeeding, which is an independent variable, and
another variable is cognition development.
Participants
3880 children (1842 females and 2038 males).
Materials
Questioners
Peabody Pictures Vocabulary Test Revised(PPVT-R) is
Standardized test to measure oral intelligence.
Rand health survey -Follow up surveys
10. Methodology
Data collection techniques
When the babies were age 6 months, questioners were given to
the mothers, which includes questions about the mothers’ social
and psychological aspects and were inquired for how long they
had breastfed according to 6 group periods.
Confounding variables
Mothers’ relationships with their children. For instance, if they
had talked and played with them. Also, if they has smoked
during pregnancy.
Mothers experiencing anxiety and depression during 6 months
and 5 years questionnaires and after delivery.
Methodology
At 5 years
Children were asked to take the PPVTR-R test. Children with
diseases concerning the neuron system were eliminated.
Confounding variables at 5 years Follow up:
Biological confounding variables were collected, such as
gender of the child, age, weight at birth, surgery history ..etc.
Other confounding variables regarding children’s mothers, such
as whether they are married or not, speak English, their first
experiences and knowledge of pregnancy, if they had
smoked…etc.
Note: there are other confounding variables that had been
11. addressed.
Methodology
Data analysis
Analysis of Variance was used to investigate the variation in
PPVT-R results in each period of breastfeeding.
Confounding variables were addressed for each child and and
also PPVT-R results.
Linear regression was used if the variables in PPVTR results
are (P<0.05).
Females and males data were analyzed independently.
results
Results
Children’s mothers not assessed with PPVT-R were
Probably unmarried
Diagnosis with anxiety and depression
Short period of breastfeeding
Children not assessed were
Weight at birth is less than assessed.
Mothers’ knowledge of pregnancy is considered unimportant
Results (continue)
Generally, after taking PPVT-R, children who were breastfed
for more than six months had higher scores(103.6) than those
12. were never breastfed(94.2).
Males and females were investigated independently and the
results were that females had higher scores than males.
Moreover, females and males who were breastfed more than six
months had higher scores than children who never breastfed.
There was a tendency to increase in PPVT-R scores in
accordance with increasing in period of breastfeeding.
Results
After taking cofounding variables into consideration, linear
regression is used, such as birth weight, poverty and others
which called is the adjusted model.
After using adjusted model for males and females, the results
were:
Males’ and females’ PPVT-R scores decreased. However,
children’s tests scores increased in accordance with increasing
in period of breastfeeding.
Conclusion
The duration of breastfeeding is important. Mothers should
breastfeed their children for 6 months and more due to the
strong effect on children’s cognitive development.
Discussion
This study is related to other studies regarding considering
confounding variables.
Other studies suggested that cognition development is related to
other factors rather than breastfeeding such as maternal
characteristics and environment that children live in.
Other studies suggested that breastfeeding has no relationship
with children social behaviors later in life. Thus, these studies
draw the conclusion that the relationships between
breastfeeding and cognitive development has no connection
13. with other factors such as social factors.
The relationship between breastfeeding and cognitive
development is said to be due to the milk characteristics . In
fact, breast milk have some elements that is related to the
development of children cognitive abilities.
Quality criteria
Objectivity : The study had been done by a group of researches.
So bias would be considered of no relevance. Also, study took
into account different confounding variables that may falsely
attribute the relationship between the variables of main
interests.
Reliability: Reliability means that the results will be the same if
the same instruments were used. In this case, I believe the
results may vary based on the confounding variables that are of
most concern to the researches.
Validity : Had the study measured what it was supposed to
measure? In fact, the research hypothesis was if there was a
relationship between breastfeeding duration on children
cognition development. After the conduction of the study, it was
apparent that there was significant effects of breastfeeding
duration on children’s cognition.
Quality Criteria
Representative Sampling
In this study, the representative sample is 3880 children (1842
females and 2038 males) selected from from Queensland study
of pregnancy (MUSP) project. It is considered represent the
children population.
Replication
Any study that cannot be replicated is of no value. In this case,
14. the study can be replicated by using different people and
examining the same variables. In this case, to replicate the
study, a researcher can select another group of participants and
examine the same variables: confounding variables stated in the
study, breastfeeding period as independent variables and
children cognition.
Theoretical perspective
The theoretical perspective of this study is cognitive
development theory.
This theory emphasized cognitive development according to
stages and in accordance to social and biological forces
This theory applies to the study to the reasons below:
This study concerns cognitive development in children which
is strongly emphasized in Piaget theory which was shown in the
study hypothesis.
Take Home Message
Study one contradicted study in regard to the effectiveness of
breastfeeding period on children cognition. In fact, study one
stated that there is not a linear correlation between
breastfeeding and cognition whereas the second indicated that
there was a correlational relationship between breastfeeding
period
According to the studies, Scientifically, first study is more
accurate since it took into account the multiple confounding
variables. However, most previous research were in agreement
with study two.
Take home Message
15. Limitation: In order to judge the validity of research on a single
research topic, investigators should not draw conclusions based
on one or two studies. There must be multiple research studies
that have the same results.
Confounding variables are very tricky and can sometimes be
conceivable.
Future research
Replication of the two studies
Participants can be chosen from countries other than USA.
Considering other confounding variables
References
Jiang, M., Foster, E., & Gibson-Davis, C. M. (2011).
Breastfeeding and the child
cognitive outcomes: A propensity score matching
approach. Maternal and
Child Health Journal, 15(8), 1296-1307.
doi:10.1007/s10995-010-0677-5
Quinn, P. J., O'Callaghan, M. M., Williams, G. M., Najman, J.
