dicipline

1. Textual Evidence, Text
Compositions across Disciplines,
Professional Correspondence
The Finale

2. Counterclaim is also known as a
counter argument, and from the
word itself, it basically means the
opposing argument: any statement
against the main assertion. It is
what you imagine the other
side would say about your claim.

3. “Students should not spend more time in
school. Children need time to explore on
their own, and studies have not shown
great increase in learning. On the other
hand, some argue that students
remember lessons better when they
spend more time in school. This
makes sense because students would
have more exposure to the learning
material and formality in their studies.”

4. The first sentence was started with an assertion
of disapproval for students spending more time
in school. The sentence that follows is an
example of a textual evidence that validates the
assertion. But then in the second sentence, the
author changed into a different tactic and
acknowledged the counterclaim that there are
also some people who argue that students
remember lessons better when they spend more
time in school. To validate the counterclaim, the
last sentence served as the textual evidence
that will support the counterclaim too.

5. Some of the sentence prompts that denote a counterclaim and their
evidence from the text are the following:
• The opposing view is that… Admittedly…
• Some people think/argue that… Despite the evidence, some
people still think that…
• Some people may say that… Even considering this
argument, some still believe that…
• One might object that… However, some people still hold
on to the belief that…
• It might seem that… The author gives the following
reasons to support the
counterclaim such as…
• It is true that… Even with the evidence
presented, there are still those
who argue that…

6. Texts Useful Across Disciplines:
I. A book review is a descriptive and critical or
evaluative account of a book. It is an analysis
of a book that includes its subject, strengths
and weaknesses and context. A book review
gives essential information about a book
(fiction or nonfiction) and provides an
evaluation or a critical analysis of it.

7. Here are just a few important things to remember
before we start writing a book review:
•Read and understand the material first. Read
actively, intelligently, and analytically.
•Take down notes as you read. Write down the
following elements : the title, the theme(s), the
summary/plot, the characters, mood, and tone.
Also include the author’s writing style, language
use and the author’s purpose.
•Formulate questions about the content (maybe
about concepts that you did not fully understand,
or you want to elaborate more in your analysis.)
•Read the material more than once.

8. INTRODUCTION:
1. Mention the title of the book, year or date of
publication, and author’s name. You can include some
information about the author, which can help your
reader understand the content, especially if it is a
work of nonfiction. For example, what are the author's
credentials of his or her influences or beliefs?
2. Come up with a thesis statement which will indicate
what your main argument or evaluation of the book
will be: whether it is a positive, negative, or mixed
review.
3. Briefly summarize the book or the main Points of
the article.

9. “Trash by Andrew "Andy" Mulligan, a British
theatre director, drama teacher and now
novelist, has published in 2010 a powerful
story about unthinkable poverty—and the
kind of hope and determination that can
transcend it. Trash really is like a movie. As
you delve into its pages, you are taken
deeper and deeper into the sights, sounds
and smells of the poor, where boys and girls
fossick daily for pickings amongst
mountainous piles of garbage.

10. BODY: This is the analysis and evaluation part of the review. Here are some
questions that can help in your critical evaluation:
1. What is the setting, theme(s), plot, characterization, and other significant
literary devices used by the author?
2. How do these literary elements contribute to the overall meaning of the
book?
3. What are the strengths and weaknesses of the books?
4. What significant human experience and relationships can you relate In an
unnamed Third World country, in the not-so-distant future, three “dumpsite
boys” make a living picking through the mountains of garbage on the outskirts
of a large city. Although there is no mention about it in the book, Trash is most
probably set in the Philippines.
5. How is the book similar and/or different from other books of the same
genre?
6. Is the book informative, entertaining, or meaningful? Would you
recommend it? Why or why not?

