The document summarizes a 2010 assessment of regional disparities in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). It combines data from household surveys and administrative sources to analyze differences across 17 regions and 142 municipalities on 19 economic, social, and infrastructure indicators. The assessment found considerable disparities, with the top 5 regions (including Sarajevo and Banja Luka) faring significantly better than the bottom 5 (including Canton 10 and Una-Sana) on indicators like GDP per capita, salaries, poverty rates, access to healthcare and utilities. The assessment aims to inform planning and targeting, encourage further research, and support advocacy and fundraising efforts to reduce disparities through EU accession.
Bosnia and Herzegovina - Regional Disparity Assessment 2010UNDP Eurasia
The document provides an analysis of regional disparities and living standards across 17 regions and 142 municipalities in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Key findings include:
- The five best ranked regions are Sarajevo Canton, Hercegovina-Neretva canton, Istočno Sarajevo region, Banja Luka region and Zenica-Doboj canton. The five worst ranked regions are Canton 10, Una-Sana Canton, Bosnian Podrinje Canton, Posavina Canton and Bijeljina region.
- 89 municipalities or 62% are considered underdeveloped or extremely underdeveloped based on indicators like employment rate,
The European debt crisis arose when countries that used the euro, such as Greece, Portugal, Ireland, Italy and Spain (PIIGS), accumulated high levels of sovereign debt and deficits and had difficulty refinancing or repaying their debt. These countries were previously able to borrow at lower interest rates when they adopted the euro. However, they then racked up large amounts of debt and deficits through overspending. If any of these countries default, it could spark a major financial crisis due to the interconnectedness of European banks and economies.
This document summarizes the challenges faced by governments in financing disaster risks and the role of risk transfer solutions. It notes that the costs of natural disasters are growing and most losses are uninsured, burdening public sector budgets. A range of pre-event financing options are discussed to help governments plan for disaster impacts on infrastructure, emergency response costs, revenue losses, and supporting uninsured populations. Risk transfer solutions like insurance and catastrophe bonds can help spread sovereign disaster risks across global capital markets.
2018 DRR Financing 6.2 Ivan ZverzhanovskiUNDP Eurasia
The document discusses partnerships and financing for disaster risk reduction, resilience, and climate risk. It outlines five transformational approaches - generating or leveraging financial resources, realigning existing financial flows, avoiding future expenditures, enhancing effectiveness and equity of resource distribution, and focusing on financial results not just revenues. UNDP aims to bring new actors together with traditional development stakeholders around complex issues through a platform approach. Examples of partnerships discussed include working with international financial institutions, a climate change window with Russia, and a disaster preparedness program with Deutsche Post DHL.
This document discusses potential sources of financing for sustainable development goals (SDGs) in Middle-Income Europe and Central Asia. It finds that domestic public finance, particularly national budgets, are critical sources of funding. Commercial flows like foreign direct investment and bank loans also contribute significantly in some countries. However, more work is needed to systematically track how national budget expenditures align with SDGs. Official development assistance remains important for some countries highly reliant on remittances. Overall, the analysis finds that a combination of public, private and international sources will be needed to achieve the SDGs in the region.
1) A flood insurance model was developed for Georgia based on detailed flood hazard and risk modelling within an integrated flood risk management framework.
2) The model included flood mapping, calculating risk scores and potential damage/losses, and developing an index-based insurance scheme with risk-based premiums and payout principles.
3) While the insurance scheme was not piloted during the initial project due to various challenges, efforts are ongoing to address flooding and other natural hazards through policy interventions like risk financing and early warning systems.
This document discusses introducing financial instruments like flood insurance in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It provides an overview of flood risks and losses in the region. Models and tariffs for index-based and indemnity-based flood insurance schemes were developed based on flood hazard and risk maps. Buildings and agricultural areas in the Vrbas River basin were classified into risk zones that determine insurance premium rates. The project aims to implement insurance pilots and incorporate flood coverage into broader disaster insurance packages. Next steps include working with communities and establishing the necessary institutional and legal framework.
David Simmons notes that catastrophe insurance has traditionally focused on property loss but its scope is wider, such as disaster response. Existing catastrophe risk models do not account for second- and higher-order effects of critical infrastructure failures. Network analysis can help model how failures may diffuse through interconnected systems. Even with perfect models, risks may remain if key infrastructure components lie outside a country's borders.
Bosnia and Herzegovina - Regional Disparity Assessment 2010UNDP Eurasia
The document provides an analysis of regional disparities and living standards across 17 regions and 142 municipalities in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Key findings include:
- The five best ranked regions are Sarajevo Canton, Hercegovina-Neretva canton, Istočno Sarajevo region, Banja Luka region and Zenica-Doboj canton. The five worst ranked regions are Canton 10, Una-Sana Canton, Bosnian Podrinje Canton, Posavina Canton and Bijeljina region.
- 89 municipalities or 62% are considered underdeveloped or extremely underdeveloped based on indicators like employment rate,
The European debt crisis arose when countries that used the euro, such as Greece, Portugal, Ireland, Italy and Spain (PIIGS), accumulated high levels of sovereign debt and deficits and had difficulty refinancing or repaying their debt. These countries were previously able to borrow at lower interest rates when they adopted the euro. However, they then racked up large amounts of debt and deficits through overspending. If any of these countries default, it could spark a major financial crisis due to the interconnectedness of European banks and economies.
This document summarizes the challenges faced by governments in financing disaster risks and the role of risk transfer solutions. It notes that the costs of natural disasters are growing and most losses are uninsured, burdening public sector budgets. A range of pre-event financing options are discussed to help governments plan for disaster impacts on infrastructure, emergency response costs, revenue losses, and supporting uninsured populations. Risk transfer solutions like insurance and catastrophe bonds can help spread sovereign disaster risks across global capital markets.