M., Andersen, M. J., &
Bor, W. W. (2001). The effect of breastfeeding on child
development at 5 years: A
cohort study. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health,
37(5), 465-469.
doi:10.1046/j.1440-1754.2001.00702.x
Rubric
Total Assignment = 100 pts (=23% of course grade)
10 pts -- Your research question/ appropriate selection of
articles and presentation length--total presentation should be no
16. shorter than 20 and no longer than 40 slides
45 pts -- Summary of each study; please include for each study
the following.
a. Purpose of Study--what are the study's research questions? (6
pts)
b. Design --First, answer this question: is this study
experimental?, quasi-experimental?, or correlational?
Experimental=are there randomly assigned groups that were
treated differently?, Quasi-Experimental--are there groups that
naturally occurred--e.g., smokers vs. non-smokers--that were
treated differently by the researcher?, Correlational--a group is
described and the results show differences among the group
members? Second, IF the study has a developmental focus,
analyze the developmental design: cross-sectional, longitudinal,
or sequential. (6 pts)
c. Methods--include participants, materials/instruments, data
collection techniques, and data analysis techniques. After
summarizing the methods, analyze what the researchers did in
terms of the criteria of 1) objectivity, 2) reliability, 3) validity,
4) representative sampling, and 5) replication. (21 pts)
Rubric
c. Methods--include participants, materials/instruments, data
collection techniques, and data analysis techniques. After
summarizing the methods, analyze what the researchers did in
terms of the criteria of 1) objectivity, 2) reliability, 3) validity,
4) representative sampling, and 5) replication. (21 pts)
d. Findings--look for information indicating significant
differences--connect the findings back to the research
hypotheses. The findings should be contained in the Results
section of the paper (6 pts)
17. e. Conclusions--summary of authors' interpretations from
Discussion section (6 pts)
Rubric
15 pts--Theoretical Perspective--what are the researchers'
(probably implicit) perspectives on human development?--
defend your decisions for each study with reasons (from the
purpose, design, data collection and analysis, results, and
interpretation); you should 1) identify (2 pts), 2) explain (5 pts),
and 3) defend (8 pts) whether the perspective of each study is
organismic, cognitive-developmental, cognitive-learning,
behavioral, psychodynamic, contextual, or humanistic. If
possible to determine the specific theory being tested by the
study, further analyze the origins of the developmental approach
being used. Be sure to defend your point of view.
15 pts -- Take Home Message--having read these two studies
(notice this is a comparative analysis), what do you now
believe? (=conclusions, 5 pts) What other questions do you
have? (=future research questions, 5 pts) What can you not
know for sure? (=limitations, 5 pts)
Instructions of Intervention Plan
· Intervention Plan
Students are asked to read several of the research presentations
and respond to ONE of them by creating a lesson plan or plan
for intervention to assist individuals with the problems
described in the research presentation.
· This assignment addresses the teaching goal of identifying
strategies for facilitating the development of people. For
18. example, if your classmate's presentation concerns adolescent
identity in the face of parental divorce, create a plan for
intervention or treatment to help those adolescents that is based
on the conclusions of the research presentation.
· If your classmate's presentation concerns caregivers' health
problems in the face of a family member with Alzheimer's,
create a plan for intervention or treatment to help those
caregivers that is based on the results of the studies summarized
in the presentation.
· If your classmate's presentation concerns college student
grades in the face of extracurricular involvement in athletics,
create a lesson plan or intervention plan to help college students
that is based on the results of the studies.
· If your classmate's presentation concerns the effects of silent
reading on middle schoolers' comprehension skills, create a
lesson plan to help middle schoolers that is based on the results
of the studies.
· Convince me that your plan is based on the results of the
studies.
· Please create your OWN intervention--do not borrow one used
in your school district or found in another study.
· Think CREATIVELY about what you might do, why it should
work, and exactly how you would implement it. Think through
the steps of implementation.
The plan should identify a target audience, and a target frame of
duration, and contain an objective, a summary of skills to be
developed, and specific techniques for reaching the objective
and developing the skills. Be sure to identify the research
presentation that you are responding to and explain how your
intervention addresses the issues explained in your classmate’s
research presentation.
Please note that in your References section you should not
include any article that you yourself have not read.
Your classmate’s research presentation will list both of the
19. studies your classmate read to produce the research
presentation. I encourage you to work from the summaries
produced by your classmate. Unless you have read those
original studies yourself, you may not ethically cite those
studies. If you use other sources in preparing your IP, you
should cite those sources faithfully.
I prefer that you write your IP in Word. Please attach the rubric
(available under the purple button "Course Documents") to the
end of your plan.
The IP will be evaluated according to the rubric under Course
Documents and is worth 7% of your course grade. Please send
the IP (in a Microsoft Word format) to me as an email
attachment with the rubric copied into the last pages no later
than the date listed in the Calendar.
· Intervention Plan Rubric
· YOU MUST FOLLOW THIS RUBRIC PLEASE
__of 1 point Identification of Research Presentation to which
your plan is in response
__ of 3 points Explain how the research presentation
findings motivated your intervention--be specific
__of 1 point Target Audience
__of 1 point Target Frame of Duration
__of 1 point Objective
__ of 4 points Skills to be developed
__ of 4 points Specific Techniques
__of 2 points Originality of Student's Intervention
__of 3 points Style--grammar, spelling, rhetorical structure, and
proper citation of any sources used, including your classmate's
research presentation--make a separate References page
__ of 20 points Total