11. In an unnamed Third World country, in the not-so-distant future, three
“dumpsite boys” make a living picking through the mountains of garbage on
he outskirts of a large city. Although there is no mention about it in the book,
Trash is most probably set in the Philippines.
This is not surprising considering that the author, Andy Mulligan, who is
British, had worked as a teacher in the Philippines. One unlucky-lucky day,
Raphael finds something very special and very mysterious. So mysterious
that he decides to keep it, even when the city police offer a handsome reward
for its return. That decision brings with its terrifying consequences, and soon
the dumpsite boys must use all their cunning and courage to stay ahead of
their pursuers. It is up to Raphael, Gardo, and Rat—boys who have no
education, no parents, no homes, and no money— to solve the mystery and
right a terrible wrong. Andy Mulligan has fitted a lot of action into quite a
short novel and he describes the unique setting of his story in such detail that
you can really picture it in your mind, although I must warn you that some of
the descriptions are not very pleasant – especially the prison cages. He
makes you believe in the bravery and loyalty of his characters as they try to
do the right thing, battling against a corrupt system.

12. CONCLUSION: This is a summary of you
overall discussion or evaluation of the
book. You may include here the main
strengths and weakness that you stated
about the book. Do not give away the
ending to the readers. Do not give simple
opinions and make sure you support your
opinions with evidence. After writing the
review, do not forget to cite the
sources/references that was used (if there
was any) for the book.

13. II. Article critique is a specialized form of
academic writing in which a reviewer evacuates
the contribution to the knowledge of scholarly
works such as academic books and journal
articles.”
Purposes of Writing an Article Critique
1. It addresses more specific audience.
2. It offers a critical response to a published
scholarly work.
3. It uses both proofs and logical reasoning to
substantiate the opinions.

14. Structure of an Article Critique
1. Introduction
A. The author’s name(s) and the title of the article.
B. The author’s main point.
C. A thesis statement that previews your analysis.
2. Summary The summary discusses the following:
A. The main points of the article.
B. The arguments presented in the article.
C. The findings of the article.
3. Critique. Critique the article by doing the following steps:
A. Discuss the pros and cons/strengths and weaknesses of the article.
B. State the informed opinions about the clarity, relevancy, and accuracy of the article, using
specific examples from the article to support the statements.
4. Conclusion End the article critique with a conclusion that does the following:
A. Summarize the key points in the article, as well as the key points from one’s own analysis.
B. End with a comment about the significance of the research or a statement of future research
needed in the field.

15. III. Literature review is a type of academic
writing that provides an overview of a specific
topic. It discusses and analyses published
information in a particular subject area. It is
more than a summary of the sources, and has
an organizational pattern that combines both
summary and synthesis (Washington University
in St. Louis, 2020).

16. Purposes of a Literature Review (Barrot
2018)
1. It stablishes the importance of the topic and
the research gap.
2. Provides readers with relevant information
that will familiarize them with the topic.
3. Clarifies the contradictions between and
among the previous studies.
4. Justifies the research method, questions, and
the conceptual and theoretical framework.

17. Structure of a Literature Review
The literature review has the following structure:
1.Introduction
•clear and understandable definition of the paper’s
thesis and a
•logical transition to the review.
•the author’s rationale for the review.
•how data is organized.
•short transition to the content of the main body that
leads to the given research topic.

18. 2. Body
• list of sources organized in accordance with their topics or in
chronological order.
• explanation of every subcategory of sources’ relevance as well as
how they are connected with each other and the main topic of the
paper.
3. Conclusion
• summary of all significant points drawn from the literature.
• a critical evaluation of the current reception of the referenced
sources.
• highlighted information gaps or any errors that you were able to
find in the existing knowledge.
• suggestion regarding the possibility of further research.
• explanation on how the study fills the gaps in the existing
knowledge of the matter.

19. 1V. Research report is an example of an
academic paper. Writing a research report
is one of the most challenging tasks that
every senior high school student needs to
learn. It presents information gathered
from reference books, observations,
interviews, or other sources.

20. Characteristics of an Effective Research Report
1. Specific not generalized .Research topic is generally based on
some problem or a relationship between two or more variables, this
problem should be specifically stated.
2. Measurable. There are certain research instruments used in
doing some analysis.
These could be tool like SPSS that the researcher would use based
on the research requirement. The tools could also include survey
questionnaires or interview questions.
3. Attainable The data required for the research should be
attainable and available.
4. Realistic The analysis and result must be realistic; it shouldn’t
be manipulated or maneuvered.
5. Formatting There is a certain format to be followed in research
writing – APA or MLA format.

