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The Disaster Mental Health
Responses to the BP Oil Crisis
Wendell Cathcart
Disaster Mental Health
• DMH intervention is a
relatively recent addition to
disaster health treatment
• People at risk from a disaster:
Pre-existing condition, People
who are affected, Children,
Underserved populations
• Interventions are largely
dependent on ability to
access at-risk and
underserved communities
• Different interventions are
needed for different disasters
Exxon Valdez and Hurricane
Katrina
Looking at Technological disasters (such as an oil spill) and
at Natural Disasters (such as a hurricane)
The Exxon Valdez Spill
 March 24, 1989 – Prince William Sound,
Alaska
 Surface-spill: between 260-750,000
barrels
◦ BP Spill, estimate at 4.9 million barrels
between April 20 and July 15, 2010
 Oil spill “Technological” Disaster
 More stressful than Natural Disasters
 Those most at risk: People who feel their
livelihood and lifestyles are at risk
 Exxon cleanup dollars – “money
pollution”
The Gulf Coastal States
Hurricane Katrina
 Mental Health
infrastructure
and behavioral
health problems
left over from
Katrina
 Gulf economy
already
recovering from
Katrina
April 20, 2010 – July 15, 2010
Estimated Oil Coverage by
August 7, 2010
Project
 Comparing the Mental Health responses
in the five Gulf Coast states
 Based on interview data from the five
Disaster Mental Health Coordinators
(DHMCs)
 Examined four variables as they related
to the disaster mental health responses
of each state
◦ the physical proximity to spill
◦ the economic threat from the disaster
◦ the state’s funding of disaster mental health
◦ the state’s mental health support system
Example Questions
Figure 1. Interview Questions
1. How is your state fairing through this disaster? What were your
departments or state’s priorities when you realized the severity of
this disaster?
2. Who was considered most at risk for mental health
problems/stress from this spill?
3. What are some of the specific difficulties in terms of mental
health for your state?
4. Did your department start any new mental health programs
following the spill?
5. How were new programs funded or resourced?
6. What would you do differently in another, similar disaster?
7. What role is the nonprofit sector playing in your state’s mental
health response effort?
At-Risk Populations by State
 Texas – Refinery workers, support
industry: Community stigma
 Louisiana – Fishermen, Oil workers,
support industry, Disaster responders
 Mississippi – Fishermen, Vietnamese
shrimpers, Support industry, tourism
 Alabama – Fishermen, Tourism,
Family-owned businesses
 Florida – Shrimpers, Oystermen,
General economy (coastal state)
Mental Health Indicators on
Coast
 Increased demand for Community
Mental Health resources
 Increased use of state support
resources
 Suicides and domestic violence
 Alcohol and drug abuse
 “Acting out” and misbehavior in
schools
DMH Responses by State
 Texas
◦ Continued as normal
◦ Did not request resources from BP
 Louisiana
◦ Governor supplied $1million to fund “Louisiana Spirit”
program
 Hired 50 early responders in “diad” pairs to target at-risk
populations for 60-day recovery fund
◦ Requested $138 million for 5 year program from BP,
received $15 million installation payment
 Contributed $6 million to Catholic Charities
◦ BP/Transocean took care of many employees “in
house”
◦ Huge volunteer effort by Catholic Charities and other
nonprofits
DMH Responses by State
cont.
 Mississippi
◦ Community Mental Health resources operated without any
additional funds until the state legislature accept BPs funds
in late October
◦ Requested $125 million for 5 year program from BP,
received $12 million installation
 Money delayed until late November
◦ Money used to bolster existing health, mental health, and
economic aid programs
◦ Grant program began late November
 Alabama
◦ Chartered boat captain suicide in June
 Alabama advanced its own funds to hire 20 responders following
the suicide and 70 in all by November
◦ Received $12 million installation payment from BP
 Spent money on psychological counseling programs as well as
programs for economic aid
DMH Responses by State
cont.
