The Art and Science of Management of Hypertension
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Blood pressure measurement is a simple routine in daily medical practice. However, less emphasis is laid on if the blood pressure has been recorded using correct technique. The errors in blood pressure readings may be misleading in clinical decision making as well use or misuse of resources including patient harm or quality of care. This presentation probes one of similar issues . At the same time this would provide a practical guide to clinicians to optimally manage their hypertensive patients.
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Pediatric hypertension
The statement that is NOT true is:
D. Primary hypertension is more common in children than Secondary
The document states that secondary hypertension is more common in children than primary hypertension. All the other statements are supported by information provided in the document.
Hypertension in obesity cme
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final hyper1د حاتم البيطار القمة اكاديمي 01202389028.pdf
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مكافحة العدوي
ادارة المستشفيات
الزمالة المصرية
دكتور اسنان
الهرم الغذائي
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01005684344
#دحاتم_البيطار
http://bit.ly/2xzMIlo
https://64a832848a05c.site123.me/
https://64a9fcd1e98aa.site123.me/
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Approach to a patient with resistant hypertension
Mr. AMF 62 years presented with central chest pain on exertion for last 4 months Hypertension(BP-220/120 mmHg) for last 4 years, taking 4 anti hypertensives. Diabetes for last 5 years (HbA1c-9.3%). Smoking for 8 years. Dyslipedemic for 3 years. H/o 5 times hospital admissions due to heart failure in last 3 years. ECG-Anterior wall ischemia EF-58% During careful clinical exam- renal bruit on left side. Coronary angiogram done and revealed DVD. Renal angiogram showed significant left renal artery stenosis. Coronary angioplasty and left renal artery angioplasty done.
Mr AMF now have no chest pain on exertion after 3 months of coronary angioplasty.
Now BP is controlled (130/85 mm Hg), taking B blockers and ARB due to intolerance of ACE inhibitors.
No hospital admission during this period.
Diabetes and serum lipids are controlled.
Moins Lecture Collection(Update Management of Hypertension 3).pdf
This document provides guidance on the management of hypertension from the 2020 ISH Global Hypertension Practice Guidelines. It discusses definitions of hypertension, classification based on blood pressure levels, goals of therapy, and non-pharmacological and pharmacological treatment approaches. For treatment, it recommends initial lifestyle modifications and monotherapy before considering sequential monotherapy or combination drug therapy if blood pressure remains uncontrolled. It also provides guidance for specific circumstances like resistant hypertension, secondary hypertension, hypertension in pregnancy, and hypertensive emergencies.
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The JNC 8 guideline provides evidence-based recommendations for treating hypertension. It focuses on three key questions: 1) what BP thresholds should initiate treatment, 2) what treatment goals are appropriate, and 3) which drug classes are most effective and safe. Major recommendations include treating those over 60 to a goal of <150/90 mmHg, initiating treatment in others at 140/90 mmHg, and using thiazide diuretics, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, or CCBs as initial treatment. The guideline aims to simplify prior recommendations and focus on outcomes from randomized controlled trials.
VIII reporte hipertension
This document summarizes the recommendations from an expert panel on the management of high blood pressure in adults. Key recommendations include:
1) Treating all adults aged 60 or older to a blood pressure under 150/90 mm Hg and those aged 30-59 to under 140/90 mm Hg.
2) Initial drug treatment for most nonblack adults should include a thiazide diuretic, calcium channel blocker, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, or angiotensin receptor blocker. For black adults, initial treatment is a calcium channel blocker or thiazide diuretic.
3) Treatment goals are the same for adults with diabetes or nondiabetic kidney disease as the
Recommended
Pediatric hypertension
The statement that is NOT true is:
D. Primary hypertension is more common in children than Secondary
The document states that secondary hypertension is more common in children than primary hypertension. All the other statements are supported by information provided in the document.