21. Parts of a Research Report
1. Title Page – contains informative title that describes the content
of the paper.
2. Abstract – contains the summary of the research findings and
conclusion.
Write an Abstract related to your current research, alternatively
invent some research.
1. Give a basic introduction to your research area, which can
be understood by researchers in any discipline. (1–2 sentences).
2. Provide more detailed background for researchers in your
field. (1-2).
3. Clearly state your main result. (1 sentence).
4. Explain what your main result reveals and / or adds when
compared to the current literature. (2–3 sentences). Put your
results into a more general context and explain the implications.

22. 3. Introduction – explains the current state of the field and identifies research gaps.
Write your own introduction following the structure below. You may decide to leave out
some of the stages.
1. Define the topic, suggest why it is important and of interest and or give some brief
historical background. (1–3 sentences).
2. Outline the accepted state of the art plus the problem to be resolved (i.e. the gap). (2–
4 sentences).
3. State your major objectives, i.e. how you intend to fill the gap. (1–2 sentences).
4. Introduce the background literature that you intend to refer to in order to give the
rationale behind your research. Ensure you make reference to current insufficient
knowledge of your topic. For example, you may think a particular study did not
investigate some necessary aspect of the area, or how the authors failed to notice some
problem with their results. (an appropriate number of sentences).
5. Make a clear statement of how/what your paper represents an advance on current
knowledge, and what your objective is. (2– 4 sentences).
6. Announce / Preview the main results of your work. (1–4 sentences).
7. Give the structure of your paper. (3–4 very short sentences).

23. 4. Literature Review – contains the summary and
synthesis of all available sources related to the study.
Write a survey of the literature following this
structure:
1. Introduction to aspect 1 (i.e. one specifific area of
research within the field).
2. Support from the literature regarding Aspect 1.
3. Mini summary explaining how your work
represents an advance on what • is already known.
4. Introduction to Aspect 2, and so on

24. 5. Methodology – describes how the experiments or tests in the research were conducted. Write your Methods
section by answering some or all of the questions below.
1. What / Who did I study? What hypotheses was I testing?
2. Where did I carry out this study and what characteristics did this location have?
3. How did I design my experiment / sampling and what assumptions did I make?
4. What variable was I measuring and why?
5. How did I handle / house / treat my materials / subjects? What kind of care / precautions were taken?
6. What equipment did I use (plus modifications) and where did this equipment come from (vendor source)?
7. What protocol did I use for collecting my data?
8. How did I analyze the data? Statistical procedures? Mathematical equations? Software?
9. What probability did I use to decide significance?
10. What references to the literature could I give to save me having to describe something in detail?
11. What difficulties did I encounter?
Your first subsection may be a general overview of the methods chosen, how they relate to the literature
and why you chose them. Then in each subsequent subsection you:
1. Preview the part of the procedure / method you are talking about.
2. Detail what was done and justify your choices.
3. Point out any precautions taken.
4. Discuss any limitations in your method or problems you encountered.
5. Highlight the bene fifits of your methods (perhaps in comparison to other authors’ approaches).

25. 6.Results – describes the data gathered and the tables
and graphs that summarize the collected data.
Write your Results section following this structure:
1. Highlight those results (including those from
controls) that answer your research question.
2. Outline secondary results.
3. Give supporting information.
4. Mention any results that contradict your hypothesis
and explain why they are anomalous.

26. 7. Discussion – provides an explanation of all the results in
relation to the previous studies presented in the literature
review.
Write your Discussion section by following the structure below.
1. Statement of principal findings.
2. Strengths and weaknesses of the study.
3. Strengths and weaknesses in relation to other studies:
important differences in results.
4. Meaning of the study: possible explanations and implications
for clinicians and policymakers.
5. Unanswered questions and future research.

