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The ball is not just orange.
- 1. A B I N J O: U C L C R I Hannes Schulz, Hauke Strasdat, and Sven Behnke University of Freiburg Institute of Computer Science Nov 29, 2007
- 2. Balls and Non-Balls Finding Ball Candidates Classification of Ball Candidates Experiments M The ball is small,
- 3. Balls and Non-Balls Finding Ball Candidates Classification of Ball Candidates Experiments M The ball is small, is easy to confuse with other objects
- 4. Balls and Non-Balls Finding Ball Candidates Classification of Ball Candidates Experiments M The ball is small, is easy to confuse with other objects is the most important object on the field: You cannot play sensibly without knowing its position
- 5. Balls and Non-Balls Finding Ball Candidates Classification of Ball Candidates Experiments M The ball is small, is easy to confuse with other objects is the most important object on the field: You cannot play sensibly without knowing its position We should put a lot of effort into finding the single real ball.
- 6. O 1 I B N-B 2 F B C 3 C B C 4 E
- 7. O 1 I B N-B 2 F B C 3 C B C 4 E
- 8. Balls and Non-Balls Finding Ball Candidates Classification of Ball Candidates Experiments H D B L L?
- 9. Balls and Non-Balls Finding Ball Candidates Classification of Ball Candidates Experiments H D B L L? T E C
- 10. Balls and Non-Balls Finding Ball Candidates Classification of Ball Candidates Experiments H D B L L? L C
- 11. Balls and Non-Balls Finding Ball Candidates Classification of Ball Candidates Experiments H D B L L? M B
- 12. Balls and Non-Balls Finding Ball Candidates Classification of Ball Candidates Experiments H D B L L? C W L
- 13. Balls and Non-Balls Finding Ball Candidates Classification of Ball Candidates Experiments H D B L L? C R
- 14. Balls and Non-Balls Finding Ball Candidates Classification of Ball Candidates Experiments H D N-B L L?
- 15. Balls and Non-Balls Finding Ball Candidates Classification of Ball Candidates Experiments H D N-B L L? H F
- 16. Balls and Non-Balls Finding Ball Candidates Classification of Ball Candidates Experiments H D N-B L L? O O
- 17. Balls and Non-Balls Finding Ball Candidates Classification of Ball Candidates Experiments H D N-B L L? O O
- 18. Balls and Non-Balls Finding Ball Candidates Classification of Ball Candidates Experiments H D N-B L L? F
- 19. Balls and Non-Balls Finding Ball Candidates Classification of Ball Candidates Experiments H D N-B L L? F
- 20. O 1 I B N-B 2 F B C 3 C B C 4 E
- 21. Balls and Non-Balls Finding Ball Candidates Classification of Ball Candidates Experiments C E YUV S
- 22. Balls and Non-Balls Finding Ball Candidates Classification of Ball Candidates Experiments C E YUV S Two ellipses for “orange” Actual ball color Wider, brownish color
- 23. Balls and Non-Balls Finding Ball Candidates Classification of Ball Candidates Experiments C E YUV S Two ellipses for “orange” Actual ball color Wider, brownish color Allows for motion blur
- 24. Balls and Non-Balls Finding Ball Candidates Classification of Ball Candidates Experiments S C I orange YUV Camera Image (-candidate) white green 64 : 1
- 25. Balls and Non-Balls Finding Ball Candidates Classification of Ball Candidates Experiments S C I 1. Find Maximum 2. Find Weighted Mean orange (-candidate) white green 64 : 1
- 26. Balls and Non-Balls Finding Ball Candidates Classification of Ball Candidates Experiments S C I orange cut corresponding area (-candidate) white green 64 : 1
- 27. Balls and Non-Balls Finding Ball Candidates Classification of Ball Candidates Experiments S C I orange cut corresponding area (-candidate) white Box size depends on position in image green 64 : 1