Hypertension in obesity cme
Management of Obesity or Hypertension as a coexisting condition with a focus on different guideline recommendations
final hyper1د حاتم البيطار القمة اكاديمي 01202389028.pdf
https://www.facebook.com/drhatemnutritiondiploma01005684344/
https://www.facebook.com/hospitaldrhatem/
📞 01202389028
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#دحاتم_البيطار
https://64a832848a05c.site123.me/
https://64a9fcd1e98aa.site123.me/
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#دحاتم_البيطار
#timodentist
#drhatem_elbitar
#محاضر_طبي
#مكافحة_العدوي
#الزمالة_المصرية
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#الهرم_الغذائي
#ادارة_المستشفيات
#أقوي_اعتماد_في_مصر
#الغذاء_الصحي
#دبلومة_التغذية
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#دحاتم_البيطار
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📞01005684344
💬 واتس 01202389028
#دكتور_حاتم_البيطار
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hatem elbitar
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ادارة المستشفيات
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📞01005684344
💬 واتس 01202389028
Dr Hatem ElBitar
د حاتم البيطار
أستشاري وجراح أسنان
زميل الزمالة المصرية
محاضر ادارة المستشفيات ومكافحة العدوى
01005684344
#دحاتم_البيطار
http://bit.ly/2xzMIlo
https://64a832848a05c.site123.me/
https://64a9fcd1e98aa.site123.me/
https://daalacademy.com/instructor/drhatemelbitar/
Approach to a patient with resistant hypertension
Mr. AMF 62 years presented with central chest pain on exertion for last 4 months Hypertension(BP-220/120 mmHg) for last 4 years, taking 4 anti hypertensives. Diabetes for last 5 years (HbA1c-9.3%). Smoking for 8 years. Dyslipedemic for 3 years. H/o 5 times hospital admissions due to heart failure in last 3 years. ECG-Anterior wall ischemia EF-58% During careful clinical exam- renal bruit on left side. Coronary angiogram done and revealed DVD. Renal angiogram showed significant left renal artery stenosis. Coronary angioplasty and left renal artery angioplasty done.
Mr AMF now have no chest pain on exertion after 3 months of coronary angioplasty.
Now BP is controlled (130/85 mm Hg), taking B blockers and ARB due to intolerance of ACE inhibitors.
No hospital admission during this period.
Diabetes and serum lipids are controlled.
Moins Lecture Collection(Update Management of Hypertension 3).pdf
This document provides guidance on the management of hypertension from the 2020 ISH Global Hypertension Practice Guidelines. It discusses definitions of hypertension, classification based on blood pressure levels, goals of therapy, and non-pharmacological and pharmacological treatment approaches. For treatment, it recommends initial lifestyle modifications and monotherapy before considering sequential monotherapy or combination drug therapy if blood pressure remains uncontrolled. It also provides guidance for specific circumstances like resistant hypertension, secondary hypertension, hypertension in pregnancy, and hypertensive emergencies.
Hypertension jnc 8 guideline(1)
The JNC 8 guideline provides evidence-based recommendations for treating hypertension. It focuses on three key questions: 1) what BP thresholds should initiate treatment, 2) what treatment goals are appropriate, and 3) which drug classes are most effective and safe. Major recommendations include treating those over 60 to a goal of <150/90 mmHg, initiating treatment in others at 140/90 mmHg, and using thiazide diuretics, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, or CCBs as initial treatment. The guideline aims to simplify prior recommendations and focus on outcomes from randomized controlled trials.
VIII reporte hipertension
This document summarizes the recommendations from an expert panel on the management of high blood pressure in adults. Key recommendations include:
1) Treating all adults aged 60 or older to a blood pressure under 150/90 mm Hg and those aged 30-59 to under 140/90 mm Hg.
2) Initial drug treatment for most nonblack adults should include a thiazide diuretic, calcium channel blocker, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, or angiotensin receptor blocker. For black adults, initial treatment is a calcium channel blocker or thiazide diuretic.
