Terminologies used in psychiatry converted

Course Title:
Psychiatric Nursing
Terminologies used in Psychiatric
Nursing
Sabina Bhattarai
Lecturer, SMTC
5/25/2021 1
Lecturer Sabina Bhattarai

Course Objectives
At the end of the course, the students will be able to:
• Identify and describe the philosophy, objective and
principles of psychiatric mental health nursing
• Describe the historical development of psychiatry and
psychiatric nursing
• Identify the roles and responsibilities of the psychiatric
nurse in various settings
• Explain the importance of therapeutic relationship
5/25/2021 Lecturer Sabina Bhattarai 2

Course Objectives Contd…
• Classify the mental disorders
• Develop skills in history taking and performing mental status
examination
• Describe etiology, psychopathology, causes, clinical features,
diagnostic criteria, treatment, medical management and
nursing management of different psychiatric disorders.
• Explain the importance of community mental health and
psychiatric nursing

Mental Health
• State of well being in which an individual realizes his/
her own abilities (self-acceptance), can cope with the
normal stresses of life, can work productively and is able
to make contribution to his/ her community.
5/25/2021 4

Mental Illness
• Clinically significant conditions characterized by
alterations in thinking, mood (emotions), behaviour
associated with personal distress and impaired
functioning.
5/25/2021 5

Psychiatry
• It is a branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis,
treatment and prevention of mental illness .

Psychiatric Nursing
• It is a specialized area of nursing practice, employing
theories of human behaviour as it is a science , and the
purposeful use of self as it is an art , in the diagnosis and
treatment of human responses to actual or potential mental
health problems {American Nurses Association (ANA),
1994}.
5/25/2021 7

Abreaction:
• An emotional release or discharge after recalling a
painful experience that has been repressed because it
was not consciously tolerable.
5/25/2021 8

Catharsis
• The expression of ideas, thoughts and suppressed
material accompanied by an appropriate emotional
response that produces a state of relief in the patient.
• The purging or release of emotional tensions,
especially through kinds of arts or music.
5/25/2021 9

Abstinence
• Voluntary refraining from behavior or the use of a substance
that has caused problems in psychosocial, biologic,
cognitive/perceptual or spiritual belief of life especially with
regard to food, alcohol or drugs.
5/25/2021 11

Addiction
• It is a state of dependence or recurrent drug
intoxication, characterized by psychological and
physical dependence as well as tolerance.
5/25/2021 12

Dependence (Physical dependence)
• A physical condition caused by chronic use of
a tolerance-forming drug, in which abrupt or
gradual drug withdrawal causes unpleasant physical
symptoms.

Drug tolerance
• A state in which an organism no longer responds to a
drug
• A higher dose is required to achieve the same effect.

Aggression
• An action, verbal or physical, for dealing with
frustration and anxiety caused by not achieving a
desired goal.
5/25/2021 15

Agoraphobia
• Defined an anxiety in situations where the person
perceives their environment to be unsafe with no easy
way to escape.
5/25/2021 16

Phobia:
• A phobia is a type of anxiety disorder defined by a
persistent and excessive fear of an object or situation.
• Phobias typically result in a rapid onset of fear and are
present for more than six months.
5/25/2021 17

• Acrophobia: fear of high places
• Agoraphobia: fear of open places
• Algophobia: fear of pain
• Ailurophobia: fear of cat
• Erythrophobia: fear of red
• Claustrophobia: fear of closed places
• Xenophobia: fear of strangers

• Katsaridaphobia: fear of cockroach
• Hematophobia: fear of blood
• Gamophobia: fear of marriage
• Insectophobia: fear of insects
• Microphobia: fear of germs
• Nycto phobia: fear of darkness
• Cynophobia: fear of dog

Akathisia
• A movement disorder characterized by a Subjective
feeling of motor restlessness manifested by a
compelling need to be in constant movement
(inability to stay still)
5/25/2021 20

Akinesia
• It is the absence of movement. A person
with akinesia cannot move their muscles, even if they
try.
5/25/2021 21

