The document discusses using the Leap Motion controller to enable gesture control for JavaFX applications. It provides an overview of the Leap Motion technology, the Java API, and demos integrating Leap Motion gestures with JavaFX user interfaces and 3D graphics. The Leap Motion tracks hand and finger movements through infrared sensors and the Java API allows processing this input data within JavaFX applications to enable gesture-based interactions.
(This slidedeck was presented at the AUSOUG Perth 2013 conference)
Most Oracle Forms applications contain hundreds of man-years of investment. So what do you do with that investment? Squeeze an extra few years out of your investment by getting on the latest version? Modernize your technologies? Or dump it and migrate to Java, Oracle Application Development Framework (Oracle ADF), Oracle Application Express, or even .NET? Come to this session to discuss some of the options; costs; risks; and fear, uncertainty, and doubt about Oracle Forms.
Thanks to Grant Ronald from Oracle Corporation for the original slidedeck.
What is IoT and how Modulus and Pacific can Help - Featuring Node.js and Roll...Eduardo Pelegri-Llopart
Presentation at Progress Exchange 2014.
The Internet of Things is everywhere, from the connected home to the connected car, from smart watches to smart glasses, from beacons to smart thermostats. In this session we will provide an updated view of the IOT space and we will show you how Pacific technology like Node.js and Rollbase can be used to build IOT applications.
The presentation included a demo showing how Node.js and MongoDB can be used to process a GPS feed (from vehicles like snow plows), using MongoDB to store the data. The data is then presented to Rollbase as an external source where it can be combined with other sources in model-driven productivity applications. The content is also exposed via REST through a SPA using AngularJS and through an Apache Cordova (Phonegap)-based mobile app.
JavaOne - 10 Tips for Java EE 7 with PrimeFacesMert Çalışkan
This presentation takes you on a JSF tour with the help of Java EE 7, together with PrimeFaces and the NetBeans IDE. The tour begins with an introduction of PrimeFaces and its features, such as UI components and themes. Focusing on Java EE 7, it examines HTML5-friendly templates, resource libraries contracts, Faces Flow, EL operators, and lambda magic. Throughout, you will be shown how to apply the principles and concepts learned, via working examples in the NetBeans IDE. The presentation is brought to you “from the horse's mouth”—that is, by PrimeFaces and NetBeans IDE engineers.
(This slidedeck was presented at the AUSOUG Perth 2013 conference)
Most Oracle Forms applications contain hundreds of man-years of investment. So what do you do with that investment? Squeeze an extra few years out of your investment by getting on the latest version? Modernize your technologies? Or dump it and migrate to Java, Oracle Application Development Framework (Oracle ADF), Oracle Application Express, or even .NET? Come to this session to discuss some of the options; costs; risks; and fear, uncertainty, and doubt about Oracle Forms.
Thanks to Grant Ronald from Oracle Corporation for the original slidedeck.
What is IoT and how Modulus and Pacific can Help - Featuring Node.js and Roll...Eduardo Pelegri-Llopart
Presentation at Progress Exchange 2014.
The Internet of Things is everywhere, from the connected home to the connected car, from smart watches to smart glasses, from beacons to smart thermostats. In this session we will provide an updated view of the IOT space and we will show you how Pacific technology like Node.js and Rollbase can be used to build IOT applications.
The presentation included a demo showing how Node.js and MongoDB can be used to process a GPS feed (from vehicles like snow plows), using MongoDB to store the data. The data is then presented to Rollbase as an external source where it can be combined with other sources in model-driven productivity applications. The content is also exposed via REST through a SPA using AngularJS and through an Apache Cordova (Phonegap)-based mobile app.
JavaOne - 10 Tips for Java EE 7 with PrimeFacesMert Çalışkan
This presentation takes you on a JSF tour with the help of Java EE 7, together with PrimeFaces and the NetBeans IDE. The tour begins with an introduction of PrimeFaces and its features, such as UI components and themes. Focusing on Java EE 7, it examines HTML5-friendly templates, resource libraries contracts, Faces Flow, EL operators, and lambda magic. Throughout, you will be shown how to apply the principles and concepts learned, via working examples in the NetBeans IDE. The presentation is brought to you “from the horse's mouth”—that is, by PrimeFaces and NetBeans IDE engineers.
Delivering Mobile Apps to the Field with Oracle JETSimon Haslam
First delivered at the Oracle Code One conference in San Francisco on 22 October 2018, this presentation describes how you can use Oracle JET to build hybrid mobile apps for field use.
Innoslate, a model-based systems engineering solution, was developed in 2013 and is used by thousands of engineers, analysts, and program managers today. We’re now making another major feature release with Innoslate 4.5. Innoslate users can now utilize project management features such as Kanban boards, branching and forking, calendar, and timeline diagrams!
