The document discusses potential upgrades to the Mu2e experiment called Mu2e-II. It finds that with the increased proton beam power available from the Proton Improvement Plan-II, Mu2e-II could achieve approximately 10 times better sensitivity than Mu2e for detecting charged lepton flavor violation. Simulations show Mu2e-II would produce over 7 times as many stopped muons as Mu2e over 3 years of running. The document also explores modifying the beamline to transport an 800 MeV proton beam to the production target for Mu2e-II and optimizes the beam trajectory and target position.
Long distance communication using localized optical soliton via entangled photonUniversity of Malaya (UM)
This document summarizes research on using localized optical solitons generated by microring resonators for long distance communication via entangled photons. A system of microring resonators is presented that can generate broadband spectra through temporal and spatial soliton pulses trapped within the rings. Simulations show localized solitons with femtosecond and picosecond widths can be generated. The soliton pulses could then be used to implement continuous-variable quantum key distribution over long distances by encoding entangled photon pairs across different time slots. This research proposes a way to securely transmit information for communication networks using nonlinear photonics and quantum optics techniques.
This document describes a proposed system using microring resonators to generate entangled photon pairs for continuous variable quantum key distribution over long distances. Temporal and spatial solitons are generated within the microring resonators through a balance of dispersion and nonlinear effects. Different time slot entangled photon pairs are formed using a polarization control unit. Simulation results show localized solitons being obtained within the resonators and maintained over transmission distances of 60-80 km of fiber. The system has the potential to implement continuous variable quantum key distribution over optical communication links using optically-generated solitons and entangled photon pairs.
IRJET - Impact of Magnetic Field on Pollutant Emissions in Four Stroke En...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experiment that investigated the impact of magnetic fields on pollutant emissions from a four-stroke engine. The experiment involved placing neodymium magnets with strengths of 4000 and 8000 gauss between the fuel filter and carburetor to subject the fuel to a magnetic field before combustion. Test results showed reductions in carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions compared to a control group without magnets. Fuel consumption was also reduced, as the magnets helped separate hydrocarbons in the fuel to burn more efficiently. The magnetic field treatment improved fuel efficiency and engine torque while decreasing harmful pollutants and maintenance needs over time.
This document describes the implementation and performance of multiple coulomb scattering (MCS) for measuring muon momentum in the MicroBooNE experiment. MCS is used to determine the momentum of muons that exit the detector volume and cannot be measured by range. It works by segmenting muon tracks and calculating the angular deflections between segments. A maximum likelihood method is then used to determine the momentum that best fits the measured deflections. When tested on simulation, MCS achieves a resolution of 10-20% for contained muons and 20-30% for exiting muons. Limitations include a minimum track length cut of 100 cm required for accuracy. Application to real MicroBooNE data shows similar performance within 15% for contained muons compared
This document summarizes a study on installing Magneto Electric Co-generator Plants (MECPs) on a marine vessel to reduce fuel usage. MECPs would be located on the propeller shaft and main engine flywheel to harvest rotational energy. Numerical modeling was used to analyze the power generated. MECP1 on the propeller shaft produced 3.74 kW, enough to power auxiliaries and reduce fuel usage by 1054 liters/hour. MECP2 on the flywheel produced more power due to higher rotational speed. Overall, MECPs could save costs while reducing carbon dioxide emissions and supporting the maritime industry's climate change commitments.
03 motl lukic_yakovlevelsherbenietal_printedantennadesignspatialpowercombinerCarlos Andres
The document discusses printed antenna designs for broadband waveguide-based spatial power combiners. It investigates the effect of antenna design parameters on bandwidth performance. Meander-slot antennas and their variations are proposed to increase bandwidth and efficiency compared to traditional rectangular patch and slot antennas. Numerical results show interacting single patch and meander slot antennas, as well as arrays of interacting U-strip, U-slot, and meander slot antennas, have advantages in scattering characteristics for spatial power combining applications.
Electron bunching in the optimal operating regime of a carcinotrodeVictor Solntsev
Electron bunching processes in a carcinotrode (backwardﱹwave oscillator with selfﱹmodulation of electron emission) operating in the highﱹefficiency regime determined previously are investigated. The posﱹ sibility of obtaining an efficiency of about 80% is explained from the physical viewpoint.
Long distance communication using localized optical soliton via entangled photonUniversity of Malaya (UM)
This document describes a system using microring resonators to generate entangled photon pairs for continuous variable quantum key distribution (CVQKD). Temporal and spatial soliton pulses are generated and localized within the microring resonators. The temporal soliton has a full width at half maximum of 0.2 ps and frequency spacing of 0.58 ns. The spatial soliton has a width of 80 pm. Polarization-entangled photon pairs are generated in different time slots using a polarization control unit. Simulation results show transmission of 1.5 ps soliton pulses over 60-80 km of fiber. The system provides a way to perform secure communication using localized soliton pulses to generate entangled photon pairs for CVQKD
Long distance communication using localized optical soliton via entangled photonUniversity of Malaya (UM)
This document summarizes research on using localized optical solitons generated by microring resonators for long distance communication via entangled photons. A system of microring resonators is presented that can generate broadband spectra through temporal and spatial soliton pulses trapped within the rings. Simulations show localized solitons with femtosecond and picosecond widths can be generated. The soliton pulses could then be used to implement continuous-variable quantum key distribution over long distances by encoding entangled photon pairs across different time slots. This research proposes a way to securely transmit information for communication networks using nonlinear photonics and quantum optics techniques.
This document describes a proposed system using microring resonators to generate entangled photon pairs for continuous variable quantum key distribution over long distances. Temporal and spatial solitons are generated within the microring resonators through a balance of dispersion and nonlinear effects. Different time slot entangled photon pairs are formed using a polarization control unit. Simulation results show localized solitons being obtained within the resonators and maintained over transmission distances of 60-80 km of fiber. The system has the potential to implement continuous variable quantum key distribution over optical communication links using optically-generated solitons and entangled photon pairs.
IRJET - Impact of Magnetic Field on Pollutant Emissions in Four Stroke En...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experiment that investigated the impact of magnetic fields on pollutant emissions from a four-stroke engine. The experiment involved placing neodymium magnets with strengths of 4000 and 8000 gauss between the fuel filter and carburetor to subject the fuel to a magnetic field before combustion. Test results showed reductions in carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions compared to a control group without magnets. Fuel consumption was also reduced, as the magnets helped separate hydrocarbons in the fuel to burn more efficiently. The magnetic field treatment improved fuel efficiency and engine torque while decreasing harmful pollutants and maintenance needs over time.
This document describes the implementation and performance of multiple coulomb scattering (MCS) for measuring muon momentum in the MicroBooNE experiment. MCS is used to determine the momentum of muons that exit the detector volume and cannot be measured by range. It works by segmenting muon tracks and calculating the angular deflections between segments. A maximum likelihood method is then used to determine the momentum that best fits the measured deflections. When tested on simulation, MCS achieves a resolution of 10-20% for contained muons and 20-30% for exiting muons. Limitations include a minimum track length cut of 100 cm required for accuracy. Application to real MicroBooNE data shows similar performance within 15% for contained muons compared
This document summarizes a study on installing Magneto Electric Co-generator Plants (MECPs) on a marine vessel to reduce fuel usage. MECPs would be located on the propeller shaft and main engine flywheel to harvest rotational energy. Numerical modeling was used to analyze the power generated. MECP1 on the propeller shaft produced 3.74 kW, enough to power auxiliaries and reduce fuel usage by 1054 liters/hour. MECP2 on the flywheel produced more power due to higher rotational speed. Overall, MECPs could save costs while reducing carbon dioxide emissions and supporting the maritime industry's climate change commitments.