2018 DRR Financing 6.2 Ivan ZverzhanovskiUNDP Eurasia
The document discusses partnerships and financing for disaster risk reduction, resilience, and climate risk. It outlines five transformational approaches - generating or leveraging financial resources, realigning existing financial flows, avoiding future expenditures, enhancing effectiveness and equity of resource distribution, and focusing on financial results not just revenues. UNDP aims to bring new actors together with traditional development stakeholders around complex issues through a platform approach. Examples of partnerships discussed include working with international financial institutions, a climate change window with Russia, and a disaster preparedness program with Deutsche Post DHL.
This document discusses potential sources of financing for sustainable development goals (SDGs) in Middle-Income Europe and Central Asia. It finds that domestic public finance, particularly national budgets, are critical sources of funding. Commercial flows like foreign direct investment and bank loans also contribute significantly in some countries. However, more work is needed to systematically track how national budget expenditures align with SDGs. Official development assistance remains important for some countries highly reliant on remittances. Overall, the analysis finds that a combination of public, private and international sources will be needed to achieve the SDGs in the region.
1) A flood insurance model was developed for Georgia based on detailed flood hazard and risk modelling within an integrated flood risk management framework.
2) The model included flood mapping, calculating risk scores and potential damage/losses, and developing an index-based insurance scheme with risk-based premiums and payout principles.
3) While the insurance scheme was not piloted during the initial project due to various challenges, efforts are ongoing to address flooding and other natural hazards through policy interventions like risk financing and early warning systems.
This document discusses introducing financial instruments like flood insurance in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It provides an overview of flood risks and losses in the region. Models and tariffs for index-based and indemnity-based flood insurance schemes were developed based on flood hazard and risk maps. Buildings and agricultural areas in the Vrbas River basin were classified into risk zones that determine insurance premium rates. The project aims to implement insurance pilots and incorporate flood coverage into broader disaster insurance packages. Next steps include working with communities and establishing the necessary institutional and legal framework.
David Simmons notes that catastrophe insurance has traditionally focused on property loss but its scope is wider, such as disaster response. Existing catastrophe risk models do not account for second- and higher-order effects of critical infrastructure failures. Network analysis can help model how failures may diffuse through interconnected systems. Even with perfect models, risks may remain if key infrastructure components lie outside a country's borders.
The document discusses how analytics can support resilience. It argues analytics must quantify risks through modeling potential futures, characterize risk frequencies and impacts, and support all aspects of resilience including shocks, stresses, and strategic objectives. Analytics must be fit for purpose, simulate a full range of possibilities, and be well calibrated and validated against historical events.
Pension funds are seeking higher returns through alternative investments like real estate, commodities, and hedge funds. These alternative investments have risen to 26% of holdings for large US pension funds, up from 7% a decade ago. A 2018 survey found that 70% of institutional investors plan to increase their allocations to alternatives in 2018. Some large pension funds in the UK and Germany have already invested over $100 million in insurance-linked securities (ILS) to diversify their portfolios. ILS such as catastrophe bonds can improve portfolio risk statistics like volatility while maintaining or increasing average returns through exposure to independent risk factors globally.
This document discusses catastrophe bonds (CAT bonds) as a solution to issues with natural disaster insurance. It provides examples of government entities that have used CAT bonds and outlines the basic structure of CAT bonds. Key legal issues for CAT bonds include determining the appropriate jurisdiction based on regulatory frameworks and structures available. Triggers that determine bond payouts must be modellable, definite, and objective like parametric triggers that are based on measurable parameters like windspeed.
This document summarizes a $500 million catastrophe bond issued by FloodSmart Re Ltd. to provide reinsurance to the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) it administers. The bond has an indemnity trigger and covers flood losses from named storms over a three year period in the United States. Payouts are determined based on actual flood losses to the NFIP as assessed by modeling firm KatRisk. This represents the largest catastrophe bond ever issued to provide reinsurance to a government entity for flood risk.
This document summarizes lessons learned from weather index-based crop insurance programs. It discusses the promises of index-based insurance including reduced moral hazard and adverse selection compared to conventional insurance. Experience from a program in the Philippines is described, covering over 2,500 farmers for excess rainfall. Issues with indexing accuracy and technical challenges are outlined. Lessons are provided around scaling up programs including addressing subsidy policies, weaknesses of index-based insurance, and tracking poverty reduction impacts. Upcoming work in Burkina Faso aims to bundle insurance with financial products and resilient agricultural practices.
The document discusses various catastrophe insurance programs that provide coverage for climate risks. It describes programs like the Caribbean Catastrophe Risk Insurance Facility (CCRIF) and African Risk Capacity (ARC), which allow countries to pool risks and receive payouts quickly after qualifying disasters. It also discusses opportunities to develop disaster risk insurance programs for cities, the poor, and incentivize risk-reducing behavior through insurance.
This document summarizes various sovereign and public-private natural catastrophe (NatCat) risk transfer schemes from around the world. It then shows that the global uninsured losses from NatCat events in 2017 were around 69% of overall losses, demonstrating a large protection gap. Finally, it outlines Munich Re's vision to offer the right risk transfer solution for clients' needs, whether through traditional reinsurance, parametric insurance, or catastrophe bonds, depending on the perils and terms required.
This document summarizes examples of innovative public sector risk transfer solutions using insurance markets from around the world. It then discusses two case studies in more detail: a $1.36 billion catastrophe bond that transferred earthquake risk for Mexico, Chile, Peru and Colombia through a World Bank platform, and a $425 million pandemic insurance facility covering outbreaks in poor countries that was the first to insure against response costs to pandemics.