Did we mention, this fall we’re also releasing a brand new MBSE tool specifically designed for Standard Operating Procedures? That’s right, Sopatra, uses Natural Language Processing to turn SOP text into executable models. Learn how you can reduce cost and risk, while increasing the success of your operations by using Sopatra’s unique algorithms.
Watch the presentation here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lw-ge_ZHo6s
2015 Java update and roadmap, JUG sevillaTrisha Gee
Not my material! Courtesy of Oracle's Aurelio García-Ribeyro and Georges Saab.
Presentation given to the Sevilla Java User Group about the state of Java
Sviluppo IoT - Un approccio standard da Nerd ad Impresa, prove pratiche di Me...Codemotion
Codemotion Rome 2015 - Gli anni passati a veder nascere e crescere tecnologie e tendenze ci aiutano a comprendere come l'Internet delle Cose sia diventata matura per il mercato delle imprese. L’intervento, che include una panoramica sulle tendenze attuali e future dell’IoT, è centrato sullo sviluppo di soluzioni basate su standard industriali in ascesa (eg. Z-Wave), mettendo in evidenza gli inevitabili vantaggi e limiti derivanti dall’adozione di una metodologia industriale: solo un approccio industriale può rappresentare il vero e proprio salto di qualità per proporre prodotti efficaci per un mercato a doppia cifra.
This slides cover overview of Project Helidon (Java libraries for creating microservices), implementation tips, and running applications on custom JRE. This slides are in Japanese.
These are the slides for the talk I did together with John Sullivan on how to use various open source technologies, like JFR and Open Tracing together to facilitate deep tracing of microservices written in Java. We also showed how these technologies are used in the Oracle Management Cloud APM solution.
The Mobile Enterprise in Action: Managing Business Processes from Your Mobile...Steven Davelaar
This presestation features a comprehensive integrated demo that uses Oracle Business Process Management (BPM), Oracle Service Bus (OSB), Mobile Application Framework (MAF) and Webcenter Content Management (WCM). The demo centers around a BPM claim handling process that is entirely managed through the mobile device, allowing the mobile user to work in offline mode and sync his work later. OSB is used to virtualize all service calls from the mobile application and to transform the BPM SOAP web services into REST-JSON format for easy and performant mobile consumption. WCM is used to store the claim attachments. The experience gained from building this and other demo's is translated to a set of guidelines for going mobile, also included in this presentation
Technical deep dive on Java Micro Edition (ME) 8 (apologies for the partially messed up colors and slides - SlideShare is doing that during the conversion process)
CRUX (CRUD meets UX) Case Study: Building a Modern Applications User Experien...Chris Muir
(This slidedeck was presented at the AUSOUG 2013 Perth conference)
Are you looking to wow your employees with a user interface that is simple, modern, and compelling? Learn how Oracle’s drive toward enhancing productivity helps you achieve value from your applications investment. We’ll show you how you can exceed your employees’ desire for enterprise data -- delivered on any device, and then explain how to reduce the cost of your user interface customizations, configurations, and extensions.
Simplify your user experience. Lower implementation costs. Increase productivity. Delight your users.
These are the core principles behind Oracle’s User Experience strategy across our applications. Learn how Oracle meets your needs in each of these areas with our complete user experience strategy.
Thanks to Ultan O'Broin and Grant Ronald at Oracle Corporation for sharing the original slidedeck.
Delivering Mobile Apps to the field using OracleSimon Haslam
A presentation about building mobile apps for enterprise workers, using Oracle technologies. Delivered to UKOUG Development, Middleware & Integration Combined SIG on 6th September 2018 in London.
How can you make sure that your next web application supports not only the desktop browser, but also all the other devices and screen sizes? And that it can efficiently talk to backend services in a bidirectional way? With new concepts for client-side development like responsive web design and hybrid web applications, and with new APIs for WebSocket, REST services, JSON and more, Java EE 7 with HTML5 may be the best combination to meet your needs. In this keynote, see how you can efficiently develop such an application, and how advanced integrated tools can help you with both server and client code.
Microservices is the dominant architecture for developing new applications, as it is ideally suited to cloud deployments. When using JVM-based services, each instance works in isolation and has no awareness of previous runs of a service. The Cloud Native Compiler detaches the JIT compiler from individual JVMs and centralises it in the cloud, effectively a JIT-as-a-Service. The benefits of this are caching of compiled code for instant reuse, use of greater resources for higher optimisation as well as many others. The session will discuss the challenges of cloud-based JVMs and how we can significantly improve performance with reduced costs.
The Java Virtual Machine (JVM) can deliver significantly better performance through the use of Just In Time compilation. However, each time you start an application it needs to repeat the same process of analysis and compilation. This session discusses Java with Co-ordinated Checkpoint at Restore. This is a way to freeze an application and start it again (potentially many times) from the same checkpoint.
