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Television and bias
- 1. TELEVISION AND BIAS Harold Sowards II HON 480
- 2. POLITICS • Is it objective? • Late night television & Politics? • Accessibility
- 3. SPORTS • Fantasy Sports • Endorsements • Olympics? • Super Bowl?
- 4. ADVERTISING • Know your audience and what they want • Food? • The Consumer sells for us • Movies?
- 5. RACE • Action News • Modern White racism? • Ads and racial stereotyping
- 6. • Berthon, P., Pitt, L. & Campbell, C. (2008). Ad lib: When customers create the ad. California Management Review, 50 (4) 6-30. Retrieved from: http://cmr.ucpress.edu/content/50/4/6 • Clark, J., Apostolopoula, A. & Gladden, J. (2009, May 29). Real women watch football: Gender differences in the consumption of the NFL Super Bowl broadcast. Journal of Promotion Management, 15 (1-2) 165-183. Retrieved from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10496490902837510?src=recsys • Curtin, P. (2009, November 19). Reevaluating public relations information subsidies: market-driven journalism and agenda-building theory and practice. Journal of Public Relations Research, 11 (1) 53-90. Retrieved from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/s1532754xjprr1101_03?src=recsys • Danaher, P. (1995, January). What happens to television ratings during commercial breaks? Journal of Advertising Research. Retrieved from: http://go.galegroup.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CA76914149&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=fulltext&issn=00218499&p=AONE&sw=w&authCount=1&isAno nymousEntry=true • Durante, R. & Knight, B. (2012, January 18). Partisan control, media bias, and viewer responses: Evidence from Berlusconi’s Italy. Journal of European Economic Association, 10 (3) 451-481. Retrieved from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1542-4774.2011.01060.x/full
- 7. • Entman, R. (1992, June 1). Blacks in the news: Television, modern racism and cultural change. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 69 (2). Retrieved from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/107769909206900209 • Entman, R. (1994, September 1). Representation and reality in the portrayal of blacks on network television news. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 71 (3). Retrieved from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/107769909407100303 • Entman, R. (2009, May 8). Modern racism and the images of blacks in local television news. Critical Studies in Mass Communications, 7 (4) 332-345. Retrieved from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15295039009360183 • Fehle, F., Tsyplakov, S. & Zdorovtsov, V. (2005, November 8). Can companies influence investor behaviour through advertising? Super Bowl commercials and stock returns. European Financial Management, 11 (5) 625-647. Retrieved from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1354-7798.2005.00301.x/full • Friedman, H., Mertz, T. & DiMatteo, M. (1980, December). Perceived bias in the facial expressions of television news broadcasters. Journal of Communications, 30 (4) 103-111. Retrieved from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1460- 2466.1980.tb02022.x/full • Forgette, R. & Morris, J. (2006, September 1). High-Conflict television news and public opinion. Political Research Quarterly, 59 (3). Retrieved from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/106591290605900312 • Gijsenberg, M. (2012, March). Going for gold: Investigating the (non)sense of increased advertising around major sporting events. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 31 (1) 2-15. Retrieved from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167811613001092
- 8. • Gilliam, Jr., F. & Iyengar, S. (2000, July). Prime suspects: The influence of local television news on the viewing public. American Journal of Political Science, 44 (3) 560-573. Retrieved from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2669264?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents • Ha, L. & Chan-Olmsted, S. (2010, June 7). Cross-media use in electronic media: The role of cable television web sites in cable television network branding and viewership. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 48 (4) 620-645. Retrieved from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/s15506878jobem4804_6 • Hackett, R. (2009, May 18). Decline of a paradigm? Bias and objectivity in news media study. Critical Studies in Mass Communication 1 (3) 229-259. Retrieved from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15295038409360036?src=recsys • Harris, J., Bargh, J. & Brownell, K. (2009, July). Priming effects of television food advertising on eating behavior. Health Psychology, 28 (4) 404-413. Retrieved from: http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/hea/28/4/404/ • Henderson, J. & Baldasty, G. (2010, October 29). Race, advertising, and prime-time television. Howard Journal of Communications, 14 (2) 97-112. Retrieved from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10646170304267?src=recsys • Hoffman, L. & Young, D. (2011, April 22). Satire, punch lines and the nightly news: Untangling media effects on political participation. Communication Research Reports, 28 (2) 159-168. Retrieved from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08824096.2011.565278?src=recsys