- 28. O 1 I B N-B 2 F B C 3 C B C 4 E
- 29. Balls and Non-Balls Finding Ball Candidates Classification of Ball Candidates Experiments P C
- 30. Balls and Non-Balls Finding Ball Candidates Classification of Ball Candidates Experiments P C Projection changes with ellipses: Robust to changes in lighting conditions
- 31. Balls and Non-Balls Finding Ball Candidates Classification of Ball Candidates Experiments P C Projection changes with ellipses: Robust to changes in lighting conditions
- 32. Balls and Non-Balls Finding Ball Candidates Classification of Ball Candidates Experiments P L YUV-Image Y-Image Subsampled Y-Image Subtraction of mean: Robust to changes in lighting conditions
- 33. Balls and Non-Balls Finding Ball Candidates Classification of Ball Candidates Experiments H L F
- 34. Balls and Non-Balls Finding Ball Candidates Classification of Ball Candidates Experiments H L F
- 35. Balls and Non-Balls Finding Ball Candidates Classification of Ball Candidates Experiments H L F - - + - - - - + - -
- 36. Balls and Non-Balls Finding Ball Candidates Classification of Ball Candidates Experiments N N C 1: Ball 0: No Ball - - + - -
- 37. O 1 I B N-B 2 F B C 3 C B C 4 E
- 38. Balls and Non-Balls Finding Ball Candidates Classification of Ball Candidates Experiments NR KS 06 – T H 520 MHz ARM PocketPC VGA HTC Camera D S 160 balls 440 non-balls divided randomly in training set (80%) and test set (20%)
- 39. Balls and Non-Balls Finding Ball Candidates Classification of Ball Candidates Experiments NR KS 06 – T H 520 MHz ARM PocketPC VGA HTC Camera D S 160 balls 440 non-balls divided randomly in training set (80%) and test set (20%) P (T S) 100% of distractors classified correctly 1 ball out of 32 not recognized
- 40. Balls and Non-Balls Finding Ball Candidates Classification of Ball Candidates Experiments NR KS 06 – R T H 520 MHz ARM PocketPC VGA HTC Camera R T T Robot decides autonomously which object to approach.
- 41. Balls and Non-Balls Finding Ball Candidates Classification of Ball Candidates Experiments NR KS 2007 H 1.33 GHz PC WVGA µEye Camera
- 42. Balls and Non-Balls Finding Ball Candidates Classification of Ball Candidates Experiments NR KS 2007 S D D S 273 balls 548 non-balls training set 62%, validation set 13%, test set 25% varying lighting conditions
- 43. Balls and Non-Balls Finding Ball Candidates Classification of Ball Candidates Experiments NR KS 2007 A S D S Avg Luminance 273 balls ball non-ball 548 non-balls training set 62%, validation set 13%, test set 25% varying lighting conditions Avg Orange-Greenness ball non-ball
- 44. Balls and Non-Balls Finding Ball Candidates Classification of Ball Candidates Experiments NR KS 2007 A S D S Avg Luminance 273 balls ball non-ball 548 non-balls training set 62%, validation set 13%, test set 25% varying lighting conditions Avg Orange-Greenness R T S ball non-ball 91.1% accuracy 76.6% if stimuli flipped up/down. Drop suggests dependency on gradient. 88.2% if lighting in testset differs. Classifier seems indifferent.
- 45. Balls and Non-Balls Finding Ball Candidates Classification of Ball Candidates Experiments C C Classifier Task Neural Net Linear Classifier KNN (k = 5) Regular 91.1% 86.5% 88.5% Flipped 74.0% 70.0% 76.6%
- 46. Balls and Non-Balls Finding Ball Candidates Classification of Ball Candidates Experiments C The ball has properties aside from being orange These properties are exploited by our Neural Network Classifiers Changes in Lighting conditions can be dealt with by projection to lines in YUV-space and Luminance. The method introduced here can be generalized to other small-sized objects on the field.