Delivering Mobile Apps to the Field with Oracle JETSimon Haslam
First delivered at the Oracle Code One conference in San Francisco on 22 October 2018, this presentation describes how you can use Oracle JET to build hybrid mobile apps for field use.
Innoslate, a model-based systems engineering solution, was developed in 2013 and is used by thousands of engineers, analysts, and program managers today. We’re now making another major feature release with Innoslate 4.5. Innoslate users can now utilize project management features such as Kanban boards, branching and forking, calendar, and timeline diagrams!
Did we mention, this fall we’re also releasing a brand new MBSE tool specifically designed for Standard Operating Procedures? That’s right, Sopatra, uses Natural Language Processing to turn SOP text into executable models. Learn how you can reduce cost and risk, while increasing the success of your operations by using Sopatra’s unique algorithms.
Watch the presentation here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lw-ge_ZHo6s
2015 Java update and roadmap, JUG sevillaTrisha Gee
Not my material! Courtesy of Oracle's Aurelio García-Ribeyro and Georges Saab.
Presentation given to the Sevilla Java User Group about the state of Java
Sviluppo IoT - Un approccio standard da Nerd ad Impresa, prove pratiche di Me...Codemotion
Codemotion Rome 2015 - Gli anni passati a veder nascere e crescere tecnologie e tendenze ci aiutano a comprendere come l'Internet delle Cose sia diventata matura per il mercato delle imprese. L’intervento, che include una panoramica sulle tendenze attuali e future dell’IoT, è centrato sullo sviluppo di soluzioni basate su standard industriali in ascesa (eg. Z-Wave), mettendo in evidenza gli inevitabili vantaggi e limiti derivanti dall’adozione di una metodologia industriale: solo un approccio industriale può rappresentare il vero e proprio salto di qualità per proporre prodotti efficaci per un mercato a doppia cifra.
This slides cover overview of Project Helidon (Java libraries for creating microservices), implementation tips, and running applications on custom JRE. This slides are in Japanese.
These are the slides for the talk I did together with John Sullivan on how to use various open source technologies, like JFR and Open Tracing together to facilitate deep tracing of microservices written in Java. We also showed how these technologies are used in the Oracle Management Cloud APM solution.
The Mobile Enterprise in Action: Managing Business Processes from Your Mobile...Steven Davelaar
This presestation features a comprehensive integrated demo that uses Oracle Business Process Management (BPM), Oracle Service Bus (OSB), Mobile Application Framework (MAF) and Webcenter Content Management (WCM). The demo centers around a BPM claim handling process that is entirely managed through the mobile device, allowing the mobile user to work in offline mode and sync his work later. OSB is used to virtualize all service calls from the mobile application and to transform the BPM SOAP web services into REST-JSON format for easy and performant mobile consumption. WCM is used to store the claim attachments. The experience gained from building this and other demo's is translated to a set of guidelines for going mobile, also included in this presentation
Technical deep dive on Java Micro Edition (ME) 8 (apologies for the partially messed up colors and slides - SlideShare is doing that during the conversion process)
CRUX (CRUD meets UX) Case Study: Building a Modern Applications User Experien...Chris Muir
(This slidedeck was presented at the AUSOUG 2013 Perth conference)
Are you looking to wow your employees with a user interface that is simple, modern, and compelling? Learn how Oracle’s drive toward enhancing productivity helps you achieve value from your applications investment. We’ll show you how you can exceed your employees’ desire for enterprise data -- delivered on any device, and then explain how to reduce the cost of your user interface customizations, configurations, and extensions.
Simplify your user experience. Lower implementation costs. Increase productivity. Delight your users.
These are the core principles behind Oracle’s User Experience strategy across our applications. Learn how Oracle meets your needs in each of these areas with our complete user experience strategy.
Thanks to Ultan O'Broin and Grant Ronald at Oracle Corporation for sharing the original slidedeck.
Delivering Mobile Apps to the field using OracleSimon Haslam
A presentation about building mobile apps for enterprise workers, using Oracle technologies. Delivered to UKOUG Development, Middleware & Integration Combined SIG on 6th September 2018 in London.
How can you make sure that your next web application supports not only the desktop browser, but also all the other devices and screen sizes? And that it can efficiently talk to backend services in a bidirectional way? With new concepts for client-side development like responsive web design and hybrid web applications, and with new APIs for WebSocket, REST services, JSON and more, Java EE 7 with HTML5 may be the best combination to meet your needs. In this keynote, see how you can efficiently develop such an application, and how advanced integrated tools can help you with both server and client code.