Parametric insurance provides a key tool for disaster risk financing in regions impacted by climate change. It uses independent weather or other parameters to automatically trigger payouts, allowing for fast compensation without claims handling. This makes it well-suited for providing rapid liquidity to governments after disasters. Case studies show parametric insurance lowering costs through risk pooling and providing millions in payouts through facilities like CCRIF and coverage for the Philippines. It can help cover major disasters while traditional insurance and other methods address smaller, more frequent events.
This document discusses catastrophe bonds as a "win-win" solution for governments and investors. Catastrophe bonds allow governments to access capital rapidly after natural disasters to fund relief and reconstruction. The bond principal is returned unless a triggering event, such as an earthquake above a specific magnitude, occurs. This transfers some disaster risk from governments to investors. The document outlines the advantages for both parties and provides examples of catastrophe bond structures and pricing. It promotes catastrophe bonds as an attractive asset class for investors seeking diversification and argues they are an effective risk mitigation tool for governments facing climate change risks.
This document discusses the international market for insuring against natural disasters through catastrophe bonds and collateralized reinsurance. It provides an overview of trends in the market, including strong growth in collateralized reinsurance deals. The document also discusses how parametric disaster finance instruments could help governments access quick funds after a natural disaster through catastrophe bonds tied to geophysical indices. Examples of existing disaster finance programs in Mexico and proposals for one in Romania are outlined.
2018 DRR Financing 2.2 Alexander FrostUNDP Eurasia
This document provides an overview of the insurance market in Eurasia. It contains statistics on key metrics like GDP, population, insurance penetration, and gross written premiums for various countries in the region. It also identifies factors that affect insurance development, such as slow structural reforms, state control of the industry, and lack of knowledge about insurance. Additionally, it discusses how open markets have led to rapid growth of insurers in the region compared to protected markets. The document was written by Alexander Frost in October 2018 for an organization called Global Risk Intelligence & Data.
2018 DRR Financing 1.5 Mohamed Al HadiUNDP Eurasia
The Islamic Development Bank provides concise summaries in 3 sentences or less that provide the high level and essential information from the document. The Islamic Development Bank (IDB) was established in 1974 to foster economic development among its 57 member countries according to Islamic principles. The IDB funds projects related to disaster prevention, mitigation, and recovery through its ordinary capital and grants totaling $1.33 billion, with 89% of funding coming from grants. The IDB's interventions have focused on rehabilitation projects (80%), with distribution of projects primarily in Africa (71%) and Asia (18%).
The document summarizes gaps in disaster risk reduction (DRR) financing and efforts to address them. Key points include:
- 321,907 lives lost and $487 billion in direct losses from 2007-2016 due to disasters, with costs increasing from climate change.
- Developing Asian countries face an annual average loss of $78 billion and infrastructure financing gap of $1.7 trillion per year.
- The Asian Development Bank finances DRR programs and investments in areas like flood management and seismic retrofitting, but these make up only 2.5% of infrastructure spending excluding large countries.
- Efforts are needed to strengthen DRR strategies, assessments, knowledge, insurance programs, and leverage more public and private funding
This document discusses disaster risk financing and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. It notes that disaster risk is increasing as seen by rising average annual losses relative to GDP in many countries from 1998-2017. The Sendai Framework aims to increase the number of countries and local governments that adopt disaster risk reduction strategies. These strategies can inform investment priorities and support projects to increase resilience. While progress is being made, more efforts are needed to accelerate financing for disaster risk reduction given the growing challenges from factors like climate change and urbanization. International frameworks like the Sendai Framework and SDGs provide guidance but implementation of coordinated strategies across systems is still developing.
The document discusses increasing risks from natural disasters as populations grow in hazardous areas. It notes that the economic costs and insured losses from disasters are rising, placing greater burdens on governments. While governments are uniquely exposed after catastrophes, they typically only seek funds after events. The document emphasizes that resilience requires understanding hazards, liability, and political contexts without a deep understanding, resilience is not possible. It closes by listing speakers at the event from organizations including the Asian Development Bank, Islamic Development Bank, and Japan International Cooperation Agency.
You may be stressed about revealing your cancer diagnosis to your child or children.
Children love stories and these often provide parents with a means of broaching tricky subjects and so the ‘The Secret Warrior’ book was especially written for CANSA TLC, by creative writer and social worker, Sally Ann Carter.
Find out more:
https://cansa.org.za/resources-to-help-share-a-parent-or-loved-ones-cancer-diagnosis-with-a-child/
As we navigate through the ebbs and flows of life, it is natural to experience moments of low motivation and dwindling passion for our goals.
However, it is important to remember that this is a common hurdle that can be overcome with the right strategies in place.
In this guide, we will explore ways to rekindle the fire within you and stay motivated towards your aspirations.
The document discusses how analytics can support resilience. It argues analytics must quantify risks through modeling potential futures, characterize risk frequencies and impacts, and support all aspects of resilience including shocks, stresses, and strategic objectives. Analytics must be fit for purpose, simulate a full range of possibilities, and be well calibrated and validated against historical events.
Pension funds are seeking higher returns through alternative investments like real estate, commodities, and hedge funds. These alternative investments have risen to 26% of holdings for large US pension funds, up from 7% a decade ago. A 2018 survey found that 70% of institutional investors plan to increase their allocations to alternatives in 2018. Some large pension funds in the UK and Germany have already invested over $100 million in insurance-linked securities (ILS) to diversify their portfolios. ILS such as catastrophe bonds can improve portfolio risk statistics like volatility while maintaining or increasing average returns through exposure to independent risk factors globally.