3) Treatment goals are the same for adults with diabetes or nondiabetic kidney disease as the
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This document summarizes guidelines from the Eighth Joint National Committee for the management of high blood pressure in adults. It recommends treating hypertensive patients aged 60 or older to a blood pressure goal of less than 150/90 mm Hg, and those aged 30-59 to a diastolic goal of less than 90 mm Hg. For those under 60, the recommended goal is less than 140/90 mm Hg based on expert opinion due to insufficient evidence. The same thresholds and goals are recommended for hypertensive adults with diabetes or chronic kidney disease under age 60. The guidelines recommend initial drug treatment for nonblack patients with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers,
Jnc viii
This document summarizes guidelines from the Eighth Joint National Committee for the management of high blood pressure in adults. It recommends treating hypertensive persons aged 60 or older to a blood pressure goal of less than 150/90 mm Hg, and those aged 30-59 to a diastolic goal of less than 90 mm Hg. For those under 60, the recommended goal is less than 140/90 mm Hg based on expert opinion. The same thresholds and goals are recommended for hypertensive adults with diabetes or chronic kidney disease. The guidelines recommend initial drug treatment for nonblack populations with ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, or thiazide diuretics. For black populations, calcium channel blockers or th
Jnc8
The document is a summary of evidence-based guidelines for managing high blood pressure in adults. It recommends:
1) Treating hypertensive persons aged 60 or older to a blood pressure goal of less than 150/90 mm Hg, and those aged 30-59 to less than 140/90 mm Hg.
2) Initiating drug treatment for nonblack populations with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, or thiazide-type diuretics. For black populations, recommend calcium channel blockers or thiazide-type diuretics.
3) Treating hypertensive adults with diabetes or chronic kidney disease to
Jnc 8 jama dic 2013
This document provides guidelines for the management of high blood pressure in adults based on a rigorous review of evidence from randomized controlled trials. Some of the key recommendations include:
1) For adults aged 60 years or older, the panel recommends initiating antihypertensive drug treatment when systolic blood pressure is 150 mmHg or higher or diastolic blood pressure is 90 mmHg or higher.
2) For adults aged 30-59 years, the panel recommends initiating antihypertensive drug treatment when systolic blood pressure is 140 mmHg or higher or diastolic blood pressure is 90 mmHg or higher.
3) For all adults, including those with diabetes, the panel recommends a blood pressure treatment goal of
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The document summarizes the key findings and recommendations from a systematic review of evidence on the management of high blood pressure conducted by the Eighth Joint National Committee panel members. The panel recommends treating hypertensive patients aged 60 or older to a blood pressure goal of less than 150/90 mm Hg, and those aged 30-59 to a goal of less than 140/90 mm Hg. For nonblack patients, including those with diabetes, initial drug treatment should include a thiazide-type diuretic, calcium channel blocker, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, or angiotensin receptor blocker. For black patients, including those with diabetes, a calcium channel blocker or thiazide-type di
diagnosis-treatment-of-resistant-hypertension.pdf
This document discusses new perspectives on diagnosing and treating resistant hypertension. It begins with defining resistant hypertension as blood pressure that remains above goal despite treatment with three or more antihypertensive medications. The document then outlines the appropriate steps to diagnose and manage a case of resistant hypertension, including identifying and addressing lifestyle factors, screening for secondary causes, and optimizing pharmacological treatment.
Guidelines for treatment of hypertension
This document provides guidelines for the treatment of hypertension. It discusses the definition and classification of hypertension according to the JNC 7 report. Evaluation of patients involves measuring blood pressure accurately, assessing risk factors, checking for target organ damage, and identifying secondary causes. Treatment goals depend on patient population, with the general goal being under 140/90 mmHg. Initial drug therapy involves thiazide diuretics, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, or CCBs. Lifestyle modifications including salt restriction, moderation of alcohol, regular exercise, weight control, and smoking cessation are also recommended.
ManejoJnc 8
This document provides guidelines for the management of high blood pressure in adults based on a rigorous review of evidence from randomized controlled trials. Some of the key recommendations include:
1) For adults aged 60 years or older, the guideline recommends initiating antihypertensive drug treatment when systolic blood pressure is 150 mmHg or higher or diastolic blood pressure is 90 mmHg or higher.
2) For adults aged 30-59 years, the guideline recommends initiating antihypertensive drug treatment when systolic blood pressure is 140 mmHg or higher or diastolic blood pressure is 90 mmHg or higher.
3) The guideline recommends treating hypertension in adults aged 18-29 based on an overall systolic blood
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Hypertension medications should be selected based on patient characteristics like race and comorbid conditions. For African Americans, thiazide diuretics and calcium channel blockers are first-line due to lower renin levels making ACE inhibitors and ARBs less effective. In chronic kidney disease, ACE inhibitors and ARBs protect renal function while calcium channel blockers reduce proteinuria. Elderly patients do well on thiazide diuretics with added potassium supplements due to increased risk of hypokalemia. Lifestyle modifications through diet, exercise, weight control and limiting alcohol can significantly lower blood pressure before medications are needed.
