The document discusses developing effective oral communication and presentation skills. It provides tips for oral presentations including using visual aids, maintaining eye contact, clarity in speech, and posture suggesting confidence. It also discusses pronunciation of words and sentences, including stress and intonation. The document outlines vowel and consonant sounds in English and how word stress changes based on the number of syllables in a word or its part of speech. Developing good oral skills requires a mastery of sounds, stress, rhythm, intonation, speed, clarity, and voice modulation.

1. COMMUNICATION &
PRESENTATION SKILLS
ORAL SKILLS & SPOKEN ENGLISH
S M Mahsud
Lecturer
HITEC University

2. MAIN POINTS TO REMEMBER ABOUT
ORAL PRESENTATION
• (i) effective use of visual aids
• (ii) adequate eye contact : size of the
audience
• (iii) clarity in pronunciation and fluency
• (iv) maintaining a proper speed of presentation
• (v) posture and body movements suggesting
confidence
• (vi) seeking and making proper use of visual
feedback
• (vii) noting down important points arising out
of discussion

3. DEVELOPING ORAL SKILLS
• 1. Speech & Writing/Printing: a
comparison
• Speech : pitch, volume, tone, speed,
pauses, body movements, facial
expressions
• Writing/Printing: punctuation,
capitalization, spacing, margins, fonts

4. DEVELOPING ORAL SKILLS
(continued)
• 2. Pronunciation of Words:
(a) vowel and consonant sounds
• (comparison of sounds with letters a-z);
The letter “a” in :
fat /æ/, father /a:/,
fate /eɪ /, about /ə/
Or the letters “th” in “thin” /ɵ/ & “then” /ð/.
Also notice
(b) word-stress: ‘language, communi’cation

5. DEVELOPING ORAL SKILLS
(continued)
• 3. Use of the phonetic script and the
(Pronouncing) Dictionary: International
Phonetic Alphabet: free downloading is
possible
• Dictionaries on CD : listening to the
pronunciation and it variety (e.g. British
& American) now possible

6. DEVELOPING ORAL SKILLS
(continued)
4. Pronunciation of Sentences:
intonation and rhythm
INTONATION: rising / (yes /)
falling (yes )
combination / (yes /)
RHYTHM: de dum de dum
x ’ x ’

7. Vowel sounds of English
• (Pure Vowels/Monophthongs)
initially medially finally
• 1. /i:/ east sheet key
• 2. /I/ it hit duty
• 3. /e / end send
• 4. /æ/ and sand
• 5. /a:/ art heart car
• 6. /ɒ/ ox fox

8. Vowel sounds of English
(continued)
initially medially finally
7. /ɔ:/ all ball saw
8. /U/ put
9. /u:/ ooze choose chew
10./∧/ up cup
11./з:/ earn learn stir
12. /ə/ ago police maker

9. Vowel sounds of English
(continued)
Diphthongs
• 13. /eɪ / eight straight stay
• 14. /aɪ / ice mice my
• 15. /əʊ / oak joke slow
• 16./aʊ / out shout how
• 17. /ɔɪ / oil boil boy
• 18. /ɪ ə/ ears beard peer
• 19. /eə/ airs paired hare

10. Consonant sounds of English
• initially medially finally
• 1. /p/ pin spin keep
• 2. /b/ bin tubs club
• 3. /t/ tell stick light
• 4. /d/ day heads laid
• 5. /k/ keep skill stick
• 6. /g/ get jugs bag

11. Consonant sounds of English
(continued)
• initially medially finally
• 7. /ʧ/ chin reached teach
• 8. / ʤ / joke hinged large
• 9. /m/ met smoke team
• 10. /n/ net snake tin
• 11. /ŋ/ rings sing
• 12. /l/ lot fling full

12. Consonant sounds of English
(continued)
• initially medially finally
• 13 /f/ fan soft if
• 14. /v/ van leaves thief
• 15. /ɵ/ thin months bath
• 16./ð/ then clothes bathe

13. Consonant sounds of English
(continued)
• initially medially finally
• 17. /s/ sip list less
• 18. /z/ zip loser buzz
• 19. /ʃ/ ship rushed hush
• 20. /ʒ/ measure rouge

14. Consonant sounds of English
(continued)
• initially medially finally
• 21. /h/ hot behave
• 22. /r/ rot try
• 23. /w/ watt sweat
• 24. /j/ yatch tune

15. Word-stress
• Two-syllable words • ‘surface
• Stress on first • ‘furnace
syllable • ‘husband
• ‘bargain • ‘butcher
• ‘govern • ‘proverb
• ‘secret • ‘thorough
• ‘mischief • ‘oven
• ‘message • ‘onion
• ‘cabbage • ‘compass

16. Word-stress (continued)
Two-syllable words
• Stress on second • ag’ree
syllable • se’lect
• ad’mit • re’quest
• for’bid • pre’fer
• suc’ced • re’fer
• sup’press • oc’cur
• po’lice • ar’rest
• pay’ee • com’mence
• dis’miss • per’haps

17. Word-stress (continued)
Three-syllable words
Stress on first syllable Stress on second syllable
• ’advertise • ad’venture
• ’educate • com’mercial
• ’illustrate • de’cision
• ’furniture • ex’ternal
• ’government • in’ternal
• ’literature • per’mission
• ’recognize • re’vision
• ’signature • spec’tator
• ’tentative • um’brella

18. Word-stress (continued)
Three-syllable words
Primary Stress on
third syllable
• ,addres’see
• ,ciga’rette
• ,coin’cide
• ,devo’tee
• ,engi’neer
• ,guaran’tee
• ,recim’mend

19. Word-stress (continued)
Four-syllable words
Primary Stress on first Primary Stress on
syllable second syllable
• ’applicable • ad’vertisement
• ’accurately • ap’preciate
• ’comfortable • a’rithmetic
• ’honourable • e’xaggerate
• par’ticipate
• pho’tography

20. Word-stress (continued)
Four-syllable words
Primary Stress on • Primary Stress on
third syllable fourth syllable
• acci’dental • dedica’tee
• appli’cation • exami’nee
• exhi’bition
• inde’pendent
• indi’vidual

21. Word-stress (continued)
words with more than four syllables
Primary Stress on first Primary Stress on third
syllable syllable
• ‘favouritism • elec’tricity
• ‘cannibalism • irre’sponsible
• ‘secularism • popu’larity
Primary Stress on second Primary Stress on fourth
syllable syllable
• ad’venturousness • acade’mician
• en’thusiasm • civili’zation
• con’servatism • pactici’pation

22. Word-stress (continued):
stress change according to part of speech
• COMPARE:
Noun/Adjective Verb
• ’absent ab’sent
• ’accent ac’cent
• ’concert con’cert
• ’conflict con’flict
• ’export ex’port
• ’produce pro’duce
• ’subject sub’ject

23. Attributes of
good oral communication
• 1.Sounds and sound combinations
• 2. Stress
• 3. Rhythm
• 4. Intonation
• 5. Speed: pausing
• 6. Clarity of articulation
• 7. Voice modulation: volume & pitch
variation (avoiding “monotonous speech)