03 motl lukic_yakovlevelsherbenietal_printedantennadesignspatialpowercombinerCarlos Andres
The document discusses printed antenna designs for broadband waveguide-based spatial power combiners. It investigates the effect of antenna design parameters on bandwidth performance. Meander-slot antennas and their variations are proposed to increase bandwidth and efficiency compared to traditional rectangular patch and slot antennas. Numerical results show interacting single patch and meander slot antennas, as well as arrays of interacting U-strip, U-slot, and meander slot antennas, have advantages in scattering characteristics for spatial power combining applications.
Electron bunching in the optimal operating regime of a carcinotrodeVictor Solntsev
Electron bunching processes in a carcinotrode (backwardﱹwave oscillator with selfﱹmodulation of electron emission) operating in the highﱹefficiency regime determined previously are investigated. The posﱹ sibility of obtaining an efficiency of about 80% is explained from the physical viewpoint.
Long distance communication using localized optical soliton via entangled photonUniversity of Malaya (UM)
This document describes a system using microring resonators to generate entangled photon pairs for continuous variable quantum key distribution (CVQKD). Temporal and spatial soliton pulses are generated and localized within the microring resonators. The temporal soliton has a full width at half maximum of 0.2 ps and frequency spacing of 0.58 ns. The spatial soliton has a width of 80 pm. Polarization-entangled photon pairs are generated in different time slots using a polarization control unit. Simulation results show transmission of 1.5 ps soliton pulses over 60-80 km of fiber. The system provides a way to perform secure communication using localized soliton pulses to generate entangled photon pairs for CVQKD
Periodically Poled Lithium Niobate Waveguides for Quantum Frequency Conversio...Jason Retz
This document describes modeling techniques for predicting the performance of periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) waveguides used for optical frequency conversion. A diffusion model is used to simulate the fabrication of annealed proton exchange and reverse proton exchange waveguides in PPLN. Experimental second harmonic generation data is fitted to adjust the diffusion model parameters. The model then accurately predicts the required poling period for frequency conversion within 0.5 microns over the 1.5-2.0 micron wavelength range. Multi-mode effects are also incorporated into the model to explain features in measured conversion spectra.
This document discusses studies and upgrades on the C70 cyclotron at the Arronax facility in France. It summarizes that:
1) The cyclotron has increased its operating hours from 4,400 hours in 2015 and is used for a wide range of experiments and radioisotope productions requiring beam intensities from pA to 350 μA and energies from 32-70.3 MeV.
2) Machine studies have included magnet scans to characterize performance and minimize losses, and first emittance measurements using collimators indicate a need for improved beam diagnostics.
3) Developments include a pulsed beam system, expanded EPICS control system, and upgrades to beamlines, stations, and cyclotron environment
ANALYTICAL PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A MIMO FSO COMMUNICATION SYSTEM WITH DIR...optljjournal
MIMO FSO correspondence is examined as of late to build up a hearty correspondence connects within the sight of atmospheric turbulence. In this paper an analytical approach is developed to assess the impact of atmospheric turbulence on BER performance of a MIMO FSO communication system with Q-ary Pulse Position Modulation (QPPM). Examination is exhibited to discover flag to clamor proportion at the yield of an immediate location collector with optical power modulator under strong turbulent condition which is modeled as gamma-gamma distribution. The outcomes demonstrate that the BER performance is emphatically debased because of the impact of atmospheric turbulence. In any case, the execution can be enhanced by expanding the quantity of transmitters, beneficiaries and request of Q in PPM. Results demonstrate that the FSO MIMO framework with M=8, N=4 Q=4 gives the 22 dB improvement at BER of 10-9 .
1) The document discusses effective modal mass and modal participation factors, which are methods for determining how readily a vibration mode of a system can be excited. Modes with higher effective masses can be more easily excited by base excitation.
2) It provides definitions and equations for calculating effective modal mass and modal participation factors. These include the mass matrix, stiffness matrix, eigenvectors, influence vector, coefficient vector, modal participation factor matrix, and effective modal mass.
3) An example calculation is shown for a two degree-of-freedom system to demonstrate how to compute its eigenvalues, eigenvectors, and then the effective modal masses and participation factors of each mode. The first mode is found to have much higher effective mass
Solar Panel Control System using an Intelligent Control: T2FSMC and Firefly A...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Solar panel is a solar energy converter to electrical energy. On solar tracker, there is a controller which sets the movement of solar panel such that it is perpendicular with solar rays. Previous research had designed Type 2 Fuzzy Sliding Mode Control (T2FSMC) controller to control the position of solar panel. However, there was trial and error process to determine gain scale factor so the development of optimization method is needed. This paper aims to modify gain scale factor using Firefly algorithm to increase performance of system. The simulation shows that T2FSMC Firefly has better performance than T2FSMC. T2FSMC Firefly shows the increase of performance on rise time, settling time, and integral time absolute error.
This document provides isotopic information about magnesium, including the three main isotopes of magnesium-24, magnesium-25, and magnesium-26 along with their atomic masses and natural abundances. It also lists several other elements and isotopes and prompts the user to calculate their neutron numbers.
Desmas(2014)-Preliminary Study on Magnetic Levitation Modeling Using PID ControlDesmas Patriawan
This paper proposes a magnetic levitation model using PID control. The model uses permanent magnets and electromagnets to generate magnetic levitation force and maintain a stable gap between the levitating object and the levitator. Simulation results show that while the initial model could not maintain a stable gap, adding PID control allowed the actual position to follow the reference position closely. Further simulations adding mass in stages showed that the PID controlled model could maintain the gap width, though a small 1mm difference occurred with the largest added mass of 150g. The study provides a preliminary simulation of a magnetic levitation system that could be further developed to maintain the desired gap even with added actual mass loads.
This study investigates a system using a series of ring resonators to trap and stop bright and dark soliton pulses within a nonlinear waveguide. Bright and dark soliton pulses are input into the system consisting of micro and nano ring resonators. Simulation results show that the bright soliton pulse can be stopped at 1556.7 nm with a FWHM of 12.5 pm, while the dark soliton pulse can be stopped at 1558.99 nm with a FWHM of 24 pm. This trapping of soliton pulses using ring resonators has potential applications for optical data storage and secure communication.
Simulation of a linear oscillating tubular motorIOSR Journals
This document simulates a linear oscillating tubular motor (LOTM) using mathematical equations and computer tools. It begins by describing the components and operating principle of the LOTM, which consists of an iron bar moving inside a coil. The displacement of the iron bar causes periodic variations in the coil inductance.
The document then presents the mathematical equations that govern the LOTM's operation in terms of inductance as a function of displacement. A block diagram shows how these electrical and mechanical equations are solved using simulation. Graphical results from the simulation show how parameters like inductance, magnetic force, and speed vary over time and displacement. In conclusion, the document discusses how further optimization of the LOTM's magnetic circuit and
- The document describes research into developing a high-temperature superconducting electromagnet to guide placement of feeding tubes in patients, as an alternative to existing permanent magnet methods.
- Two prototype HTS coils were designed and tested, using a novel "no-insulation" winding technique to improve current density and stability. Both coils exhibited self-protecting behavior by shorting out above the critical current.
- Testing showed the electromagnets could produce sufficient magnetic fields and forces on a small magnet attached to feeding tubes. Pulsed current testing demonstrated potential to further increase forces through higher currents.
IRJET- A Fast Converging MPPT Control Technique (GWO) for PV Systems Adaptive...IRJET Journal
This document presents a new maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique called gray wolf optimization (GWO) for photovoltaic systems that can track the global peak power point faster under changing irradiation and partial shading conditions. The GWO algorithm is implemented in MATLAB and experimentally tested. Both the simulation and experimental results show that the proposed GWO MPPT technique has faster tracking speeds and higher efficiencies compared to traditional Perturbation and Observation (P&O) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) MPPT methods.