Hypertension
Hypertension medications should be selected based on patient characteristics like race and comorbid conditions. For African Americans, thiazide diuretics and calcium channel blockers are first-line due to lower renin levels making ACE inhibitors and ARBs less effective. In chronic kidney disease, ACE inhibitors and ARBs protect renal function while calcium channel blockers reduce proteinuria. Elderly patients do well on thiazide diuretics with added potassium supplements due to increased risk of hypokalemia. Lifestyle modifications through diet, exercise, weight control and limiting alcohol can significantly lower blood pressure before medications are needed.
diagnosis-treatment-of-resistant-hypertension.pptx
This document discusses the diagnosis and treatment of resistant hypertension. It begins with definitions of uncontrolled and resistant hypertension, and discusses their epidemiology. It then outlines the diagnostic algorithm for evaluating resistant hypertension, including identifying pseudo-resistance and screening for secondary causes. Finally, it discusses new therapeutic options for resistant hypertension, including the use of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists like spironolactone as additional treatment.
Htn pharmacotherapy
This document discusses hypertension and provides guidelines for its diagnosis and treatment. Some key points:
1. Hypertension, defined as persistently elevated blood pressure, affects over 30% of Americans and is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
2. The goal of treatment is to reduce blood pressure-related health risks through lifestyle modifications and medication. Treatment goals are under 140/90 mmHg for most patients, or under 130/80 mmHg for those with diabetes or kidney disease.
3. First-line drug treatment typically involves thiazide diuretics. Other drug classes like ACE inhibitors or ARBs may be used for compelling indications or patient characteristics. Multiple drug combinations are often needed to control blood
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Despite a number of preventive strategies for CVD, recommended by multiple scientific societies, there is a clear barrier to their effective implementation.2 In this regard, regular evaluation of the implementation of the CVD prevention guidelines may find the gaps in effective implementation of the guidelines that may help in reducing premature mortality and improving the quality of life in coronary heart patients.
VIPER BP
The Valsartan Intensified Primary Care Reduction of Blood Pressure (VIPER-Bp) Study compares an intensive blood pressure (BP) management strategy using valsartan-based therapy to achieve individualized BP control targets, to usual primary care management of hypertension. A survey of 500 Australian general practitioners (GPs) showed heterogeneous approaches to hypertension management compared to the intensive VIPER-Bp intervention. Over 2,000 hypertensive patients from 272 GPs were enrolled in the VIPER-Bp Study, with 1,285 randomized to usual care or the intensive intervention. The intensive intervention combines more aggressive BP therapy and structured management to more rapidly reach and sustain individualized BP targets.
Toxicities of targeted therapies
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Hypertension update 2018
Hypertension is a major public health concern affecting over 1 billion people worldwide. It is a leading cause of death and its prevalence is increasing. The document discusses guidelines for defining and classifying hypertension from organizations like JNC and WHO. It also summarizes lifestyle modifications and pharmacological treatments recommended for managing hypertension, including initial drug classes like ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, and thiazides. The guidelines emphasize starting with one drug and titrating dosage before adding additional medications to control blood pressure.
week 9 Assessment and Management of Patients with Hypertension- crisis.ppt
This document discusses hypertension, including its definition, classification, causes, symptoms, risk factors, complications, assessment, treatment, and nursing care. Hypertension is defined as a blood pressure over 140/90 mmHg. It can be primary or secondary to other conditions. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications like diet and exercise as well as medication. Nursing focuses on patient education to promote adherence to the treatment regimen and prevent complications like stroke and heart disease. Hypertensive crises require rapid treatment to lower blood pressure and prevent organ damage.
clinical T presentation 1.pptx
1) The study assessed the readiness of lifestyle modification among 50 hypertensive patients in Karachi, Pakistan through a survey.
2) 84% of respondents reported implementing lifestyle changes like diet and exercise to control their blood pressure. However, 40% did not follow a specific diet.
3) The study concluded that while patients understand the importance of lifestyle modification for hypertension, they lack knowledge on how to properly adopt lifestyle changes. Education is needed to help patients modify their lifestyle in a healthy way to manage their blood pressure.
