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The document discusses the history and development of environmental policy over time, from the initial lack of regulations in the past to the modern environmental movement and various policies enacted by governments at all levels to address issues like pollution, endangered species, and more. It also examines the various stakeholders that influence policy, including government, citizens, science, and non-governmental organizations, and how environmental issues rise on the policy agenda through public awareness. Overall it traces the progress that has been made but notes there is still work to be done to fully address environmental problems.
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iStockphotoThinkstockLearni.docx
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Learning Objectives
In this chapter you will learn to:
•Demonstrate an understanding of the evolution of contemporary U.S. environmental policy.
•Describe key factors affecting the identification and definition of environmental problems.
•Identify various policy actors and policy instruments involved in the environmental policy process.
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Identification: The Evolution of
Federal Environmental Policy
8
the80472_08_c08_259-282.indd 259 11/21/12 12:56 PM
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ticular policy area has evolved in contemporary times and will then use that policy issue
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This chapter will discuss problem identification in terms of environmental policy; Chapter 9
will discuss public agenda setting and the policy-making agenda in terms of education policy;
Chapter 10 will discuss how policy is formulated in terms of welfare policy; Chapter 11 will
discuss policy adoption in terms of health-care policy reform; and Chapter 12 will discuss
policy implementation and evaluation in terms of immigration policy.
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eral environmental policy clarifies environmental policy at local, state, and international
levels. Environmental policy making in the United States has evolved over time and
over various presidential administrations. From the early days of the nation, when there
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influenced how environmental problems are identified. The approach to environmental
policy making in the United States has been one of command and control. That is to say,
environmental policy has been about setting legal limits and threatening violators with
punishment. The federal government and state governments promote desirable behavior
or discourage undesirable activities using subsidies, taxes, and tax breaks.
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Similar to Test 1
iStockphotoThinkstockLearni.docx
iS
to
ck
ph
ot
o/
Th
in
ks
to
ck
Learning Objectives
In this chapter you will learn to:
•Demonstrate an understanding of the evolution of contemporary U.S. environmental policy.
•Describe key factors affecting the identification and definition of environmental problems.
•Identify various policy actors and policy instruments involved in the environmental policy process.
A Case Study in Problem
Identification: The Evolution of
Federal Environmental Policy
8
the80472_08_c08_259-282.indd 259 11/21/12 12:56 PM
Introduction CHAPTER 8
Thus far, this book has introduced the foundations needed to understand public pol-icy and how policy is made, implemented, and changed within the U.S. political setting. Moving forward, Chapters 8 through 12 will provide case studies of specific
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ticular policy area has evolved in contemporary times and will then use that policy issue
to illustrate a particular stage of the policy process discussed in Chapters 4 through 7.
This chapter will discuss problem identification in terms of environmental policy; Chapter 9
will discuss public agenda setting and the policy-making agenda in terms of education policy;
Chapter 10 will discuss how policy is formulated in terms of welfare policy; Chapter 11 will
discuss policy adoption in terms of health-care policy reform; and Chapter 12 will discuss
policy implementation and evaluation in terms of immigration policy.
The United States provides a good case study in environmental policy making, because
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eral environmental policy clarifies environmental policy at local, state, and international
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policy making in the United States has been one of command and control. That is to say,
environmental policy has been about setting legal limits and threatening violators with
punishment. The federal government and state governments promote desirable behavior
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In all industrialized countries since the early 1980s, policy agendas have given environ-
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Political parties develop around certain policy agendas and work to convince the public and government of their policy positions. They regulate the government by highlighting problems and arguing what actions the current administration should or should not take. The key functions of political parties are to set policies on various public issues and help shape the adoption of those policies. They bring attention to issues through campaigning so the government is pressured to take action. Common policy areas parties focus on include health, the environment, the economy, and more.
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Political ecology of environmental management; a critical review of some rele...
Introduction
The tremendous increase in the scale of human impact on earth together with our increased although imperfect understanding of ecological processes means that the environment can no longer viewed as a relatively stable background factor. Rather the interaction between economic development and complex and often fragile ecosystems on which that development depends has become a major political issue both locally and globally (Maigua & Musyimi, n.d.).
It is no longer possible to treat ecology and politics as separate spheres. The institutions that matter most are no longer specifically environmental but rather are the core institutions that govern or at least seek to govern the workings of the world politics and economy. A major focus is actually the integration of environmental concerns into the sphere of economic planning and policy making rather than the development of an entirely separate thus peripheral sphere (Maigua & Musyimi, n.d.).