This document discusses catastrophe bonds (CAT bonds) as a solution to issues with natural disaster insurance. It provides examples of government entities that have used CAT bonds and outlines the basic structure of CAT bonds. Key legal issues for CAT bonds include determining the appropriate jurisdiction based on regulatory frameworks and structures available. Triggers that determine bond payouts must be modellable, definite, and objective like parametric triggers that are based on measurable parameters like windspeed.
This document summarizes a $500 million catastrophe bond issued by FloodSmart Re Ltd. to provide reinsurance to the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) it administers. The bond has an indemnity trigger and covers flood losses from named storms over a three year period in the United States. Payouts are determined based on actual flood losses to the NFIP as assessed by modeling firm KatRisk. This represents the largest catastrophe bond ever issued to provide reinsurance to a government entity for flood risk.
This document summarizes lessons learned from weather index-based crop insurance programs. It discusses the promises of index-based insurance including reduced moral hazard and adverse selection compared to conventional insurance. Experience from a program in the Philippines is described, covering over 2,500 farmers for excess rainfall. Issues with indexing accuracy and technical challenges are outlined. Lessons are provided around scaling up programs including addressing subsidy policies, weaknesses of index-based insurance, and tracking poverty reduction impacts. Upcoming work in Burkina Faso aims to bundle insurance with financial products and resilient agricultural practices.
The document discusses various catastrophe insurance programs that provide coverage for climate risks. It describes programs like the Caribbean Catastrophe Risk Insurance Facility (CCRIF) and African Risk Capacity (ARC), which allow countries to pool risks and receive payouts quickly after qualifying disasters. It also discusses opportunities to develop disaster risk insurance programs for cities, the poor, and incentivize risk-reducing behavior through insurance.
This document summarizes various sovereign and public-private natural catastrophe (NatCat) risk transfer schemes from around the world. It then shows that the global uninsured losses from NatCat events in 2017 were around 69% of overall losses, demonstrating a large protection gap. Finally, it outlines Munich Re's vision to offer the right risk transfer solution for clients' needs, whether through traditional reinsurance, parametric insurance, or catastrophe bonds, depending on the perils and terms required.
This document summarizes examples of innovative public sector risk transfer solutions using insurance markets from around the world. It then discusses two case studies in more detail: a $1.36 billion catastrophe bond that transferred earthquake risk for Mexico, Chile, Peru and Colombia through a World Bank platform, and a $425 million pandemic insurance facility covering outbreaks in poor countries that was the first to insure against response costs to pandemics.
Parametric insurance provides a key tool for disaster risk financing in regions impacted by climate change. It uses independent weather or other parameters to automatically trigger payouts, allowing for fast compensation without claims handling. This makes it well-suited for providing rapid liquidity to governments after disasters. Case studies show parametric insurance lowering costs through risk pooling and providing millions in payouts through facilities like CCRIF and coverage for the Philippines. It can help cover major disasters while traditional insurance and other methods address smaller, more frequent events.
This document discusses catastrophe bonds as a "win-win" solution for governments and investors. Catastrophe bonds allow governments to access capital rapidly after natural disasters to fund relief and reconstruction. The bond principal is returned unless a triggering event, such as an earthquake above a specific magnitude, occurs. This transfers some disaster risk from governments to investors. The document outlines the advantages for both parties and provides examples of catastrophe bond structures and pricing. It promotes catastrophe bonds as an attractive asset class for investors seeking diversification and argues they are an effective risk mitigation tool for governments facing climate change risks.
This document discusses the international market for insuring against natural disasters through catastrophe bonds and collateralized reinsurance. It provides an overview of trends in the market, including strong growth in collateralized reinsurance deals. The document also discusses how parametric disaster finance instruments could help governments access quick funds after a natural disaster through catastrophe bonds tied to geophysical indices. Examples of existing disaster finance programs in Mexico and proposals for one in Romania are outlined.
2018 DRR Financing 2.2 Alexander FrostUNDP Eurasia
This document provides an overview of the insurance market in Eurasia. It contains statistics on key metrics like GDP, population, insurance penetration, and gross written premiums for various countries in the region. It also identifies factors that affect insurance development, such as slow structural reforms, state control of the industry, and lack of knowledge about insurance. Additionally, it discusses how open markets have led to rapid growth of insurers in the region compared to protected markets. The document was written by Alexander Frost in October 2018 for an organization called Global Risk Intelligence & Data.
2018 DRR Financing 1.5 Mohamed Al HadiUNDP Eurasia
The Islamic Development Bank provides concise summaries in 3 sentences or less that provide the high level and essential information from the document. The Islamic Development Bank (IDB) was established in 1974 to foster economic development among its 57 member countries according to Islamic principles. The IDB funds projects related to disaster prevention, mitigation, and recovery through its ordinary capital and grants totaling $1.33 billion, with 89% of funding coming from grants. The IDB's interventions have focused on rehabilitation projects (80%), with distribution of projects primarily in Africa (71%) and Asia (18%).
The document summarizes gaps in disaster risk reduction (DRR) financing and efforts to address them. Key points include:
- 321,907 lives lost and $487 billion in direct losses from 2007-2016 due to disasters, with costs increasing from climate change.
- Developing Asian countries face an annual average loss of $78 billion and infrastructure financing gap of $1.7 trillion per year.
- The Asian Development Bank finances DRR programs and investments in areas like flood management and seismic retrofitting, but these make up only 2.5% of infrastructure spending excluding large countries.
- Efforts are needed to strengthen DRR strategies, assessments, knowledge, insurance programs, and leverage more public and private funding
This document discusses disaster risk financing and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. It notes that disaster risk is increasing as seen by rising average annual losses relative to GDP in many countries from 1998-2017. The Sendai Framework aims to increase the number of countries and local governments that adopt disaster risk reduction strategies. These strategies can inform investment priorities and support projects to increase resilience. While progress is being made, more efforts are needed to accelerate financing for disaster risk reduction given the growing challenges from factors like climate change and urbanization. International frameworks like the Sendai Framework and SDGs provide guidance but implementation of coordinated strategies across systems is still developing.