 Florida
◦ Requested $6 million from BP for a 90-day
program, eventually received $3 million
 Bolstered existing mental health and outreach
programs
 Gave grant to Blakeview Baptist Behav. Health
(hurricane experience)
◦ Natural disaster responders were heavily
used
◦ Bi-monthly surveys for a year to assess MH
and response
◦ Nonprofits, faith-based, and volunteer
organizations have a large presence
General Information
Texas Louisiana Mississippi Alabama Florida
At-Risk Refinery Workers,
Support workers
Fishermen,
Oil workers,
Disaster
Responders
Fishermen,
Vietnamese
Shrimpers,
Support Industry,
Tourism
Fishermen,
Tourism,
Family
businesses
Shrimpers/
Oystermen,
General economy
MH Care System CMH (?) CMH (?) CMH (top-down) CMH (top-down) CMH (run
regionally)
BP Funding
Requested
NA $138mil/5 years $125mil/5 years ? $6 mil
BP Funded NA $15mil $12 mil $12 mil $3 mil
BP Funds
Available
NA September October (avail.
late November)
August September
Disaster (State)
Funding
NA $1mil (Louisiana
Spirit)
No ($?) Early Staff
Hirings
No
Add’l State
Employees (B4
BP Funds)
Normal Lvl Normal lvl+ 10-50 Normal Lvl Normal lvl+ 70+ Normal Lvl
Federal
Surveillance
NA CASPER
SAMHSA
CASPER
SAMHSA
CASPER
SAMHSA
SAMHSA
# Counties
Touching Gulf
17 11 3 2 23 (+/–)
Gulf County
Pops.
Millions 1,528,567 355,145 591,599 Millions
Policy Suggestions
 Invest early in behavioral health
response efforts to target at-risk
individuals (Louisiana and Alabama)
 States should share information and
work with SAMHSA
Texas Louisiana Mississip
pi
Alabama Florida
Proximity Far Closest 2nd Closest Close Medium
Econ. Threat Low High High High Medium
Add. State
Disaster Fund.
NA High No
additional
High No
additional
MH Support
System Use
Normal High Medium High Normal
Risk Low High High High Medium
Response Low High Medium High Medium
Conclusion
 My hypothesis was correct, the physical
proximity to spill, the economic threat
from the disaster, the state’s funding of
disaster mental health, and the state’s
mental health support system could
determine a state’s response.

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The Disaster Mental Health Responses to the BP

  • 1. The Disaster Mental Health Responses to the BP Oil Crisis Wendell Cathcart
  • 2. Disaster Mental Health • DMH intervention is a relatively recent addition to disaster health treatment • People at risk from a disaster: Pre-existing condition, People who are affected, Children, Underserved populations • Interventions are largely dependent on ability to access at-risk and underserved communities • Different interventions are needed for different disasters
  • 3. Exxon Valdez and Hurricane Katrina Looking at Technological disasters (such as an oil spill) and at Natural Disasters (such as a hurricane)
  • 4. The Exxon Valdez Spill  March 24, 1989 – Prince William Sound, Alaska  Surface-spill: between 260-750,000 barrels ◦ BP Spill, estimate at 4.9 million barrels between April 20 and July 15, 2010  Oil spill “Technological” Disaster  More stressful than Natural Disasters  Those most at risk: People who feel their livelihood and lifestyles are at risk  Exxon cleanup dollars – “money pollution”
  • 6. Hurricane Katrina  Mental Health infrastructure and behavioral health problems left over from Katrina  Gulf economy already recovering from Katrina
  • 7. April 20, 2010 – July 15, 2010
  • 8. Estimated Oil Coverage by August 7, 2010
  • 9. Project  Comparing the Mental Health responses in the five Gulf Coast states  Based on interview data from the five Disaster Mental Health Coordinators (DHMCs)  Examined four variables as they related to the disaster mental health responses of each state ◦ the physical proximity to spill ◦ the economic threat from the disaster ◦ the state’s funding of disaster mental health ◦ the state’s mental health support system
  • 10. Example Questions Figure 1. Interview Questions 1. How is your state fairing through this disaster? What were your departments or state’s priorities when you realized the severity of this disaster? 2. Who was considered most at risk for mental health problems/stress from this spill? 3. What are some of the specific difficulties in terms of mental health for your state? 4. Did your department start any new mental health programs following the spill? 5. How were new programs funded or resourced? 6. What would you do differently in another, similar disaster? 7. What role is the nonprofit sector playing in your state’s mental health response effort?
