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This document presents the results of a herpetofaunal survey conducted in Western Ghats, India from 2003-2006. A total of 42 amphibian species belonging to 7 families were recorded. 27 species were endemic to the Western Ghats region. The survey found variation in species richness and abundance across sampling sites, with the Yenneholé sub-basin having the highest values and Nandiholé the lowest. Statistical analysis revealed correlations between amphibian diversity metrics and habitat variables like rainfall, tree cover, and land use. Forest fragmentation was also correlated with some diversity metrics.
The document summarizes research on amphibians in the Western Ghats region of India over the past nine years. It describes discoveries of 50 new species, high levels of endemism, and studies of topics like niche partitioning, breeding behavior, call patterns, and impacts of land use change. Conservation priority areas in the Sharavathi river basin are identified based on species richness, abundance, and habitat fragmentation analysis.
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Amphibians are vertebrates that can live both on land and in water. They go through a metamorphosis from an aquatic tadpole stage to a terrestrial adult stage. Amphibians are important for ecosystems and human welfare. They indicate environmental changes and provide benefits like controlling pests, serving as traditional medicine, and acting as biological indicators. India is home to 309 amphibian species across 14 families and 55 genera. Ongoing research in India includes studies on reproduction, taxonomy, ecology, and impacts of skin extracts. Conservation efforts aim to protect amphibian habitats and diversity in the Western Ghats.
This document summarizes the author's experiences using various free and open source software (FOSS) programs for their research on the effects of habitat fragmentation on amphibians. The author used JabRef as a reference editor, XnView as an image editor, Audacity as a voice editor, PAST as a data editor, QGIS and DIVA-GIS for spatial data analysis, Fragstats for fragmentation analysis, and openModeller for distribution modeling. The author learned that free software is not necessarily flawed and that more interaction is needed between developers and users of FOSS programs.
This document presents the results of a herpetofaunal survey conducted in Western Ghats, India from 2003-2006. A total of 42 amphibian species belonging to 7 families were recorded. 27 species were endemic to the Western Ghats region. The survey found variation in species richness and abundance across sampling sites, with the Yenneholé sub-basin having the highest values and Nandiholé the lowest. Statistical analysis revealed correlations between amphibian diversity metrics and habitat variables like rainfall, tree cover, and land use. Forest fragmentation was also correlated with some diversity metrics.
The document summarizes research on amphibians in the Western Ghats region of India over the past nine years. It describes discoveries of 50 new species, high levels of endemism, and studies of topics like niche partitioning, breeding behavior, call patterns, and impacts of land use change. Conservation priority areas in the Sharavathi river basin are identified based on species richness, abundance, and habitat fragmentation analysis.
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This document discusses techniques for ecological monitoring. It begins by listing "sins" or mistakes that commonly occur in ecological monitoring like not having a clear purpose, not storing data properly, or changing methodologies. It then defines ecological monitoring as the systematic collection of ecological data over time related to a specific problem. Key areas where monitoring is needed are described. The document uses the example of monitoring amphibians in the Sharavathi River basin to illustrate how to plan a monitoring study, including setting objectives, understanding the study species, reviewing literature, determining sampling methods, and statistical analysis. Details are provided on amphibian biology and their importance as ecosystem and environmental indicators. The study area and sampling methods used are described.
Amphibians: What do we know about them?Gururaja KV
Amphibians are vertebrates that can live both on land and in water. They go through a metamorphosis from an aquatic tadpole stage to a terrestrial adult stage. Amphibians are important for ecosystems and human welfare. They indicate environmental changes and provide benefits like controlling pests, serving as traditional medicine, and acting as biological indicators. India is home to 309 amphibian species across 14 families and 55 genera. Ongoing research in India includes studies on reproduction, taxonomy, ecology, and impacts of skin extracts. Conservation efforts aim to protect amphibian habitats and diversity in the Western Ghats.
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Taxonomic studies in India: Patterns, Processes, Causes and Consequences
1. Taxonomic Studies In
Indian Batrachology:
Batrachology:
Patterns, Processes, Causes & Consequences
Gururaja KV, Ph.D.,
Research Scientist, IISc, Bangalore
gururajakv@gmail.com
2. Flow of the talk
Batrachology in India
Patterns
◦ Taxonomic descriptions
over time, space, authors,
etc.