Microservices is the dominant architecture for developing new applications, as it is ideally suited to cloud deployments. When using JVM-based services, each instance works in isolation and has no awareness of previous runs of a service. The Cloud Native Compiler detaches the JIT compiler from individual JVMs and centralises it in the cloud, effectively a JIT-as-a-Service. The benefits of this are caching of compiled code for instant reuse, use of greater resources for higher optimisation as well as many others. The session will discuss the challenges of cloud-based JVMs and how we can significantly improve performance with reduced costs.
The Java Virtual Machine (JVM) can deliver significantly better performance through the use of Just In Time compilation. However, each time you start an application it needs to repeat the same process of analysis and compilation. This session discusses Java with Co-ordinated Checkpoint at Restore. This is a way to freeze an application and start it again (potentially many times) from the same checkpoint.
This session, delivered at Devoxx Poland, covers all the major changes to the Java platform between JDK 12 and JDK 17. All language features are covered, as well as many of the important API changes.
How to monitor Java application and JVM performance with Flight Recorder and Mission Control. Starts with a discussion of general JVM performance considerations like GC, JIT and threads.
A technical presentation on how Zing changes parts of the JVM to eliminate GC pauses, generate more heavily optimised code from the JIT and reduce the warm up time.
With a new release of Java every six-months, we are getting new features at a faster rate than ever before. In this session, we'll review all the main additions from JDK 9 to JDK 14.
There are now several providers of builds of OpenJDK. In this presentation, we look at what aspects of a JDK distribution you should consider when making a choice.
There have been a number of changes to the way the JDK is developed, distributed and updated. In this session, we look at what those changes are and how they impact developers.
The pace of development of the JDK has changed to a new release every six months. Find out what's new and what the long-term plans are for the most popular development platform on the planet.
Many people are unsure about what recent changes to the release cadence of the JDK as well as the availability of different binaries and updates means. This session seeks to explain all you need to know.
A presentation describing the recent changes to Java in JDK 9, 10 and 11. It also covers longer-term projects like Loom and Valhalla in the OpenJDK. JDK development and distribution is changing in a big way, which is also explained.
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1DianaGray10
This session provides introduction to UiPath Communication Mining, importance and platform overview. You will acquire a good understand of the phases in Communication Mining as we go over the platform with you. Topics covered:
• Communication Mining Overview
• Why is it important?
• How can it help today’s business and the benefits
• Phases in Communication Mining
• Demo on Platform overview
• Q/A
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
SAP Sapphire 2024 - ASUG301 building better apps with SAP Fiori.pdfPeter Spielvogel
Building better applications for business users with SAP Fiori.
• What is SAP Fiori and why it matters to you
• How a better user experience drives measurable business benefits
• How to get started with SAP Fiori today
• How SAP Fiori elements accelerates application development
• How SAP Build Code includes SAP Fiori tools and other generative artificial intelligence capabilities
• How SAP Fiori paves the way for using AI in SAP apps
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
2. Taking A Leap Forward With
JavaFX
Simon Ritter, Oracle Corporation
Gerrit Grunwald, Canoo Engineering AG
Johan Vos, Lodgon
José Pereda, Universidad de Valladolid
AWT and Swing use a container/component hierarchy for organising the GUI. Layout managers are fundamental to this, but can make development difficult and involved. JavaFX uses a scenegraph which will be familiar to developers who have programmed in 3D. The concept is that all components in the GUI are represented by nodes. Each node can have one parent and groupings can be made by attaching multiple nodes (which may themselves be parents) to a parent. Applying effects to groups of nodes is simply a matter of applying the effect to the parent node. Z ordering can also be altered within a group and for a group as a whole.
Binding is one of the most powerful features of JavaFX. It allows developers to specify the relationship between properties and values so that when the value changes the property is automatically modified byt the JavaFX runtime system. This is analogous to the listener pattern used extensively in AWT/Swing but requires less coding by the developer.The API is separated into a high level version that covers most of the common tasks, but does not provide total flexibility. For tasks that require complete flexibility the low-level API can be used. This, however, requires more coding.
Properties are the basis for high-level binding. There are property types for all Java primitives as well as String and Object. The API for this is simple, allowing you to bind or unbind the property. Bi-directional binding is also supported.
Animations are changes in properties that happen over time (fading by modifying opacity, moving the position of a node, etc).JavaFX uses a Timeline to implement this; each one consisting of a series of KeyFrames. These are points in time where a property will have a specified value (it can also be used to start an action through a method call). The KeyValue has one or more KeyValues that represent the property-value tuple. When a Timeline is started the JavaFX runtime will alter the value of the property automatically. By binding to the changing property the GUI can be animated.
To simplify comman tasks JavaFX includes a number of animated transitions to automate things like fading, rotation, scaling and so on. The start end and intermediate points can all be specificed. These can then be grouped together to provide either sequential or parallel transitions. For non-standard animations arbitary Timelines can also be included in the parallel or sequential transitions.