The document discusses increasing risks from natural disasters as populations grow in hazardous areas. It notes that the economic costs and insured losses from disasters are rising, placing greater burdens on governments. While governments are uniquely exposed after catastrophes, they typically only seek funds after events. The document emphasizes that resilience requires understanding hazards, liability, and political contexts without a deep understanding, resilience is not possible. It closes by listing speakers at the event from organizations including the Asian Development Bank, Islamic Development Bank, and Japan International Cooperation Agency.
You may be stressed about revealing your cancer diagnosis to your child or children.
Children love stories and these often provide parents with a means of broaching tricky subjects and so the ‘The Secret Warrior’ book was especially written for CANSA TLC, by creative writer and social worker, Sally Ann Carter.
Find out more:
https://cansa.org.za/resources-to-help-share-a-parent-or-loved-ones-cancer-diagnosis-with-a-child/
As we navigate through the ebbs and flows of life, it is natural to experience moments of low motivation and dwindling passion for our goals.
However, it is important to remember that this is a common hurdle that can be overcome with the right strategies in place.
In this guide, we will explore ways to rekindle the fire within you and stay motivated towards your aspirations.
Inspire: Igniting the Spark of Human Potentialgauravingole9
Inspire: Igniting the Spark of Human Potential
Inspiration is the force that propels individuals from ordinary to extraordinary. It transforms ideas into innovations, dreams into realities, and individuals into icons. This article delves into the multifaceted nature of inspiration, exploring its sources such as nature, art, personal experiences, and the achievements of others, and its profound impact on personal growth, societal progress, and cultural evolution. Through the lens of historical figures and timeless quotes, we uncover how inspiration fuels creativity, drives societal change, and ignites the spark of human potential.
Procrastination is a common challenge that many individuals face when it comes to completing tasks and achieving goals. It can hinder productivity and lead to feelings of stress and frustration.
However, with the right strategies and mindset, it is possible to overcome procrastination and increase productivity.
In this article, we will explore the causes of procrastination, how to recognize the signs of procrastination in oneself, and effective strategies for overcoming procrastination and boosting productivity.
Understanding of Self - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Understanding of Self - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotes
The Balkans by 2030 - Reduction of disparities in BiH through EU Accession
1. Equitable Development: Reduction of
Disparities in BiH through EU Accession
Prepared for:
The Balkans by 2030: full members of the European Union Seminar
in organisation of ISS
Sarajevo, June, 2011
3. BiH Regional Disparity Assessment 2010
Background
• A useful innovation and addition to the existing resources and statistical
findings
• User-friendly reference with select information in one place, at sub-entity
administrative level especially
• Official data in one place for 17 different territorial units/regions and
142 municipalities.
• 43 different sets of inputs encompassing economic, poverty, social,
infrastructural and other parameters.
• 19 indicators used for regional and 5 indicators for municipal ranking
• Key summary section and analysis of findings on a regional level in the 7
distinct areas: Demography; Education; Access to Utilities (Electricity,
Water and Sewerage); Quality of Life, Standard of Living, Transport
Infrastructure and Health; Employment; Economic Disparity, Income and
Poverty and Social Inclusion and Vulnerable Groups
4. BiH Regional Disparity Assessment 2010
Indicators
Indicators used for regional ranking Indicators used for municipal ranking
Employment rate (%) Net salary (Ø 2008)
Unemployment rate (%) Employment rate
GDP per capita (KM) Unemployment rate
Salary -monthly average (KM) Total number of students in all levels of
Average expenditure (KM) (Consumer Basket Cost) education per 1000 people
Poverty rate (%) Number of population to one doctor
Number of doctors per 1000 people
Total number of students per 1000 people
Number of registered travel cars per 1000 people
Percentage of households with sewerage system
Share of 4 member HHs without any income (%)
Share of 4 member HHs with only one income source (%)
Share of 4 member HHs with two or more income source (%)
Number of hospital beds per 1000 people
Number of displaced persons per 1000 people
Poverty gap (%)
Percentage of households with potable water
ILO Employment rate (%)
ILO Unemployment rate (%)
5. BiH Regional Disparity Assessment 2010
Sources
• Combining the findings of two largest household surveys conducted by
statistical institutions in BiH:
– Household Budget Survey (HBS) 2007 (n=7468);
– Labour Force Survey (LFS) 2008 (n=9261); and
– Administrative data
• Access to electronic HBS and LFS databases secured through MoU
between BHAS and UNDP
• Team and timeframe: UN RCO/UNDP - May-June 2010
• Final assessment document will be distributed to all interested parties in
due course
• Purpose of the assessment multi-fold – for planning, more accurate
targeting, further research and assessment, advocacy and fundraising
6. BiH Assessment
Regional and Municipal Maps
REGIONAL DISPARITIES MUNICIPAL DISPARITIES
7. BiH Regional Disparity Assessment 2010
Considerable regional disparities
• 5 Best ranked: Sarajevo, Hercegovina-Neretva, Istočno Sarajevo, Banja Luka and
Zenica-Doboj
• 5 Worst ranked: Canton 10, Una-Sana, Bosnian Podrinje, Posavina and Bijeljina
Indicators: Best ranked: No: 1 Worst ranked: No. 17
GDP per capita (KM) 13,024 KM (Sarajevo) 3,953 KM (Canton 10)
Salary -monthly average (KM) 941 KM (Sarajevo) 599 KM (Bos. Podrinje)
Average expenditure (KM) (Consumer Basket Cost) 2,242 KM (Neretva) 1,086 KM (Foca)
Poverty rate (%) 5.2% (Sarajevo) 37% (Foca)
Number of doctors per 1000 people 2.8 (Sarajevo) 0.8 (West Herz.)