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1) Treating hypertensive persons aged 60 or older to a blood pressure goal of less than 150/90 mm Hg, and those aged 30-59 to less than 140/90 mm Hg.
2) Initiating drug treatment for nonblack populations with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, or thiazide-type diuretics. For black populations, recommend calcium channel blockers or thiazide-type diuretics.
3) Treating hypertensive adults with diabetes or chronic kidney disease to
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This document provides guidelines for the management of high blood pressure in adults based on a rigorous review of evidence from randomized controlled trials. Some of the key recommendations include:
1) For adults aged 60 years or older, the panel recommends initiating antihypertensive drug treatment when systolic blood pressure is 150 mmHg or higher or diastolic blood pressure is 90 mmHg or higher.
2) For adults aged 30-59 years, the panel recommends initiating antihypertensive drug treatment when systolic blood pressure is 140 mmHg or higher or diastolic blood pressure is 90 mmHg or higher.
3) For all adults, including those with diabetes, the panel recommends a blood pressure treatment goal of
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diagnosis-treatment-of-resistant-hypertension.pdf
This document discusses new perspectives on diagnosing and treating resistant hypertension. It begins with defining resistant hypertension as blood pressure that remains above goal despite treatment with three or more antihypertensive medications. The document then outlines the appropriate steps to diagnose and manage a case of resistant hypertension, including identifying and addressing lifestyle factors, screening for secondary causes, and optimizing pharmacological treatment.
Guidelines for treatment of hypertension
This document provides guidelines for the treatment of hypertension. It discusses the definition and classification of hypertension according to the JNC 7 report. Evaluation of patients involves measuring blood pressure accurately, assessing risk factors, checking for target organ damage, and identifying secondary causes. Treatment goals depend on patient population, with the general goal being under 140/90 mmHg. Initial drug therapy involves thiazide diuretics, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, or CCBs. Lifestyle modifications including salt restriction, moderation of alcohol, regular exercise, weight control, and smoking cessation are also recommended.
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This document provides guidelines for the management of high blood pressure in adults based on a rigorous review of evidence from randomized controlled trials. Some of the key recommendations include:
1) For adults aged 60 years or older, the guideline recommends initiating antihypertensive drug treatment when systolic blood pressure is 150 mmHg or higher or diastolic blood pressure is 90 mmHg or higher.
2) For adults aged 30-59 years, the guideline recommends initiating antihypertensive drug treatment when systolic blood pressure is 140 mmHg or higher or diastolic blood pressure is 90 mmHg or higher.
3) The guideline recommends treating hypertension in adults aged 18-29 based on an overall systolic blood
lincoln surgical presentation
Hypertension medications should be selected based on patient characteristics like race and comorbid conditions. For African Americans, thiazide diuretics and calcium channel blockers are first-line due to lower renin levels making ACE inhibitors and ARBs less effective. In chronic kidney disease, ACE inhibitors and ARBs protect renal function while calcium channel blockers reduce proteinuria. Elderly patients do well on thiazide diuretics with added potassium supplements due to increased risk of hypokalemia. Lifestyle modifications through diet, exercise, weight control and limiting alcohol can significantly lower blood pressure before medications are needed.
Hypertension
Hypertension medications should be selected based on patient characteristics like race and comorbid conditions. For African Americans, thiazide diuretics and calcium channel blockers are first-line due to lower renin levels making ACE inhibitors and ARBs less effective. In chronic kidney disease, ACE inhibitors and ARBs protect renal function while calcium channel blockers reduce proteinuria. Elderly patients do well on thiazide diuretics with added potassium supplements due to increased risk of hypokalemia. Lifestyle modifications through diet, exercise, weight control and limiting alcohol can significantly lower blood pressure before medications are needed.
diagnosis-treatment-of-resistant-hypertension.pptx
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Htn pharmacotherapy
This document discusses hypertension and provides guidelines for its diagnosis and treatment. Some key points:
1. Hypertension, defined as persistently elevated blood pressure, affects over 30% of Americans and is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
2. The goal of treatment is to reduce blood pressure-related health risks through lifestyle modifications and medication. Treatment goals are under 140/90 mmHg for most patients, or under 130/80 mmHg for those with diabetes or kidney disease.