Transmission spectra of single ring coupled-waveguide resonator configuration...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Development of optical waveguide resonators have greatly expanded and continues to grow since they have kinds potential applications such as wavelength filtering, switching, coupling and multiplexing. One of resonators, coupled waveguides, ring resonators are designed and operated using various coupling configurations. Ring resonators can be particularly used as wavelength filter if the wavelength can fit a whole multiple time in the circumference of the ring. This article proposes to investigate the transmission spectra from the power source and amplify it in linearized ring resonator configurations and varies the input amplitude on five different wavelengths. With finite difference time domain method, the geometry and power source are simulated to obtain the better result and configuration. The results show the intensity phenomena of filtering in optical circuit.
Quantum Mechanical Study of the Structure and Spectroscopic (FTIR, FT-Raman, ...iosrjce
This document reports on a quantum mechanical study of the structure, spectroscopy, and properties of 2-[(methylamino)methyl]pyridine (2MAMP) using density functional theory calculations. Key findings include:
1) Geometry optimization, vibrational frequency analysis, and thermodynamic calculations were performed using B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) to analyze the structure and properties of 2MAMP.
2) Theoretical infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectra were calculated and found to agree well with experimental spectra.
3) Calculations of the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra, dipole moment, polarizability, and hyperpolarizability indicate 2MA
Simulation of soliton amplification in micro ring resonator for optical commu...University of Malaya (UM)
1. The document proposes a system consisting of a series of micro ring resonators (MRRs) to amplify optical dark and bright soliton pulses propagating through nonlinear waveguides.
2. Dark and bright solitons are input into the system, where the nonlinear effect causes the continuous soliton pulses to segregate into smaller pulses, generating a large bandwidth of optical signals. Power amplification occurs as the solitons propagate along the MRR system.
3. Simulation results show amplification of a bright soliton input, with power increasing from 0.6 W to 10.9331 W and 7.684 W at trapped wavelengths of 1520.428 nm and 1519.912 nm, respectively.
This document describes the design of a two-stage pulsed plasma thruster (PPT) for use on cubesats. The goals are to double the lifetime of cubesats in low Earth orbit from 3 to 6 years by compensating for orbital decay. The thruster must not exceed 150g total mass or 25mm length and consume on average 0.3W power. It must provide a total impulse of 28.4Ns over 3 years using 5g of teflon propellant, equivalent to an average specific impulse of 570s. The document outlines the design process for the thruster, including selection of a side-fed configuration and straight teflon propellant bars to maximize the performance of the first thruster stage
Improved strategy of an MPPT based on the sliding mode control for a PV system IJECEIAES
The energy produced using a photovoltaic (PV) is mainly dependent on weather factors such as temperature and solar radiation. Given the high cost and low yield of a PV system, it must operate at maximum power point (MPP), which varies according to changes in load and weather conditions. This contribution presents an improved maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controllers of a PV system in various climatic conditions. The first is a sliding mode MPPT that designed to be applied to a buck converter in order to achieve an optimal PV array output voltage. The second MPPT is based on the incremental conductance algorithm or Perturb-and-Observe algorithm. It provides the output reference PV voltage to the sliding mode controller acting on the duty cycle of the DC-DC converter. Simulation is carried out in SimPower toolbox of Matlab/Simulink. Simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the sliding mode control MPPT under the parameter variation environments and shown that the controllers meet its objectives.
This document provides an overview of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and their analysis. MD simulations calculate the time-dependent behavior of molecules and can be used to study conformational changes in proteins and nucleic acids. The document outlines various analyses that can be done on MD simulations including root mean square deviation (RMSD), root mean square fluctuation (RMSF), radius of gyration, hydrogen bonding, secondary structure analysis using Ramachandran plots, free energy surfaces, and principal component analysis. It also provides examples of running MD simulations using VMD and applications of MD simulations such as understanding allostery and molecular docking.
A SIMPLE METHOD TO AMPLIFY MICRO DISPLACEMENTijics
This document describes a simple method for amplifying micro displacements produced by various effects, including magnetostriction, piezoelectric, and photostrictive effects. The method involves rigidly joining two material rods with different strain coefficients when exposed to an external field. When a field is applied, one rod expands while the other contracts, adding their displacements. This direct addition allows much larger displacements without lever mechanisms that introduce friction. Examples demonstrate amplification of displacements from micrometers to millimeters using magnetostrictive and piezoelectric material pairs. The approach requires no moving parts, enabling response to high-frequency fields without phase delay.
1) The arrival time of muons is independent of the proton beam energy and takes 100-600 ns for muons to arrive at the stopping target for both 8 GeV and 800 MeV scenarios.
2) Simulations show that the rate of stopped muons for Mu2e-II (800 MeV, 100 kW) dropped by 38.7% compared to Mu2e, but Mu2e-II will produce 7.65 times more stopped muons than Mu2e during 3 years.
3) The number of stopped muons at the stopping target per kilowatt dropped by a factor of 1.63 for Mu2e-II compared to Mu2e, indicating Mu2e-II will produce over 7 times
I have attached my resume, but should you require any more information, I would be glad to provide it to you. I would welcome the opportunity to discuss my qualifications and experience with you in detail.
Naveen Kumar Gupta is seeking a job that utilizes his skills and allows him to grow. He has worked as an End User Computing Engineer at Wipro InfoTech since 2015 where he provided IT support, troubleshooting, and access management. He has a B.Tech in computer science and is a certified Microsoft IT Professional. His technical skills include programming, hardware, networking, and Windows/Linux and he is a team player, good learner, and positive thinker.
Blessed are the Peacemakers Event 2014 & 2015Lisa Ross
This document provides information about an event honoring law enforcement officers. It will include a service at LIFECHURCH to honor active and fallen officers, as well as streaming the national Candlelight Vigil service from Washington DC. Childcare will be provided. The event details include the date, time, location and encouragement for officers to attend in uniform so they can be recognized.
Periodically Poled Lithium Niobate Waveguides for Quantum Frequency Conversio...Jason Retz
This document describes modeling techniques for predicting the performance of periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) waveguides used for optical frequency conversion. A diffusion model is used to simulate the fabrication of annealed proton exchange and reverse proton exchange waveguides in PPLN. Experimental second harmonic generation data is fitted to adjust the diffusion model parameters. The model then accurately predicts the required poling period for frequency conversion within 0.5 microns over the 1.5-2.0 micron wavelength range. Multi-mode effects are also incorporated into the model to explain features in measured conversion spectra.
This document discusses studies and upgrades on the C70 cyclotron at the Arronax facility in France. It summarizes that:
1) The cyclotron has increased its operating hours from 4,400 hours in 2015 and is used for a wide range of experiments and radioisotope productions requiring beam intensities from pA to 350 μA and energies from 32-70.3 MeV.
2) Machine studies have included magnet scans to characterize performance and minimize losses, and first emittance measurements using collimators indicate a need for improved beam diagnostics.
3) Developments include a pulsed beam system, expanded EPICS control system, and upgrades to beamlines, stations, and cyclotron environment
ANALYTICAL PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A MIMO FSO COMMUNICATION SYSTEM WITH DIR...optljjournal
MIMO FSO correspondence is examined as of late to build up a hearty correspondence connects within the sight of atmospheric turbulence. In this paper an analytical approach is developed to assess the impact of atmospheric turbulence on BER performance of a MIMO FSO communication system with Q-ary Pulse Position Modulation (QPPM). Examination is exhibited to discover flag to clamor proportion at the yield of an immediate location collector with optical power modulator under strong turbulent condition which is modeled as gamma-gamma distribution. The outcomes demonstrate that the BER performance is emphatically debased because of the impact of atmospheric turbulence. In any case, the execution can be enhanced by expanding the quantity of transmitters, beneficiaries and request of Q in PPM. Results demonstrate that the FSO MIMO framework with M=8, N=4 Q=4 gives the 22 dB improvement at BER of 10-9 .