- 9. • Hoffner, C. & Buchanan, M. (2009, November 17). Young adults’ wishful identification with television characters: The role of perceived similarity and character attributes. Media Psychology, 7 (4) 325-351. Retrieved from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/S1532785XMEP0704_2?src=recsys • Hofstetter, C. & Buss, T. (1977, November 1). Bias in television news coverage of political events: A methodological analysis. Journal of Broadcasting, 22 (4) 517-530. Retrieved from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08838157809363907?journalCode=hbem19 • Hollander, B. (2010, June 7). Late-night learning: Do entertainment programs increase political campaign knowledge for young viewers? Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 49 (4) 402-415. Retrieved from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/s15506878jobem4904_3 • Hughes, S. & Lawson, C. (2004, November 3). Propaganda and crony capitalism: Partisan bias in Mexican television news. Latin American Research Review, 39 pg. 81-105.Retrieved from: https://muse.jhu.edu/article/173790/summary • Iyengar, S. (1990, March 1). The accessibility bias in politics: Television news and public opinion. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 2 (1). Retrieved from: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.935.3820&rep=rep1&type=pdf • Kline, S. (1979, January). Creating reality: How television news distorts events. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Stephen_Kline/publication/279467004_Creating_Reality_How_Television _News_Distorts_Events/links/578d2d3a08ae7a588ef3decc.pdf
- 10. • Martin, J. (1996). Is the athlete’s sport important when picking an athlete to endorse a nonsport product? Journal of Consumer Marketing, 13 (6) 28-43. Retrieved from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/106591290105400410 • Mohr, I. (2007, September- October). Buzz marketing for movies. Business Horizons, 50 (5) 395- 403. Retrieved from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0007681307000523 • Nesbit, T. & King, K. (2010, March 18). The impact of fantasy sports on television viewership. Journal of Media Economics, 23 (1) 24-41. Retrieved from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08997761003590721 • Ngan, H., Prendergast, G. & Tsang, A. (2011). Linking sports sponsorship with purchase intentions: Team performance, stars and the moderating role of team identification. European Journal of Marketing, 45 (4) 551-566. Retrieved from: http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/03090561111111334 • Paul, D.& Brown, C. (2001, December 1). Testing the limits of elite influence on public opinion: An examination of sports facility referendums. Political Research Quarterly, 54 (4). Retrieved from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/106591290105400410 • Pelsmacker, P. & Neijens, P. (2012, January 19). New advertising formats: How persuasion knowledge affects consumer responses. Journal of Marketing Communications, 18 (1) 1-4. Retrieved from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13527266.2011.620762?journalCode=rjmc20 • Riggs, K., Eastman, S. & Golobic, T. (2009, May 18). Manufactured conflict in the 1992 Olympics: The discourse of television and politics. Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 10 (3) 253-272. Retrieved from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15295039309366867
- 11. • Turner, J. (2007, April 21). The messenger overwhelming in the message: Ideological cues and perceptions of bias in television news. Political Behavior, 29 (4) 441-464. Retrieved from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11109-007-9031-z • Whittler, T. (1989, December 7). The effects of actors’ race in commercial advertising: Review and extension. Journal of Advertising, 20 (1) 54-60. Retrieved from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00913367.1991.10673207?src=recsys • Young, D. (2010, June 7). Late-night comedy in election 2000: Its influence on candidate trait ratings and the moderating effects on political knowledge and partisanship. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 48 (1) 1-22. Retrieved from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/s15506878jobem4801_1?src=recsys
Editor's Notes