Ambivalence
• Co-existence of two opposing drives, desires, feelings or
impulses toward the same thing in the same person at the
same time.
5/25/2021 22

Amnesia
• It is a deficit in memory caused by brain damage or
disease, but it can also be caused temporarily by the
use of various sedatives and hypnotic drugs.
5/25/2021 23

Dissociative fugue
• A disorder characterized by reversible amnesia for
personal identity including the memories,
personality, can last days, months or longer.
• It usually involves unplanned travel or wandering
and is sometimes accompanied by the
establishment of a new identity.
5/25/2021 24

Anhedonia
• Loss of interest in and withdrawal from all regular
and pleasurable activities.
5/25/2021 26

Anorexia Nervosa
• An eating disorder, characterized by extreme concern
with body weight an intense fear of becoming fat and
maintenance of body weight below expected levels for
height and age.
5/25/2021 27

Bulimia Nervosa
• Eating disorder characterized by periods of significant
overeating (binge eating) and inappropriate methods of
compensating for the overeating to prevent weight
gain such as self -induced vomiting, use of laxatives or
diuretics and excessive laxatives.
5/25/2021 28

Apathy
• It is a lack of feeling, emotion, interest, or concern
about something.
• It is a state of indifference, or the suppression of
emotions such as concern, excitement, motivation, or
passion.
5/25/2021 29

Aphasia
• Absence or impairment of the ability to communicate
through speech, writing or signs due to dysfunction in
brain centers.
5/25/2021 30

Loosening of associations (Associative looseness)
• A thought disturbance demonstrated by speech that is
disconnected and fragmented, with the individual
jumping from one idea to another unrelated or
indirectly related idea (Lack of clarity)
5/25/2021 31

Avolition
• Lack of motivation or inabilities to initiate tasks.
• It is the decrease in the ability to initiate and persist in
self-directed purposeful activities.
5/25/2021 33

Autistic thinking
• Thoughts, ideas or desires derived from internal stimuli or
perceptions such as fantasizing and daydreaming that
often are incongruent with reality, have inflated sense of
their own importance, deep need for excessive attention
and admiration
5/25/2021 34

Bipolar Affective/Mood Disorder (BPAD)
• It is characterized by recurrent episodes of mania
and depression in the same patient at different times.
5/25/2021 36

Mania
• A manic episode is characterized by a sustained period
of abnormally elevated or irritable mood, intense energy,
racing thoughts, and other exaggerated behaviors.
5/25/2021 37

Depression
• A mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and
loss of interest and can interfere with person’s daily functioning.
• Common mental disorder that presents with depressed mood, loss
of interest or pleasure, feelings of guilt or low self- worth,
disturbed sleep or appetite, low energy, and poor concentration.
5/25/2021 38

Hypomania:
• A mild form of mania. Symptoms are excessive
hyperactivity, but not severe enough to cause marked
impairment in social or occupational functioning or to
require hospitalization.
5/25/2021 39

Dysthymia (persistent depressive disorder )
• A state of chronic low-level depression lasting for
more than two years.
5/25/2021 40

Cyclothymia
• A chronic mood disturbance involving numerous
episodes of hypomania and depressed mood, of
insufficient severity or duration to meet the criteria for
bipolar disorder.
5/25/2021 41

• Cataplexy is a sudden and transient episode of muscle
weakness or loss of muscle tone accompanied by full
conscious awareness, typically triggered by emotions
such as laughing, crying, or terror.
5/25/2021 42

Catatonia
• A state of psychologically induced immobilization at
times interrupted by episodes of extreme agitation.
5/25/2021 43

Waxy flexibility:
• A condition in which the person can be molded into
a position that is then maintained , when the examiner
moves the person’s limb the limb feels as if it were
made of wax.