1) The document discusses effective modal mass and modal participation factors, which are methods for determining how readily a vibration mode of a system can be excited. Modes with higher effective masses can be more easily excited by base excitation.
2) It provides definitions and equations for calculating effective modal mass and modal participation factors. These include the mass matrix, stiffness matrix, eigenvectors, influence vector, coefficient vector, modal participation factor matrix, and effective modal mass.
3) An example calculation is shown for a two degree-of-freedom system to demonstrate how to compute its eigenvalues, eigenvectors, and then the effective modal masses and participation factors of each mode. The first mode is found to have much higher effective mass
Solar Panel Control System using an Intelligent Control: T2FSMC and Firefly A...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Solar panel is a solar energy converter to electrical energy. On solar tracker, there is a controller which sets the movement of solar panel such that it is perpendicular with solar rays. Previous research had designed Type 2 Fuzzy Sliding Mode Control (T2FSMC) controller to control the position of solar panel. However, there was trial and error process to determine gain scale factor so the development of optimization method is needed. This paper aims to modify gain scale factor using Firefly algorithm to increase performance of system. The simulation shows that T2FSMC Firefly has better performance than T2FSMC. T2FSMC Firefly shows the increase of performance on rise time, settling time, and integral time absolute error.
This document provides isotopic information about magnesium, including the three main isotopes of magnesium-24, magnesium-25, and magnesium-26 along with their atomic masses and natural abundances. It also lists several other elements and isotopes and prompts the user to calculate their neutron numbers.
Desmas(2014)-Preliminary Study on Magnetic Levitation Modeling Using PID ControlDesmas Patriawan
This paper proposes a magnetic levitation model using PID control. The model uses permanent magnets and electromagnets to generate magnetic levitation force and maintain a stable gap between the levitating object and the levitator. Simulation results show that while the initial model could not maintain a stable gap, adding PID control allowed the actual position to follow the reference position closely. Further simulations adding mass in stages showed that the PID controlled model could maintain the gap width, though a small 1mm difference occurred with the largest added mass of 150g. The study provides a preliminary simulation of a magnetic levitation system that could be further developed to maintain the desired gap even with added actual mass loads.
This study investigates a system using a series of ring resonators to trap and stop bright and dark soliton pulses within a nonlinear waveguide. Bright and dark soliton pulses are input into the system consisting of micro and nano ring resonators. Simulation results show that the bright soliton pulse can be stopped at 1556.7 nm with a FWHM of 12.5 pm, while the dark soliton pulse can be stopped at 1558.99 nm with a FWHM of 24 pm. This trapping of soliton pulses using ring resonators has potential applications for optical data storage and secure communication.
Simulation of a linear oscillating tubular motorIOSR Journals
This document simulates a linear oscillating tubular motor (LOTM) using mathematical equations and computer tools. It begins by describing the components and operating principle of the LOTM, which consists of an iron bar moving inside a coil. The displacement of the iron bar causes periodic variations in the coil inductance.
The document then presents the mathematical equations that govern the LOTM's operation in terms of inductance as a function of displacement. A block diagram shows how these electrical and mechanical equations are solved using simulation. Graphical results from the simulation show how parameters like inductance, magnetic force, and speed vary over time and displacement. In conclusion, the document discusses how further optimization of the LOTM's magnetic circuit and
- The document describes research into developing a high-temperature superconducting electromagnet to guide placement of feeding tubes in patients, as an alternative to existing permanent magnet methods.
- Two prototype HTS coils were designed and tested, using a novel "no-insulation" winding technique to improve current density and stability. Both coils exhibited self-protecting behavior by shorting out above the critical current.
- Testing showed the electromagnets could produce sufficient magnetic fields and forces on a small magnet attached to feeding tubes. Pulsed current testing demonstrated potential to further increase forces through higher currents.
IRJET- A Fast Converging MPPT Control Technique (GWO) for PV Systems Adaptive...IRJET Journal
This document presents a new maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique called gray wolf optimization (GWO) for photovoltaic systems that can track the global peak power point faster under changing irradiation and partial shading conditions. The GWO algorithm is implemented in MATLAB and experimentally tested. Both the simulation and experimental results show that the proposed GWO MPPT technique has faster tracking speeds and higher efficiencies compared to traditional Perturbation and Observation (P&O) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) MPPT methods.
Transmission spectra of single ring coupled-waveguide resonator configuration...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Development of optical waveguide resonators have greatly expanded and continues to grow since they have kinds potential applications such as wavelength filtering, switching, coupling and multiplexing. One of resonators, coupled waveguides, ring resonators are designed and operated using various coupling configurations. Ring resonators can be particularly used as wavelength filter if the wavelength can fit a whole multiple time in the circumference of the ring. This article proposes to investigate the transmission spectra from the power source and amplify it in linearized ring resonator configurations and varies the input amplitude on five different wavelengths. With finite difference time domain method, the geometry and power source are simulated to obtain the better result and configuration. The results show the intensity phenomena of filtering in optical circuit.
Quantum Mechanical Study of the Structure and Spectroscopic (FTIR, FT-Raman, ...iosrjce
This document reports on a quantum mechanical study of the structure, spectroscopy, and properties of 2-[(methylamino)methyl]pyridine (2MAMP) using density functional theory calculations. Key findings include:
1) Geometry optimization, vibrational frequency analysis, and thermodynamic calculations were performed using B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) to analyze the structure and properties of 2MAMP.
2) Theoretical infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectra were calculated and found to agree well with experimental spectra.
3) Calculations of the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra, dipole moment, polarizability, and hyperpolarizability indicate 2MA
Simulation of soliton amplification in micro ring resonator for optical commu...University of Malaya (UM)
1. The document proposes a system consisting of a series of micro ring resonators (MRRs) to amplify optical dark and bright soliton pulses propagating through nonlinear waveguides.
2. Dark and bright solitons are input into the system, where the nonlinear effect causes the continuous soliton pulses to segregate into smaller pulses, generating a large bandwidth of optical signals. Power amplification occurs as the solitons propagate along the MRR system.
3. Simulation results show amplification of a bright soliton input, with power increasing from 0.6 W to 10.9331 W and 7.684 W at trapped wavelengths of 1520.428 nm and 1519.912 nm, respectively.
This document describes the design of a two-stage pulsed plasma thruster (PPT) for use on cubesats. The goals are to double the lifetime of cubesats in low Earth orbit from 3 to 6 years by compensating for orbital decay. The thruster must not exceed 150g total mass or 25mm length and consume on average 0.3W power. It must provide a total impulse of 28.4Ns over 3 years using 5g of teflon propellant, equivalent to an average specific impulse of 570s. The document outlines the design process for the thruster, including selection of a side-fed configuration and straight teflon propellant bars to maximize the performance of the first thruster stage
Improved strategy of an MPPT based on the sliding mode control for a PV system IJECEIAES
The energy produced using a photovoltaic (PV) is mainly dependent on weather factors such as temperature and solar radiation. Given the high cost and low yield of a PV system, it must operate at maximum power point (MPP), which varies according to changes in load and weather conditions. This contribution presents an improved maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controllers of a PV system in various climatic conditions. The first is a sliding mode MPPT that designed to be applied to a buck converter in order to achieve an optimal PV array output voltage. The second MPPT is based on the incremental conductance algorithm or Perturb-and-Observe algorithm. It provides the output reference PV voltage to the sliding mode controller acting on the duty cycle of the DC-DC converter. Simulation is carried out in SimPower toolbox of Matlab/Simulink. Simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the sliding mode control MPPT under the parameter variation environments and shown that the controllers meet its objectives.