27. 8. Conclusion – contains the restatement of the major findings, the
limitations of the study, the recommendation, and the implications.
Write your Conclusions section by following the structure below.
1. Revisit briefly the most important findings pointing out how these
advance your field from the present state of knowledge.
2. Make a final judgment on the importance and significance of those
findings in terms of their implications and impact, along with possible
applications to other areas.
3. Indicate the limitations of your study (though the Discussion may be a
more appropriate place to do this).
4. Suggest improvements (perhaps in relation to the limitations).
5. Recommend lines for future work (either for the author, and / or the
community).

28. 9. References/Bibliography – contains
the different sources used in the
study.
10. Appendices – include information
and data of the study that are either
not important enough to be included
in the main body of the research or
are too lengthy.

29. Basic Steps in Writing a Research Report
1. Identify and develop your topic.
2. Do a preliminary search for information.
3. Locate materials.
4. Evaluate your sources.
5. Make notes.
6. Write your paper.
7. Cite your sources properly.
8. Proofread.

30. VI. A project proposal is a detailed
description of a series of activities
aimed at solving a certain problem. It
is a document which you present to
potential sponsors or clients to
receive funding or get your project
approved.

31. A project proposal should be carefully
planned. In the planning stage the
following questions are helpful: Why are
you proposing the project? How will you
be doing it? When and where will it be
done? How much will it cost?

32. I. Project Description. This part conveys the gist of the entire proposal to
the authorities who have to take a decision. It must contain all
the information in brief.
Project Title-Type of Project (education, health, sportsarts exhibit,
etc.)
Project Proponent/s (Name of organization)-Number of Beneficiaries
(no. of households and individuals)
Location of Beneficiaries (address of beneficiaries)
Date of Implementation (start date/number of implementation days)
Area of Project Implementation (address where project is
implemented)
Budget Requirement (overall amount of budget requirement)
Budget Requested (state amount requested)

33. II. Project Background/Situation Analysis
This background section discusses what
has brought about the need for the
project – what problem, what opportunity
there is for improving things and what the
basic situation is

34. III. Project Objectives
It discusses the short and long-term goals your
project will contribute to. The objectives should be
in response to the core problem stated. One should
remember that the objectives set must be specific,
measurable, attainable, realistic time bound
(achievable in a specific
time period).

35. IV. Desired Impact and Outcome of the Project
This part discusses the effects of the project (economic,
social,
cultural, environmental, etc.) as well as the specific
measures to sustain the project.
V. Risk Management Plan
Risks are external factors that could potentially jeopardize
the
project and are beyond control. Thus, the proponent/s
should identify some measures that would mitigate the

36. VI. Project Organization and Staffing
This part justifies the need to expatriate
personnel. This section also explains the
responsibilities and tasks of each key person in
the project.
Office/Staff Designated:
Responsibilities :
Contact Person:
Contact Details:

37. VII. Project Work Plan
This section describes how you will accomplish the proposed
tasks. It also presents the time required to complete the work.
Most proposals contain a section that shows not only the
projected completed date but also key milestones of the project.
Phases of the Project (Date)
Activities
Output Indicator
Person in charge
Resources needed
Cost

38. VIII. Detailed Budget Requirement
This section furnishes the details of all the
expenses. These could include the amount of
the required materials, travel fare, etc.
Budget Line
Item Description
Amount Needed
Proposed Source/s

39. X. Attachments
The proponent/s could attach the
profile/brochure of the
organization, endorsement,
recommendation and other pertinent
documents.

40. VII. A position paper is an essay that
gives basic information or argument
that is supported by well-researched
evidence to persuade the readers. It is
achieved through the following basic
features.

41. 1. A well-defined issue. This means that
the writer should be clear with what is
the issue all about. Example, if you talk
about a certain school issue, you must
pick an exact and one issue (program on
bullying). This is also means
marking/limiting your boundaries in
making a position paper.

42. 2. A clear position. This requires the writer
to make a stance or a position to defend or
argue with. Example effective program on
preventing bullying. The writer must state
his/her side on which program will be
effective on bullying. The writer may either
choose reinforcement or positive discipline

43. 3. A convincing argument. The
writer must state side with
evidence by means of science
and/or statistics. In this way, the
writer creates strong
persuasion and argument.

