1. T H E
E C O L O G Y
A N D
E V O L U T I O N
O F
HEROEN VERBRUGGEN, UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE

2. Five
slides
about
taxonomy
What
we
think
we
know
about
species
diversity
but
don’t.
Pa<erns
of
species
diversity
Diversifica@on:
specia@on
and
ex@nc@on.
Geographic
pa<erns
of
specia@on
How
biodiversity
got
to
where
it
is.
Ecological
aspects
of
diversifica@on
How
diversifica@on
relates
to
the
thermal
niche.

3. Popula@on
structure
of
Por$eria
Payo
et
al.
–
under
review
Picture credits: Rob Anderson & John Huisman, via AlgaeBase

4. Sampling
locali@es:
Philippines
Payo
et
al.
–
under
review

5. Not
one
but
21
species
265
cox
2-­‐3
spacer
sequences
logLGMYC
=
462.92
>
logLnul
=
449.25,
p
<
0.001
21
(19-­‐24)
GMYC
clusters
Payo
et
al.
–
under
review

6. Global
diversity?
Payo
et
al.
-­‐
unpublished

7. Consequences
Taxonomists
in
state
of
paralysis
Conserva@on…
More
work
for
me
@$#N*!ˇ

8. Biodiversity
Pa<erns
of
species
diversity
Diversifica@on:
specia@on
and
ex@nc@on
Geographic
pa<erns
of
specia@on
How
did
biodiversity
get
where
it
is?
Ecological
aspects
of
diversifica@on
How
does
diversifica@on
relate
to
the
thermal
niche?

9. How
we
do
what
we
do…
Species
delimita@on
Trust
no-­‐one
but
Mr.
Sanger
Phylogene@c
hypothesis
Mul@ple
markers
Diversifica@on
pa<erns
Evolu@onary
inference
Geographic
data
Macroecological
data
Evolu@onary
models

13. Model
systems
Halimeda
Dictyota
Codium

14. Geographic
pa<erns
of
diversifica@on

15. Dictyotales

16. Dictyotales:
236
species;
2038
specimens

17.
What
we
want
to
know
What
are
the
dominant
geographic
modes
of
specia@on?
Where
did
taxa
originate?
How
did
they
spread
around
the
world?
What
we
have
to
work
with
DNA
barcodes
species
boundaries
where
species
are
distributed
mul@gene
alignment
phylogene@c
tree
with
calibra@on
à
chronogram

18. Models
of
evolu@onary
change
Dispersal
-­‐
Ex@nc@on
-­‐
Cladogenesis
model
Ree
&
Smith
(2008)
Syst.
Biol.
57:
4-­‐14
—
Ree
et
al.
(2005)
Evolu$on
59:
2299-­‐2311

