CHAPTER 2 EARTH’S INTERNAL PROCESSESS AND CRUSTAL DEFORMATION.pdf

1. CHAPTER 2: EARTH’S INTERNAL PROCESSESS AND
CRUSTAL DEFORMATION

2. OBJECTIVES
1. ILLUSTRATE THE
CHARACTERISTICS
OF THE INTERNAL
LAYERS OF THE
EARTH
2. RECOGNIZE THE
PRESENCE OF
DISCONTINUITIES
BETWEEN EACH
INTERNAL LAYER OF
EARTH

3. PRIOR LEARNING QUIZ
NUMBER STATEMENT TRUE/ FALSE
1. The atmosphere is the layer of gases surrounding the Earth.
2. All rocks are formed from molten magma.
3. The Sun is the closest star to Earth and the centre of our solar system.
4. Plants produce oxygen through a process called photosynthesis.

4. PRIOR LEARNING QUIZ
NUMBER STATEMENT TRUE/ FALSE
1. The atmosphere is the layer of gases surrounding the Earth. True
2. All rocks are formed from molten magma. False
3. The Sun is the closest star to Earth and the centre of our solar system. True
4. Plants produce oxygen through a process called photosynthesis. True

5. EARTH’S INTERIOR
There are ways to classify
the layer of the Earth.
1.COMPOSITIONAL
Crust (continental &
oceanic)
Mantle
Core
2. MECHANICAL
Lithosphere
Asthenosphere
Mesosphere
Outer core
Inner core

7. THE COMPOSITIONAL LAYERS OF
EARTH

8. THE CRUST
The crust is the outermost layer of
Earth.
1.OCEANIC - thin & dense
2.CONTINENTAL - thick & light or
less dense
Rocks that form the crust are the
Granite, Andesite, & Basalt.
crust

9. THE MANTLE
The mantle is the thickest
layer beneath the crust,
extends to about 2900 km
thick has a mass of 4.01 X
10^24 kg, contributing to 67%
of the total mass of Earth.
The mantle is hot and dense
because temperature and
pressure increase with depth.
mantle

10. THE MANTLE
It is made of solid rock,
proven by how seismic
waves move through it.
The mantle’s material is
similar to peridotite, a
rock rich in iron and
magnesium.
mantle

11. THE MANTLE
The hot mantle rock rises,
flows, and sinks slowly in
circles called convection
currents.
This movement slowly moves
the plates of crust above it.
This plate movement causes
earthquakes, volcanoes and
mountains.
mantle

12. CORE
First one to be formed during the
early years of Earth.
Made up of iron and nickel
alloy, which is the reason that
Earth has a magnetic field.
Makes up 31% of Earth’s
composition.
Source of our planet’s internal
heat.
Divided into inner and outer
cores.
outer core
inner core

13. THE MECHANICAL LAYERS OF
EARTH

14. THE EARTH HAS TWO KINDS OF LAYERS:
COMPOSITIONAL LAYERS (CRUST, MANTLE,
AND CORE) AND MECHANICAL LAYERS,
WHICH ARE BASED ON HOW STRONG OR
SOFT THE LAYERS ARE. THE FIVE
MECHANICAL LAYERS ARE:

15. LITHOSPHERE
This includes the crust and
the top part of the mantle.
It is solid, rigid, and brittle,
and about 100 km thick.
It breaks under pressure,
which causes earthquakes.
It is divided into tectonic
plates that float on the
layer below.

16. ASTHENOSPHERE
Found just below the
lithosphere, this layer is
made of partially molten
rock.
It is not fully liquid but can
flow, letting the tectonic
plates move.
It goes down to about 200
km.

17. MESOSPHERE
This is the lower part
of the mantle, below
the asthenosphere.
Because of the high
pressure, the rock here
is more solid and
strong, and does not
flow easily.

18. OUTER CORE
This layer is liquid and
made mostly of iron
and nickel. It is very
hot (around 4000–
5000°C) and is
responsible for
creating Earth’s
magnetic field.

19. INNER CORE
Found at the center of
the Earth, it is made of
solid iron and nickel.
Even though it's
extremely hot, the
pressure is so high
that the material stays
solid

20. BOUNDARIES OR SEISMIC
DISCONTINUITIES

21. SEISMIC WAVES TRAVEL THROUGH EARTH’S LAYERS AND
CHANGE SPEED DEPENDING ON THE MATERIAL.
THEY MOVE FASTER IN SOLIDS AND SLOWER IN LIQUIDS.
THE QUICK CHANGE IN SEISMIC VELOCITIES IN A
BOUNDARY IS CALLED SEISMIC DISCONTINUITIES,
REVEAL BOUNDARIES BETWEEN LAYERS.
KEY BOUNDARIES INCLUDE THE MOHOROVIČIĆ
DISCONTINUITY (CRUST-MANTLE), THE CORE-MANTLE
BOUNDARY, AND THE INNER CORE-OUTER CORE
BOUNDARY.

22. MOHOROVICIC DISCONTINUITY
The Mohorovičić
Discontinuity (Moho)
was discovered in
1909 by Andrija
Mohorović, a
Croatian
seismologist.

23. GUTENBERG DISCONTINUITY
In 1913, Beno Gutenberg
discovered that S-waves
stop and P-waves slow
down at a certain depth,
proving that the Earth's
outer core is liquid and
naming the boundary the
Gutenberg Discontinuity.

24. LEHMANN DISCONTINUITY
Inge Lehmann, a Danish
seismologist, discovered that the
Earth's core has two parts: a liquid
outer core and a solid inner core.
Before her discovery, scientists
thought the core was all liquid.
She found this by studying seismic
waves, which showed a change
deep inside the Earth.
This boundary is called the
Lehmann Discontinuity.

25. THANK YOU!