- 1. This bias consists of outright lying, distortion by collecting, aggregating and diffusing certain facts from others, as well as disagreeing over basic values. Hackett (2009)’s idea that the news should be objective, balanced and a reflection of social reality. So, no. Mention the personal attitudes of the news crew. 2. Hollander (2010) states that younger citizens identify that they get most of their political information from entertainment based programs As Young (2010) points out, late night exposure to political news effects the partisanship and political knowledge of the viewer, but not the subject ratings of a candidate’s traits. Hoffman and Young (2011) point out that viewing satire, parody and traditional television news have a positive effect on political participation. 3. . Iyengar (1990) points out that the more accessible information is information that is more frequently and recently conveyed by the media. Accessibility bias- long term memory recall from short memory sample Agenda setting effect- describe real world events by stating what is in the news, refer habitually to what has been shown frequently and recently Iyengar states that sustained news coverage of a particular political issue enhances the issue and increases the significance of the viewers’ assessments of a particular candidate and how they have dealt with said issue Conflict tv- decreases trust in institutions, political party and the system
- Nesbit and King (2010) point out that simply participating in a fantasy sport leads to an increase in the number of sports games a person watches on television. Thus, the demand for televised sports rises which in turn increases the value of the advertising spots during those sporting events. This leads to a greater potential for cross-marketing between all mediums People know the stars of a sport. According to Martin (1996), the sport plays a part in the consumer’s opinion of an athletes’ endorsement. While the athlete has his or her own personality and appearance, the sport they play seems to also matter, which is why according to Martin that they both must be considered together in order to best produce sales. Can influence politics as well- stadium taxes Olympics supply friend/enemy story lines, broadcasters relate to the US’s foreign policy talks, political nationalism, It is the country’s performance now Unsurpassed media attention, established brands see normal rates and small brands start to see increased shares due to publicity, overall 20 days after event: 2% return for all involved
- men usually identify with male characters who are perceived to be successful, intelligent and violent, while women identify with female characters who are successful, intelligent, attractive and admired. According to Harris, Bargh and Brownell (2009), children consume 45% more food when they are exposed to food advertising, as adults also consume more of both healthy and unhealthy foods when they are exposed to this kind of advertising. This idea about food advertising, according to them is caused by the fact that it primes the automatic eating behaviors and this influences people more than just brand recognition According to Berthon, Pitt and Campbell (2008), since digital media has risen, the distributive power of advertising has shifted to the consumer and this shift has allowed an expression of different voices to help sell products. This helps create multiple exposure attempts which is important for any ad. As advertising campaigns cause more ads to be viewed and thus increases the likelihood a person recalls the ad immensely Control what they see on social media. Talk about movies and buzz marketing. Natural incorporation of brands into movies
- 1. Can watch the news anytime, thus competition. To win at this: Action news, emphasis on crime. Why? crime consists of concrete events with powerful impacts on ordinary people, drama and emotion, and most importantly, the attention getting visuals. This causes crime to the prominently featured subject in local news, with some cities even having 75% of their coverage devoted to it. 2. Lack of positive roles for blacks. Entman (1992) considers racism to still be indirectly encouraged by normal crime and political coverage that depict blacks in crime and as more physically threatening than whites. Causes white, not black, viewers to have higher negative views of African Americans. This enables what Entman (1992) describes as modern white racism by encouraging hostility, rejection and denial towards black aspirations. 3. People of color are seen in secondary roles in ads. Whites are seen in upscale/beauty/home products, while people of color are shown in ads for sports/low-nutrient products. Thus assuming that people of color are the key consumers of low cost products in America. Blacks show more positive attitudes towards advertisements that feature black actors and this causes them to have better recall of said advertisement (Whittler, 1989)