This document provides an overview of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and their analysis. MD simulations calculate the time-dependent behavior of molecules and can be used to study conformational changes in proteins and nucleic acids. The document outlines various analyses that can be done on MD simulations including root mean square deviation (RMSD), root mean square fluctuation (RMSF), radius of gyration, hydrogen bonding, secondary structure analysis using Ramachandran plots, free energy surfaces, and principal component analysis. It also provides examples of running MD simulations using VMD and applications of MD simulations such as understanding allostery and molecular docking.
A SIMPLE METHOD TO AMPLIFY MICRO DISPLACEMENTijics
This document describes a simple method for amplifying micro displacements produced by various effects, including magnetostriction, piezoelectric, and photostrictive effects. The method involves rigidly joining two material rods with different strain coefficients when exposed to an external field. When a field is applied, one rod expands while the other contracts, adding their displacements. This direct addition allows much larger displacements without lever mechanisms that introduce friction. Examples demonstrate amplification of displacements from micrometers to millimeters using magnetostrictive and piezoelectric material pairs. The approach requires no moving parts, enabling response to high-frequency fields without phase delay.
1) The arrival time of muons is independent of the proton beam energy and takes 100-600 ns for muons to arrive at the stopping target for both 8 GeV and 800 MeV scenarios.
2) Simulations show that the rate of stopped muons for Mu2e-II (800 MeV, 100 kW) dropped by 38.7% compared to Mu2e, but Mu2e-II will produce 7.65 times more stopped muons than Mu2e during 3 years.
3) The number of stopped muons at the stopping target per kilowatt dropped by a factor of 1.63 for Mu2e-II compared to Mu2e, indicating Mu2e-II will produce over 7 times
I have attached my resume, but should you require any more information, I would be glad to provide it to you. I would welcome the opportunity to discuss my qualifications and experience with you in detail.
Naveen Kumar Gupta is seeking a job that utilizes his skills and allows him to grow. He has worked as an End User Computing Engineer at Wipro InfoTech since 2015 where he provided IT support, troubleshooting, and access management. He has a B.Tech in computer science and is a certified Microsoft IT Professional. His technical skills include programming, hardware, networking, and Windows/Linux and he is a team player, good learner, and positive thinker.
Blessed are the Peacemakers Event 2014 & 2015Lisa Ross
This document provides information about an event honoring law enforcement officers. It will include a service at LIFECHURCH to honor active and fallen officers, as well as streaming the national Candlelight Vigil service from Washington DC. Childcare will be provided. The event details include the date, time, location and encouragement for officers to attend in uniform so they can be recognized.
La maestra María Rodríguez presenta su curso AVFP sobre la incorporación de las TIC y actividades prácticas en el aula para facilitar el aprendizaje de sus alumnos de 1o, 2o y 3o de primaria. Ella cree que las actividades en vivo y en directo ayudan a construir competencias en los estudiantes. También ha desarrollado un plan para la biblioteca escolar contextualizado a los intereses de los alumnos.
Dmitry Leus discusses the motivational system used at his bank to attract and retain valuable employees. The system includes monthly performance bonuses in addition to basic salary, with bonuses tied to measurable business, service quality, and process metrics. It also provides opportunities for career growth such as internal competitions for management roles. Training programs like an in-house learning platform help develop employee skills. Leus believes motivational techniques are key to the bank's successful expansion into new regions.
Búsqueda en base de datos posterior bibliografíamgutierreglez
El documento describe los 7 pasos para realizar una búsqueda en la base de datos LILACS sobre el tema "Prevención y Diagnóstico de los síndromes del dolor miosfacial", seleccionar artículos relevantes en español, descargarlos en formato RIS, importarlos a Mendeley, comprobar el estilo de citación Vancouver y copiar la bibliografía en Word.
Bộ truyện tranh Doraemon Tiếng Anh
Một bộ truyện đã được rất nhiều lứa tuổi khác nhau ưa thích! Cùng nhau đọc và học tiếng Anh nhé!
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Cảm ơn các bạn đã ủng hộ HdZ
The document discusses various processes that support software development, including project management, inspection, configuration management, change management, and process management. It provides details on project management, describing the typical roles and responsibilities of a project manager. It also covers the inspection process, noting that inspections are used to detect defects in work products. The key steps in a typical inspection process are outlined, including planning, preparation and overview, the group review meeting, and follow-up.
A União Europeia está preocupada com o aumento da desinformação online e propôs novas regras para combater as notícias falsas. As regras exigiriam que as plataformas de mídia social monitorassem conteúdo enganoso e tomassem medidas para reduzir sua disseminação, como adicionar advertências ou removê-lo completamente. No entanto, alguns argumentam que essas regras podem limitar a liberdade de expressão na internet.
The document discusses investigating the radiation hardness of plastic scintillating fibers that are used in an industrial muon tomography system. Fibers were exposed to radiation doses of 1, 7, and 30 Grays, which resulted in an approximately 22% drop in efficiency. Further study found that applying reflective paint could restore much of the lost efficiency from radiation damage. The document provides background on muon tomography, scintillating fibers, and radiation damage, and describes the experimental setup and methods used to test the fibers.
STUDY ON THE ABSORPTION AND SCATTERING EFFICIENCIES OF THE CADMIUM TELLURIDE ...IJAMSE Journal
The optical properties of cadmium telluride nanowires have been simulated using the Mie scattering
coefficients. It is seen that the absorption efficiency shows multiple peaks along the spectrum due to leaky
mode resonance. The nanowires showed strong polarization dependence in smaller radius. Higher angle of
incidence showed a suppressing effect on lower valued peaks on absorption efficiency. Scattering efficiency
showed peaks at visible spectrum from 30nm to 100nm. Transverse magnetic wave showed a more
pronounced effect in scattering than transverse electric wave.
The single crystal of MoSe2 grown by
chemical vapour transport (CVT)technique are used for the
fabrication of Photoelectro chemical (PEC) solar cells. The
effect of the illumination intensity on the conversion efficiency
of the fabricated PEC solar cell is studied.
and Heat. The smoke sensors function by
detecting the presence of smoke particles either in a
photoelectric chamber or in an ionization chamber.
These sensors being placed on the ceiling Fire is seldom
detected in the incipient stage.
Loss due to fire damage not only accounts for
equipment and property destruction, but also loss of
data, interruption of service, cleanup and recovery cost.
On an average about $250,000 per incident.
The key to control these damages are not only
to detect fire as early as possible but also identify
exactly the origin of incident. All over the world the
latest technologies are being tested upon and
implemented to detect the fire at early stage. However
these require expensive proprietary solutions and may
not be easily deployable in existing infrastructure.
Technologies do exist today to detect fire at an
early stage but are expensive in nature and requires
pre-engineered planed deployment.
This paper demonstrates means to detect the
fire instantly and extinguished at initial stage. An
autonomous robot equipped with advanced fire
detection technology detect fire at initial stage,
extinguished by small conceived extinguisher, sound
hooter and also send message to pre assigned number
through GSM modem. A novel approach using color
sensor TCS3200 and simple LDR (Light Dependent
Register) makes the system highly cost effective. It is
effectively a fire surveillance system that continuously
read sensor values and received data are processed by
various complex algorithms to ensure fire detection
with highly reduced false alarm and immediate action.
It also covers a large area and thus the system costs are
minimized. It is highly useful for domestics as well as
industrial environment. The total system cost is less
than $200.
It is important to note that electrical supplies
must be cut down in case of a fire incident and thus also
takes the fire detection system offline. This system being
self-sufficient and battery powered can still function.
This document provides an overview of dark matter searches using mono-X analyses, with a focus on new techniques. It begins with background on evidence for dark matter and the "WIMP miracle". It then discusses using effective field theories to model dark matter interactions without specifying an underlying theory. The document outlines various detection methods for dark matter including collider experiments looking for monojet, monophoton, mono-W/Z, and mono-b signatures. Example analyses from ATLAS and CMS applying these techniques are summarized. Limit plots are also shown comparing results to thermal relic targets and direct detection experiments.