Processes
◦ Processes behind such
description
Causes
◦ Reasons for the spurt in
discoveries
Consequences
◦ What next!
◦ Journey of an ecologist in
Taxonomy!
3. Whom do you call amphibians?
Those vertebrates that live both in water as well as
land
That means ...we too?
Photo credit:
http://divebarbados.net/Current%20Photos/Pictures/Green%20Turtle%201.jpg
http://www.kidcyber.com.au/IMAGES/hippoaggro_s.jpg
http://homepage.mac.com/wildlifeweb/reptile/gharial/gharial03tfk.jpg
4. In fact, amphibians are ...
Dual lifers ...
◦ Two stages in life – a tadpole stage and an adult
stage
◦ From Greek, Amphi – dual, bian – life forms
5. What’s unique in them?
Generally, aquatic and terrestrial
inhabitants, Some are arboreal, and some
fussorial too
6. Metamorphosis
They metamorphose from
tadpole to adult
Life span: from 10 months
to 55 years
7. Ectotherms
Body temperature externally maintained
Hiding away from Sun
Basking in Sun
12. Batrachology in India
As of today 308 species, belonging to 14 families,
54 genera (4.64% of 6638 species in the world),
248 Species described from India (80.5%)
124 authors, single species description to as
many as 43 species
Since 2000, 81 new species (33%) with 46 papers
on Taxonomy and taxonomy related issues, 12 on
ecology, 6 on reproduction, 10 on others
So Taxonomy ‘rules’ at present Indian
Batrachology!!!
13. Research in Batrachology
Viviparity in caecilians
Geneophis seshachari
Gower et al., 2008. J Evol Biol. 21(5):1220-6
14. Other issues…
Frog skipping tadpole stage
Gururaja and Ramachandra, 2006. Curr. Sci. 90(3):450-454
15. Other issues…
Biju and Bossyut, 2003. Nature. 425: 711–714
17. Skin extracts and pesticidal
impacts…
1. Giri et al., 2006. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.06.011
2. Sai et al., 2001. doi:10.1074/jbc.M006615200
3. Gurushankara et al., 2007. doi:10.1007/s00244-006-0015-5
18. Conservation and Management
Das, A., Krishnaswamy, J., Bawa, K. S., Kiran, M. C., Srinivas, V., Kumar, N. S., et al. 2006.
Prioritization of conservation areas in the Western Ghats, India. Biological Conservation,
133, 16−31.
Gururaja KV, Sameer Ali and Ramachandra TV. 2008. Influence of land-use changes in
river basins on diversity and distribution of amphibians. In: Environment Education
for Ecosystem Conservation
43. What was the reason?
No proper typification
No specimen deposition in a museum
No knowledge of ICZN Codes to the
authors
To certain extent...”EGO”
44. What we did...?
Called up first author! ...
Joined hands with ZSI people, who
happened collect one individual with
permission from Kudremukh
They also contacted first author...No
response
Took decision, after an year of
communication with first author, to
publish it with a new name....
46. Uproar among the seniors ...
Deniels wrote “Taxonomic Vandalism...” in
current Science
But we responded in most polite way,
though protested to the Editor of the
Journal on using such words and in most
scientific way lambasted “Vandalism”
47. To look further
Do not lose original tree
for phylogentic tree
Integrate phylogenetics,
acoustics, osteology,
etc...to understand a
species better
Make taxonomy a After Odem (1971)
passion and not a
profession...
Take it to simpler level
...Heisenberg’s Principle
48. Eight steps to Enlightenment and
Taxonomic Nirvana – Evanhuis (2007)
enjoyment of nature
enjoyment of collecting
enjoyment of sorting
enjoyment of the discovery
enjoyment of researching taxonomic
literature
enjoyment of describing
enjoyment of submitting your
manuscript for publication.
enjoyment of educating others
49. There was a time, when
taxonomist used to describe more
than 5 species in a single paper
Now we are in such a time, where
5 papers are written on a single
species
Do not get into the ‘RAT
RACE’