44. 4. An appropriate tone. The writer
creates a vivid message/stance by
using words that are fit to the
argument being given. The writer’s
attitude or ways towards the topic is
crucial.

45. In writing a position paper, one must
consider its parts: introduction,
body, and conclusion.
In the introduction, the writer
introduces his/her topic in general
and
state the position.

46. In its body, the writer presents
information and evidence. This is the
main part of the paper.
In the conclusion, it means the
summary of your write up. The writer
makes sure of finishing the essay with
strength and conviction.

47. Professional correspondence is a
communication between two or more parties
through professional writing of letters and
emails such as application letter, inquiry letter,
college application letter, resume, and
more.Understanding and applying these things
will equip you will increase yourconfidence in
dealing with the competitive job market in the
future.

48. What is a Resume?
A resume is a summary of one’s qualifications, educational
background, and work experience relevant to a particular job
he/she is applying for. (Carey, 2012)
A resume is a written document that lists your work
experiences, skills, and educational background used as a
marketing tool to “sell” yourself to the potential employer.
(Foster, 2010)
It is also considered an advertisement of oneself with a purpose
of getting an interview that would lead to landing a job.

49. Parts of Résumé
Heading
Objective
Education
Work Experience
Skills
Trainings
References

50. Heading
Your name, address, telephone/cell phone number, e-mail
address
Your name should be in a large font and it should stand out
from all the other texts
Objective
One or two plainly stated sentences focusing on your goals for
the job to which you are applying, and how this will help you
with your professional skills

51. Education
Contains the name of school and its location,
senior high school strand,inclusive years, academic
awards, and relevant recognitions
Skills
Includes different skills you possess such as
communication skills, computer or technical skills or
different computer operations system you know
and other skills related to the job you are applying
for. (Do not include skills that are irrelevant)

52. Work experience (If applicable) Name of the
company, your job title, inclusive years/months of
employment, number of years employed, and job
accomplishments.
This may include On-the-job training, immersion,
and the like.
Trainings (If applicable) This includes
Trainings/Seminars you have attended, the date you
attended, and the sponsoring organization

53. References
List of the contact persons who know you better but not
related by blood, and is available upon request. The list
includes their names, organization affiliated with, their
position, and contact number. Three contact persons are
reasonable

54. There are also considerations in writing a
resume. Remember that the purpose of it is for
you to get an interview. Content is very
important but it must go along with the
mechanics in writing (grammar, capitalizations,
punctuations, spelling) and technicalities.
(margin, font style and size, paper
size)

55. DONT’s in resume writing:
Do not lie- do not include information that is not true or
do not falsify your documents.
Do not tolerate typographical error-
Do not include unnecessary information-
Do not use unreadable or distracting font style-
Do not photocopy résumé-

56. What is a cover letter?
A cover letter is a written document commonly
submitted with a job application outlining the applicant's
credentials and interest in the open position. (Kagan,
2020)
A letter of application, also known as cover letter, is a
document sent with your resume to provide additional
information on your skills and experience. It provides
detailed information on why you are qualified for the job
you are applying for. (Custodio, et. al 2013)

57. The purpose of the application letter
is for the prospect employer to read
your resume, just as the purpose of
the resume is for you to be called for
an interview.

58. The opening paragraph expresses your interest on the position, tells
how you learn about the opening of the position, and indicates the reason in
applying for the position.
The middle paragraph indicates your skills and experiences that made
you qualify for the position. Mention qualifications and services you can offer
to the company. Provide some details of information mentioned in your
resume, especially those that are related to the job you are applying.
The final paragraph closes your letter and summarizes your interest
that suggest the prospect employer to call you for an interview. It should
sound optimistic and appreciative. Be sure to give your correct contact
number or email address for him/her to reach you.

59. Business Letter 6 Parts
Heading
Inside Address
Greeting
Body of the letter
Complimentary Close
Signature