Number of hospital beds per 1000 people 5.7 (Sarajevo) 0 (West Herz.)
Percentage of households with sewerage system 92.9 % (Sarajevo) 9.1% (Posavina)
Poverty gap (%) 18.8% (Sarajevo) 39.4% (Bos. Podrinje)
ILO Employment rate (%) 43.1% (Doboj) 20.4% (Canton 10)
ILO Unemployment rate (%) 14.7% (Doboj) 38.8% (Central Bos.)
Employment rate (%) 33.7% (Sarajevo) 13.8% (Canton 10)
Unemployment rate (%) 30% (B. Luka) 51% (Una-Sana)
8. GENERAL DEVELOPMENT AND LIVING STANDARDS PER TERRITORIAL UNIT IN BiH - INDICATORS
INDICATORS
Number of displaced persons
Share of 4 member HHs with
Share of 4 member HHs with
Number of hospital beds per
two or more income sources
ILO Unemployment rate (%)
Average expenditure (BAM)
Number of registered travel
only one income source (%)
Total number of students
Percentage of households
Percentage of households
ILO Employment rate (%)
Salary -monthly average
Unemployment rate (%)
without any income (%)
(Consumer Basket Cost)
Share of 4 member HHs
GDP per capita (BAM)
Employment rate (%)
cars per 1000 people
with sewage system
with potable water
Number of doctors
Areas
per 1000 people
per 1000 people
per 1000 people
Poverty rate (%)
Poverty gap (%)
1000 people
(BAM)
(%)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
BIH 21.9 40.6 6,429 752 1,655 18.2 1.5 160 185 47.7 1.6 34.3 64.1 3.5 32 26.2 94.1 33.6 23.4
FBiH 22.6 44.0 6,718 751 1,777 17.0 1.6 174 192 55.3 2.0 32.5 65.5 3.5 24 25.2 96.9 31.8 25.0
Una-Sana 15.0 51.2 4,060 686 1,719 19.5 1.0 165 146 45.2 9.1 40.1 50.8 2.6 15 25.3 97.2 26.8 27.7
Posavina 15.5 50.3 4,274 656 1,822 11.7 1.2 144 176 8.1 7.5 38.7 53.8 2.3 14 23.2 96.4 34.0 20.0
Tuzla 20.4 50.8 5,802 707 1,459 26.5 1.7 173 182 50.2 1.1 41.6 57.3 2.9 39 28.1 95.6 33.0 23.4
Zenica-Doboj 22.6 45.6 5,588 621 1,483 23.5 1.2 173 167 60.3 1.7 32.0 66.3 2.6 12 24.0 98.7 35.5 23.5
Bosnian-Podrinje 16.8 46.6 4,238 599 1,350 29.2 1.1 141 145 68.9 0.0 27.4 72.6 2.2 106 39.4 95.3 34.5 25.5
Central Bosnia 18.5 49.0 4,445 608 1,739 15.3 1.1 173 168 46.0 0.9 34.4 64.7 5.1 31 21.8 99.2 26.1 38.8
Neretva 22.5 40.9 7,592 822 2,242 9.9 2.0 174 234 38.7 0.0 25.6 74.4 3.9 21 19.2 94.0 38.9 16.7
West Herzegovina 19.6 39.9 4,860 616 1,880 7.5 0.8 190 263 14.7 0.0 68.6 31.4 0.0 2 18.8 97.4 28.7 21.7
Sarajevo 33.7 34.5 13,024 941 2,207 5.2 2.8 186 253 92.9 0.9 16.3 82.8 5.7 22 21.4 99.2 31.4 24.6
Canton 10 13.8 46.7 3,953 676 1,492 19.6 1.0 121 147 25.0 0.0 28.6 71.4 1.1 20 30.1 79.9 20.4 33.6
RS 20.6 33.9 5,906 755 1,463 20.1 1.4 138 166 33.8 0.6 37.9 61.5 3.4 47 27.5 89.6 37.3 20.5
Banja Luka 22.7 30.0 6,659 773 1,526 19.5 1.6 139 175 40.0 0.0 41.0 59.0 4.4 32 31.3 91.2 33.8 22.0
Bijeljina 17.2 39.3 4,899 749 1,431 18.7 1.0 129 160 18.7 1.8 41.6 56.6 1.7 57 26.1 89.5 41.5 18.4
Doboj 17.2 37.4 4,255 646 1,411 20.2 1.1 121 158 29.6 0.0 30.0 70.0 2.7 52 26.3 88.2 43.1 14.7
East Sarajevo 22.0 34.5 6,672 782 1,590 17.3 1.5 133 160 33.1 0.0 13.8 86,2 3.6 57 20.0 92.8 42.7 17.0
Foca 17.9 42.2 5,667 810 1,086 37.0 2.4 116 121 62.5 0.0 45.5 54.5 5.1 63 23.4 98.9 29.9 26.7
Trebinje 24.9 34.6 6,846 740 1,367 22.9 1.6 151 178 36.9 3.7 47.5 48.7 2.5 91 20.3 73.6 31.9 34.8
DB 25.5 42.3 7,681 730 1,395 25.8 1.5 163 268 57.3 1.5 42.4 56.1 3.8 15 26.2 88.9 25.1 31.9
*The data displayed in this table is a compilation of the most relevant findings presented in the rest of the document which contains refference to the
sources of information.