  • 11. At-Risk Populations by State  Texas – Refinery workers, support industry: Community stigma  Louisiana – Fishermen, Oil workers, support industry, Disaster responders  Mississippi – Fishermen, Vietnamese shrimpers, Support industry, tourism  Alabama – Fishermen, Tourism, Family-owned businesses  Florida – Shrimpers, Oystermen, General economy (coastal state)
  • 12. Mental Health Indicators on Coast  Increased demand for Community Mental Health resources  Increased use of state support resources  Suicides and domestic violence  Alcohol and drug abuse  “Acting out” and misbehavior in schools
  • 13. DMH Responses by State  Texas ◦ Continued as normal ◦ Did not request resources from BP  Louisiana ◦ Governor supplied $1million to fund “Louisiana Spirit” program  Hired 50 early responders in “diad” pairs to target at-risk populations for 60-day recovery fund ◦ Requested $138 million for 5 year program from BP, received $15 million installation payment  Contributed $6 million to Catholic Charities ◦ BP/Transocean took care of many employees “in house” ◦ Huge volunteer effort by Catholic Charities and other nonprofits
  • 14. DMH Responses by State cont.  Mississippi ◦ Community Mental Health resources operated without any additional funds until the state legislature accept BPs funds in late October ◦ Requested $125 million for 5 year program from BP, received $12 million installation  Money delayed until late November ◦ Money used to bolster existing health, mental health, and economic aid programs ◦ Grant program began late November  Alabama ◦ Chartered boat captain suicide in June  Alabama advanced its own funds to hire 20 responders following the suicide and 70 in all by November ◦ Received $12 million installation payment from BP  Spent money on psychological counseling programs as well as programs for economic aid
  • 15. DMH Responses by State cont.  Florida ◦ Requested $6 million from BP for a 90-day program, eventually received $3 million  Bolstered existing mental health and outreach programs  Gave grant to Blakeview Baptist Behav. Health (hurricane experience) ◦ Natural disaster responders were heavily used ◦ Bi-monthly surveys for a year to assess MH and response ◦ Nonprofits, faith-based, and volunteer organizations have a large presence
  • 16. General Information Texas Louisiana Mississippi Alabama Florida At-Risk Refinery Workers, Support workers Fishermen, Oil workers, Disaster Responders Fishermen, Vietnamese Shrimpers, Support Industry, Tourism Fishermen, Tourism, Family businesses Shrimpers/ Oystermen, General economy MH Care System CMH (?) CMH (?) CMH (top-down) CMH (top-down) CMH (run regionally) BP Funding Requested NA $138mil/5 years $125mil/5 years ? $6 mil BP Funded NA $15mil $12 mil $12 mil $3 mil BP Funds Available NA September October (avail. late November) August September Disaster (State) Funding NA $1mil (Louisiana Spirit) No ($?) Early Staff Hirings No Add’l State Employees (B4 BP Funds) Normal Lvl Normal lvl+ 10-50 Normal Lvl Normal lvl+ 70+ Normal Lvl Federal Surveillance NA CASPER SAMHSA CASPER SAMHSA CASPER SAMHSA SAMHSA # Counties Touching Gulf 17 11 3 2 23 (+/–) Gulf County Pops. Millions 1,528,567 355,145 591,599 Millions
  • 17. Policy Suggestions  Invest early in behavioral health response efforts to target at-risk individuals (Louisiana and Alabama)  States should share information and work with SAMHSA
  • 18. Texas Louisiana Mississip pi Alabama Florida Proximity Far Closest 2nd Closest Close Medium Econ. Threat Low High High High Medium Add. State Disaster Fund. NA High No additional High No additional MH Support System Use Normal High Medium High Normal Risk Low High High High Medium Response Low High Medium High Medium Conclusion  My hypothesis was correct, the physical proximity to spill, the economic threat from the disaster, the state’s funding of disaster mental health, and the state’s mental health support system could determine a state’s response.

Editor's Notes

  1. Norris, Fran H. 2005. “Range, Magnitude, and Duration of the Effects of Disasters on Mental Health.” Research Education Disaster Mental Health (March).
  2. http://www.solcomhouse.com/valdez.htm http://www.dismalworld.com/disasters/hurricane_katrina.php
  3. Picou et al., 1997 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill
  4. Wang, Philip S, MD. 2008. “Mental Health Service Use Among Hurricane Katrina Survivors in the Eight Months After the Disaster.” Am J Psychiatry: 165 (December): 34-41.
  5. http://thedailybite.wordpress.com/2010/06/16/did-methane-explosions-cause-mass-extinctions/