The effect of episodic retrieval on inhibition in task switchingJimGrange
Invited paper presented at symposium entitled "Inhibition as a cognitive construct: Helpful and valid?" at the 59th Conference of Experimental Psychologists (TeaP), Dresden, Germany
The effect of episodic retrieval on inhibition in task switchingJimGrange
Invited paper presented at symposium entitled "Inhibition as a cognitive construct: Helpful and valid?" at the 59th Conference of Experimental Psychologists (TeaP), Dresden, Germany
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The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
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A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
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As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
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3. Cognitive Inhibition & Ageing
• “Inhibition-deficit hypothesis” (Hasher et al.,
2007; 1999)
– Inhibition becomes less efficient as we age
– Leads to cognitive decline
4. Cognitive Inhibition & Ageing
• Evidence for less efficient inhibition is mixed:
– Stop signal (Kramer et al., 1999)
– Wisconsin card sorting task (Kramer et al., 1999)
– Negative priming (Kramer et al., 1999; Gamboz et
al., 2002)
– Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (Kramer et al.,
1999)
– Inhibition of return (Verhaeghen, 2011)
– Stroop task (Verhaeghen & De Meersman, 1998)
5. What Drives these Inconsistencies?
Inhibition is multi-faceted
Friedman & Miyake (2004), JEP:G
6. What Drives these Inconsistencies?
Do “inhibition” tasks measure inhibition?
• Many “inhibition” effects can be explained
without appeal to inhibitory mechanisms
• Good evidence for a role for inhibition in
task switching
– Robust against non-inhibitory accounts
12. How is Task Switching Achieved?
• Activate task-relevant representations when
they are required
• Inhibit task-irrelevant representations when
they are no longer required
18. Inhibition in Task Switching
A B A
C B A
N–2 repetition cost = RT(ABA) – RT(CBA)
19. Ageing & Inhibition in Task Switching
• Mayr (2001) – larger n–2 repetition costs for
older adults
• Lawo et al. (2012) – no age-difference on n–2
repetition cost
• Schuch (2016) – no age-difference on n–2
repetition cost
20. Interim Summary
• We have a good measure of inhibition
• No age-related effects on this measure
• So no age-related decline in inhibition (?)
21. But does the n–2 repetition cost
really measure inhibition?
22. Episodic Retrieval
• A key non-inhibitory account that can explain
a lot of “inhibitory-type” effects
• Automatic cue-based retrieval of episodic
traces of previous task experience
– Retrieval facilitates or interferes with
performance depending on whether it matches
current task demands
29. Mayr (2002), PB&R; Grange et al. (in press), JEP: HPP
Episodic
Match
Episodic
Mismatch
30. Error bars denote +/- 1 SE
Episodic
Match
Episodic
Mismatch
Grange et al. (in press), JEP:HPP
31. The Current Study
• Revisit age-related
effects on inhibition
in task switching
• Control for episodic
interference
• A “cleaner” measure
of inhibition (?)
36. Error bars denote +/- 1 SE
Episodic
Match
Episodic
Mismatch
𝐵𝐹 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐵𝐹 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑐ℎ
= 25.48
37. Discussion
• No age-related difference in n–2
repetition cost for RT
–No evidence for age-related effect on
inhibition (cf. Hasher & colleagues)
–Even when controlling for episodic
interference (i.e., using a “cleaner” measure
of inhibition)
38. Discussion
• Is there any n–2 repetition cost left when
controlling for episodic retrieval?
40. Discussion
• Younger adults’ accuracy influenced by
episodic interference
• Not so for older adults
– Hard to interpret: Accuracy at ceiling
• Speed-accuracy trade-off?
41. Discussion
• Current work looking at jointly-modelling RT
and accuracy data
– diffusion model
Figure from Vandekerckhove et al. (2010), Psych. Methods.
43. Thank You!
Slides available at
www.jimgrange.wordpress.com
Data, analysis code, &
experiment code available at
https://osf.io/wvncy
Paper pre-print available at
https://osf.io/preprints/543wp/
Editor's Notes
Bayesian analysis: Model with main effect of “response” (BF=541.00) is 14.58 times more likely than a full main effect + interaction model (BF=37.10).
Bayesian analysis: Full main effect + interaction model (BF=1032.00) is >25.48x more likely than any other model.