9. GENERAL DEVELOPMENT AND LIVING STANDARD PER REGIONS IN BIH – INDICATOR RANK
REGION RANK BY INDICATORS
Number of displaced persons
with potable water available
Share of 4 member HHs with
Share of 4 member HHs with
Number of hospital beds per
two or more income sources
ILO Unemployment rate (%)
Average expenditure (BAM)
Number of registered travel
without any income source
only one income source (%)
possessing sewage system
Total number of students
Percentage of households
Percentage of households
Unemployment rate (%)
ILO Employment rate (%)
Salary -monthly average
(Consumer Basket Cost)
Share of 4 member HHs
GDP per capita (BAM)
Employment rate (%)
cars per 1000 people
Number of doctors
Areas
per 1000 people
per 1000 people
per 1000 people
Poverty rate (%)
Poverty gap (%)
1000 people
(BAM)
(%)
(%)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Una-Sana 16 17 16 10 6 9 16 7 15 8 17 10 15 11 13 10 6 14 13
Posavina 15 15 13 12 4 4 10 10 7 17 16 9 14 13 15 7 7 7 5
Tuzla 8 16 7 9 11 15 4 5 5 6 11 12.5 10 8 7 14 8 9 8
Zenica-Doboj 5 11 9 14 10 13 9 6 10 4 13 7 7 10 16 9 4 5 9
Bosnian-Podrinje 14 12 15 17 16 16 12 11 16 2 4.5 4 4 14 1 17 9 6 11
Central Bosnia 10 14 12 16 5 5 11 5 9 7 9.5 8 8 2 9 6 1.5 16 17
Neretva 6 8 3 2 1 3 3 3 4 10 4.5 3 3 5 11 2 10 4 2
West Herzegovina 9 7 11 15 3 2 17 1 2 16 4.5 17 17 17 17 1 5 13 6
Sarajevo 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 3 1 9.5 2 2 1 10 5 1.5 11 10
Canton 10 17 13 17 11 9 10 15 15 14 14 4.5 5 5 16 12 15 16 17 15
Banja Luka 4 1 6 5 8 9 5 12 8 9 4.5 11 9 4 8 16 12 8 7
Bijeljina 12 6 10 6 12 7 14 14 12 15 14 12.5 11 15 5 11 13 3 4
Doboj 13 4 14 13 13 11 13 16 13 13 45 6 6 9 6 13 15 1 1
East Sarajevo 7 5 5 4 7 6 8 13 12 12 4.5 1 1 7 4 3 11 2 3
Foca 11 9 8 3 17 17 2 17 17 3 4.5 15 13 3 3 8 3 12 12
Trebinje 3 3 4 7 15 12 6 9 6 11 15 16 16 12 2 4 17 10 16
Brčko District 2 10 2 8 14 14 7 8 1 5 12 14 12 6 14 12 14 15 14
10. BiH Regional Disparity Assessment 2010
Municipal Disparities
• 89 municipalities in total or 62% are underdeveloped or extremely
underdeveloped
– 34 extremely underdeveloped municipalities
– 55 underdeveloped municipalities
• Some municipalities are too small/diverse to constitute useful units of
measurement. Differences in municipal population:
– East Drvar - 110 residents; Petrovac – 259 residents; VS
– Sarajevo - 304,614 residents; Banja Luka - 223,641.
Indicators: Best ranked: No: 1 Worst ranked: No. 17
Net salary (Ø 2008) 1,069.21 KM (SA Centar) 481.83 KM Usora
Employment rate 67.9% (SA Centar) 3.2% Vukosavlje
Unemployment rate 14.5% (SA Centar) 79.7% Teocak
17.2% (Prnjavor) 77.7% Sapna
Total number of students in all levels of education 235/229 (SA C/Lukavica) 0/7 Dobretici/Ravno
per 1000 people
Number of population to one doctor 81 (SA Centar) 4,618 Kalinovik
No doctor in Istocni Mostar,
Osmaci, D. Zabar, Vukosavlje...
12. Key issues in rural areas of BiH and
agriculture sector
• Most of BiH is rural - average population density is 75.1 people per km2
• 47% of area is agriculture land
• Only 20% of area is adequate for intensive farming
• Rural population accounts for 60% of the population, farms provide
income/livelihoods for approx. 20% of population
• Issue of depopulation and aging population of rural areas
• Poor infrastructure and services, outdated technology
• Overlapping institutional competences and functions in Agri sector
• Poor market orientation/difficult to export to EU/low competitiveness
• No product standardisation/lack of laboratory certification
• Fragmented supply chains, expensive logistics, limited access to finance
• Small-sized family farms/small land plots/limited commercial farming
• Only 2-3% of BiH budget dedicated to agri sector that contributes approx.
10% to GDP (13% in RS, 6 in FBiH)-ongoing underinvestment in the sector
• BiH remains net importer of agricultural and food products
• Poor care for the environment / Rural dev. policy still of marginal interest
13. EU principle of regional equitable development
EU Regional / Cohesion Policy
• EU Regional Policy – Implemented through structural funds - The
European Fund for Regional Development (EFRD), European Social Fund
(ESF) , Cohesion Fund contribute to three objectives:
– Supporting Development in the Less Prosperous Regions
– Regional Competitiveness and Employment
– European Territorial Cooperation
• In the period 2007-2013, cohesion policy benefits from 35.7% of the total
EU budget or 347.41 billion EUR aimed at Member States whose Gross
National Income (GNI) per inhabitant is less than 90% of the Community
average (all non EU-15 member states + Spain)
• Europe is divided into various groups of regions corresponding to the
classification known by the acronym NUTS (for collection of statistics,
analysis, framing of EU policies)
14. EU Map – NUTS division
• Remote rural areas of EU
(more than 45 mins drive to a
town with 50,000 inhabitants)
experience similar problems as
rural areas in BiH
(depopulation, aging
population, etc.)