19. Basic
marine
DEC
model
Spalding
et
al.
(2009)
BioScience
57:
573-­‐583

20. Where
did
it
come
from?
De
Clerck
et
al.
–
unpublished

21. Newhousia imbricata
Zonaria sp1
Zonaria crenata
Zonaria diesingiana
Zonaria tournefortii
Zonaria angustata
Zonaria spiralis
Zonaria subarticulata
Lobophora papenfussii
Lobophora sp12
Lobophora sp9
Lobophora sp10
Lobophora sp2
Lobophora variegata
Lobophora sp7
Zonaria diesingiana2
Lobophora sp3
Lobophora sp1
Lobophora sp4
Lobophora sp5
Homoeostrichus canaliculatus
Homoeostrichus olsenii
Exallosorus harveyanus
Homoeostrichus sinclairii
Homoeostrichus sp1
Homoeostrichus sp2
Homoeostrichus flabellatus
Homoeostrichus formosana
Zonaria sp2
Distromium didymothrix
Distromium sp1
Distromium skottsbergii
Distromium sp2
Distromium decumbens2
Distromium decumbens4
Distromium decumbens3
Distromium decumbens1
Padina melemele7
Padina melemele6
Padina melemele8
Padina melemele2
Padina melemele3
Padina melemele9
Padina melemele1
Padina melemele5
Padina melemele4
Padina moffittiana
Padina moffittiana2
Padina stipitata
Padina sp26
Padina sp29
Padina sp9
Padina sp10
Padina sp11
Padina sp24
Padina arborescens
Padina sp6
Padina sp25
Padina sp5
Padina crassa
Padina crassa3
Padina gymnospora5
Padina sp8
Padina sp7
Padina gymnospora4
Padina gymnospora1
Padina gymnospora2
Padina gymnospora3
Padina pavonica2
Padina sp21
Padina sp20
Padina sp28
Padina crassa2
Padina sp22
Padina sp3
Padina sp2
Padina minor
Padina boryana4
Padina boryana3
Padina boryana2
Padina boryana
Padina sp15
Padina somalensis
Padina australis
Padina boergesenii
Padina pavonica
Padina thivyi
Padina ryukyuana
Padina sp4
Padina sp1
Padina fasciata
Padina sanctaecrucis1
Padina sanctaecrucis2
Padina japonica
Padina sp23
Padina undulata
Padina jonesii
Padina terricolor
Padina okinawaensis
Padina sp27
Taonia atomaria
Dictyopteris divaricata
Spatoglossum pacificum
Dictyopteris undulata
Dictyopteris muelleri
Spatoglossum stipitatum
Spatoglossum asperum
Spatoglossum sp
Spatoglossum crassum
Spatoglossum solierii
Lobospira bicuspidata
Dictyopteris sp1
Dictyopteris delicatula1
Dictyopteris delicatula2
Dictyopteris sp2
Dictyopteris delicatula3
Dictyopteris australis
Dictyopteris polypodioides
Dictyopteris longifolia
Dictyopteris latiuscula
Dictyopteris prolifera2
Dictyopteris prolifera1
Dictyopteris crassinervia
Stypopodium flabelliforme2
Stypopodium flabelliforme
Stypopodium flabelliforme1
Stypopodium hawaiiensis
Stypopodium australasicum
Stypopodium multipartitum
Stypopodium schimperi
Stypopodium sp1
Stypopodium zonale
Stypopodium sp2
Dictyotopsis propagulifera
Stoechospermum polypodioides
Scoresbyella profunda
Rugulopteryx radicans
Rugulopteryx suhrii
Rugulopteryx okamurae
Rugulopteryx marginatus
Canistrocarpus crispatus
Canistrocarpus cervicornis
Dilophus robustus2
Dilophus robustus1
Dilophus sp1
Dilophus gunnianus
Dilophus robustus3
Dilophus fastigiatus
Dictyota ceylanica5
Dictyota humifusa
Dictyota pfaffii
Dictyota canaliculata1
Dictyota sp15
Dictyota spiralis
Dictyota canariensis
Dictyota implexa
Dictyota linearis
Dictyota sp20
Dictyota flabellata
Dictyota crenulata
Dictyota sp19
Dictyota pinnatifida
Dictyota concrescens
Dictyota cymatophila
Dictyota mertensii2
Dictyota caribaea
Dictyota pleiacantha2
Dictyota pleiacantha1
Dictyota jamaicensis
Dictyota sandvicensis2
Dictyota sandvicensis3
Dictyota sandvicensis1
Dictyota nigricans
Dictyota binghamiae
Dictyota kunthii
Dictyota sp29
Dictyota sp25
Dictyota dichotoma1
Dictyota sp1
Dictyota polyclada1
Dictyota polyclada2
Dictyota sp30
Dictyota paniculata
Dictyota polyclada3
Dictyota adnata
Dictyota sp16
Dictyota sp22
Dictyota sp12
Dictyota mangrovestolon
Dictyota sp18
Dictyota sp17
Dictyota bartayresiana
Dictyota canaliculata2
Dictyota sp26
Dictyota ceylanica2
Dictyota ceylanica1
Dictyota ceylanica3
Dictyota sp6
Dictyota sp5
Dictyota fasciola
Dictyota mediterranea
Dictyota friabilis1
Dictyota dichotoma2
Dictyota pardalis
Dictyota ceylanica4
Dictyota hamifera
Dictyota sp11
Dictyota sp9
Dictyota sp10
Dictyota sp24
Dictyota acutiloba1
Dictyota acutiloba2
Dictyota grossedentata
Dictyota dhofarensis
Dictyota naevosa
Dictyota coriacea
Dictyota plectens
Dictyota ciliolata
Dictyota rigida4
Dictyota rigida2
Dictyota rigida3
Dictyota rigida1
Dictyota intermedia
Dictyota stolonifera
Dictyota liturata
Dictyota mertensii1
Dictyota sp23
Dictyota dichotoma3
Dictyota diemensis
Dictyota cyanoloma
Dictyota alternifida
Dictyota sp21
Dictyota koreana
Dictyota sp7
Dictyota sp3

22. How
did
it
move
around?
Tropics
à
North
Tropics
à
South
South
à
North
dispersal
rate
Ma
De
Clerck
et
al.
–
unpublished

23. Cenozoic:
gradual
drop
in
temperature
Zachos
et
al.
(2008)
Nature
451:
279-­‐283

24. Ecological
correlates
of
diversifica@on

25. Halimeda
–
Species
diversity
map
Map
courtesy
of
Tom
Schils

26. Macroecological
affini@es
SST
Verbruggen
et
al.
(2009)
Global
Ecol.
Biogeogr.
18:
393-­‐405

27. SST
affini@es
modeled
along
tree
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
Verbruggen
et
al.
(2009)
Global
Ecol.
Biogeogr.
18:
393-­‐405