Circumstantiality
• A pattern of communication that is demonstrated by
the speaker’s inclusion of many irrelevant and
unnecessary details in his speech before he is able to
come to the point (desired goal)
5/25/2021 45

Tangentiality:
• A form of thinking/speech in which the person tends
to wander away from the intended point, and never
returning to the original idea.
• For example: In answer to the question “where are
you from?, a response” My dog is from England.
They have good fish and chips there. Fish breathe
through gills.”
5/25/2021 46

Clang Association
• Client uses two words with similar sound, i.e. his choice of
words is determined by their sound and not by their meaning,
which often reduces the intelligibility of the speech.
• Combining unrelated words or phrases simply because they
have similar sounds, rhyming“
• “ Well, when we was first bit on the slit on the rit and the man
on the ran or the pan on the ban and the sand on the man and
the pan on the ban and the can on the man on the fan on the
pan "
5/25/2021 47

Conversion-
• The transference of a mental conflict into a physical
symptom to release tension or anxiety.
5/25/2021 48

Conversion disorder
• Also known as functional neurologic symptom disorder
• Presented with with neurological symptoms, such
as numbness, blindness, paralysis, or fits, which are not
consistent with a well-established organic cause, which
cause significant distress, and can be traced back to a
psychological trigger.
5/25/2021 49

5/25/2021 51

Crisis
• Psychological disequilibrium in a person who
confronts a hazardous circumstance that constitutes an
important problem which for time he or she can neither
escape nor solve with usual problem-solving resources.
5/25/2021 52

Defense Mechanism
• Unconscious mental processes that the ego uses to
resolve conflicts, which will abolish anxiety and
depression.
5/25/2021 54

Dejavu:
• A subjective feeling that an experience, which is
occurring for the first time, has been experienced
before.
• Feeling that one has lived through the present
situation before.
5/25/2021 56

Jamisavu:
• Failure to recognize events that have been
encountered before.
5/25/2021 57

Confabulation
• Filling up of memory gaps with false but sometimes-
plausible content to conceal the memory deficit.
• A type of memory error in which gaps in a person's
memory are unconsciously filled with fabricated,
misinterpreted, or distorted information.
5/25/2021 58

Delirium
• State of mental confusion and cognition problems that
happens in a short period of time and is characterized by
disorientation for time and place, usually with illusions
and hallucinations.
5/25/2021 59

5/25/2021 60

Dysnomia
• A learning disability that is categorized by a difficulty
in remembering names or recalling words from
memory needed for oral or written expressive
language.
Dysarthia:
• A motor speech disorder characterized by difficulty
speaking coherently because of impairment in the
central or peripheral nervous system.

Delirium Tremens (DTs)
• Form of withdrawal from alcohol in which person
experiences, among other symptoms, tremors,
hallucinations, delirium and diaphoresis.
5/25/2021 62

Delusion
• A firm, fixed belief based on inadequate grounds, not
amenable to a rational argument or evidence to the
contrary and not in sync with regional and cultural
norms.
5/25/2021 63

1. Bizzare delusion:
• An absurd totally implausible strange false belief in a
persons’ mind.
5/25/2021 64

2. Persecutory Delusions
• A belief that he/she is being attacked, harassed,
spied, cheated or conspired against.
• Ideas that people or organizations are trying to
inflict harm on the patient, damage his reputation or
make him insane.
5/25/2021 65

3. Delusions of Reference (Ideas of references)
• It is the delusion that events, objects, behavior of others
have got a particular or unusual significance for oneself,
usually of a negative nature.
• For instance, the person may falsely believe that people
on television or radio are talking about him.
5/25/2021 66

4. Delusion of grandeur:
• An individual’s exaggerated concept of his self
importance, power or identity, a belief that he is
somebody special, or is born with a special mission in
life, or is related to the most importance people of his
time.
5/25/2021 67

5. Delusion of guilt:
• Beliefs that the person has done something shameful
or sinful and is responsible for the ruin of his family
or society.
• Self-accusation.
5/25/2021 68

6. Delusion of control:
• The belief that other people or external forces like aliens
or voice is controlling their thoughts, feelings and
behavior.
– Thought broadcasting: belief that their thoughts are hear
loud.
– Thought insertion: belief that external forces are making them
think in a particular way.
– Thought withdrawal: belief that an outside force is removing
or extracting the person’s thoughts.
5/25/2021 69