This document summarizes the design, fabrication, and testing of a microfluidic chip prototype for manipulating particles using dielectrophoresis (DEP). Finite element modeling was used to simulate the electric field distributions around quadrupole and comb electrode geometries. A prototype was fabricated containing these electrode designs in two separate microchannels. Silica microspheres were successfully manipulated within the chip using positive and negative DEP sequences, concentrating particles in the electrode areas. Testing demonstrated the potential of this technique for manipulating and separating microparticles in integrated microfluidic devices.
The document provides a tutorial on microwave photonics, focusing on optical generation and processing of microwave signals. It discusses several techniques for optical generation of microwaves including: 1) beating two optical waves, 2) optical injection locking of lasers, 3) using an optical phase-locked loop, and 4) external modulation. It also discusses using an opto-electronic oscillator for generation. For all-optical microwave processing, it describes using photonic microwave delay-line filters which can implement various filter functions by controlling the coefficients and delays between taps. The filters offer benefits over electronic filters like wider bandwidth and programmability.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes experimental results from a process that produces large amounts of energy from a nuclear fusion reaction between nickel and hydrogen below 1000 K. The process yields output energies that are hundreds of times greater than the electrical input energies. Measurements show no neutron or gamma ray emissions. The energy produced is believed to come from exothermic fusion reactions between nickel isotopes and protons, yielding copper isotopes that further decay to nickel, releasing up to 35 MeV of energy per nickel nucleus involved.
This document summarizes experimental results from a process that produces large amounts of energy from a nuclear fusion reaction between nickel and hydrogen below 1000 K. The process yields output energies that are hundreds of times greater than the electrical input energies. Measurements show no neutron or gamma ray emissions. The energy produced is believed to be from nickel nuclei fusing with protons to form copper isotopes, which then decay to nickel isotopes, releasing up to 35 MeV of energy per nickel nucleus involved.
Broadband high photoresponse from pure monolayer graphene photodetectorCarlos Bella
This document summarizes a research article that reports on the development of a high-performance photodetector using pure monolayer graphene. The researchers introduced electron trapping centers and created a bandgap in graphene through band structure engineering. This allowed them to achieve a high photoresponsivity of 8.61 A/W, about three orders of magnitude higher than previous graphene photodetectors. Additionally, they demonstrated broadband photoresponse from visible to mid-infrared wavelengths, the broadest reported for a pure graphene photodetector. By introducing defects and quantum confinement effects, they were able to greatly increase the lifetime of photo-generated carriers and achieve carrier multiplication, resulting in high photoresponsivity across a wide spectrum
Structural and Optical properties of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Modified by...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Structure, chemical, and physical properties of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) after
modification by dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) at atmospheric pressure is investigated using
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Raman and Uv-vis-NIR spectroscopy. Effects of plasma
treatment time on MWCNTs are analyzed. TEM result shows that during the short period of plasma
treatment time of 5 minutes, the tube surface experienced a few damages. With increase in plasma
treatment time, the tube surface is damaged to a certain extent. Intensity ratio, ID/IG through Raman
analysis shows a good agreement with TEM. The values of ID/IG of the modified MWCNTs are larger than
those of pristine MWCNTs. An increase of ID/IG indicates that considerable defects are produced on the
surfaces of MWCNTs. The treated MWCNTs has energy band gap compared to zero band gap of
untreated MWCNTs. It is believed that the defect site of MWCNTs can modify the electronics properties of
MWCNTs from being metallic to semiconducting structure, which is applicable for almost all electronics
device applications.
1. The document discusses the basic principles of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. It explains how certain nuclei can have spin and magnetic moments, and how these nuclei absorb electromagnetic radiation in the radiofrequency region when in a strong magnetic field.
2. The key parameters that determine whether a nucleus can be observed by NMR are discussed, including spin quantum number, magnetic moment, natural abundance, and quadrupole moment. Common nuclei observed by NMR like 1H, 13C, 19F, and 31P are described.
3. The basic NMR equation is presented, showing the relationship between resonance frequency, magnetic field strength, and the gyromagnetic ratio. Important NMR parameters like chemical shift, integration, and
This document presents several research-inspired problems in electricity and magnetism that are suitable for introductory and intermediate-level courses. It discusses problems related to interactions between electron spins in a layered material, measurements using a SQUID magnetometer, and magnetic fields produced by superconducting magnets. Solutions to the problems are also provided.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
1x2 Digital Optoelectronic Switch using MZI structure and studying the Effect...ijsrd.com
The electro optic switch has wide application in optical network due to capability of route the light path from one port to the desired port. In this paper, we propose a 1x2 digital optoelectronics switch based on mach-zehnder interferometer structure on a single titanium diffuse lithium niobate substrate. The design is simulate on BPM-cad simulator for switch analysis and study the effect of bipolar voltage 0v to ± 5.75v applied at 1st and center electrode region for switching. A short study of wavelength dependent switch for first optical window 8.5 µm and third optical window 1.55 µm has been simulated without use of voltage with changing titanium stripe thickness to 0.07µm.
Mass principle FOR PG PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSISprakash64742
1. Mass spectroscopy is used to determine molecular weights and formulas, identify functional groups within molecules, and identify analytes through comparison of mass spectra.
2. Samples are bombarded with electrons, which causes ionization and fragmentation into molecular and daughter ions. Ions are separated by mass and detected.
3. High resolution can be achieved through double focusing mass spectrometers, which use both electric and magnetic fields to separate ions before detection.
Analysis, Design and Optimization of Multilayer Antenna Using Wave Concept It...journalBEEI
The wave concept iterative process is a procedure used for analyses a planar circuits This method consists in generating a recursive relationship between a wave source and reflected waves from the discontinuity plane which is divided into cells. A high computational speed has been achieved by using Fast Modal Transform (FMT). In this paper we study a patch antenna and multilayer circuits, to determine the electromagnetic characteristics of these structures.
A dual-band metamaterial absorber comprised with two different resonators is presented in this letter. The proposed PMA shows two unity absorption peaks at 9 GHz and 11.8 GHz. Moreover, the absorber also manifests polarization insensitive response for resonator 1 and polarization controllable behavior for resonator 2. The effect of different oblique incidence angles has also been inspected for both the wave-excitation. The examined features reveal that this kind of PMA could be effectively used for multiband sensing applications in the X band of the microwave regime.
1. Targeting Studies for a Second-Generation Mu2e Experiment
Takumi Matsuzawa1
, Thomas J. Roberts2
, Eric Prebys3
1
Kalamazoo College, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49006, USA
2
Muons, Inc., Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
3
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
(Dated: August 17, 2015)
The target of a next-generation Mu2e experiment (Mu2e-II) is to achieve a sensitivity approxi-
mately by a factor ten better than the currently planned Mu2e facility. An 800 MeV proton beam
with high intensity will be available after the completion of the Proton Improvement Plan-II. We
investigated the potential of using the beam for Mu2e-II using G4beamline. The number of stopped
muons at the stopping target per kilowatt dropped by a factor of 1.633, indicating Mu2e-II will pro-
duce 7.653 times more stopped muons than Mu2e during 3 years with 10 times the power available
from PIP-II. The proton beam can be delivered to the production target by modifying the magnets
of the beam transport. We optimize the beam trajectory and position of the production target, and
determined the muon stopping rate for Mu2e-II with the optimized orientation.
I. INTRODUCTION
The Mu2e experiment will search for a charged-lepton-
flavor violation process of coherent muon-to-electron con-
version in the presence of nucleus with a sensitivity of
four orders of magnitude beyond the current limit. The
current experimental limit is 7 × 10−13
(90% C.L.) from
the SINDRUM-II experiment [1]. A second-generation
Mu2e experiment (Mu2e-II) targets to achieve approxi-
mately ten times better sensitivity than Mu2e. The fac-
tor of ten was chosen because this plan should be achiev-
able by only modest changes to the facilities of the Mu2e
experiment.
