This presentation take about social isolation (causes, sign and symptom,expected goal,assesment and intervention) and research

1. Social interaction with
isolation

3. Introduction
• Isolation can occur of four layers of the social concept. The outermost
layer is community, where one feels integrated or isolated from the
larger social structure. Next is the layer of organization (work,
schools,eg..), followed by a layer closer to the person, that is,
confidantes(friends, family, significant others).finally the innermost
layer is that of the person, who has the personality, the intellectual
ability, or the senses with which to apprehend and interpret
relationships.

4. Cont..
• At the level of the clinical dyad, four patterns of social isolation or
interaction have been identified.
• 1-persons who have been integrated into social groups throughout
their lifetime.
• 2-the early isolation who was isolated as an adult but is relatively
active in old age
• 3- the recent isolation who was active in early adulthood but is not in
old age.
• 4-the lifelong isolation whose life is one of isolation.

5. What is social isolation?
• Social isolation: is the lack of social contacts and having few people to
interact with regularly. You can live alone and not feel lonely or
socially isolated, and you can feel lonely while being with other
people.
• emotional isolation: which is an unwillingness or inability to share
one’s feelings with others. When socially isolated individuals lack
emotional interaction and support, they can become emotionally
numb — detached from their own feelings.

6. • There are a number of different things that can cause emotional
numbness to occur. While depression and anxiety are the most
common Trusted Source causes, others include the following:
• Depersonalization-derealization disorder
• PTSD
• Medication: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).
• Stress and stress hormones: elevated cortisol level

8. What Causes Social Isolation?
• Developmental delays(learning disabilities).
• Impaired cognitive functioning(memory loss).
• Abnormalities in physical appearance.
• Inappropriate social behavior(overly friendly and affectionate to strangers).
• Inability to engage in or maintain relationships(personality disorders).
• Traumatic experiences causing psychological or emotional pain.
• Disabilities (motor, speech).
• Frequent illnesses, hospitalizations, or complex treatments.
• Living alone.
• Lack of a support system.

9. Signs and Symptoms
• Feelings of loneliness and rejection
• Insecurity in relationships
• Fear and anxiety
• Interests, values, or behavior are viewed as socially or culturally
different or unacceptable
• Prefers to be alone

10. Signs and Symptoms
• Absence of support through family or friends
• Diagnosis of mental disorder that affects relationships (PTSD,
schizophrenia)
• Flat or dull affect
• Irritable or hostile demeanor
• Physical handicap that prevents social interaction (bedridden,
paralysis)
• Nonverbal or poor ability to communicate; speech impediment
• Inappropriate social cues or behavior (autism)

11. Expected Outcomes
• Patient will express a desire to interact with others and will seek
social engagement
• Patient will learn social and communication skills to improve
relationships
• Patient will express a feeling of improved self-worth and confidence
• Patient will participate in activities with others that align with their
interests and mental/physical capabilities

12. Nursing Assessment
• 1. Determine physical and mental limitations.
• 2. Assess the patient’s feelings and perceptions.
• 3. Recognize signs of isolation due to low self-esteem.
• 4. Assess for resource barriers.
• 5. Note unusual social behaviors or missing social cues.
• 6. Identify strained relationships or missing support systems.

13. Nursing Interventions
• 1. Offer yourself as a nonjudgmental listener.
• 2. Utilize multidisciplinary support for assistance with social skills.
• 3. Encourage support groups.
• 4. Use technology.
• 5. Refer to therapy for deeper issues.
• 6. Offer equipment and resources to improve isolation.
• 7. Recommend adult daycare centers or facilities.

14. Cont..
• 8. Encourage volunteering.
• 9. Offer an outside perspective.
• 10. Ideas for the introverted patient.

15. What social isolation does to your brain
• it turns that our brain are wired to social interaction and when we
don't get it, the brain changes and you lose nerve connection in
certain part of the brain before coved this issue was more noticeable
in older people who lived alone, cut of from their family, and may be
unable to drive. researchers saw that the social isolation hastened the
age-related cognitive decline, and was a risk for developing disease
but with covid and the ensuing lockdown we see the evidence of
these brain changes in younger people. you may experience it as
brain fog.

16. Cont..
• brain fog that is you think and process information slower, you can
having a trouble finding word you can feel mentally tired and draggy
even though you haven`t done anything that’s physically tiring.
• Why is social isolation doing this?
• Your brain is made up of a network of nerves that connect with each
other. The tighter the nerves, the better they are able to transmit
signals from one nerve to another. Inflammation lose these
connection as does social isolation.

17. Cont..
• social isolation effect social cognition
• social cognition: read someone emotional expression, remembering
and recognizing someone face as familiar, being able to interpret
someone tones of voice, being able to empathize with another
person these skills are learned very early on but we need social
interaction to maintain them.
• some aspect of isolation is that you lose these skills because you
fallout of practice but then there a brain changes

18. Cont..
• In one of the studies, researchers looked at the structural MRI data of
32,000 people.
• The socially isolated subjects showed brain loss in the temporal lobes,
frontal lobes, and hippocampus(emotional brain).
• The hippocampus is important for emotional memories among other
functions, and depressed people have a smaller hippocampus.
• On the positive side here it is.
• Even if you suffer the loss of your brain due to pandemic isolation,
depression, prolonged COVID, or anything else causing brain damage, your
brain has the ability to rewire itself and strengthen uneasy connections.

19. Cont..
• This ability is called neuroplasticity.
• So one solution to the problem of social isolation is to build up a
cognitive reserve.
• Cognitive reserve is the mental store you have that allows your brain
to compensate and function even when your brain volume is low.
• It's like turning on a backup power generator when the power goes
out. This is a real thing, and explains why some people can make it
into their 80s and still be very sharp while someone else at 60 has
trouble remembering important events.

20. Cont..
• The stronger your cognitive stock, the better able you will be to function
when you are exposed to stressors like isolation, environmental toxins,
chronic stress, or anything else that damages the brain.
• Here are some things that can increase your cognitive reserve.
• Education and reading.
• High levels of social interaction.
• Cognitively challenging jobs.
• Activities that occupy your mind, such as crossword puzzles.
• Learn a new language.
• Learn to play a musical instrument.

21. The role of social isolation in physical and
emotional outcomes among patients with chronic
pain
• Objective
• This study involved secondary data analysis of participants in a 10-week
mind-body physical activity program. We examined whether social isolation
improved during treatment, and whether such improvements accounted
for improvements in emotional and physical functioning.
• Methods
• Participants (N = 82) with chronic pain were randomized to a group-based
mind-body physical activity intervention with (GetActive-Fitbit; n = 41) or
without a Fitbit device (GetActive; n = 41). Participants completed self-
reported measures of social isolation, emotional functioning (depression
and anxiety symptoms), and multimodal physical functioning (self-report,
performance-based, and objective).

22. • Results
• Both interventions were associated with significant and comparable
improvements in social isolation from baseline to end of treatment,
and improvements in social isolation accounted for significant
improvements in self-reported emotional and physical functioning.
• Conclusion
• Interventions may target social isolation in chronic pain to optimize
treatment outcomes.

23. • APA:Bannon, S., Greenberg, J., Mace, R. A., Locascio, J. J., &
Vranceanu, A. M. (2021). The role of social isolation in physical and
emotional outcomes among patients with chronic pain. General
hospital psychiatry, 69, 50-54.