7. Nihilistic Delusions
• Non-existence of self, parts of self, someone else or
non-existence of the whole world.
• They may also believe that the world is ending.
5/25/2021 70

8. Delusion of infidelity/jealousy:
• Belief that his or her lover or spouse is having an
affair, despite constant reassurance and proof.
5/25/2021 71

9. Sexual or Amorous delusion (Erotomania)
• A delusional belief that the other person is deeply in
love with him/her. The supposed lover is usually
inaccessible and of much higher social status.
5/25/2021 72

Dementia-
• Diffuse brain dysfunction characterized by a gradual,
progressive and chronic deterioration of intellectual
function, judgment, orientation, memory, affect or
emotional stability, cognition and attention.
5/25/2021 73

Denial
• Unconscious refusal to face thoughts, feelings,
wishes, needs or reality factors that are consciously
intolerable
5/25/2021 74

Dyslexia
• Learning disorder in the reading domain.
5/25/2021 75

Dystonia:
• Muscle rigidity that affects posture, gait, eye
movements.
5/25/2021 76

Echolalia
• It is a symptom or phenomenon of repeating the
words, phrases and sentences of what others have
said. It is often associated with children, diagnosed
with autism.
5/25/2021 77

Echopraxia:
• A tic characterized by the involuntary repetition of
another person's behavior or movements.
• A person with echopraxia might imitate another
person's fidgeting, style of walking, or body language.
5/25/2021 78

Verbigeration
• Meaningless repetition of specific words or phrases
• A verbal stereotypy in which usually one or several
sentences or strings of fragmented words are repeated
continuously.

• Tic

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
• ECT is a procedure that involves passing a carefully
controlled electric current through the brain, which
affects the brain's activity and aims to relieve severe
depressive and psychotic symptoms.
5/25/2021 81

Egocentric:
• Self-centered, pre-occupied with one’s own
words and lacking interest in others.
5/25/2021 82

Encopresis:
• Involuntary passage of the feces in appropriate
places after age of voluntary control has been
established.
5/25/2021 83

Enuresis:
• Involuntary passage of urine after age of voluntary
control has been established.
5/25/2021 84

Euphoria:
• Excessive feeling of happiness or elation.
5/25/2021 85

Eustress
• Positive or motivating stress shown by one’s confidence
in the ability to master a challenge or stressor.
5/25/2021 86

Fantasy:
• Imagining that expresses desires and aims.
• Any of a range of mental experiences and processes
marked by vivid imagery, intensity of emotion, and
relaxation or absence of logic.

Fetishism:
• Use of an inanimate object (the fetish) as the
preferred method of producing sexual excitement.
• Fetishistic disorder refers to recurrent, intense sexual
arousal from use of an inanimate object or from a
very specific focus on a nongenital body part that
causes significant distress or functional impairment.
5/25/2021 88

Flat affect:
• Absence or near absence of any sign of
affective expression; voice monotonous, face
immobile.
5/25/2021 89

Flight of ideas:
• Rapid shift between topics that are unrelated to each other.
Thoughts move quickly from one topic to another so that
one train of thought is not completed before another
appears.
• "I am hungry. Does my dog need to go for a walk? I wonder
what the weather will be tomorrow. What is the purpose of
life? I should learn to play canasta. My mom should lose
some weight. Wait, I forgot to pick my kids up from school."
5/25/2021 90

Grief
• Appropriate emotional response to an external and
consciously recognized loss.
5/25/2021 91

Hallucinations:
• A false sensory perceptions in the absence of an actual
external stimulus.
• They are sensory experiences that appear real but are
created by own mind.
5/25/2021 92

• Auditory hallucinations: these are by far the
commonest and may be experienced as noise, music or
voices.
• Command hallucination: False perception of orders
that a person may feel obliged to obey or unable to
resist.
• Gustatory hallucinations: false perception of taste
such as unpleasant taste.
5/25/2021 93

