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Tuberculosis and meningitis are infectious diseases that can be deadly if not properly treated. Meningitis in particular can kill and its transmission must be controlled through proper distribution methods. The presentation provided an orientation on these diseases and thanked attendees for listening.
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Transfer patient
This minimal slide illustrates the definition and steps of safe transfer of patients
First aid
This presentation belong to an interactive session on first aid with a group of intellectuals.
First aid
First Aid is defined as the set of actions and techniques allow the immediate attention of a bumpy until it reaches the health care professionals, so that the injuries he has suffered no worse.
There are 10 considerations to be taken into account as long as attitude to keep to accidents.
Assuming these tips will allow us to avoid making more mistakes common in the care of injured and thus, get no worse injuries thereof.
Keep calm.
Do not lose your temper is essential to act correctly, avoiding irreparable mistakes. Avoid crowds that may impede the performance of the lifeguard.
Knowing imposed.
It should take charge of the situation and direct the organization resources and the subsequent evacuation of the wounded.
Do not move.
As a basic and elemental rule should not move anyone who has suffered an accident to be sure that you can make moves without risk of aggravating existing injuries. However, there situations where immediate mobilization should be: when environmental conditions so require or when to perform CPR maneuver.
Examine the wounded.
It should make a preliminary evaluation, which is to determine situations where there is a possibility of loss of life immediately. Later, he will proceed with secondary or evaluation, which is the same control those injuries that can wait for the professionalized services.
Reassure the injured.
The injured are often frightened, unknown injuries. They are suffering and need someone to confide in those moments. It depends the rescuer provide that confidence and improve the mood of injured.
Keep hot hurt.
When the human body receives an injury, the mechanisms are activated self- defense involving in many cases, heat loss body. This situation is exacerbated when there is blood loss, as one function of this is to maintain the internal temperatura body.
Tell healthcare staff.
This advice is translated as the need to get help quickly, to establish as early as possible medical treatment.
Transfer adequate.
It is important to end the practice of evacuation drive particularly since if the injury is vital you can not move and should address "in situ", and if the injury is not life, it means that you can expect arrival of a suitably equipped vehicle.
No medicate.
This ability is unique to the doctor
First Aid is defined as the set of actions and techniques allow the immediate attention of a bumpy until it reaches the health care professionals, so that the injuries he has suffered no worse.
There are 10 considerations to be taken into account as long as attitude to keep to accidents.
Assuming these tips will allow us to avoid making more mistakes common in the care of injured and thus, get no worse injuries thereof.
Keep calm.
Do not lose your temper is essential to act correctly, avoiding irreparable mistakes. Avoid crowds that may impede the performance of the lifeguard.
Knowing imposed.
It should take charge of the situation and direct the organization resources and the subsequent evacu
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Transfer patient
This minimal slide illustrates the definition and steps of safe transfer of patients
First aid
This presentation belong to an interactive session on first aid with a group of intellectuals.
First aid
First Aid is defined as the set of actions and techniques allow the immediate attention of a bumpy until it reaches the health care professionals, so that the injuries he has suffered no worse.
There are 10 considerations to be taken into account as long as attitude to keep to accidents.
Assuming these tips will allow us to avoid making more mistakes common in the care of injured and thus, get no worse injuries thereof.
Keep calm.
Do not lose your temper is essential to act correctly, avoiding irreparable mistakes. Avoid crowds that may impede the performance of the lifeguard.
Knowing imposed.
It should take charge of the situation and direct the organization resources and the subsequent evacuation of the wounded.
Do not move.
As a basic and elemental rule should not move anyone who has suffered an accident to be sure that you can make moves without risk of aggravating existing injuries. However, there situations where immediate mobilization should be: when environmental conditions so require or when to perform CPR maneuver.
Examine the wounded.
It should make a preliminary evaluation, which is to determine situations where there is a possibility of loss of life immediately. Later, he will proceed with secondary or evaluation, which is the same control those injuries that can wait for the professionalized services.
Reassure the injured.
The injured are often frightened, unknown injuries. They are suffering and need someone to confide in those moments. It depends the rescuer provide that confidence and improve the mood of injured.
Keep hot hurt.
When the human body receives an injury, the mechanisms are activated self- defense involving in many cases, heat loss body. This situation is exacerbated when there is blood loss, as one function of this is to maintain the internal temperatura body.
Tell healthcare staff.
This advice is translated as the need to get help quickly, to establish as early as possible medical treatment.
Transfer adequate.
It is important to end the practice of evacuation drive particularly since if the injury is vital you can not move and should address "in situ", and if the injury is not life, it means that you can expect arrival of a suitably equipped vehicle.
No medicate.
This ability is unique to the doctor
First Aid is defined as the set of actions and techniques allow the immediate attention of a bumpy until it reaches the health care professionals, so that the injuries he has suffered no worse.
There are 10 considerations to be taken into account as long as attitude to keep to accidents.
Assuming these tips will allow us to avoid making more mistakes common in the care of injured and thus, get no worse injuries thereof.
Keep calm.
Do not lose your temper is essential to act correctly, avoiding irreparable mistakes. Avoid crowds that may impede the performance of the lifeguard.
Knowing imposed.
It should take charge of the situation and direct the organization resources and the subsequent evacu
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Physiology of Chemical Sensation of smell.pdf
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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Tb menin
- 1. TUBERCULOSIS AND MENINGITIS DR.HANADI ALBASHA INFECTION CONTROL DEPARTMENT Infectious diseases orientation
- 2. MENINGITIS CAN KILL !!
- 8. DISTRIBUTION
- 13. TRANSMISSION
- 25. THANX FOR LISTENING …HANADI ♥♥