3. First-line drug treatment typically involves thiazide diuretics. Other drug classes like ACE inhibitors or ARBs may be used for compelling indications or patient characteristics. Multiple drug combinations are often needed to control blood
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) Prevention: Importance and Barriers
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) reduces the quality of life in patients and remains the leading cause of mortality globally.
Despite a number of preventive strategies for CVD, recommended by multiple scientific societies, there is a clear barrier to their effective implementation.2 In this regard, regular evaluation of the implementation of the CVD prevention guidelines may find the gaps in effective implementation of the guidelines that may help in reducing premature mortality and improving the quality of life in coronary heart patients.
VIPER BP
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Hypertension update 2018
Hypertension is a major public health concern affecting over 1 billion people worldwide. It is a leading cause of death and its prevalence is increasing. The document discusses guidelines for defining and classifying hypertension from organizations like JNC and WHO. It also summarizes lifestyle modifications and pharmacological treatments recommended for managing hypertension, including initial drug classes like ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, and thiazides. The guidelines emphasize starting with one drug and titrating dosage before adding additional medications to control blood pressure.
week 9 Assessment and Management of Patients with Hypertension- crisis.ppt
This document discusses hypertension, including its definition, classification, causes, symptoms, risk factors, complications, assessment, treatment, and nursing care. Hypertension is defined as a blood pressure over 140/90 mmHg. It can be primary or secondary to other conditions. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications like diet and exercise as well as medication. Nursing focuses on patient education to promote adherence to the treatment regimen and prevent complications like stroke and heart disease. Hypertensive crises require rapid treatment to lower blood pressure and prevent organ damage.
clinical T presentation 1.pptx
1) The study assessed the readiness of lifestyle modification among 50 hypertensive patients in Karachi, Pakistan through a survey.
2) 84% of respondents reported implementing lifestyle changes like diet and exercise to control their blood pressure. However, 40% did not follow a specific diet.
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The Art and Science of Management of Hypertension
- 1. The Art and Science of Management of Hypertension Dr Syed Raza MD,MRCP,FRCP ,CCT ,FACC , FESC Consultant Cardiologist Awali Hospital , Bahrain
- 3. Scale of the problem • Globally, an estimated 26% of the world's population (972 million people) has hypertension, and the prevalence is expected to increase to 29% by 2025, driven largely by increases in economically developing nations. • Nearly half of adults in the United States (108 million, or 45%) are taking medication for hypertension. • Only about 1 in 4 adults (25%) with hypertension have their condition under control.
- 6. Reasons that Hypertension is still a challenge in the 21st Century • 1. Lack of awareness • 2. No or poor screening methods • 3. Ambiguous treatment guidelines • 4. Poor compliance with anti hypertensive medication • 5. Inaccurate blood pressure measurement - under utilization of ABP
- 12. Before Medication ….. • DASH (Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension) diet • Weight loss • Regular physical exercise • Avoid stress • Adequate sleep
- 13. What is normal blood pressure ? Author is licensed
- 14. New (2020) ACC/AHA staging of Hypertension • Normal: Less than 120/80 mm Hg • Elevated: Systolic between 120-129 and diastolic less than 80 • Stage 1: Systolic between 130-139 or diastolic between 80-89 • Stage 2: Systolic at least 140 or diastolic at least 90 mm Hg
- 15. Medication Strategy • 1. Using combination therapy • 2. Use of medication in special circumstances - Beta blocker, Spironolactone , Diuretics • 3. Dose titration • 4. Consideration for octogenarians , Black race , pregnancy
- 16. Principles in Hypertension Management • (1) Understanding the pathophysiology of hypertension • (2) Prioritizing evidence from randomized clinical trials above observational studies and expert opinion • (3) Giving consideration to the cost-effectiveness of antihypertensive drug treatment and the sustainability of health care • (4) Individualized approach
- 17. Zhen-Yu Zhang. Hypertension. Starting Antihypertensive Drug Treatment With Combination Therapy, Volume: 77, Issue: 3, Pages: 788-798, DOI: (10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.12858) © 2021 The Authors. Hypertension is published on behalf of the American Heart Association, Inc., by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided that the original work is properly cited, the use is noncommercial, and no modifications or adaptations are made.