• Olfactory hallucination: false perception of smell, most
common in medical disorders.
• Tactile hallucination: false perception of touch or
sensation (crawling sensation or on under the skin)
• Visual hallucination: false perception involving sight
consisting of both formed images(people) and unformed
images(light flashes)
5/25/2021 94

Illusion:
• The misinterpretation of a real, external sensory
experience.
• It is a mental misperception of actual sensory stimuli.
For example: a person may consider rope as a snake.
5/25/2021 95

Illusion Vs. Hallucination
5/25/2021 96

5/25/2021 97

Hypnosia:
• A treatment for disorders brought on by repressed anxiety.
The individual is directed into a state of sub consciousness
and assisted, through suggestions, to recall certain events
that he or she can not recall while conscious.
5/25/2021 98

Hypochondriasis:
• It is a condition in which a person is excessively and
unduly worried about having a serious illness.
5/25/2021 99

Insight:
• Extent to which the person recognizes and appraises
their experiences.
• Consider whether the patient is
– Aware of any potential problems
– Accepting that the problem may be a result of
mental illness.
5/25/2021 100

La belle indifference:
• A symptom of conversion disorder in which there is a
relative lack of concern that is out of keeping with a
severity of the impairment.
• It defined as a paradoxical absence of psychological
distress despite having a serious medical illness or
symptoms related to a health condition.
5/25/2021 101

Labile Affect/ Pseudobulbar affect / Emotional Incontinence
• A disorder where the patient has excessive displays of
emotion, or expresses emotions that are not congruent with
the situation.
• An elderly man is tearful one moment and combative the
next.
• A young woman is friendly gregarious, and happy one
moment and angry and abusive the next, without readily
apparent reason.
5/25/2021 102

Limbic system:
• The part of the brain that is sometimes called emotional
brain.
• It is associated with feelings of love, joy, fear, anxiety,
anger, sexuality and social behavior.
5/25/2021 103

Malingering:
• It is falsification or profound exaggeration of illness
(physical or mental) to gain external benefits such as
avoiding work or responsibility, seeking drugs, seeking
attention, avoiding military services, paid leave from a
job, among others.
5/25/2021 104

Munchausen Syndrome: (Factitious disorder)
• A disorder in which sufferers habitually attempt to
hospitalize themselves with self-inflicted pathology.
• A psychological disorder where someone pretends to be
ill or deliberately produces symptoms of illness in
themselves.
5/25/2021 105

• The difference between a factitious
disorder and malingering is that malingering is when
they fake an illness to get an external gain like
attention from parents or financial compensation.
• While patients that have a factitious
disorder producing symptoms simply because they
wish to be a patient.

Narcissism:
• Obsessive and exclusive interest in one’s own self.
5/25/2021 107

Narcoanalysis:
• A procedure by which a chemical (barbiturates) is
injected in to a person, while encouraging him to
ventilate the unconsciousness desires and motives
which he cannot recollect during conscious state.
5/25/2021 108

Neologism:
• A word newly coined or an everyday word used in as
special way, not readily understood by others.
5/25/2021 109

Obsession
• Pathological persistence of an irresistible thought or
feeling that cannot be eliminated from consciousness by
logical effort; associated with anxiety.
5/25/2021 110

Compulsion
• An irrational and repetitive impulse to perform an act, if
resisted, produces anxiety
• Repetitive behavior in response to an obsession or
performed according to certain rules with no true end in
itself other than to prevent something from occurring in
the future.
5/25/2021 111

Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD)
• A mental disorder in which a person has certain
thoughts repeatedly (called "obsessions") or feels the
need to perform certain routines repeatedly (called
"compulsions") to an extent which generates distress or
impairs general functioning.
• The person is unable to control either the thoughts or
activities for more than a short period of time.