A. Charged-Lepton-Flavor Violation
The muon-to-electron conversion process is an example
of charged-lepton-flavor violation (CLFV). Lepton num-
bers in each generation were strictly conserved in the
Standard Model for any interaction until neutrinos were
discovered to have mass. In a simple extension of the
Standard Model that includes neutrino oscillations, the
rate of the muon-to-electron conversion is far lower than
the experimental limit; however, several theories beyond
the Standard Model predict CLFV with a higher rate.
Hence, an observation of CLFV is a signal of new physics.
Experiments using muons to search for CLFV were
constructed by three processes: µ → eγ, µ+
→ e+
e−
e+
,
and the coherent µ−
N → e−
N conversion process in
nuclei. Limits for branch ratios (Br) are set for µ → eγ,
and µ+
→ e+
e−
e+
processes. The rate for the coherent
µ−
N → e−
N conversion process in nuclei is measured
by,
Rµe =
Γ(µ−
N(A, Z) → e−
N(A, Z)
Γ(µ−N(A, Z) → νµN(A, Z − 1)
, (1)
where N(A, Z) denotes a nucleus with mass number
A and atomic number Z. The numerator corresponds to
the rate for the CLFV conversion process and the de-
nominator corresponds to the rate for ordinary muon
capture on the same nucleus. The current experimen-
tal limits are following: Br(µ+
→ e+
γ) <5.7 × 10−13
[2], Br(µ+
→ e+
e−
e+
) <1 × 10−12
[3], Rµe <7 × 10−13
[4]. The target sensitivity of the Mu2e experiment is Rµe
<2.87 × 10−17
[1], which is an improvement by about 4
orders of magnitude.
B. Mu2e Experiment and Upgrade
The concept of the Mu2e experiment is to stop muons
in thin aluminum foils to form muonic atoms, and then
measures the resulting electron spectrum. The signal
would produce mono-energetic of electrons with energy
of 105 MeV. Besides this rare conversion, about 40% of
the stopped muons decay in orbit, producing electrons,
muon neutrinos, and anti-electron neutrinos. About 60%
of the stopped muons are captured on nucleus.
FIG. 1. The experimental Setup for Mu2e. The pulsed pro-
ton beam enters to the production solenoid (far left) from the
top right. Produced pions and muons travel the S-shaped
Transport Solenoid (TS). Most of pions decay into muons
during TS. Muons with low momentum enter the Detector
Solenoid (right). Muons are stopped at the aluminum tar-
get (red). Electrons produced in the stopping target are then
transported through the trackers, where the momentum is
measured. The electrons strikes the calorimeters, where the
energy is independently measured.
The upgrade for the Mu2e experiment is planned to
achieve approximately 10 times better sensitivity. Re-
gardless the result of Mu2e, Mu2e-II will be interesting.
2. 2
If Mu2e observes completely consistent with background,
Mu2e-II should further investigate the parameter space
beyond the standard model. If Mu2e observes a 3σ ex-
cess, 10 times better sensitivity will definitely resolve the
situation. If Mu2e observes CLFV, Mu2e-II could explore
different stopping targets such as titanium and gold to
untangle the underlying physics. Mu2e-II will be possible
by the proposed Proton Improvement Plan-II (PIP-II) at
Fermilab which is an upgrade of its proton accelerator
complex based on the construction of a superconducting
radio frequency linac. After the completion of PIP-II, an
800 MeV proton beam will be available. Beam power is
expected to increase from current 8 kW to 100 kW.
Here, we explore advantages and disadvantages of
the currently planned upgrade of the Mu2e experiment.
Properties of the beamlines for Mu2e and Mu2e-II are
summarized in Table I. Our goal is to investigate the
muon stopping rate for both cases. We then explore pos-
sibility of targeting the proton beam to the production
target by only modest changes to the Mu2e design.
TABLE I. Beamline assumption.
Mu2e Mu2e-II
Beam Kinetic Energy 8 GeV 800 MeV
Beam Power 8 kW 8-100 kW
Protons-On-Target (POT) 3.6 ×1020 3.6 ×1021 - 4.5 ×1022
Run Duration 3 years 3 years
Run Time 2 ×107 sec/year 2 ×107 sec/year
Duty Factor 0.32 0.90
POT Pulse Full Width 200 ns -
POT Pulse Spacing 1695 ns -
POT Extinction <1 × 10−10 <1 × 10−12*
*expected
II. SIMULATION
We use G4Beamline v2 16 as developed at Muons, Inc.,
which is a particle tracking simulation program based
on Geant4. Our simulations are based on Mu2e.in in
the Mu2e CVS repository. In all instances we simulate
with the full Mu2e solenoid system including all colli-
mators, the production solenoid, transport solenoid, de-
tector solenoid, and the latest magnetic-field map. Pa-
rameters for both scenarios are described in Table II. To
determine the muon stopping rate, we set the starting
position of the beam 2 mm in front of the production
target. The timing distribution of the proton beam can
be modeled as a delta function.
To explore ways to transport the 800 MeV proton
beam to the production target, we first scale the field
strength of the trim magnets by momentum, and then
optimize the field strength of the vertical trim magnet,
located closest to the holes in the transport solenoid, so
that the proton beam can enter the production solenoid
with minimal loss. After the optimization of the trim
TABLE II. Proton beam parameters considered in this study.
The assumed proton mass is 938.272 MeV.
Kinetic Energy Momentum Simulated Events
Mu2e 8 GeV 8.889 GeV/c 40 ×106
Mu2e-II 800 MeV 1.463 GeV/c 300 ×106
magnet, trajectory of the 800 MeV is used to configure
the position of the production target. Finally, we study
the muon stopping rate for Mu2e-II with the optimized
condition.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. Muon Stopping Rate
The muon stopping rates for Mu2e and Mu2e-II are
determined as presented in Table III. The result shows
that a couple of muons are stopped per 1000 protons for
Mu2e. This is consistent with the previous study [5]. The
number of stopped muons per POT for Mu2e-II drops by
a factor of 16.3. In terms of power, the stopping rate for
Mu2e-II drops by a factor of 1.63. Assuming that Mu2e-
II runs with beam power of 100 kW from the beginning,
it would produce 4.657 ×1018
stopped muons. This is
7.65 times more stopped muons than Mu2e.
TABLE III. Muon stopping rate.
Kinetic Energy Stops / POT Stops / kW
8 GeV 1.690 ×10−3
7.607 ×1016
800 MeV 1.035 ×10−4
4.657 ×1016
It is uncertain why the muon stopping rate drops by
only a factor of 1.63 . Figure 2 and 3 show the momen-
tum distribution of muons before and after the transport
solenoid. As protons hit the production target, pions
and muons are produced. The momentum distribution
of muons for Mu2e have a longer tail than Mu2e-II due
to the higher proton beam energy. A longer tail is also
observed with the momentum distribution of pions for
Mu2e. The transport solenoid selects only muons with
low momentum between 15 and 100 MeV/c. As shown
in Fig. 2 and 3, the momentum distributions of muons
after the transport solenoid for Mu2e and Mu2e-II looks
very alike. This indicates following. Because Mu2e pro-
duces muons with broader momentum distribution, the
fraction of muons that survive the transport solenoid is
smaller than Mu2e-II.
After muons pass through the transport solenoid,
37.6% of them are stopped at the aluminum target for
Mu2e. Similarly, 38.0% of muons are stopped for Mu2e-
II. This can be also explained by the momentum distri-
bution of muons after the transport solenoid.
3. 3
FIG. 2. Momentum distribution of muons before (black) and
after (red) the transport solenoid (Mu2e). Only muons with
low momentum pass the transport solenoid.