• EU regional development
statistical, monitoring and
planning tools:
– EUROSTAT Regional Yearbook
– EU Regional Lisbon Index
– EU Regional Competitive Index
– EU Quality of Life Survey
– EU Analysis on Remote Rural
Regions
– Regional Challenges in the
Perspective of 2020 (EU Regional
Disparities and Future Challenges)
15. EU Support to Agricultural and Rural Development
CAP – Common Agricultural Policy
• CAP benefits 48% of the total EU budget (480 billion EUR 2007-2013) –
implemented through European Agricultural Guarantee Fund (EAGF),
European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD):
– Promotes a viable and competitive agricultural sector
– Contributes to sustainable development of rural areas, protecting the
environment and climate change, improving quality of life in rural
areas
– Promotes the EU agricultural sector in world trade
• EAGF finances direct payments to farmers and measures to regulate
agricultural markets – 2009 budget was 41.13 billion EUR
• EAFARD – 20% of CAP budget – 2009 budget was 13.97 billion EUR
– Axis 1: Improving the competitiveness of the agricultural and forestry sector
– Axis 2: improving the environment and the countryside
– Axis 3: quality of life in rural areas and diversification of the rural economy
– Axis 4: LEADER (implementation of local development strategies through LAGs)
16. Finacing of agriculture in BiH
• 2011 FBiH subsidies/agriculture contributions – 55 million KM
• 2011 RS subsidies/agriculture contributions – 60 million KM
• FDI inflow in BiH in the period 1994-2009 amounted to 5.8 billion EUR, The
average FDI contribution to GDP, in last period, was 5.8%.
FDI inflow in BiH by sectors – dismal investments in Agriculture?
Source: Central Bank of BiH; MoFTER,FIPA
17. What EU future holds for BiH?
Case of Croatia
• SAPARD 2005-2006 (Special Accession Programme for Agriculture & Rural
Development) for structural adjustment of beneficiaries countries
agricultural sectors and rural areas, and implementation of the Acquis
concerning the CAP and related legislation (2006 SAPARD support to
Croatia was 25 MEUR)
• SAPARD was succeeded by Component V for Rural Development of the IPA
programme.
• Croatia IPARD funds 2007-2011 – EU contribution 129.4 MEUR (75.25%),
total public aid to programme 171.97 MEUR and anticipated private
contribution of 135.5 MEUR – Total: 307.5 MEUR
• Overall IPA 2011 for BiH is envisaged to be 102 MEUR - BiH IPARD would
make considerable contribution to agricultural and rural development in
the country – but is BiH ready?
18. EU Instruments – Post Accession
CAP 2009 Expenditure
European Agricultural European Agricultural Fund for
Guarantee Fund Rural Development
(EAGF) (EAFRD)
EU Total EUR 46.47 billion EUR 13.97 billion
Czech Republic EUR 557.4 million EUR 409.0 million
Slovenia EUR 104.4 million EUR 136.5 million
Slovakia EUR 274.1 million EUR 282.7 million
Romania EUR 598.3 million EUR 1.5 billion
Bulgaria EUR 227.9 million EUR 456.8 million
Poland EUR 2.03 billion EUR 1.97 billion
Absorption of EAFRD in 2009
70% 76% 79%
45% 53%
37%
Bulgaria Romania Poland Czech Republic Slovenia Slovakia
19. Conclusions
• Agriculture and rural potential not tapped in BiH
• Equitable development crucial – geographical disparities in BiH are
considerable
• Rural areas stagnate and need to become more attractive
• Agricultural sector needs to become more competitive
• EU pre and post accession funds would play crucial injection for
revitalization of rural areas and agricultural sector in BiH
• BiH IPARD important next step to address a number of
rural/agriculture/poverty systematic issues
• Development of absorption capacities at all levels (including municipal)
needs to become priority for all development actors
Editor's Notes
LEVEL MINIMUM MAXIMUMNUTS 1 3 million7 millionNUTS 2 800 000 3 millionNUTS 3 150 000 800 000EQLS – European Quality of Life SurveyLife satisfaction – Optimism - Subjective well-beingIncome and deprivation - Household essentials and deprivation - Dealing with lack of incomeFamily LifeWork–life balanceHealth and health care - Mental health - Health care servicesHousing, environment and quality of society - Home ownership - Quality of housing - Local environment – Tension between societal groups EU Regional Disparity Analysis (2009)GlobalisationDemographic changeClimate changeEnergy risksNew social risks
LEVEL MINIMUM MAXIMUMNUTS 1 3 million7 millionNUTS 2 800 000 3 millionNUTS 3 150 000 800 000EQLS – European Quality of Life SurveyLife satisfaction – Optimism - Subjective well-beingIncome and deprivation - Household essentials and deprivation - Dealing with lack of incomeFamily LifeWork–life balanceHealth and health care - Mental health - Health care servicesHousing, environment and quality of society - Home ownership - Quality of housing - Local environment – Tension between societal groups EU Regional Disparity Analysis (2009)GlobalisationDemographic changeClimate changeEnergy risksNew social risks
LEVEL MINIMUM MAXIMUMNUTS 1 3 million7 millionNUTS 2 800 000 3 millionNUTS 3 150 000 800 000EQLS – European Quality of Life SurveyLife satisfaction – Optimism - Subjective well-beingIncome and deprivation - Household essentials and deprivation - Dealing with lack of incomeFamily LifeWork–life balanceHealth and health care - Mental health - Health care servicesHousing, environment and quality of society - Home ownership - Quality of housing - Local environment – Tension between societal groups EU Regional Disparity Analysis (2009)GlobalisationDemographic changeClimate changeEnergy risksNew social risks