Oedipus complex:
• Attachment of the child to the parent of the opposite
sex, accompanied by envious feelings towards the
parent of the same.
5/25/2021 113

Panic attack:
• Intense feeling of fear or terror that occurs suddenly and
intermittently without warning.
• For example: Experience of fear during announcement
of result.
5/25/2021 114

Para-suicide:
• Any act deliberately undertaken by a person which
mimics the act of suicide, but which does not result in
a fatal outcome.
5/25/2021 115

Paranoia:
• Feeling that you're being threatened in some way, such
as people watching you or acting against you, even
though there's no proof that it's true.
5/25/2021 116

Pedophilia:
• Unnatural desire for sexual relations with children.
5/25/2021 117

Personality disorder
• A personality disorder is a way of thinking, feeling and
behaving that deviates from the expectations of the
culture, causes distress or problems functioning, and
lasts over time.
5/25/2021 118

Types of Personality Disorders
Antisocial personality disorder
• A pattern of disregarding or violating the rights of
others.
• A person with antisocial personality disorder may not
conform to social norms, may repeatedly lie or
deceive others, or may act impulsively.
5/25/2021 119

Avoidant personality disorder
• A pattern of extreme shyness, feelings of inadequacy
and extreme sensitivity to criticism.
• People with avoidant personality disorder may be
unwilling to get involved with people unless they are
certain of being liked, be preoccupied with being
criticized or rejected, or may view themselves as not
being good enough or socially inept.

Borderline personality disorder:
• A pattern of instability in personal relationships,
intense emotions, poor self-image and impulsivity.
• A person may go to great lengths to avoid being
abandoned, display inappropriate intense anger or
have ongoing feelings of emptiness and have repeated
suicide attempts.

Dependent personality disorder
• A pattern of needing to be taken care of and
submissive and clingy behavior.
• People with dependent personality disorder may
have difficulty making daily decisions without
reassurance from others or may feel uncomfortable or
helpless when alone because of fear of inability to
take care of themselves.

Histrionic personality disorder:
• A pattern of excessive emotion and attention seeking.
• People may be uncomfortable when they are not the
center of attention, may use physical appearance to
draw attention to themselves or have rapidly shifting
or exaggerated emotions.

Narcissistic personality disorder:
• A pattern of need for admiration and lack of empathy
for others.
• A person with narcissistic personality disorder may
have a grandiose sense of self-importance, a sense of
entitlement, take advantage of others or lack empathy.
5/25/2021 128

Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder:
• A pattern of preoccupation with orderliness,
perfection and control.
• A person with obsessive-compulsive personality
disorder may be overly focused on details or
schedules, may work excessively not allowing time
for leisure or friends, or may be inflexible in their
morality and values.

OCD versus OCPD
• OCPD is a personality disorder marked by
perfectionism and a need for control
• OCD is characterized by obsessions and compulsions
that take up a lot of time
• People with OCD are usually self-aware, but people
with OCPD typically are not
• The prognosis is generally better for OCD than
OCPD.

Paranoid personality disorder:
• A pattern of being suspicious of others and seeing
them as mean or spiteful.
• People with paranoid personality disorder often
assume people will harm or deceive them and don’t
confide in others or become close to them.

Schizoid personality disorder:
• Being detached from social relationships and
expressing little emotion.
• Person does not seek close relationships, chooses
to be alone and seems to not care about praise or
criticism from others.

Schizotypal personality disorder:
• A pattern of being very uncomfortable in close
relationships, having distorted thinking and eccentric
behavior.
• A person with schizotypal personality disorder may
have odd beliefs or odd or peculiar behavior or
speech or may have excessive social anxiety.

Post traumatic- stress disorder
• A syndrome of symptoms that develop following a
psychologically distressing event that is outside the
range of usual human experience ( rape, war).
5/25/2021 139

Perseveration
• An uncontrollable repetition of a particular response,
such as (word, phrase, gesture) despite the absence or
cessation of the original stimulus or new stimulus has
been presented
• Eg: answering the first question after asking the second
one

Stupor:
• A state in which the individual does not react to his
surrounding and appears to be unaware of them.
5/25/2021 141

Word-salad
• It is characterized by confused, and often repetitious,
language with no apparent meaning or relationship
attached to them.

Terminologies used in psychiatry converted

Terminologies used in psychiatry converted

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to Terminologies used in psychiatry converted

Similar to Terminologies used in psychiatry converted (12)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Terminologies used in psychiatry converted