This study therefore aims to make a critical analysis of some important aspects regarding the political ecology of environmental management. Political ecology informs political makers and organizations about the complexities surrounding environment and development thereby contributing to better environmental governance. It helps understand the decisions that communities make about the natural environment in the context of their political environment, economic pressures and societal regulations. Political ecology also looks at how unequal relations in and among societies affects the environment especially in the context of government policy (Grieber, 2009).
The study therefore at various political aspects and their influence on environmental management. Firstly it looks at the issue of environmental democracy and how it influences environmental management. This includes the aspects of participation, environmental justice and information access. It then elaborates environmental governance including global environmental governance and implications on environmental management.
The study then looks at other political aspects of relevance to environmental management including: the global commons, geopolitics, environmental movements and the conduct of politicians. It then looks at trends in the political ecology of Africa and then Kenya specifically. Policy making and how it influences environmental management is then explained. The study then winds up with a review of. The legal and policy frameworks for environmental management in Kenya.
THE IMPORTANCE OF PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN GOVERNMENT DECISION-MAKING
True public participation in environmental decision-making is crucial to effectively implement regulations and make better decisions that benefit both the environment and human health. When citizens who are affected by potential decisions can provide input early in the decision-making process, they are more inclined to support outcomes that do not cause harm. Harnessing public participation can also help relieve the financial burden on government agencies by utilizing resources from citizens and non-governmental organizations. For environmental protections and animal welfare laws to have their intended effect, citizens must have the ability to enforce these laws through legal action when violations occur.
1 2 3_environmental principles
Sustainable development emerged in the 1980s and gained momentum with the publication of Our Common Future in 1987. It is defined as development that meets the present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs. Key areas of sustainable development are society, environment, and economy. The 1992 Rio Declaration established principles of intergenerational equity, precautionary principle, environmental impact assessment, and polluter pays.
Environmental management
This document provides information about environmental management. It defines environment as the sum of all surrounding conditions affecting an organism. It discusses the evolution of environmental concern from the 1960s onwards, sparked by Rachel Carson's book Silent Spring. Environmental management aims to make decisions about natural resource use, pollution, and ecosystem modification. It involves stakeholders from different backgrounds and scales, from local to global. While environmental management considers human impacts, its main focus is on managing human activities and decisions rather than directly managing the natural environment.
Policy analysis
This document discusses the nature of policy analysis. It defines policy analysis as the examination and evaluation of policy options to address public issues. An effective process involves empirical research, data collection, and input from stakeholders. The document then provides a brief history of the field, outlining how it has evolved from a focus on institutions to include analysis of actual policy content and processes. It describes the most common four-step model used in policy analysis: 1) describing problems and solutions, 2) determining costs, 3) determining outcomes, and 4) making recommendations. The document concludes by discussing traditional views on the nature of public policy.
Environmental Impact Assessment ( Eia ) Essay
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) aims to assess the potential environmental consequences of planned projects to inform decision making, though definitions vary, with EIA serving as an organized means to gather and analyze information to predict likely impacts on the biophysical and human environments, which often depends on individual values and judgements, and EIA is also viewed as an environmental management tool by recommending mitigation measures if a project is approved to manage impacts. EIA has become an important decision-making process that involves predicting impacts through interpreting available information, and it provides recommendations for managing impacts if a project moves forward in order to implement mitigation based on predicted impacts.
Public policy
This document defines public policy and discusses its key subfields. Public policy is defined as a government's actions or inactions in response to public problems. There is no single agreed-upon definition, but generally it refers to the choices governments make and the outcomes of those decisions, backed by state authority. The main subfields of public policy are policy analysis, policy evaluation, and policy process. Policy analysis focuses on determining the best policy options, policy evaluation examines the consequences of policies, and policy process studies how and why policies are made.
Environmental management [autosaved]
Here are the definitions:
1. Atmosphere - The envelope of air surrounding the Earth. It protects life on Earth by absorbing ultraviolet solar radiation, warming the surface through heat retention (greenhouse effect), and reducing temperature extremes between day and night.
2. Hydrosphere - The combined mass of water found on, under, and over the surface of a planet, including lakes, rivers, oceans, groundwater, and atmospheric water vapor.
3. Lithosphere - The solid, rigid outer part of the Earth, including the crust and upper mantle.
4. Biosphere - The global ecological system integrating all living beings and their relationships, including their interaction with the elements of the lithosphere, hyd
Sustainable Development: An Introduction
Learning Objectives: After completing this lesson, students will
a) learn about the dimensions of sustainable development
b) learn through an example as to how the interdependent issues of development contribute toward achieving sustainable development
UK Public Policy for influencing Pro-environmental Behaviour - Lavinia Udrea
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REPLACING THE EPA
Today, EPA is all but a wholly owned subsidiary of liberal activist groups. The takeover of EPA and all of its activities
by liberal activists was slow and methodical over the past 30 years. Today, EPA is all but a wholly owned subsidiary of liberal activist groups. Its rules account for about half of the nearly $2 trillion a year cost of complying with all national regulations in the U.S.2 Barack Obama is using it to circumvent Congress to impose regulations on the energy sector that will cause prices to “skyrocket.” It is a rogue agency!