FIG. 3. Momentum distribution of muons before (black) and
after (red) the transport solenoid (Mu2e-II). Only muons with
low momentum pass the transport solenoid.
B. Arrival Time of Muons
The arrival time of muons is important to consider
the timing structure of the proton beam for Mu2e-II.
Because of PIP-II, Mu2e-II will not be constrained to
the timing structure of Mu2e. As shown in Figure 4
and 5, the arrival time of muons to the stopping target
is independent of proton beam energy. This result is
explained because the momentum distribution of muons
after the transport solenoid looks alike between Mu2e and
Mu2e-II. The proton timing structure can be tuned to
reduce the background and increase the muon acceptance
as much as possible. As the arrival time of muons and
pions for Mu2e-II will be very similar to the arrival time
of Mu2e, we can wait until the prompt background such
as radiative pion capture occurs. Because the proton
pulse width is expected to be narrower for Mu2e-II, we
can also lengthen the live gate.
FIG. 4. Arrival time of muons for Mu2e. Protons hit the
production target at t=0.
FIG. 5. Arrival time of muons for Mu2e-II. Protons hit the
production target at t=0.
C. Targeting Study for Mu2e-II
Some modifications to the current design must be made
to use the 800 MeV pulsed proton beam instead of 8 GeV
beam of Mu2e. We first scale down the field strength of
the magnets in the beam transport system by the ra-
tio of proton momentum. We optimize its trajectory by
minimizing the sum of distances between the center of
holes and the beam. This is done by changing the field
strength of only the last vertical trim magnet.
As clearly shown in Fig. 6, the 800 MeV beam does not
hit the production target as it is set for the 8 GeV beam.
To get protons to the target, there are two possibilities.
It is either moving the production target or making the
holes in the transport solenoid bigger as well as modify-
ing the beam transport system. In this study, we move
the production target along the optimized trajectory of
protons.
First, the trajectory of the 800 MeV beam is optimized
to pass the holes in the transport solenoid. The beam
4. 4
FIG. 6. An optimized trajectory of the 800 MeV proton beam
is shown as a blue curve. The red object at the center is the
transport solenoid. The production target is shown on the
bottom right. Red and dark green objects on the top left are
magnets of the beam transport system. The bright green ring
indicates a size of the heat and radiation shield. The beam is
transported through magnets, and passes through the holes
in the transport solenoid, entering the production solenoid.
does not go through the centers of the holes when the
magnets in the transport system are scaled down by a
factor of the ratio of proton momentum. To optimize the
trajectory, we add the displacement from each center,
d1 and d2, and minimize the sum. Figure 7 shows the
displacement vs 1
ρ where ρ is the bending radius of the
last vertical trim magnet. The inverse of ρ is proportional
to the magnetic field strength by a relation, B = p
qρ
where p is momentum, and q is the particle charge.
FIG. 7. The trajectory of the 800 MeV proton beam is opti-
mized by minimizing the displacements from the center of
each hole in the transport solenoid. Quadratic regression
equation is y = 18752x2
− 10315x + 1461.1.
Second, the position of the production target is mod-
ified so that the 800 MeV proton beam hits the target.
A major constraint is the geometry of the production
solenoid because the radius of the cavity is only 200 mm
(Fig. 8). As shown in Fig. 6, the proton beam hits the
heat and radiation shield at the current position. The
position of target is constrained inside the cavity.
FIG. 8. The model of the production solenoid [1]. The radius
of the cavity at the production target is 200 mm. Colored
objects are heat and radiation shields.
FIG. 9. The position of the production target is optimized
by minimizing the distance from the z-axis. The z-axis goes
through the center of the cavity. Distance between the proton
beam trajectory and the z-axis is plotted. Quadratic regres-
sion equation is y = 0.00033258x2
−1.44x+1704.6. Note that
the target is positioned at z=1764.5 for Mu2e.
With an assumption that the proton beam travels along
the optimized trajectory, we may optimize the position of
the beam position by minimizing the displacement from
the z-axis that goes through the center of the cavity. Fig-
ure 9 shows that the closest distance between the proton
beam and the z-axis is approximately 145 mm. Consid-
ering the radius of the cavity, this could be problematic
since it is too close to the shield. Particles may hit the
shield as soon as they are produced. Note that the pro-
duction target is positioned at (x, y, z)=(0, 0, 1764.5) for
Mu2e. The unit is in millimeter here. The coordinate
5. 5
system follows as defined in the Mu2e.in from the Mu2e
CVS repository. With this optimization for Mu2e-II, the
production target is positioned at (x, y, z)=(100.2, 106.0,
2164.7). It should be noted that the production target
must be angled in a different way from the Mu2e design.
Figure 10 shows the orientation of the production target
along the optimized trajectory of the proton beam.
FIG. 10. The target was placed at the optimized position.
The 800 MeV beam penetrates the target.
We explored the muon stopping rate for Mu2e-II with
the optimized beam trajectory and the position of the
production target as determined above. Note, however,
that the proton beam after the target does not exit the
production solenoid as in Mu2E, but rather hits the heat
and radiation shield. This is probably not acceptable.
The muon stopping rate was comparatively small since
the target was positioned too far from the center of the
transport solenoid.
IV. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
We investigated the stopping muon rate for the Mu2e
and Mu2e-II experiment. Mu2e-II uses as much of the
currently planned facilities, and and the 800 MeV pro-
ton beam of PIP-II. We used G4beamline simulation to
determine the muon stopping rate for Mu2e and Mu2e-
II, and explored how to deliver the proton beam to the
production target for Mu2e-II. The target sensitivity of
Mu2e-II is 2.87 × 10−18
. With an assumption of running
the experiment for 3 years with beam power of 100 kW,
Mu2e-II would produce 4.657×1018
stopped muons which
is 7.65 times more muons stopped of Mu2e with the same
run time. This proves that Mu2e-II has enough poten-
tial to achieve the target sensitivity. Additionally, the
800 MeV proton beam would eliminate the anti-proton-
induced background. The proton timing structure can
also be tuned to reduce backgrounds and increase muon
acceptance as much as possible after PIP-II.
It is possible to deliver the 800 MeV proton beam into
the production solenoid by scaling down the field strength
of the magnets in the transport system; however, the pro-
duction target must be located along the beam trajectory.
With the current orientation, the production target must
be positioned about 140 mm away from the z-axis even
at the optimized position. The muon stopping rate for
Mu2e-II with the performed optimization is not high be-
cause the target has to be positioned too far from the
center of the transport solenoid.
The future work should explore muon yields when the
production target is located at different positions along
the beam trajectory. Also, we should seriously explore
possibility of making the holes of the transport solenoid
bigger. This method may allow positioning the produc-
tion target along the z-axis. Preferably, the target should
be positioned at z=1000-2500 mm to keep the muon yield
high[6]. We must also explore methods of removing the
proton beam after the target to dump it external to the
production solenoid.Investigating the backgrounds and
hadronic flash for Mu2e-II is also important. While the
cosmic ray background seems to be under control for
Mu2e, it must be considered for Mu2e-II since it has been
a limiting factor in past experiments [7]. Investigation of
veto rates must still be performed.
V. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The project was carreid out as a part of Lee Teng in-
ternship at Fermilab during the summer of 2015. I am
very grateful to my mentor, Thomas J. Roberts for his
valuable advice and continuous guidance, Eric Prebys
and Tanja Waltrip for organizing the Lee Teng Under-
graduate Internship. I would also like to thank Peter
Kasper for his technical support with G4beamline. I also
thank William A. Barletta, Linda Spentzouris, and Elvin
R. Harms for teaching me accelerator physics at US Par-
ticle Accelerator School. Finally, I thank the Fermi Na-
tional Accelerator Laboratory, and the Illinois Accelera-
tor Institute for funding the project.
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