28. Can
this
explain
geographical
pa<erns
of
diversity?

29. The
notorious
LDG
low
high
Decreasing
species
diversity
from
tropics
to
poles
Many,
many,
MANY
explana@ons
proposed
Evolu@onary
perspec@ve:
species
turnover
Ti<ensor
et
al.
(2010)
Nature
466:
1098-­‐1107
—
Jablonski
et
al.
(2006)
Science
314:
102-­‐106

30. …but
for
seaweeds
Bimodal
la@tudinal
diversity
pa<ern
Highest
diversity
in
temperate
regions
Do
the
same
evolu@onary
processes
hold?
Kerswell
(2006)
Ecology
10:
2479-­‐2488

31. Codium
-­‐
Species
diversity
map
Map
courtesy
of
Tom
Schils

32. Codium
-­‐
SST
affini)es
along
tree
C1
C2
C3
l 112
species
l 3
genes
l ML
–
BI
l )me-­‐calibrated
l evolu)on
of
SST
preference
inferred
Verbruggen
et
al.
-­‐
unpublished

33. Codium
-­‐
SST
affini@es
along
tree
C1
C2
C3
Are
speciaIon
rates
higher
in
the
tropics? l
3
genes
l
112
species
l ML
–
BI
l @me-­‐calibrated
l evolu@on
of
SST
preference
inferred
Verbruggen
et
al.
-­‐
unpublished

34. Model
of
diversifica@on
dynamics
Diversifica@on
func@on
of
trait
of
interest
(in
our
case,
SST)
" λ %
log $ ' = β SST + α
# 1− λ &
Verbruggen
et
al.
-­‐
unpublished

35. Codium
-­‐
Diversifica@on
and
SST
C1
C2
C3
β = 0.18 ± 0.026
Verbruggen
et
al.
-­‐
unpublished

36. Codium
-­‐
SST
affini)es
along
tree
C1
C2
C3
l 112
species
l 3
genes
l ML
–
BI
l )me-­‐calibrated
l evolu)on
of
SST
preference
inferred
Verbruggen
et
al.
-­‐
unpublished

37. β
=
0.18
±
0.026
β
=
0.018
±
0.021
Verbruggen
et
al.
–
unpublished—
Tyberghein
et
al.
–
unpublished

38. Diversifica@on
is
func@on
of
niche
evolvability
Tyberghein
et
al.
–
unpublished

39. Parapatric
specia@on
along
la@tudinal
temperature
gradient
Tyberghein
et
al.
–
unpublished

40. Where
does
this
evolvability
come
from?

41. Halimeda
–
microhabitat
evolu@on
Exposed
microhabitat
Sheltered
microhabitat
Marcelino
et
al.
–
unpublished

42. SST
rate
SST
rate
depends
constant
on
exposure
vs.
Marcelino
et
al.
–
unpublished

43. Microhabitat
specializa@ons
as
exapta@ons
for
macroecological
shiws
7.6
frequency
Lineages
from
exposed
habitat
4.3×
faster
AIC1rate
–
AIC2rates
Marcelino
et
al.
–
unpublished

44. Evolu@on
&
diversity
SpeciaIon
allopatric
vs.
within
region
niche
shiws
vs.
conserva@sm
DistribuIons
tropics
source:
OTT
confirmed
North
sink
DiversificaIon
Codium:
SST
+
historical
effect
Halimeda
&
Dictyota:
evolvability

45. Lennert
Tyberghein
Vanessa
Marcelino
Sofie
D’hondt
Dioli
Ann
Payo
Olivier
De
Clerck
Frederik
Leliaert

46. Collaborators:
Ma<
Ashworth
Chris
Maggs
Satoshi
Shimada
Eric
Coppejans
Antoine
N'Yeurt
Thomas
Silberfeld
Chris
Drake
Fa@ma
Oliveira
Heather
Spalding
Nick
Eloot
Mariana
Oliveira
Frederique
Steen
Wiebe
Kooistra
Klaas
Pauly
Ana
Tronholm
Diane
Li<ler
Gary
Saunders
Christophe
Viera
Mark
Li<ler
Thomas
Sauvage
Brian
Wysor
Steve
LoDuca
Tom
Schils
Rick
Zechman
Collectors:
Rob
Anderson
Stefano
Draisma
Chris
Lane
Willem
P.v.Reine
Elizabeth
Bandeira
Cindy
Fernandez
Line
Le
Gall
Craig
Schneider
John
Bolton
Suzanne
Fredericq
Diane
Li<ler
Gary
Saunders
Barre<
Brooks
Wilson
Freshwater
Mark
Li<ler
Thomas
Sauvage
Francis
Bunker
Fred
Gurgel
Lydiane
Ma|o
Tom
Schils
Olivier
Dargent
John
Huisman
Frederic
Mineur
Heather
Spalding
Kya<
Dixon
Lisa
Kirkendale
Klaas
Pauly
John
West
Rainbo
Dixon
Gerry
Kraw
Claude
Payri
…
many
others
…