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The document summarizes key findings from two reports on climate change and the environment. The Third Assessment Report from 2001 found that average land temperatures had increased 0.6 degrees Celsius over the 20th century due to greenhouse gases and human activity. It also projected more extreme weather events and impacts. The Fourth Assessment Report provided more data and research showing substantial human-caused environmental damage and climate change impacts like rising temperatures and sea levels. It emphasized reducing greenhouse gas emissions but saw the Kyoto Protocol as a disappointment.
Rockbridgereportgroup 3 1+Notes
The document summarizes survey results on services provided by agencies in an area, identifies problems like unemployment, transportation, housing and healthcare, and assesses needs. Transportation is a complex issue, with many residents dependent on public transportation or childcare. Housing is also a major issue, with some homes lacking quality or affordability. Health insurance is challenging to obtain for all residents.
Plasticbag
Green taxes, like plastic bag taxes, can effectively change behaviors and reduce plastic waste by disincentivizing single-use plastic bags. Plastic bag taxes have been shown to dramatically reduce plastic bag use by over 95% in places like Ireland and can generate millions in tax revenue. Plastic bags are a major source of pollution that ends up in landfills and the environment, contaminating soil and water, and a plastic bag tax is a simple and effective policy tool to reduce plastic waste and conserve resources.
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The document discusses the conflict between jobs in the logging industry and protecting the habitat of the northern spotted owl in the Pacific Northwest from the 1980s to 2005. It describes how environmental groups advocated for expanding protected forest land to preserve the owl species while loggers and industry pushed back. Congress and presidents attempted different plans over the years to balance these interests but solutions remained controversial.
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1. The Obama energy plan proposes short and long-term relief for families through tax reliefs and replacing light oil with heavy crude oil from reserves. It aims to promote more sustainable and environmentally friendly policies.
2. The plan hopes to increase hybrid and electric car purchases to half of new cars by 2012. It sets requirements for fuel suppliers to reduce carbon emissions over time and increase production of advanced biofuels compatible with new vehicles.
3. The plan seeks to create new green jobs in areas like renewable energy and aims to ensure veterans can enter the new energy economy through job training programs.
Enva Policy Golden Rice
Genetically modified foods could help address the global problem of malnutrition and vitamin A deficiency. Golden rice, a genetically engineered variety that provides vitamin A, is proposed as a solution. It and other GM crops like Bt cotton could help feed the billions that rely on rice as a staple while preventing millions of childhood deaths from vitamin deficiencies according to the document.
Ec Chapter 5 Dsni Combined
The document summarizes the efforts of the Dudley Street Neighborhood Initiative (DSNI) to address environmental problems in the Dudley Street neighborhood of Boston from the 1980s to 2000s. The DSNI was founded in 1985 and envisioned creating an "urban village" with affordable housing, community centers, gardens, and green spaces. One of their first projects was cleaning up abandoned lots filled with trash and hazardous waste. Over time, through community organizing and legal action, the DSNI was able to transform over 300 vacant parcels, address toxic waste sites, and revitalize their neighborhood.
Dsp
The Dominant Social Paradigm is the framework of values and beliefs shared by a culture that shape how it views and functions in the world. It promotes an anthropocentric view that if an issue does not directly affect individuals, then they do not care. The values and beliefs commonly held by a society directly impact the policies made by their government, so without public support for environmental issues, policymakers are not motivated to act.
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Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Test 1
- 1. Susan Muller
- 8. Policy Government Media Citizens Science Non-Governmental Organizations Grassroots organizations Streams Policy Planning Process Acts Non-Regulatory Organizations Incentives Public Education Campaigns local state national international (?) EPA CWA CAA ESA
- 14. Policy Policy Planning Process Stage of the Process What it Entails Agenda Setting Getting a problem on the list of subjects to which policy makers are paying serious attention Policy Formulation The design and drafting of policy goals and strategies for achieving them. Policy Legitimation Justifying and authorizing government action Policy Implementation Provision of institutional resources for putting the programs into effect within a bureaucracy Policy and Program Evaluation Measurement and assessment of policy and program effects, including success or failure Policy Change Modification of policy goals and means in light of new information or shifting political environment
- 20. YOU ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?